Compiled Information on the Life and Works of Phya pa Chos kyi
seng ge and Bibliographical Resources
The information in this document started being compiled by Pascale Hugon in the framework of the
Project P23422-G15 “Early bKaʾ gdams pa scholasticism – Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge’s contribution”
generously supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (August 2012-September 2017).
I am grateful to (in alphabetical order) Kazuo Kano, Hiroshi Nemoto, Fumihito Nishizawa, Eric
Werner and Jongbok Yi for their additional input.
First published online: 15.09.2015.
Last update: 6.2.2020.
Please send additional information, corrections and emendations to pascale.hugon@oeaw.ac.at.
Table of contents
1. Biographical information ................................................................................................................ 2
1.1 Chronology ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Phya pa’s teachers ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Phya pa’s students ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Monks ordained by Phya pa ...................................................................................................... 6
1.5 Other information ..................................................................................................................... 7
2. Writings of Phya pa ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Extant works .............................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.a Chronology of the works .................................................................................................. 13
2.2 Works attributed to Phya pa ................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 By himself ......................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.2 By ‘Gos lo tsā ba gzhon nu dpal (1392–1481) .................................................................... 14
2.2.3 By gSer mdog Paṇ chen Śākya mchog ldan (1428–1507) .................................................. 15
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - dGa’ byed 12-13 ................................................................................... 15
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - dGa’ byed 32 ........................................................................................ 15
2.2.4 By A khu Rin po che Shes rab rgya mtsho (1803–1875) .................................................... 15
A khu - Tho yig 637–677 ......................................................................................................... 15
3. Modern studies dealing with Phya pa, his life, his works, his ideas ............................................. 16
3.1 In English ................................................................................................................................. 16
3.2 In French.................................................................................................................................. 18
1
3.3 In Japanese ............................................................................................................................... 18
Bibliographical references .................................................................................. 20
1. Collections of texts, catalogues, etc. ............................................................................................. 20
2. Individual authors (ancient and modern)..................................................................................... 20
1. Biographical information
In modern studies the majority of the available information on Phya pa (Phywa pa, Cha pa) has been
provided in van der Kuijp 1978 and van der Kuijp 1983. Summaries of the available information are
also found for instance in Seyfort Ruegg 2000: 37–40, Tauscher 2009–2010: 2–3 and Hugon 2008a: 35–
36 (in French).
A biography of Phya pa was reportedly composed by his student gTsang nag pa, but it is not extant.
van der Kuijp 1978: 355: “The bibliography of A-khu Rin-po-che notes that one of his foremost disciples,
gTsang-nag-pa brTson-'grus seng-ge was the author of his biography entitled, 'The biography of Phya pa Chos-kyi
seng-ge, the diffusion of the light of confidence in a hundred regions' (Phya-pa Chos-kyi seng-ge 'i rnam-thar dad-pa'i
(
'od-(g)zer phyogs-brgyar 'gyed-pa).1 Cf. his 'tho-yig' reprinted in Materials of a History of Tibetan Literature, Part 3, ed. L. Chandra, New Delhi, 1963, p. 507)”
The eulogy composed by Phya pa’s student bSod nams rtse mo (bSod nams rtse mo – bsTod pa)
stresses his intellectual capacities but does not provide chronological information apart from the
exact date of his death.
1.1 Chronology
1109
Birth at Cha (stag rtse rdzong)
van der Kuijp 1978: 355
van der Kuijp 1983: 59 < gSer mdog Paṇ chen - dGa’ byed 32/5-33/1:
lo tsa ba chen pos lo bcu bdun phrag gsum du bzhugs nas lung rigs kyi
bstan pa nyin mo ltar mdzad de mya ngan las 'das pa'i lo sa mo glang la
cha [read: phya] pa chos kyi seng ge sku 'khrungs te “The Great
Translator, having lived for three times seventeen years, had acted
like the day [illuminating] the teaching of the authoritative texts
and reasoning; in the earth-female-ox year [1109, the year] of his
nirvana, Phya-pa Chos-kyi seng-ge was born.”
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – rNgog lo rol mo 4b4–5: de rjes phya pa chos kyi
seng ges gdan sa lo bcwa brgyad mdzad / ʾdi lo chen gshes paʾi lo / sa mo
glang la ʾkhrungs nas...
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – dBu maʾi byung tshul 15b2–3: chos kyi seng ge ni
lo chen bde bar gshegs paʾi lo sku ʾkhrungs shing /
TBRC P1404 – Associated Places
Sørensen&Hazod 2007: 153, n. 402 (on the location of Cha/Phya,
south-east of dGaʾ ldan)
?
Monastic vows with Zhang tshes
spong Chos kyi bla ma
See 1.2 “Zhang tshes spong”
?
Final monastic ordination and
vinaya studies with Bya ʾdul
See 1.2 “Bya ’dul”
2
ca. 1129–?
Studies and assistantship under
rGya dmar pa in sTod lung
See 1.2 “rGya dmar pa” and 1.5(i)
1129 or later
Teaches Phag mo gru pa in sTod
lung
See 1.3 “Phag mo gru pa” and 1.5(ii)
1130 or later
(before 1140)
Teaches Dus gsum mkhyen pa at
Se thang in sTod lung
See 1.3 “Dus gsum mkhyen pa” and 1.5 (iii)
1148 or 1152
“Teacher” (ācārya) in the full
ordination of Rin po che Glang
lung pa
See 1.4 (ii)
ca. 1152–1169
Abbot of gSang phu for 18 years
van der Kuijp 1978: 356 < ‘Gos lo tsā ba - Deb ther sngon po 292; Roerich
1949–1953: I 329 “the abbot’s chair was occupied by... Phya pa Chos
kyi seng ge for 18 years.”)
An unlikely option is that he was abbot of gSang phu sNe’u thog for
thirty-five years (i.e., 1134-1169), see Onoda 1989: 205f. “According
to an account which is quoted in the SPDR (=Byams pa - gSang phu
gdan rabs), after 18 year he moved to Gro lung pa’s place and
studied under the master for 4 years. He then went back to gSang
phu and occupied the abbatial seat for 17 years again.”
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – dBu maʾi byung tshul 15b3: gdan sa lo bco
brgyad mdzad pa’i bar la
(6th abbot)
1158–1169
Teaches bSod nams rtse mo (and
the other three jo sras) in gSang
phu
See 1.3 and the ref. in bSod nams rtse mo – bsTod pa cited below, as
well as the Four jo sras in 1.3.
1169
Death
Roerich 1949–1953: I 328: “Phya pa died in the year Earth Female Ox
(sa mo glang 1169 A.D.).”
van der Kuijp 1978: 355
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - rNgog lo rol mo 4b4–5: sa mo glang la ’khrungs
nas / re gcig pa sa mo glang la gshegs /
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - rNgog lo rol mo 6a5: sa mo glang gi lo la / slob
dpon phya pa ’das...
Death on the 23rd of the third
month
van der Kuijp 1987: 111, Onoda 1989: 206 < bSod nams rtse mo –
bsTod pa 40/3/5: sa mo glang gi lo’i nag pa zla ba nag po’i phyogs kyi
tshes brgyad
1.2 Phya pa’s teachers
rGya dmar pa Byang chub grags
of sTod lung
Phya pa was his student and
teaching-assistant for
Madhyamaka and epistemology
(before becoming a student of Gro
lung pa)
Roerich 1949–1953: I 332: “The ācārya
phya pa also studied under him the
systems of Mādhyamaka and Nyāya.”
‘Gos lo tsā ba - Deb ther sngon po 404: slob
dpon phywa pas dbu tshad gnyis ka'i rigs pa
khong la bslabs pa yin
van der Kuijp 1978: 355
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – rNgog lo rol mo 4b5:
ʾdis dang po khyung gi slob ma / rgya dmar ba
byang chub grags la dbu tshad gsan / phyis
gro lung pa la pha rol du phyin paʾi mdo dang
/ rgyan sogs gsung rab yongs su rdzogs par
gsan /
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – dBu maʾi byung tshul
12b5–6: de [=Gro lung pa] dang rgya dmar
ba gnyis ka la phya pa chos kyi seng ges gsan
3
Bya ’dul
(=? Bya ’dul ba ’dzin pa brTson ʾgrus ʾbar,
alias dge bshes Zul phu ba (c. 1100–
1170)/(1091-1166)/(1100-1174)? 1; two of
his vinaya works are available in the KDSB,
vol. 30 and 31)
Gro lung pa Blo gros ‘byung gnas
Vinaya studies following final
monastic ordination.
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - rNgog lo rol mo 4b6:
bsnyen par rdzogs pa bya ʾdul gyi drung du
mdzad nas ʾdul ba gsan /
Vinaya and Abhidharma studies
following final monastic
ordination.
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - dBu maʾi byung tshul
14b7: ʾdiʾi drung du phya pas bsnyen par
rdzogs / ʾdul sngon sogs gsan pa rgya che /
(Bya ʾdul is also reported to have ordained
and taught vinaya to Phag mo gru pa when
the latter was 25, i.e. in 1135, presumably
in sTod lung, since rGya dmar is named as
the ācārya)
(cf. Roerich 1949–1953: 555)
(Bya ʾdul is also reported to have ordained
Khyung tshang pa (1115–), who received
the full ordination from rGya dmar pa)
(cf. Roerich 1949–1953: 441)
Phya pa studied with him the
Prajñāpāramitāsūtra(s) with the
Ālaṃkāra (=Haribhadra’s
Sphuṭārtha?)
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – rNgog lo rol mo 4b5
phyis gro lung pa la pha rol du phyin paʾi mdo
dang / rgyan sogs gsung rab yongs su rdzogs
par gsan
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – rNgog lo rol mo 5a6–
7: smad kyi slob maʾi chog ni phya paʾo //
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – dBu maʾi byung tshul
12b5–6: de [=Gro lung pa] dang rgya dmar
ba gnyis ka la phya pa chos kyi seng ges gsan
Roerich 1949–1953: I 332: “When this
Mahātman had reached the end of his life,
the ācārya Phya pa studied with great
diligence under him and composed an
extensive commentary on the Sphuṭārtha.”
Zhang Tshes spong ba Chos kyi
bla ma
(“at gSang phu sNe’u thog” ?)
van der Kuijp 1978: 356 < ?
“Phya pa received the teaching of
the Ratnagotravibhāga from Chos
kyi bla ma.”
Kano 2010: 255, n. 21 < colophon of Phya
pa’s rGyud bla don gsal: śa kyaʼi dge slong
chos kyi bla maʼi zhabs kyi rdul phyi bos nod
pa dge slong chos kyi seṅ ges nye bar sbyar ba
rdzogs s.hyō / /
(“at gSang phu sNe’u thog” ?)
van der Kuijp 1978: 356 < (?)
Phya pa took his monastic vows
with him
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – dBu maʾi byung tshul
15b1–2: sku’i gdan sa zhang tshe pong chos
kyi bla ma la byung / de las nyang bran pa
chos kyi ye shes dang / phya pa chos kyi seng
ge rab tu byung /. Cf. Sørensen&Hazod
2007: 164 n. 416.
1.3 Phya pa’s students
van der Kuijp 1978: 356 < ‘Gos lo tsā ba - Deb ther sngon po 297/4;
Roerich 1949–1953: I 333; Kong sprul - Shes bya ba kun khyab I 454,
dPa’ - dGa’ ston 340–341; gSer mdog Paṇ chen - dBu ma’i byung tshul
15b3 (pp. 238–239)
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - rNgog lo rol mo 4b7–5a4
Śākya mchog ldan reports in rNgo lo rol mo (3b6) that Bya ʾdul ʾdzin was born the year rNgog Lo came back to
Tibet, i.e., ca. 1092. In 6b5–6 (and in dBu maʾi byung tshul 14b5), he says that he was ordained by ‘Bre shes rab
‘bar and received from him the name in religion brTson ‘grus ‘bar.
1
4
The “Eight Mighty Lions” (seng chen brgyad)
(1) gTsang nag pa brTson ‘grus seng ge
(2) Dan bag sMra ba’i seng ge (/ Dan ʾbag sMra
baʾi seng ge / Dan bag pa sMra baʾi seng ge / Dan
ʾbag pa sMra baʾi seng ge)
(3) Bru sha bSod nams seng ge
(4) rMa bya rTsod paʾi seng ge / rMa bya Byang
chub brtson ‘grus
(5) rTsags dBang phyug seng ge
(6) Myang bran Chos kyi seng ge
(7) lDan ma dKon mchog seng ge (/ʾDam pa dKon
mchog seng ge)
(8) gNyal ma Yon tan seng ge; or rKyang dur ba
gZhon nu seng ge; or ʾU yug pa bSod nams seng
ge
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - rNgog lo rol mo 5a2–3 gives an alternative
name for the Eighth Mighty Lion:
1. (=5) brTsegs dbang phyug seng ge
2. (=1) gTsang nag pa brtson ʾgrus seng ge
3. (=4) rMa bya rTsod paʾi seng ge
4. (=3) Bru sha bsod nams seng ge
5. (=6) Myang bran pa Chos kyi seng ge
6. (=2) Dan ʾbag pa sMra baʾi seng ge
7. (=7) ʾDam pa dKon mchog seng ge
8≠(8). rKyang dur ba gzhon nu seng ge
la la dag ʾu yug pa bsod nams seng ge zhes zer yang dus mi
ʾgrig /
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - dBu maʾi byung tshul spaks of 8 lions and
gives some details about the following ones (15b5– ):
- brtsegs (=5)
- bru sha bsod nams seng ge (=3)
- gtsang nag pa brtson ‘grus seng ge (=1)
The Four Jo sras (jo sras mi bzhi)
(1) rNgog Jo sras Ra mo (=rgyal tsha ra mo, see
below)
(2) ‘Khon Jo sras rTse mo (=bsod nams rtse mo,
see below)
(3) Khu Jo sras Ne tso
(4) gNyos/sMyos Jo sras dPal le
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - rNgog lo rol mo 4b7–5a1:
gnyis pa ni (= jo sras mi bzhi)
i. (=2) sa jo sras bsod nams rtse mo /
ii.(=4) mnyos jo sras dpal le /
iii. (=3) khu jo sras ne tso /
iv. (=1) rngog jo 5a1 sras ra mo
rnams so //
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – dBu maʾi byung tshul 15b3 : jo sras bzhi, but
16a1: jo sras gsum, among which
- sa jo sras rtse mo (=i, =2)
Ducher 2017: 290 “In [gSang phu] gNe’u thog, he was in a group
of four sons of noble families [who studied] with Phya pa. There
was bSod nams rtse mo of the ’Khon, rGyal tsha [Ra mo] of the
rNgog, Ne rtso of the Khu, and dPal le of the sMyos.” < bSod nams
dpal, Bla ma rngog pa yab sras rim par byon pa’i rnam thar in po che’i
rgyan gyi phreng ba 21.3–4: ne’u thog tu phya pa’i spyan sngar jo sras
bzhi ‘tshogs pa la: ‘khon bsod mans rtse mo, rngog rgyal tsha, khu ne
rtso, smyos dpal le dang bzhi’i nang nas….
The Four/Three Wise Ones (shes rab can mi
gsum/bzhi)
(1) ‘Gar dbang grub
(2) Khong po ‘jag chung
(3) lHo pa sGog zan
(4) Bar pu ba
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - rNgog lo rol mo 5a1 lists only three “Wise
ones”:
gsum pa ni / (=shes rab can mi gsum)
i. (=2) rkong po ‘jag chung /
ii. (=3) lho pa sgom gzan /
iii. (= 4) par bu ba blo gros seng ge rnams so //(15b7: spar
phu ba blo gros seng ge)
sgom gzan ni (=ii) lho pa thams cad mkhyen par grags pa ste / lho
pa dha ra seng ngo //
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – dBu maʾi byung tshul 15b3 also mentions
only three “Wise ones” (shes rab can gsum), but speaks only
about the first (=3): lho bran pa dar ma seng = lho pa thams cad
mkhyen pa
5
The Three Who Attained Spiritual Goal-realization
(grub thob mi gsum)
(1) Dus gsum mkhyen pa dPal chos kyi grags pa
(1110-1193), the first Karma-pa, who was in sTod
lung at the age of 20 (i.e. 1130-).
(2) Phag mo gru pa rDo rje rgyal po (1110–1170),
who was in sTod lung at the age of 19 (i.e., 1129-)
(3) gSal sto sho sgom (1116–1169)
(?) zhang tshal pa / zhang ‘tshal pa
gSer mdog Paṇ chen - rNgog lo rol mo 4a7:
dang po ni (=grub thob mi gsum)
i. (=1) rjes dus gsum mkhyen pa /
ii. (=2) phag mo grub pa /
iii. (=3) gsal sto sho sgom rnams so //
la la zhang ‘tshal pa yin zhes zer /
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – dBu maʾi byung tshul 16a2: grub thob mi gsum
du grags pa la / zhang tshal pa dngos slob yin min gyi bshad pa gnyis
byung zhig /
16a2–3:
- (=i, =1) dbu ser grags paʾi rje dus gsum mkhyen pa = chos kyi bla
ma = rdo rje ʾod zer
van der Kuijp 1983: 60 < Roerich 1949–1953: I 475: “At the age of
20, he [i.e., Dus gsum mkhyen pa (1110–1193)] visited sTod lungs
sa thang. He heard from sTod lungs rGya dmar pa and his disciple
the teacher and scholar Phya pa, who was learned in the Tibetan
language only, the "Doctrine of Maitreya" (byams chos) and the
dbu ma sher gsum.”
‘Gos lo tsā ba - Deb ther sngon po 565: nyi shu pa la stod lungs se thang
du phebs| stod lungs rgyad mar pa dang | de'i slob ma bod skad rigs gcig
pa la mkhas pa slob dpon phywa ba gnyis la byams chos dang dbu ma
sher gsum gsan zhing mkhas par bslabs|
rNgog rGyal tsha Ra mo (1134–1170)
Ducher 2017: 289 “He learned perfectly the teaching cycles on
characteristics in gSang phu with master Phya pa.” < rNgog Byang
chub dpal, rJe mar pa nas brgyud pa’i rngog bzhung pa yab sras kyi bla
ma’i rnam thar nor bu’i phreng ba 31.5–8;
See also the 4 jo sras
bSod nams rtse mo (1142–1182), in gSang phu,
where bSod nams brtse mo moved when he was
sixteen (i.e., 1158)
van der Kuijp 1978: 357 < Thu’u bkwan - Shel gyi me long 200/3,
Tucci 1949: 100–101
Onoda 1989: 205 < gSer mdog Paṇ chen - rNgog lo rol mo p. 453;
Byams pa - gSang phu gdan rabs 9a
See also the 4 jo sras
(?) ‘Jad pa slob dpon sTon skyabs (b. 12th c.)
TBRC P3779 < ?
1.4 Monks ordained by Phya pa
(i)
Monk’s name
Phya pa’s role
Se sPyil bu pa Chos kyi rgyal mtshan
(1121–1189)
Preceptor (mkhan po, Skt.
upādhyāya) for his ordination
and full ordination
Vetturini 2007: 133 and
Vetturini 2007, Part 2: 260 < Lo
dgon - ʾOd stong: rab byung
dang bsnyen rdzogs gnyis kaʾi
mkhan po phya pas mdzad
Ye shes rgyal mtshan - Se spyil
bu baʾi rnam thar 261,3–4: dge
bshes cha paʾi drung du rab tu
byung / lo lon nas mkhan po de
nyid las bsnyen par rdzogs
Member of the full ordination
committee together with Bya
ʾdul ʾdzin and bTsun pa Chos
mchog gsum, when Rin po che
was 29. (i.e., 1152), at sNon gyi
gyad pa (read: gyang pa?)
Vetturini 2007, Part 2: 294 < Lo
dgon - ʾOd stong: nyer bdun pa
la snon gyi gyad par / bya ʾdul
ʾdzin / phya pa chos seng / btsun
pa chos mchog gsum la bsnyen
par rdzogs
Teacher (slob dpon, Skt. ācārya)
for the full ordination together
with Bya ’dul (preceptor) and
Roerich 1949–1953: 298: “At
the age of 25, he received the
final monastic ordination at
Gyang pa of Mar snon, Bya-
(TBRC P3448)
(ii)
Rin po che Glang lung pa brTson ʾgrus
gzhon nu (1123–1193)
(a student of gTsang pa rin po che Nam mkhaʾ rdo
rje (1076–1160), born in sTod lung ʾtshur,
ordained by Pa tshab at 19 (i.e., 1141/1142))
6
(iii)
Lho pa thams cad mkhyen pa=lho bran
pa dar ma sen ge=lHo pa sgog/sgom zan
sTon pa Chos mchog (secret
preceptor) when Rin po che
was 25. (i.e., 1148), at Mar snon
gyi gyang ba
ʾdul acting as upādhyāya,
Phyā-ba acting as ācārya and
the scholar Chos-mchog as
Secret Preceptor (gsang-ston).
‘Gos lo tsā ba - Deb ther sngon
po 362: dgung lo nyi shu rtsa
lnga pa la mar snon gyi gyang
bar bya 'dul gyis mkhan po dang
| phywa pas slob dpon dang | ston
pa chos mchog gis gsang ste
mdzad nas bsnyen par rdzogs|
for lHo pa’s ordination when
the latter was 17.
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – dBu
maʾi byung tshul 15b4: shes rab
can gcig ni lho bran pa dar ma
seng ste / phya paʾi drung du
rang lo bcu bdun pa la rab tu
byung /
1.5 Other information
(i)
Was rGya dmar pa’s best student
van der Kuijp 1978: 355 < Padma – Chos ‘byung 190b: khyad par gangs pa
she'u dang khyung gnyis ka'i dngos slob stod lungs rgya dmar pa byang chub
grags / dbu tshad la de'i slob rna mang yang phvya pa chos kyi seng ge gtso bo
/ ; “In particular, the direct disciple of both Gangs-pa she'u and
Khyung (Rin-chen-grags-pa) was rGya-dmar-pa Byang-chub-grags of
sTod-lung. Although he had many students in Madhyamaka and logic
(tshad-ma), Phya-pa Chos-kyi seng-ge was the best.”
(ii)
Held a grudge for eight years against
Phag mo gru pa (1110–1170) as the latter
was studying under rGya dmar pa (from
1129 onwards).
van der Kuijp 1978: 355 < Roerich 1949–1953: II 255 (= ‘Gos lo tsā ba Deb ther sgnon po 483/6-7). “[Phag mo gru pa] said that while he was
studying under rGya-dmar-pa, he offended the kalyāṇamitra Phya-pa
and for eight years was unable to expiate it.”
Roerich 1949–1953: II 255 “At the age of 19, he [=Phag mo gru pa] came
to dbus. He unsaddled his horse (rta sga phog pa) at stod lung rgya
dmar.”
(iii)
Did not know Sanskrit (at least at the
time of his early studies in sTod lung)
See 1.3 under Dus gsum mkhyen.
(iv)
Had a debate with the Indian paṇḍit
Jayānanda at gSang phu, in the presence
of Khu Lo tsā ba mDo sde ‘bar, and won
the debate
van der Kuijp 1983: 69 < noted in passing in gSer mdog Paṇ chen – Theg
chen rgya mtsho 2, 518; detailed account in the gSer mdog Paṇ chen –
dBu ma’i byung tshul 234: phya pa dbu ma rang rgyud la bshad nyan byed
pa'i dus su / zla ba'i zhabs kyi brgyud 'dzin pandi ta jayānanda zhes pa zhing
bod du byon / dbu ma la 'jug pa'i 'grel bshad mdzad / de'i dus su phya pas
dngos su brtsad cing / rgyud nas kyang zla ba'i bstan bcos kyi tshig don gnvis
ka la dgag pa'i rnam grangs shin tu mang po yod pa'i bstan bcos mdzad / dgag
pa ji ltar song yang phyogs snga ma ni nges par long pa zhig go //
van der Kuijp 1993: 193
(v)
‘Gro lung pa was Phya pa’s assistant (zur
chos pa) when the latter was abbot of
gSang phu
(vi)
Phya pa taught on the eastern side of
rNgog Lo tsa ba’s mausoleum
van der Kuijp 1987: 111 < dPa’ – Chos ‘byung 742–743 “In discussing the
more wondrous aspects of ‘Gro-lung-pa’s life, Dpa’ p. 742-743 mentions
that when he was at gSang-phu ne’u-thog, probably in the capacity of
assistant (zur-chos-pa) to his junior Phy[w]a-pa who at the time was
abbot, there was a configuration of four teachers whose teaching
quarters were in the immediate vicinity of Rngog Lo-tsa-ba's
mausoleum. On the eastern side of the mausoleum, Phy [w] a-pa
taught logic and epistemology; on the southern side Rgya Mching-ruba the Maitreya[nātha] texts; on the western side Rin-chen tshulkhrims the abhidharma; and on the northern side of the mausoleum,
Yon-tan shes-rab lectured on the vinaya.”
Post-colophon addition to rNgog Lo’s biography by Gro lung pa in the
manuscript published in KDSB 1, vol. 3, 285–333: shar du phya× pas
7
rnam nges ’chad // „In the East, Phya pa exposes the
(Pramāṇa)viniścaya.“ and in the Bhutanese manuscript (see Dram Dul
2004: 76,3–4): shar ru phya pas rnam nges [bshad ?] //
(vii)
Sectarian affiliation?
(viii) Wrote many refutations of Candrakīrti
(ix)
His Prajñāpāramitā and Epistemological
lineage comes mainly from Gro lung pa
van der Kuijp 1978: 357 “Phya-pa was essentially non-sectarian
although he is frequently met with in the bKa'-gdams-pa biographies.
This is probably due to the fact that he is considered a perpetuator of
the rNgog-lo-tsa-ba tradition and that he was the abbot of gSang-phu
monastery.”
‘Gos lo tsā ba - Deb ther sngon po 406: slob dpon phywa bas slob dpon zla ba
grags pa la dgag pa mang du mdzad pa la|
gSer mdog Paṇ chen – dBu ma’i byung tshul 15b7: phya pa’i phar tshad kyi
bshad srol ni / gtso bor gro lung pa las byung ba ste /
8
2. Writings of Phya pa
See Kano 2007: (47)–(48) n. 31 for a compilative list of the works of Phya pa (extant and attributed in
A khu – Tho yig).
2.1 Extant works
(a) The eighteen works in the table below, published in the bKa’ gdams gsung ‘bum (Vols. 6–9), are
listed in Kano 2007: (21)–(23) and Tauscher 2009–2010: 5–6. Editions/transcriptions that are publicly
available, as well as translations (only of significant portions of the text) are indicated in the last two
columns of the table below.
1
Short title
Colophon title
Catalogue title
bKa‘ gdams gsung
‘bum
bDen gnyis
rnam
bshad
dBu ma bden pa gnyis
rnam par bshad pa yi
ge nyung ngus
gzhung gsal bar byed
pa
dBu ma bden
gnyis kyi ‘grel ba
Vol. 6, 185–250
33 folios
Editions/Transcriptions/Synoptic tables
• KWIC-online search-tool by Yoichi
Fukuda showing the text in dbu can of
paragraphs containing search words,
which can be inputted in Tibetan script or
in Wylie transcription. No. 18. Based on
an e-text inputted by rNgag dbang ’od
srung and proofread by Fumihito
Nishizawa.
http://tibetan-studies.net/
tiblogsearch/index.cgi
• Passages 6b4–6 and 18b7–8 ed. in Werner
2014: Appendix
2
bDen gnyis
don bsdus
dBu ma bden pa gnyis
kyi don bsdus pa
3
sNang ’grel
dBu ma snang ba’i
gzhung gi don
rigs pa’i tshul dang
myi ’gal zhing blo
chung bas kyang bde
blag du rtogs pa byis
pa’i ’jug ngos su sbyar
ba
dBu ma snang ba’i
‘grel pa
Translations
Vol. 6, 251–257
4 folios
• KWIC-online search-tool by Yoichi
Fukuda showing the text in dbu can of
paragraphs containing search words,
which can be inputted in Tibetan script or
in Wylie transcription. No. 19. Based on
an e-text inputted by rNgag dbang ‘od
srung and proofread by Fumihito
Nishizawa.
http://tibetan-studies.net/
tiblogsearch/index.cgi
• Transcritpion and representation of the
topical outline in table format by Hugon
(with cross-references to (1) bDen gnyis
rnam bshad) available online at
http://www.ikga.oeaw.ac.at/PhyaPaChos
KyiSengGe
• Synoptic table of the chapter lung gi don
gzhan du rtog pa la rigs pas bsgrub pa (with
cross-references to (1)) in Tauscher 2009–
2010: 16
Vol. 6, 266–428
82 folios
• KWIC-online search-tool by Yoichi
Fukuda showing the text in dbu can of
paragraphs containing search words,
which can be inputted in Tibetan script or
in Wylie transcription. No. 21. Based on
an e-text inputted by rNgag dbang ‘od
srung.
http://tibetan-studies.net/
tiblogsearch/index.cgi
English transl. in
Werner 2014
(footnotes)
• Text in the process of being critically
edited by Pascale Hugon and Jongbok Yi
4
rGyan ʾgrel
dBu ma brgyan gyi
'grel pa rgya cher
bshad pa
dBu ma rgyan gyi
‘grel ba
Vol. 6, 433–518
43 folios
• Passages 26a4–5 and 26b4–5 ed. in Werner
2014: Appendix
English transl. in
Werner 2014
(footnotes)
• Sa bcad of the excursus on the proof of
emptiness in Hugon 2015b: 75–76
9
5
sNying po
dBu ma de kho na
nyid kyi snying po
dBu ma’i de kho
na nyid bsdus pa
Vol. 7, 15-129
• Tauscher 1999 (ed.) – NB: ed. based on
58 folios
another manuscript than the one in the
dBu ma shar gsum
bKa‘ gdams gsung bum
gyi stong thun on
the title page
= TBRC
W23505|2078 (first
folio missing)
•
English
transl. of the
abbreviated topical
outline in Tauscher
2003: 239–243
•
English
transl. of sNying po
58,3–80,13 (based on
the edition in
Tauscher 1999) in
Vose 2009: 141–169
Japanese transl. of
sNying po 111,5–113,9
in Kosumi 2010: 22–
24
sPyod ‘jug bsdus
don
• 28,14–35,7 (on the four philosophical
positions regarding conventionalities) ed.
in Hugon forthcoming b
English transl. in
Hugon forthcoming
b
• Passages 1,17–2,2; 24,10–22; 25,3–6; 28,14–
18; 34,10–16; 61,4–8; 112,20–113,3 ed. in
Werner 2014: Appendix
English transl. in
Werner 2014
(footnotes)
6
sPyod ‘jug
bsdus don
Byang chub sems
dpa'i spyod pa la 'jug
pa'i don bsdus pa
Vol. 7, 131–143
7 folios
7
bSlab bsdus
bSlab pa kun las btus
pa'i don bsdus pa
8
rGyud bla
bsdus don
Theg pa chen po
rgyud bla ma'i bsdus
pa'i don
Theg pa chen po
rgyud bla ma'i
bsdus don
Vol. 7, 145–156
6 folios
9
rGyud bla
don gsal
Theg pa chen po
rgyud bla ma'i bstan
bcos kyi tshig dang
don gyi rgya cher
bsnyad pa phra ba'i
don gsal ba
Theg pa chen po
rgyud bla ma'i
bstan bcos rgya
cher bsnyad pa
phra ba'i don
gsal ba
Vol. 7, 163–345
92 folios
10
mDo sde
bshad
mDo sde rgyan gyi
bshad pa
Theg chen mdo
sde rgyan gyi legs
bshad yang rgyan
nyi 'od gsal ba
Vol. 7, 351–537
94 folios
11
mDo sde
rnam
bzhag
Theg pa chen po mdo
sde rgyan gyi lus
rnam bzhag
Theg chen mdo
sde rgyan gyi lus
rnam bzhag
Vol. 7, 539–572
16 folios
12
rNam nges
bsdus don
Tshad ma rnam par
nges pa'i bsdus don
Tshad ma rnam
par nges pa'i
bsdus don
Vol. 8, 3–28
13 folios
• Synoptic table by Hugon (with crossreferences to (13) ‘Od zer and the
Pramāṇaviniścaya) available online at
http://www.ikga.oeaw.ac.at/PhyaPaChos
KyiSengGe
• Manuscript description in Hugon 2009a
13
‘Od zer
Tshad ma rnam par
nges pa'i 'grel bshad
yi ge dang rigs pa'i
gnad la 'jug pa'i
shes rab kyi 'od zer
Tshad ma rnam
par nges pa’i ‘grel
ba
Vol. 8, 35–427
197 folios
• KWIC-online search-tool by Yoichi
Fukuda showing the text in dbu can of
paragraphs containing search words,
which can be inputted in Tibetan script or
in Wylie transcription. No. 3. Based on a
non-proofread e-text inputted by Pascale
Hugon.
http://tibetan-studies.net/
tiblogsearch/index.cgi
• Edition of the excursus on proofs (143a1–
b7) by Hugon, available at
http://www.ikga.oeaw.ac.at/PhyaPaChos
KyiSengGe
• Edition of the excursus on thal ʾgyur
(145a2–149a5) by Hugon, available at
Vol. 7, 143–144
(fragment - 13
lines of the
beginning of the
text on the last
folio of No. 6)
• The main subdivisions are transcribed in
Kano 2008: 158–161 and compared with
rNgog Lo’s bsdus don on the same text.
10
http://www.ikga.oeaw.ac.at/PhyaPaChos
KyiSengGe
• Discussion of the four philosophical
positions (23b4–24a9) in Hugon 2016c
14
Mun sel
Tshad ma yid kyi mun
pa sel ba
Tshad ma yid kyi
mun sel
Vol. 8, 434–626
97 folios
English transl. in
Hugon 2016c
• KWIC-online search-tool by Yoichi
Fukuda showing the text in dbu can of
paragraphs containing search words,
which can be inputted in Tibetan script or
in Wylie transcription. No. 2. Based on a
non-proofread e-text inputted by Dr.
Thub bstan dgaʾ ba.
http://tibetan-studies.net/
tiblogsearch/index.cgi
• Chap. 1 ed. in Nishizawa 2011b
• Critical edition of most of chap. 1 (1b1–
34a4) (without some excursuses) and
fragments from chap. 2 and 3 in
Hugon&Stoltz 2019: 179–207
English translation of
these passages in
Hugon&Stoltz 2019:
115–166
• Discussion of the four philosophical
positions (1b9–3b3) critically edited in
Hugon 2016c
English transl. in
Hugon 2016c
• Passages 1b9–2a1, 2b1–6, 3a5–6, 3a7–9,
7a7–8 ed. in Werner 2014: Appendix.
English transl. in
Werner 2014 (various
footnotes)
• Passages 3b2–9, 4a6–8, 6a6–8a5, 8a5–6 in
Hugon 2008a: Annexe 1 (717–722).
• Passage on the definition of apprehended
object (8a7–b2) edited in Hugon 2016c
English transl. in
Hugon 2016c
• Passage on the argumentative analogy
between yid dpyod and rtog pa (10b6–9)
edited in Stoltz 2009: 385
English transl. in
Stoltz 2009: 383–384
• Last part of chap. 2 ed. in Nishizawa
2011b: vol. 3
Japanese transl. in
Nishizawa 2011b: vol.
3
• Passages 43a7–b1, 45a4, 45a9–b4 in Hugon
2008a: Annexe 3.
• Section on proof statements (81b3–83a1)
edited in Hugon 2011a
15
Grub mtha‘
bDe bar gshegs pa
dang phyi rol pa'i
gzhung rnam par
'byed pa
bDe bar gshegs pa
dang phyi rol pa'i
gzhung rnam par
'byed pa
Vol. 9, 7–72
33 folios
16
So thar
mdo 'grel
So thar mdo’i ‘grel ba
So thar mdo’i ‘grel
ba
Vol. 9, 87–243
79 folios
17
'Od ldan
rab gsal
‘Od ldan zhes bya ba’i
ṭikka tshig don rab tu
gsal ba
ʾOd ldan zhes bya
ba’i ṭikka tshig
don rab gsal
Vol. 9, 251–526
138 folios
18
dGe tshul
rnam
bshad
Thams cad yod par
smra ba'i dge tshul
dGe tshul rnams
kyi bslab pa’i rim
Vol. 9, 533–598
33 folios
• Section on the eighteenfold typology of
consequences (85b7–87a3) edited in
Hugon (unpublished)
English transl. in
Hugon (unpublished)
• Chap. 5 ed. in Hugon forthcoming
English transl. in
Hugon forthcoming
• Yogācāra- and Mādhyamika-chapters crit.
ed. in Werner 2014: 92-117
English annotated
translation of the
Yogācāra- and
Mādhyamikachapters in Werner
2014: 42-88.
• 29b3–30a6 ed. In Hugon 2016c
English translation in
Hugon 2016c
• 30a6–31a2 ed. in Almogi 2010: 195–197
English transl. in
Almogi 2010: 166–168
• Synoptic table (with Skt. equiv.) in
Werner 2014: 23. Detailed outline of the
Yogācāra chapter on p. 29, detailed
outline of the Madhyamaka chapter on p.
36.
Japanese transl. of
the synoptic table
(with Tib. and Skt.
equiv.) in Nishizawa
2013a: 69-71
11
rnams kyi bslab pa
rim pa ston pa'i
rnam par bshad pa
pa ston pa’i rnam
bshad
No. 1 in the bKa’ gdams gsung ’bum is a 33-folio text with the catalogue reference “Phyi tsha 120“ on
the cover page and the letter „Ga“ in the left margin on the recto of the folios. No. 2 in the bKa’
gdams gsung ’bum consists in 4 folios that are part of the same manuscript as No. 1. The two,
together, correspond to ‘Bras spungs catalogue No. 015724, the title of which is given as dbu ma bden
pa gnyis kyi don bsdus, which corresponds to the title in the incipit of No. 2. (dbu ma bden pa gnyis kyi
don bsdus / phya pa chos kyi seng ge / phyi tsa 120 / ʾbru tsha / 37 folios / size 66.5x9.8)
Another entry, ‘Bras spungs No. 015710 – slob dpon ye shes snying pos mdzad pa’i dbu ma bden pa gnyis
rnam par ʾbyed pa / Phya pa chos kyi seng ge / phyi tsa 120 / ʾbru tsha / 4 folios / 66.5x9.8cm) might
be a duplicate entry of the last four folios of ‘Bras spungs No. 015724 or another manuscript of text
No. 2 (or an incomplete manuscript of No. 1).
No. 3 in the bKa’ gdams gsung ‘bum is a 82-folio text with the catalogue reference “Phyi tsa 107” on
the cover page. This corresponds to ’Bras spungs catalogue No. 015677 (dbu ma’i yig cha phya pas byas
pa’o / phya pa chos seng / phyi tsa 107 / ʾbru tsha / 82 folios / 66x11cm).
ʾBras spungs catalogue lists another manuscript of No. 3 under catalogue No. 015726 (dbu ma snang
baʾi gzhung gi don rigs paʾi tshul ang mi ʾgal zhing blo chung bas kyang bde blag tu rtogs pa byis paʾi ʾjugs
ngogs su sbyar ba bzhugs so / phya pa chos kyi seng ge / phyi tsa 120 / ʾbru tsha / 87 folios /
66.5x9.8cm).
‘Bras spungs catalogue lists as No. 015668 dbu maʾi yig cha bzhugs so / rigs pa smra ba’i dge slong chos
kyi seng ge / ‘bru tsha / Phyi tsa 107 / 82 folios / 66x10cm). Based on the number of folios, this could
be yet another manuscript of No. 3.
No. 4 in the bKa’ gdams gsung ‘bum is a 43-folio text with the with the catalogue reference “Phyi tsa
120” on the cover page and the letter “Kha” in the left margin on the recto of the folios. This
corresponds to ‘Bras spungs catalogue No. 015725 (dbu ma rgyan gyi ʾgrel pa rgya cher bshad pa rigs par
smra baʾi dge slong chos kyi seng ges sbyar ba bzhugs / phya pa chos kyi seng ge / ʾbru tsha / 43 folios /
66.5x9.8).
No. 5 in the bKa’ gdams gsung ‘bum is a 58-folio text (the first folio is missing). This is a different
manuscript from the one edited in Tauscher 1999 (ed.) (45 folios (+4 lines) of 9 lines). See Hugon 2012
for some remarks about the differences between these two versions of the text.
An edited version of texts No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 14 exists in a modern-format dbu can edition: Phya pa Chos
kyi seng ge. Phya pa chos kyi seng ge’i gsung gces btus dbu tshad kyi yig cha. Lhasa, 2012: Bod ljongs bod
yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang (Byang chub ljon bzang, no. 6).
Text No. 3 in this edition is not based on the manuscript published in the bKa’ gdams gsung ʾbum, but
on a manuscript bearing the reference “phyi tsa 120”, which must correspond to ʾBras spungs
catalogue No. 015726.
12
Text No. 4 is also included in a modern-format type-set edition of works related to the
Madhyamakālaṃkāra: dBu ma rgyan rtsa ʾgrel phyogs bsgrigs. Bla rung sgar, [no date]: gSer ljongs bla ma
rung lnga rig nang bstan slob grwa chen mo, 203–338 (TBRC W1KG8937).
This edition appears to be based on a manuscript of No. 4 different from the one in the bKaʾ gdams
gsung ʾbum (Werner, personal communication).
(b) The ʾBras spungs dkar chag (p. 1822) lists an additional text attributed to Phya pa: dPal lha mo nam
mkha'i gos can gyi gtor chog, which has not yet been published (Kano 2007: (48) n. 31).
(c) The bKaʾ gdams gsung ʾbum dkar chag (vol. 1, p. 62) reports that damaged remains of a commentary
on Śāntideva’s Śikṣāsamuccaya (bSlab btus kyi ʾgrel chen) by Phya pa were discovered in ʾBras spungs
and that this text, along with No. 6 and No. 8, is also recorded in the dKar chag of sNye mo bye
mkhar chos sde monastery (Werner 2014: 20).
2.1.a Chronology of the works
Phya pa refers to sNying po (No. 5) in sNang ’grel (No. 3). (sNang ’grel 47a6: ʼdi rnams kyi don gyi cha ni
kho bos de kho na nyid kyi snying por rgya cher gtan la dbab pas ʼdir ma spros te || legs par rtogs par ʼdod pas
de las blta bar byaʼo || Passage identified by Jongbok Yi, cited in Hugon 2015b: 81, n. 9)
In rGyan ‘grel he refers to two other works in which he deals extensively with the proof of emptiness.
One of them might be sNying po (See 2.2.1).
There are virtually identical passages in the Mun sel (No. 14) and the ‘Od zer (No. 13) – for example
Mun sel 68a9–72a5 = ‘Od zer 111b5–115b1 – but I am unable at this point to ascertain the order of their
composition.
There are closely parallel passages in the Mun sel/’Od zer and the sNying po (No. 5), some of which
with a significant adaptation of the terminology to the epistemological, respectively the
Madhyamaka context of the discussion. Similarly, I am unable to ascertain an order of composition
at this point.
2.2 Works attributed to Phya pa
2.2.1 By himself
In his rGyan ’grel Phya pa refers to two of his works with the expressions Shes rab gsum la ’jug pa
(“Introduction to the three kinds of wisdom”) and ’Jug ngogs bsdu bar bstan (em. gtan?) la phab pa
(“Summarized introduction”?) (rGyan ‘grel 9a7: tshul lugs ʼdi dag rgya cher kho bos shes rab gsum la ʼjug
pa dang ʼjug ngogs bsdu bar bstan (em. gtan?) la phab pa der blta bar bya ste | ʼdir rkang pa rkyang ste gnas
paʼi yi ge cha tsam mthong pas ngo bo nyid myed par khas che ba rnams kyi spyir cha tsam brjod pa yin no ||.
Cited in Hugon 2015b: 82, n. 22)
One of the works referred to in this passage might be the sNying po, where a corresponding excursus
is found.
13
The expression “’jug ngogs” recalls the description of sNang ’grel in its colophon (dbu ma snang ba’i
gzhung gi don rigs pa’i tshul dang myi ’gal zhing blo chung bas kyang bde blag du rtogs pa byis pa’i ’jug ngogs
su sbyar ba rigs par smra ba’i dge slong chos kyi seng ges sbyar ba//) 2, but the sNang ’grel does not include
a corresponding excursus.
2.2.2 By ‘Gos lo tsā ba gzhon nu dpal (1392–1481)
1478: ‘Gos lo tsā ba - Deb ther sngon po
• Commentary(/ies) on the “Five Treatises” of Maitreya
• Commentary on the Pramāṇaviniścaya
• Commentary on the Satyadvayavibhaṅga
• Commentary on the Mādhyamakālaṃkārakārikā
• Commentary on the Madhyamakāloka
• Commentary on the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra
• Commentaries on other texts
• Abridgments of the preceding texts
• Tshad ma’i bsdus pa yid kyi mun sel in verse only and with an auto-commentary
• Large and short abridgments of the Madhyamaka system
• "Summary on the theories of non buddhists and Buddhists" Phya nang gi grub mtha’ bsdus pa
(reportedly)
• "Exposition of the five bases of the knowable" shes bya gzhi lnga’i bshad pa (reportedly)
([405 in the Chengdu ed.] slob dpon phywa bas ni ne'u thog gi gdan sa ma mdzad gong nas chos grwa mang du bskyangs
shing | bstan bcos brtsams pa yang byams pa'i chos lnga dang | tshad ma rnam par nges pa dang | dbu ma bden gnyis|
rgyan| snang ga spyod 'jug la sogs pa'i TI ka mang po yang mdzad| so so'i bsdus pa yang mang du brtsams| tshad ma'i bsdus
pa yid kyi mun sel zhes bya ba tshigs su bcad pa rang 'grel dang bcas pa dang | yid kyi mun sel rkyang pa ste gnyis mdzad|
dbu ma la yang bsdus pa che chung gnyis snang | gzhan yang rtsom pa mang po mdzad pa 'dra ste kho bos mthong ba ni de
dag dang | phyi nang gi grub mtha' bsdus pa dang shes bya gzhi lnga'i bshad pa tsam zhig go khong la...
Roerich 1949–1953: 332–333: “The Teacher phya pa before occupying the chair of ne'u thog (gsang phu)
maintained many religious schools, composed śāstras, numerous commentaries on the "Five Treatises" of
Maitreya, the Pramāṇaviniścaya, the dbu ma bden gnyis, the Madhyamakālaṃkārakārikā, the Madhyamakāloka, the
Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra and other texts. He also composed their respective abridgements. He composed the tshad
ma'i bsdus pa yid kyi mun sel in verses and an auto commentary thereon; also a yid kyi mun sel without a
commentary. Also a large and short abridgment of the Madhyamaka system. Further, he seems to have
composed many other compositions.
These had been seen by me and I also have heard about a phyi nang gi grub mtha' bsdus pa, or "Summary on the
theories of non buddhists and Buddhists", and about a shes bya gzhi lnga'i bshad pa, "Exposition of the five bases
of the knowable" by him.”)
•
An extensive commentary on the Sphuṭārtha (when studying with Gro lung pa)
(Cf. 1.2, Gro lung pa)
2
A similar expression is used in the final verses of the rGyan ’grel (43a7) : dbu ma brgyan gyi rtogs sla byis pa’i ’jug
ngogs su // rnam par phye te skyon myed bdag gis sbyar pa yin //
14
2.2.3 By gSer mdog Paṇ chen Śākya mchog ldan (1428–1507)
1501*: gSer mdog Paṇ chen - dGaʾ byed (*Jackson 1987: 167)
GSER MDOG PAṆ CHEN - DGA’ BYED 12-13
• Commentary to Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttika (doubtful)
• Commentary to Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇaviniścaya
• Epistemological summaries: extensive, intermediate, short
(slob dpon phya pas rnam 'grel nges gnyis ka'i ṭi ka dang | tshad bsdus rgyas 'bring bsdus pa sogs rtog ge'i rnam bshad
mang du mdzad pa > van der Kuijp 1978: 357)
GSER MDOG PAṆ CHEN - DGA’ BYED 32
• Epistemological summaries: extensive, intermediate, short; the intermediate one is the Tshad
ma yid kyi mun sel
(tshad ma rnam par nges pa rtsa 'grel la bshad pa'i gzhi dang gtso bo mdzad mod kyang rang nyid kyi rnam dpyod kyi
rtsal gyis bton nas bsdus pa rgyas 'bring bsdus gsum mdzad par grags pa de'i nang nas 'bring po tshad ma yid kyi mun sel
gyi bshad pas ni dus der gangs can gyi rtog ge pa mtha' dag la khyab cing gces spras su byed pa ... > van der Kuijp 1978:
357.
Transl. in van der Kuijp 1983: 59: “...he indeed took the Pramāṇaviniścaya and its commentary as the basis and
main [texts] for [his] explanations, it is well known that by deploying the capacity (rtsal-gyis bton-nas) of his
own intellect, he composed the three Summaries [of] large, medium, and synoptic [length]. From among these
[three], the explanations of the [one of] medium [length], the Tshad-ma yid kyi mun-sel, pervaded at this time
[the hearts of] all the Tibetan logicians and was cherished (gces spras-su byed-pa) [by them].”)
2.2.4 By A khu Rin po che Shes rab rgya mtsho (1803–1875)
A KHU - THO YIG 637–677
Lam rim section
• Commentary on the Bodhicaryāvatāra (No. 11076)
dBu ma section
• Commentary on the Satyadvayavibhaṅga (No. 11317)
• Commentary on the Madhyamakāloka (No. 11318)
• Commentary on the Madhyamakālaṅkāra (No. 11319)
• Commentary on the Uttaratantra (No. 11320)
• Long and short summaries of Madhyamaka (No. 11321)
Phar phyin section
• Commentary on the Prajñāpāramitā (No. 11473) (according to Tauscher (1999 ed.: viii), this
may be the commentary on the Sphuṭārtha mentioned in ‘Gos lo tsā ba – Deb ther sngon po)
rNam ‘grel section
• Commentary on the Pramāṇaviniścaya (No. 11803)
• Tshad ma’i bsdus pa yid kyi mun sel with an auto-commentary (No. 11804)
• Tshad bsdus Yid kyi mun sel (without auto-commentary) (No. 11805)
• Shes bya gzhi lnga’i bshad pa (No. 11806)
Grub mtha’ section
• Phyi nang gi grub mtha’i rnam bzhag bsdus pa (No. 11910)
The complete list is given in Tauscher 1999 (ed.): VIII. van der Kuijp 1983: 63 lists the entries from the rNam
‘grel section.
15
3. Modern studies dealing with Phya pa, his life, his works, his ideas
Publications that predate the rediscovery of Phya pa’s text deal with his views on the basis of later accounts, notably by Śākya
mchog ldan or Go rams pa, and of Tibetan views criticized by Sa skya Paṇḍita (the attribution of some of which to Phya pa is
problematic).
3.1 In English
Almogi
2010
On the distinction between Māyopamādvayavāda versus
Sarvadharmāpratiṣṭānavāda in Phya pa’s doxography
Huang
2014
Hugon
2004
Discusses in the introduction Phya pa’s role on the
development of argumentation and debate and the origin of
the chos-te-phyir pattern (see in particular pp. 20-35).
On Phya pa’s understanding of the three characteristics of a
correct logical reason in inference
Hugon
Hugon
2008b
2009a
On Phya pa’s style of argumentation
On Phya pa’s rNam nges bsdus don
Hugon
Hugon
2009b
2011a
On Phya pa’s theory of definition
On Phya pa’s theory of argumentation and his prescriptions
regarding proof statements
Hugon
2011b
On Phya pa’s views on perception, including a discussion of his
definition of valid cognition
Hugon
2011c
Includes a discussion of Phya pa’s interpretation of
Dharmakīrti’s definition of valid cognition and the scope of
valid cognition
Hugon
2013
Overview of Phya pa’s theory of arguments by consequence
(thal ‘gyur) and prescriptions regarding consequence
statements
Hugon
2015a
Entry in the SEP dealing with early Tibetan views on
epistemology and philosophy of language, among which those
of Phya pa
Hugon
2015b
Hugon
2016a
Hugon
2016b
Hugon
20016c
Hugon&Stoltz
2019
On the proof of emptiness, its epistemological background, the
nature of the probandum
On the eighteenfold classification of arguments by
consequence (thal ’gyur) based on the nature of the logical
reason
Sequel to Hugon 2013, goes into the details of Phya pa’s basic
classification of consequences
Characterization of Phya pa’s philosophical position,
discussion of his refutation of idealism and Sautrāntika
representational external realism
Detailed discussion of Phya pa’s philosophy of mind, including
his views on the criteria for being a valid cognition, and his
typology of invalid cognitions. Includes edition and English
translation of the relevant portion of Chap. 1 of the Mun sel.
16
Hugon
Kano
2020 (in
press)
2008
Phya pa’s solution to the problem of unestablished subjects in
arguments by consequence (thal ’gyur)
Lists the main subdivisions of Phya pa’s Topical Outline of the
Ratnagotravibhāga, compared with that of rNgog Lo
Disscuses Phya pa’s interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhāga in
comparison with rNgog Lo’s interpretation
Kano
2010
Kano
2016
Discusses in chapter 10 rNgog Lo’s impact on doctrinal
developments related to the Ratnagotravibhāga from the 11th to
early 14th c., including Phya pa’s view, which are dealt with in
more detail on pp. 296–309.
Kellner
1997
Phya pa on conceptual incomptibility and logical reasons qua
non-apprehension (based on Śākya mchog ldan’s account)
Moriyama
2010
Nemoto
2013
Nishizawa
2013b
Discusses Phya pa’s definition of the two truths and their
relation
Discusses Phya pa’s definition of a proper opponent and the
various types of opponents
English version of Nishizawa 2012b (in Japanese), see pp. 350–
352 on Phya pa’s place in the gSang phu tradition.
Nishizawa
2016b
English version of material presented in Nishizawa 2013c, 2015
and 2016a (in Japanese), see pp. 154-159 on Phya pa’s theory of
perception
Onoda
1986
Onoda
1989
Phya pa’s classification of arguments by consequence
according to their nature, and based on the type of the logical
reason (based on Śākya mchog ldan’s account and speculations
from Sa skya Paṇḍita’s presentation of the opponent’s view)
Chronology of abbots in gSang phu
Onoda
1992
Stoltz
2007
Phya pa on the types of incompatibility and their definition
(based on Śākya mchog ldan and other later accounts)
On yid dpyod in the early bKa’ gdams tradition and Phya pa
Stoltz
2009
On yid dpyod
Stoltz
2014
On types of objects and of cognitions, and on the criteria for
knowledge
Tauscher
1999
A preliminary discussion of Phya pa’s views on prasaṅga,
before his epistemological works became available, based on
sNying po only
Tauscher
Tauscher
2003
2009–2010
Discusses Phya pa’s Madhyamaka position
Sums up biographical information on Phya pa, repeats some
points discussed in Tauscher 2003, and discusses the style of
Phya pa’s bsdus don works
van der Kuijp
1978
Pioneering article on Phya pa, providing information about his
life and works, and discussing his views on the typology of
mind (based on Go rams pa’s account)
17
van der Kuijp
1983
Chap. 2 on Phya pa, life and works, and on his views (based on
later accounts by Śākya mchog ldan and Go rams pa)
Chronology of the abbatial succession of gSang phu monatery
van der Kuijp
1987
van der Kuijp
2003
Vose
2009
Vose
2015
Wangchuk
2017
Werner
2014
Phya pa’s presentation and criticism of Yogācāra and his
(unpublished) discussion of Madhyamaka in his doxography (with a general
presentation of the text and an edition and translation of the
two relevant chapters).
Preliminary remarks on Phya pa’s recovered epistemological
works
On Phya pa’s views regarding the ultimate and his criticism of
Candrakīrti-oriented Madhyamaka. Reviewed in Hugon 2012.
On Phya pa’s proof of emptiness and the combination of
inference and rig shes.
Discusses in the first chapter Phya pa (and rNgog Lo)’s
interpretation of the Uttaratantra
3.2 In French
Hugon
2008a
Several chapters deal with Phya pa’s views on ontology,
epistemology and logic.
Akahane
2010
Presents Phya pa’s bDen gnyis rnam bshad
Fukuda
1989
Kano
2002
On Phya pa’s views on the object of cognition (based on the
presentation of the opponent’s view in Sa skya Paṇḍita’s Rigs gter)
Phya pa’s interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhāga I. 26.
Kosumi
2010
Translation and comments on a passage of the sNying po
pertaining to the topic of moments (kṣaṇa)
Moriyama
Nemoto
Nemoto
2001
2008
2011
Discusses Phya pa’s definition of the two truths and their relation
Deals with Phya pa’s views on momentariness
The third chapter deals with Phya pa’s interpretation of the
Madhyamaka view of time (revised version of Nemoto 2008). Brief
English summary on p. 360.
Nishizawa
2010
Phya pa’s definition of tshad ma
Nishizawa
2011a
Phya pa’s criticism of rNgog Lo on the ascertainment of validity
Nishizawa
2011b
(unpublished)
Doctoral dissertation on Tibetan Buddhist logic, with numerous
references to Phya pa.
Nishizawa
2012a
On Phya pa’s philosophical standpoint
Nishizawa
2012b
Deals with Phya pa’s place in the gSang phu tradition
Nishizawa
2012c
Deals with Phya pa’s theory of rtogs pa on pp. 97–99 and 101–103
Nishizawa
2013a
On Phya pa’s Grub mthaʾ
Nishizawa
2014
Deals with Phya pa’s views on exclusion (apoha) on pp. 250–274.
3.3 In Japanese
18
Nishizawa
2016c
Deals with Phya pa’s theory of perception
Nishizawa
Nishizawa
2018
2018
Madhyamaka thought of Phya pa
Phya pa, rGya dmar ba, Gro lung pa, rNgog lo tsā ba on emptiness
Nishizawa
2019
Gro lung pa and rGya dmar ba (and Phya pa?) on the two truths
19
Bibliographical references
1. Collections of texts, catalogues, etc.
KDSB = bKa’ gdams gsung ’bum
bKaʼ gdams gsung ’bum phyogs bsgrigs thengs dang po/gnyis pa/gsum pa/bzhi pa. Ed. dPal brtsegs bod yig
dpe rnying zhib ʼjug khang. Vols. 1–30, Chengdu, 2006; vols. 31–60, Chengdu, 2007: vols. 61–90;
Chengdu, 2009 ; vols. 91–120, Chengdu 2015: Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang.
bKa’ gdams gsung ’bum dkar chag
bKa’ gdams gsung ’bum dkar chag. 4 vols. Chengdu: Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 2006–2016.
’Bras spungs dkar chag
’Bras spungs dgon du bzhugs su gsol ba’i dpe rnying dkar chag. dPal brtsegs bod yig dpe rnying zhib ’jug
khang. 2 Vols. Mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 2004.
TBRC
Buddhist Digital Resource Center (formerly Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center). www.tbrc.org.
2. Individual authors (ancient and modern)
Listed alphabetically, following the order of the Latin alphabet. For Tibetan authors, the root letter
of the first syllable is taken as the initial letter.
Akahane 2010
Ritsu Akahane, “Three Tibetan Commentaries on dBu ma bden gnyis” (in Japanese), Report of the
Japanese Association for Tibetan Studies 56, 77–85.
Almogi 2010
Orna Almogi, “Māyopamādvayavāda versus Sarvadharmāpratiṣṭānavāda: A Late Indian
Subclassification of Madhyamaka and its Reception in Tibet,” Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 14,
135–212.
A khu - Tho yig
A khu Ring po che Shes rab rgya mtsho (1803–1875), dPe rgyun dkon pa ‘ga’ zhig gi tho yig. Don gnyer yid
kyi kunda bzhad pa’i zla ‘od ‘bum gyi snye ma. Lokesh Chandra, 1963, 637–830.
Byams pa - gSang phu gdan rabs
Byams pa kun dga’ ‘byung gnas, dPal ldan gsang phu’i gdan rabs bsal ba’i me long, Ōtani no. 13981.
Dram Dul 2004
Dram Dul, ’Jig rten mig gcig blo ldan shes rab kyi rnam thar. Biography of Blo ldan shes rab. The Unique Eye of
the World by Gro luṅ pa Blo gros 'byuṅ gnas. The Xylograph Compared with a Bhutanese Manuscript. Vienna:
ATBS (WSTB 61).
20
Ducher 2017
Cécile Ducher, A Lineage in Time: The Vicissitudes of the rNgog pa bka’ brgyud from the 11th through 19th c..
Thèse de Doctorat de l’Université de recherché Paris Sciences et Lettres, préparée à l’Ecole Pratique
des Hautes Etudes (unpublished).
Fukuda 1989
Yoichi Fukuda, “チャパ・チューキセンゲとサキャ・パンディタの対象設定の理論,” [“On the Theory of the
Object of Cognition of Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge and Sa skya Paṇḍita”], Tōhōgaku 78 (『東方学』),
[140]‒[127].
’Gos lo tsā ba - Deb ther sngon po
’Gos lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal (1392–1481), Deb ther(gter) sngon po. Ed. L. Chandra, New Delhi, 1974.
Chengdu, 1984: Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang.
Huang 2014
Chun Yuan Huang, A Record of a Tibetan Medieval Debate: History, Language, and Efficacy of
Tibetan Buddhist Debate. Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University.
(https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/12269848?show=full)
Hugon 2004
Pascale Hugon, “Interpretations of the Trairūpya in Tibet,” Hōrin 11, 95‒117.
Hugon 2008a
Pascale Hugon, Trésors du raisonnement. Sa skya Paṇḍita et ses prédécesseurs tibétains sur les modes de
fonctionnement de la pensée et le fondement de lʼinférence. Edition et traduction annotée du quatrième chapitre et
d’une section du dixième chapitre du Tshad ma rigs pa’i gter. Wien: Arbeitskreis für tibetische und
buddhistische Studien – Universität Wien (Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 69.1
and 69.2).
Hugon 2008b
Pascale Hugon, “Arguments by Parallels in the Epistemological Works of Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge,”
Argumentation 22.1, 93–114. (DOI 10.1007/s10503-007-9074-7)
Hugon 2009a
Pascale Hugon, “Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge’s Synoptic Table of the Pramāṇaviniścaya,” in Sanskrit
Manuscripts in China. Proceedings of a panel at the 2008 Beijing Seminar on Tibetan Studies, October 13 to 17,
E. Steinkellner, D. Qing, H. Krasser (eds.), Beijing: China Tibetology Publishing House, 47‒88.
Hugon 2009b
Pascale Hugon, “The Origin of the Theory of Definition and its Place in Phya pa Chos kyi seng geʼs
Epistemological System,” in Tibetan Scholasticism in the 11th and 12th Centuries – Contributions to a panel at
21
the XVth Congress of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Atlanta, 23-28 June 2008. Journal of the
International Association of Buddhist Studies 32 (2009) [2010], P. Hugon and K. Vose (ed.), 319‒368.
Hugon 2011a
Pascale Hugon, “Argumentation Theory in the Early Tibetan Epistemological Tradition,” Journal of
the International Association of Buddhist Studies 34.1‒2, 97‒148.
Hugon 2011b
Pascale Hugon, “Phya pa Chos kyi seng geʼs Views on Perception,” in Religion and Logic in Buddhist
Philosophical Analysis. Proceedings of the Fourth International Dharmakīrti Conference. Vienna, August 23‒27,
2005. H. Krasser, H. Lasic, E. Franco, B. Kellner (ed.), Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie
der Wisschenschaften, 159‒176
Hugon 2011c
Pascale Hugon, “Is Dharmakīrti Grabbing the Rabbit by the Horns? A Reassessment of the Scope of
prameya in Dharmakīrtian Epistemology,” Journal of Indian Philosophy 39.4‒5 (special issue: Proceedings
of the Philosophy Panel at the XIVth World Sanskrit Conference [Kyoto, Japan, September 1‒5, 2009]), 367‒389.
(DOI 10.1007/s10781-011-9137-9)
Hugon 2012
Pascale Hugon, Review of: Kevin A. Vose, Resurrecting Candrakīrti: Disputes in the Tibetan Creation of
Prāsaṅgika, Boston, 2009: Wisdom Publications. Indo-Iranian Journal 55, 175‒188. (DOI
10.1163/001972412X620277)
Hugon 2013
Pascale Hugon, “Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge on Argumentation by Consequence (thal ’gyur): The
Nature, Function, and Form of Consequence Statements,” Journal of Indian Philosophy 41.6, 671–702
(DOI 10.1007/s10781-013-9205-4).
Hugon 2015a
Pascale Hugon, “Tibetan Epistemology and Philosophy of Language,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
<http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/epistemology-language-tibetan/>. [Revised
entry. Original entry 2011]
Hugon 2015b
Pascale Hugon, “Proving Emptiness – The Epistemological Background for the ‘Neither One nor
Many’ Argument and the Nature of its Probandum in Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge’s Works,” Journal of
Buddhist Philosophy 1, 58–94.
Hugon 2016a
Pascale Hugon, “Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge and His Successors on the Classification of Arguments by
Consequence (thal ʾgyur) Based on the Type of the Logical Reason,” Journal of Indian Philosophy 44.5,
883–938 (DOI: 10.1007/s10781-015-9285-4).
22
Hugon 2016b
Pascale Hugon, “Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge on Argumentation by Consequence (thal ’gyur) (2): The
analysis of the correspondence between a consequence and its reverse form and the thirteenfold
typology of consequences.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 39, 51–113.
Hugon 2016c
Pascale Hugon, “Can one be a Mādhyamika, a crypto-Vaibhāṣika, and a faithful interpreter of
Dharmakīrti? On Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge’s doxographical divisions and his own philosophical
standpoint,” Journal of Tibetology/Zangxue xuekan 15, 51–153.
Hugon&Stoltz 2019
Pascale Hugon and Jonathan Stoltz: The Roar of a Tibetan Lion – Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge’s theory
of mind in philosophical and historical perspective, Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
v+410 pages. (OA: https://verlag.oeaw.ac.at/the-roar-of-a-tibetan-lion)
Hugon 2020 (in press)
Pascale Hugon, “Universals, Demons’ Pots, and Demons’ Permanent Pots: Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge
on unestablished subjects in arguments by consequence,” in Reverberations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy:
Proceedings of the Fifth International Dharmakīrti Conference Heidelberg, August 26–30, 2014, B. Kellner, P.
McAllister, H. Lasic, and S. McClintock (eds.), Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
Hugon (unpublished)
Pascale Hugon, “Translations that make sense.”
Hugon forthcoming
Pascale Hugon, Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge, Tshad ma yid kyi mun sel, Fifth chapter. Edition and translation.
Jackson 1987
David Jackson, The Entrance Gate for the Wise (Section III). Sa-skya Paṇḍita on Indian and Tibetan Traditions
of Pramāṇa and Philosophical Debate, Vienna: Arbeitskreis für tibetische und buddhistische Studien –
Universität Wien (Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 17.1 and 17.2).
Kano 2002
Kazuo Kano, “Phywa pa Chos kyi seng ge’s Interpretation on Ratnagotravibhāga I.26,” Indogaku
Bukkyogaku Kenkyū 51–2, 109–111. [In Japanese]
Kano 2007
Kazuo Kano, “rNgog Blo ldan shes rab cho Shokan kanro no shizuku: Kōtei text to naiyō gaikan
[rNgog Blo ldan shes rab’s Springs yig bdud rtsiʼi thig le: Critical edition and survey],” Kōyasan daigaku
mikkyōbunka kenkyūjo kiyō 20, (1)–(58).
Kano 2008
23
Kazuo Kano, “rNgog blo ldan shes rab’s Topical Outline of the Ratnagotravibhāga discovered at Khara
Khoto,” in Contributions to Tibetan Literature, Orna Almogi (ed.). Halle: IITBS.
Kano 2010
Kazuo Kano, “rṄog Blo ldan śes rab’s position on the Buddha-nature doctrine and its influence on
the early gSaṅ phu tradition,” Tibetan Scholasticism in the 11th and 12th Centuries – Contributions to a panel
at the XVth Congress of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Atlanta, 23-28 June 2008. Journal of
the International Association of Buddhist Studies 32 (2009) [2010], P. Hugon and K. Vose (ed.), 249‒283.
Kano 2016
Kazuo Kano, Buddha-Nature and Emptiness – rNgog Blo-ldan-shes-rab and The Transmission of the
Ratnagotravibhāga from India to Tibet. Wien: Arbeitskreis für tibetische und buddhistische Studien –
Universität Wien (Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 91).
Kellner 1997
Birgit Kellner, “Types of incompatibility (ʾgal ba) and types of non-cognition (ma/mi dmigs) in early
Tibetan tshad ma literature,” in Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 7th Seminar of the International
Association for Tibetan Studies, Graz 1995. Helmut Krasser, Michael Torsten Much, Ernst Steinkellner,
Helmut Tauscher (ed.). Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 495–510.
Kosumi 2010
Takechika Kosumi (古角武睦), “Indo-Chibetto ni okeru yugagyō-chūgan-ha no setsuna-ron ni tsuite
no denshō” [インド・チベットにおける瑜伽行中観派の刹那論についての伝承.] {A Tradition of
Yogācāra-Mādhyamika's Views on Kṣaṇa in India and Tibet.}, Bukkyōdaigaku Daigakuin Kiyō (Bungaku
Kenkyūka Hen) [佛教大学大学院紀要(文学研究科篇)]{The Bukkyo University Graduate School Review
(compiled by the Graduate School of Literature)} 38 (March 2010), 13-30.
Kong sprul - Shes bya ba kun khyab
Kong sprul Blo gros mtha’ yas (1813–1899), Shes bya ba kun khyab. Ed. L. Chandra, New Delhi, 1970.
Lo dgon - ‘Od stong
Lo dgon pa bSod nams lha’i dbang po (1423–1496), bKa’ gdams rin po che’i chos ‘byung rnam thar nyin
mor byed pa’i ‘od stong. Crit. ed. in Vetturini 2007: Part 2.
Moriyama 2001
Seitetsu Moriyama, “Chibetto bukkyō: Phywa-pa Chos-kyi-seng-ge oyobi dGe-lugs-pa no
nitaisetsu no kaishaku” [チベット仏教: チャパチューキセンゲ及びゲルク
派の二諦説の解釈] {*The Interpretation of the Two Truths Doctrine of
Phywa-pa Chos-kyi-seng-ge and dGe-lugs-pa}, Kotengaku no saikōchiku:
Daiikki kenkyūseika hōkoku [古典学の再構築: 第一期研究成果報告], 78–85.
Moriyama 2010
Seitetsu Moriyama, “The Relationship Between the Two Truths, bDen pa gnyis, According to Phya pa
Chos kyi seng ge, and the Influence of His Interpretation on the dGe lugs pa Tradition,” in Studies in
24
the Philosophy and History of Tibet [PIATS 2006: Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International
Association for Tibetan Studies. Königswinter 2006], Maret Kark and Horst Lasic (ed.). Halle: International
Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies GmbH, 131‒143.
Nemoto 2008
Hiroshi Nemoto, “チベット中観思想における時間論の展開---「刹那」の概念を中心に” [“Skad cig ma:
The Problem of Time in Tibetan Madhyamaka Exegesis”], Report of the Japanese Association for Tibetan
Studies (『日本西蔵学会々報』) 54, 3–15. (http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110009841248)
Nemoto 2011
Hiroshi Nemoto, ゲルク派における時間論の研究 [A Study of the dGe lugs pa’s View of Time], Kyoto:
Heirakuji-shoten.
Nemoto 2013
Hiroshi Nemoto, “Who is a Proper Opponent? The Tibetan Buddhist Concept of phyi rgol yang dag,”
Journal of Indian Philosophy 41, 151–165.
Nishizawa 2010
Fumihito Nishizawa, 「チャパ・チューキセンゲの認識手段論 — 認識手段の定義をめぐって —
」(In Japanese) [“The pramāṇa Theory of Phya pa chos kyi seng ge— With Reference to his
Interpretation of the Definition of Pramāṇa”], Report of the Japanese Association for Tibetan Studies (『
日本西蔵学会々報』) 56, 61–75.
Nishizawa 2011a
Fumihito Nishizawa, 「チャパ・チューキセンゲのゴク翻訳官批判 — 認識手段性の確定をめぐ
って —」(In Japanese) [“Phya pa chos kyi seng ge's Criticism of rNgog Blo ldan shes rab: On the
ascertainment of prāmāṇya”], Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu 『印
仏研』) 59.2, 76–79 = (999)–(996).
Nishizawa 2011b - unpublished doctoral thesis
Fumihito Nishizawa, 「チベット仏教論理学の形成と展開 — 認識手段論の歴史的変遷を中心と
して —」,全四巻, 東京大学, 2011.[=博士学位論文][The Formation and Development of
Tibetan Buddhist Logic — With Reference to the Historical transition of Pramāṇa Theory —. 4 vols.,
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Nishizawa 2012a
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