21 1 8 秋 3 1 世界历史评论 2021 年第 3 期 Contents and Abstracts Features 1. The Second Plague Pandemic and the Social Responses in Italy and England Xiang Rong Abstract: The second plague pandemic and Europe’s responses are long-ter m discussions in the academic community. Whiggish scholars attach importance to topdown research, highlighting the role of the government and intellectual elites, and believing that modern public health originated in Europe, especially the Italian struggle against the epidemic. However, postmodernist historians opposed the linear progression view of Whiggish historians and turned their research focus to diversity, micro and marginal social groups. This article will take Italy and England as the main research subjects to make a long-term and comparative analysis of the European social response during the second plague pandemic. The article will first examine the rise of public health in Italy during the Renaissance, and then discuss the different performances of Italy and England in the face of the 17th century epidemic disaster. The author believes responding to a major epidemic is not purely a medical problem, nor is it purely a public health issue, it involves all aspects of society, especially a country’s governance. Since public health and national governance capabilities are affected and restricted by many factors such as state forms, rulers’ willingness, and mainstream ideas, this article will, while analyzing the achievements of European antiepidemic and public health, fully appreciate the complexity and tortuous nature of historical development. 290 从中介视角理解中国和欧洲的家牛贸易体系 Articles 2. Many Good Dogs: The Sacred Function of the Dog in Ancient Persia Zhang Xiaogui Abstract: Dogs have always played an important role in ancient Iranian society, and Zoroastrianism further deified the role of dogs. According to the Zoroastrian worldview, the creation in its entirety is divided into two main spheres belonging to the opposing powers of good and evil. Animals are also classified into two categories. On one side are the beneficent animals, among which dogs are the most important. It helps Srōš resist lies, guards the entrance of the Činvat bridge and helps the soul to be judged. Corpses are unclean and dangerous. To counteract the demon of the dead matter, a corpse must be exposed to the gaze of a dog (Sagdīd) before it is left exposed outside in the funerary tower. The dog’s presence forms an essential part of several Zoroastrian purification rituals. People must respect the “best” dogs, and even formulate detailed rules and regulations to protect them. The image of the Persian dogs is created by humans, and dogs also serve the human society. 3. Animal Geography in Medieval Western European Romance Zhang Yating Abstract: In medieval western European romance, the human-animal encounters and interactions occur in different places and spaces, which makes their relationship change due to the mobility of boundaries. This paper, based on medieval English, French and Welsh romance as well as historical documents, analyses the ways human beings encounter and interact with the animals in different places and spaces, examines the economic geography, ethical values and cultural symbolic implications and explores the implications of places and spaces that play important roles in human-animal power relationships. As is found, distributions of animals in the texts and different types of animals in certain places or spaces are carriers of certain 291 世界历史评论 2021 年第 3 期 meanings or values, and medieval writers are concerned with hybrid place and fluidity of human-animal relationship in their narratives. 4. The “Elephant Description Document” of the East Asian World in the 14th to 18th Century: A History of knowledge comparison in Museum Knowledge Zou Zhenhuan Abstract: This article passes the “Elephant Land” in the Note Protection of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and “Domestic Tata” and “Elephant bath”, and Korean scholars’ “Elephant Diary” in the “Re He Diary” and the Japanese “Elephant Travel” and other literature, Display a historical and cultural mutually identifiable common space in the mountains and water, what have I have had a narrative of elephant cultural narratives, and there have been history of elephant space transfer activities in East Asia. And how to explain the ethnic imagery with the help of receiving elephants, forming the spread and influence history of East Asia three countries with elephant culture. 5. Tiger, Man, and God: A Study of Black Tiger Temples in the Anze County (18th-19th Century) Zhang shuran Abstract: By investigating the murals and stele inscriptions in the Black Tiger Temples in the Anze County in the 18th and 19th centuries, and local gazetteers, this paper will answer these following questions: Who did people worship in the Black Tiger Temples? How did the local human-tiger relations impact the worship per se and how did it evolve over time? Furthermore, what kind of roles did the black tiger and the tiger in general play in the temples in order to fit into the spiritual narrative? Most importantly, by answering these questions, we could shed some light upon the worship of animal gods and the humananimal/nature relations. Besides, this paper will compare the worship of the Black Tiger 292 从中介视角理解中国和欧洲的家牛贸易体系 Cult to that of the Bazha. Although both showed veneration toward the tiger, they were different in terms of tradition, purpose and social impact. The animal images in both beliefs demonstrated the underlying notion that animals and nature were not the center of either worship but objects manipulated by the gods. By making offerings to the gods, people hoped to indirectly gain control over animals and nature. 6. Cattle Plague, Disease Control and Animal Transport Reform: The Changing Experience of Animals in Transit in the Age of Steam Li Chien-hui Abstract: By the eighteenth century, British livestock industry has established a highly integrated national market. As “agricultural commodities,” tens of thousands of cattle and sheep had to travel long distance to reach the markets. In the early days, livestock travelled on foot. By the mid-nineteenth century, steamships and locomotives started to replace long-distance droving. This change in the mode of animal movement has greatly transformed the travelling experience of livestock as well as generated immense public outcry and legislative response. The article examines animal transport in the age of steam. Part One investigates the transit experience of animals via steamships and trains, highlighting the suffering caused to them with regards to embarkment/disembarkment, stowage, ventilation, fittings of the vessel, and the provision of food, water and care. Part Two analyses the factors that have helped to fuel the reform for the improvement of the conditions of animals in transit: the 1865 cattle plague and the humane movement for animals. Part Three discusses the legislation concerning animal transit achieved prior to the First World War and points to the spirit of progressive pragmatism underlying it. In conclusion, while affirming the legislative advances made prior to the Great War, the article argues that the moderate “animal welfare” position adopted from the start, that aimed to prevent the “unnecessary sufferings” of animals also meant that the reform of animal 293 世界历史评论 2021 年第 3 期 transit is destined to be a protracted process. 7. To kill or not to kill: Controversies over the beef economy and oxen protection in late Qing and Republican China Poon Shuk-wah Abstract: This article analyzes the influence of the burgeoning beef economy in late Qing and Republican China on Chinese people’s centuries-old symbiotic relationship with oxen, and it explains the reasons for the failure of government policies of oxen protection to alleviate the problems accompanied by the excessive killing of oxen. This article argues that the central and local governments in the Republican period levied high taxes on the slaughter of beef cattle in the name of protecting oxen and preserving agriculture. Nonetheless, the significant amount of revenue generated from slaughtering oxen became an incentive for government officials to turn a blind eye to the excessive killing of oxen. Gradually, “oxen protection” became no more than a slogan manipulated by government officials to justify tax revenue drawn from slaughtering cattle. The political authorities ironically played a contradictory role: through strengthening the discourse of “oxen protection,” they contributed to and benefited from the large-scale slaughter of oxen. 8. Bombyx and Bugs in Meiji Japan: Toward a Multispecies History? Lisa A. Onaga Abstract: The production of Japanese raw silk and its consumption by a predominantly North American market during the first half of the twentieth century owed to a number of reasons. An organism-centered approach is used in this essay to understand the biological and material reasons why silk could be marshaled overseas on the scale that it did by the 1910s and 1920s, fueling the production of fashion and utility objects. Specifically, the management of the parasite responsible for the “corpuscular disease,” pébrine, also known as 微 粒 子 病 294 从中介视角理解中国和欧洲的家牛贸易体系 [biryūshibyō], was critical to curbing the outbreaks that enabled the persistence and growth of Japan’s global silk market. This hygiene work entailed the scientific analysis of a gendered moment in the life cycle of the silkworm, which facilitated the work of sex differentiation, a crucial step in preventing the proliferation of the disease through mother moths. This story of the science of silkworm sex is additional understanding within a broader perspective that involves the history of women in a global multispecies history. 9. The Animal Representation in Print Advertisements (1921—1937): Interpretation of the Advertising Images of “Tainan Xinbao” From the Perspective of Semiotics Li Ruowen Abstract: This article examines the animal representation of Taiwanese print advertisements during the Japanese Occupation, taking the advertisement images of “Tainan Newspaper” as the main research object. First, I classified according to the symbols of Charles Sanders Peirce, and performed images and explanations of the animal symbols in newspaper advertisements. Secondly, according to Ferdinand de Saussure’s concept of biaxial relationship, I analyze how the advertisement text constructs symbols. Finally, compare different types of advertisements, and understand the world represented by animals as an image. The transition of animals from “disappearance” to “reappearance” is the basic process of symbolization that most people recognize. The result of “reappearance” may cause more animals to disappear. However, not all animal situations are suitable for understanding in this dualistic model, because different species have their own experiences. After analyzing the symbols, the last part of this article selects four animals (rats, whales, birds, and horses), and uses “disappearance” and “reappearance” as the main axis to explore the interactive relationship between fact and reappearance. 295 世界历史评论 2021 年第 3 期 10. Historical research of zoos and aquariums: connecting and comparing environmental history, history of science and animal history in East Asia Christine Y. L. Luk Abstract: Historical research of zoos and aquariums has greatly advanced our understanding on regional animal history (especially Japanese animal history) in the past twenty years. The English literature of animal history introduces concepts and methods of global history and environmental history to examine the relationships between animalsanimals, animals-people, and non-human animals. At the same time, concepts and tools from the history of science such as the study of places and museums, natural surveys and field explorations, exhibitions and collections were incorporated into the study of animal history. The Chinese academic circle seems to have a certain understanding of animal research from the perspective of environmental history. In contrast, Chinese readers seem to be relatively unfamiliar with the study of animal history from the perspective of the history of science. This article proceeds as such: first, I give a literature review of representative English research writings on animal history, especially those pertaining to zoos and aquariums. The historical experience of zoos and aquariums in East Asia is compared with that of Europe and the United States to highlight both connection and divergence. The conclusion part compares the general situation and prospects of environmental history, history of science and animal history in East Asia. I am particularly concerned about how to use zoos and aquariums as point of reference to promote the organic integration of environmental history, history of science, animal history, as well as regional history outside of Europe and the United States, and try to go beyond the duality of Western-centric views of science and China-centric views of history of Chinese science. 296 从中介视角理解中国和欧洲的家牛贸易体系 11. Understanding China’s cattle trade systems from the perspective of intermediation Thomas Dubois Abstract: This article examines cattle trade systems from the perspective of intermediation, the people and services that facilitate trade. It begins by introducing how the field of business history uses intermediation to seek insight into where different parts of a trade system perceive risk or value. The second part examines intermediation at three scales of European cattle trade: the local perspective of medieval county and city retail markets, the continental animal trade during the seventeenth century, and the transatlantic trade of beef during the early twentieth century. Each one highlights how the services of trade highlights the unique mix of challenges and value within a particular trade system. The third part focuses on cattle trade systems within late Qing and Republican-era China, which it separates into three types: the import of animals from supply-rich northern pastures, the circulation of work animals within agricultural areas, and the demand-driven production of cattle for slaughter in export centers like Qingdao. Each of these three systems represented a distinct mix of risk and value, facilitated by distinct human networks. Together they portray a novel approach to understanding the long term transformation of human animal relations through commodity flows, and the value of trade intermediation as a tool of historical analysis. 297