Chinese Lunar New Year

The Chinese character Chun meaning Spring

The Chinese Lunar New Year is also known as the Spring Festival

(Image: Nipic.com)

The Chinese lunar new year is celebrated on the first day of the first month according to the Chinese lunar calender. And while information about the background of Chinese New Year is nothing really unique in the blogosphere, here are some interesting religio-cultural facts regarding Chinese New Year’s day that may not be common knowledge.

The Chinese Buddhist tradition considers the Chinese New Year to be the Birthday of Bodhisattva Maitreya (also known as Maitreya Buddha) (彌勒菩薩聖誕 Mile Pusa Shengdan). On the same day, the Taoist tradition considers it to be the Birthday of the Celestial Venerable of Primordial Beginning (元始天尊聖誕 Yuanshi Tianzun Shengdan) and also the Festival Day of Heaven (天臘之辰 Tianla Zhichen).

According to Buddhism, Maitreya, now a bodhisattva, will be the next Buddha to appear in the future at a time when the Buddhist teachings have completely vanished from the earth.  

Maitreya, the Future Buddha – in the form of Budai Heshang

(Image: Hudong.com)

Just as Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha, renounced his worldly role and chose to pursue the way to enlightenment, all the Buddhas of the future will likewise do the same. Because there are countless sentient beings in the infinite universe, there are, and always will be, countless Buddhas – as all sentient beings possess the potential for attaining enlightenment. The exact time when Maitreya will appear in the future is not clearly known, as there are different ways of calculating the number of years according to different texts existing in the Buddhist tradition, but it is safe to say that it will be billions of years from now. In the Chinese Buddhist tradition, it is believed that one of the emanations of Maitreya was the 10th century monk Budai Heshang (布袋和尚) (subject of a previous blog post entitled “Happy Buddha” which can be found here). The fat and jolly monk Budai Heshang was a somewhat mysterious figure, and since nobody knew what his actual birth date was, and furthermore, certainly nobody now knows what will be the actual birth date of the coming Buddha Maitreya, the first day of the first month is taken to honor the future Buddha.

In the Taoist religion, the Celestial Venerable of Primordial Beginning is a primeval deity that is considered a manifestation and embodiment of the Tao (Way). He is without beginning or end and is supreme amongst all beings. He is the creative force of the manifested universe and an emanation of primordial spirit and energy.

The Celestial Venerable of Primordial Beginning

(Image: Ctcwri.idv.tw)

He is also known as the Jade Purity (玉清 Yuqing) and is the central figure of the Three Pure Ones (三清 Sanqing), a holy trinity of supreme deities in religious Taoism. Because he is a personification of the abstract primordial beginning or origin, it makes sense to take as his “birth date” the first day of the first month of the new year. In addition to honoring the Celestial Venerable of Primordial Beginning on New Year’s day, Taoists also consider this day to be the Festival Day of Heaven, a day for paying respects to Heaven by making offerings and also praying for continued blessings and fortune. Heaven worship was a religious concept and practice that was observed in ancient times that even predates organized religion in China.

Happy birthday to Bodhisattva/Buddha Maitreya and the Celestial Venerable of Primordial Beginning! And Happy New Year to everyone else!

Text © 2011 Harry Leong

Happy Buddha

Happy Buddha
(Image: NovemberDragon.com)

The figure of the fat laughing monk popularly known as the Happy Buddha (開心佛 Kaixin Fo), or Laughing Buddha (笑佛 Xiao Fo), is often mistaken by some people for being the historical Buddha of the 5th Century BCE. This popular character, often seen in Asian art and sculpture, is actually the eccentric Zen monk Budai Heshang (布袋和尚) of 10th century China. His name, which means Cloth Sack Monk, came about because he often carried a cloth sack from which he distributed gifts to children. His name is sometimes shortened to just Budai (Cloth Sack). In Japan, he is known as Hotei (the Japanese pronunciation of Budai). Right before he died, he uttered the following profound lines, which led others to believe that he was actually an emanation of the future Buddha Maitreya (彌勒佛 Mile Fo).

Maitreya, the true Maitreya

With billions of emanation bodies

Often he is revealed to people at the time

At other times they do not know it’s him

彌勒真彌勒

化身千百億

時時示時人

時人自不識

Since then, Budai Heshang was considered a transformation body of the future Buddha Maitreya, and Maitreya has always been depicted in the form of the rotund and jolly Budai Heshang in traditional Chinese art and iconography.

10th century Chinese Zen monk - Budai Heshang

(Image: Artist.cangdian.com)

It should be emphasized so that it is properly understood that the image of Budai Hesheng as a fat and happy monk is only a manifestation of Maitreya due to his expedient means (upaya), because all bodhisattvas (i.e. future Buddhas) employ skillful means in order to save and deliver sentient beings. In other words, they appear in a form that is necessary or appropriate to teach a certain lesson, and they can appear in countless forms, as indicated in the verse left by Budai Heshang.

If we were to venture a guess as to how the actual future Buddha Maitreya, or any other Buddha, might actually look like in person, we should first understand that the sutras (Buddhist scriptures) already taught us that the physical features of a fully enlightened Buddha always include the same set of standard characteristics called the 32 Major Marks and 80 Secondary Marks of an Enlightened Being. Two of the marks from the list are worthy of mention here. One is that the body is always straight and tall, and the other one is an upper torso that is like a lion’s (i.e. the upper torso gets progressively broader). Based on these two characteristics alone, it’s not difficult to conclude that the actual physical body of a Buddha is always tall and athletic. Indeed, if we refer back to the life story of the historical Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama, also known as Shakyamuni Buddha), we read that he was a champion who was skilled in many athletic arts before he started his spiritual journey. Traditional drawings of the Buddha after he attained enlightenment show him embodying the graceful and noble physical characteristics detailed in the list of the marks of a Buddha. In Indo-Tibetan Buddhist iconography, Maitreya Buddha is never depicted as an obese monk, but always as a noble being with a fit and athletic build, similar to the historical Buddha Shakyamuni.

Tibetan statue of Maitreya - the Future Buddha

(Image: Maitreya Project)

In China, the image of Maitreya in the form of Budai Heshang became so popular that he was adopted into traditional folk religion and also popular Taoism, often as a god of wealth and abundance.

Red auspicious print - Happy Buddha

(Image: Tplm123.com)

The popular interpretation of his characteristics was that his cloth sack, or his fat belly, symbolizes wealth and prosperity, and his happy smile represents joy and happiness. But from a Buddhist perspective, his large belly symbolizes the more important values of magnanimity, tolerance, and generosity, and his happy smile represents the joy that comes from helping others and cultivating contentment and a peaceful mind.

Today in the West, for better or for worse, the traditional image of the rotund Happy Buddha has been borrowed and redesigned to serve as icons and logos for commercialism and popular culture imagery.

Text © 2011 Harry Leong