Tibet Mirror
" Tibet Mirror " is an early Tibetan newspaper [Note 2 ] . 'i gsar 'gyur me long', meaning 'mirror of news from around the world', also known as 'Mirror' (Melong) or 'Mirror' (Sargyur Melong). After the 25th anniversary of the publication, the English title " The Tibet Mirror " was added to the masthead , that is, "Tibet Mirror".
"Tibet Mirror" was published by Dorje Tharchin (Gergan Dorje Tharchin) as the publisher, reporter and editor-in- chief . From October 10, 1925 to 1963, it was published irregularly in Kalimpong, India , and circulated in the Greater Tibet area , with readers all over Tibet. , Mongolia , India , China and Europe and the United States. "Tibet Mirror" is the first Tibetan-language newspaper founded by Tibetans. Among the early Tibetan-language newspapers, "Tibet Mirror" is the only newspaper that is continuously issued and has the most influence on Tibetans. In addition to reporting news, "Tibet Mirror" also disseminates new knowledge, advocates reforms, promotes the unity of Tibetans, and leans toward Tibetan nationalism. It is considered a "reactionary publication" by the government of the People's Republic of China , and there are not many related discussions in Chinese literature.
==Background==
Kalimpong is bordered by the Kingdom of Bhutan to the east and the Kingdom of Nepal to the west , forming India's wedge between the two countries. Kalimpong is 1,250 meters above sea level, looking north to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau . Kalimpong passes through Sikkim and crosses the Tserila Pass to the Tibetan border only 30 miles away. It is an important center of trade between Tibet and India. Before the Sino-Indian border war closed the border in 1962, about half of the trade between Tibet and India passed through Kalimpong. Kalimpong is culturally and ethnically diverse, and it is a place where various cultures meet, and it is also a gateway for Tibet to contact the outside world. [5] :60-61
Dorje Thachin (1890-1976), the founder of "Tibet Mirror", was honored by the locals as Tharchin Babu (Tharchin Babu). He was a Tibetan Christian who was born in Jinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, northern India. County (also said Spiti County ). He served as a missionary in the Scottish Church Mission , and he was proficient in standard Tibetan and modern Tibetan . Many Westerners learned Tibetan from him. [14] The masterpiece he is most proud of is the Tibetan Dictionary that he began to edit in the 1930s, but due to financial reasons, two volumes were not published until the 1960s. [15]
==Founding origin==
In Tibetan areas that value tradition, "news" was something that Tibetans were not familiar with at the time. Before the founding of "Tibet Mirror", although Ladakh , Beijing and Lhasa published Tibetan-language newspapers run by missionaries of the Moravian Brotherhood and the Chinese government, their influence was limited, and none of them continued to be published. [16] [17] [1] :13-17
In August 1925, Tachin saw a broken and unused copying machine in the office of Dr. John Anderson Graham, director of the Church of Scotland Mission , and Tachin thought of using it to start a For Tibetan newspapers, Dr. Graham gave him the transcription machine at Taqin's request. [18]
Taqin decided to name the newspaper after a familiar symbol in Tibetan culture, the "mirror", in order to appeal to all Tibetan readers. "Mirror" has an important meaning in Tibetan Buddhism : "Mirror" is used to symbolize color dust (objects seen by the eyes) in the five offerings , and it is placed in the center of the five offerings. There is also a bronze mirror on the back of the five chapters of Tibetan banknotes issued in 1912 . Some Vajrayana visualizations use the "bright mirror" to symbolize the dharmakaya Buddha Vairocana Buddha , because the mirror reflects everything without preference, without distortion, and does not change itself due to the object . unchanged) same. Tibetans also use mirrors for round light divination . [1] :21-22 [19]
After Taqin repaired the transcription machine, he published the first issue of "Tibet Mirror" on October 10, 1925. After a short-term experiment with the publication cycle, it was scheduled to be issued monthly from February 1926. [18]
==Early days==
In May 1927, "Tibet Mirror" reported on the Northern Expedition of the National Revolutionary Army , the expansion of the CCP's power, and the conflict between the CCP and the Kuomintang . [22] Taqin received a letter from the 13th Dalai Lama , saying that the news of "Tibet Mirror" was very useful to him, and he donated 20 Indian rupees . In mid-December 1927, Taqin went to Lhasa to interview the thirteenth Dalai Lama. On the return trip, he met Hopkinson, the British assistant political officer in Sikkim and commercial representative in Gyantse (English: Arthur John Hopkinson ), and sponsored "Tibet Mirror" with 100 rupees. Newspaper.
The "Tibet Mirror" had only 14 subscribers in the first year. In 1927, the number of subscribers reached about 50, and nearly 100 copies were distributed to Tibetan government officials for free. Revenue for Tibet Mirror has been a problem due to the frequent loss of mail by the Tibet Post and the lack of a payment mechanism. [18] In September 1928, "Tibet Mirror" began to be published using a new mimeograph [8] :211 In 1929, there were 200 subscribers, but only 37 paid. [5] :83 After Liu Manqing, the special envoy of the Republic of China government, went to Tibet in 1930 , the Mirror published an exclusive interview with her. [23] :16 In 1935, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and the Kashag government sent letters to congratulate the tenth anniversary of the publication of "Tibet Mirror". [twenty four]
==During World War II==
In 1940, the Kaxag government once again sponsored 100 rupees, and the "Tibet Mirror" published a full-page color photo of the enthronement ceremony of the 14th Dalai Lama on the front page. [8] :246-247
During World War II, the Tibet Mirror continued to report on global wars, often with maps illustrating a particular battle. At that time, many Indian newspapers stopped publishing due to lack of paper, but Basil Goode, the British political officer in Sikkim, believed that the "Tibetan Mirror" was the only Tibetan-language newspaper that belonged to wartime propaganda activities, so he supplied paper and obtained government funding. [25] :476
==Postwar period==
After World War II, Hopkinson, the British administrative officer in Sikkim, stipulated that Tibetans applying for trade licenses must subscribe to the "Tibet Mirror", which made the "Tibet Mirror" more than 1,000 subscribers and became financially independent for the first time. However, the good times didn't last long. After India's independence, this regulation was abolished in 1948. Tachin repeatedly applied for sponsorship from the Indian political officer in Sikkim, but was rejected.
In 1946, "Tibet Mirror" and "Tibet Mirror Publishing House" became independent from the Church of Scotland. With the assistance of Hopkinson, Taqin obtained an interest-free loan from the British Indian government to purchase a foot-operated movable type printing machine of 1.4 million rupees for manual typesetting and typesetting, and to buy land to build a printing factory. Edition from Calcutta Baptist Mission Press . On March 22, 1948, the opening ceremony of "Tibet Mirror Publishing House" was held. Hopkinson and others attended the opening ceremony. "Tibet Mirror" used movable type printing machines to publish the fifth issue of the 16th volume. "Tibet Mirror" has since entered the era of movable type printing. [5] :81 [8] :211 [26] [27] :153 At that time, Tibetan printing in Tibet was still in the era of woodblock printing . It was not until the People's Liberation Army entered Tibet in the 1950s that Tibet entered the era of movable type printing.
==When the People's Liberation Army entered Tibet==
"Tibet Mirror" has warned Tibetans of the danger of CCP invasion since 1946, and has republished the political will of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama in 1932 several times, including these words: "At a time when the Red Communist Party is now terrorizing and destroying everywhere , we must be especially vigilant against barbaric atrocities. They are the worst. … In a short time, the red massacre will surely break through our front door. Whether it is our own internal strife, or the threat from the communist countries outside, Sooner or later we have to face it head-on. ... When this happens, we must always be ready to defend ourselves. Otherwise, our cultural and spiritual traditions will be completely uprooted.”[4] : 186
On September 7, 1950 ( one month before the Battle of Qamdo ), according to the " Singapore Free West Press " report, the CCP banned Tibetans from reading "Tibet Mirror" . Buy Tibet Mirror.
In January 1951, "Tibet Mirror" issued a special issue to celebrate its 25th anniversary, reviewing the past history, and published congratulatory letters from successive British government officials in Sikkim, King Tashi Nannja of Sikkim, and Prince Peter of Greece . At 30 pages, this issue is the largest in the history of the newspaper.
In March 1952, representatives of the "People's Assembly" in Tibet submitted a petition to Zhang Jingwu , the representative of the Central People's Government in Tibet, demanding that the PLA withdraw from Tibet. In May, the Tibet Military Region and the Kashag jointly issued a notice announcing that the "People's Assembly" was an illegal organization and should be banned. [29] [30] In October 1952, the "Tibet Mirror" editorial called on people who eat tsampa (referring to all Tibetans, including Kham people) to unite and end the Han occupation (of Greater Tibet).
Tachen had a wide range of contacts. After the PLA entered Tibet , Tibet Mirror Publishing House became a news exchange center for reporting on China's military operations in Tibet in the 1950s. Articles on "Tibet Mirror" included illustrations of PLA air raids on monasteries and villages. [18] In October 1956, "Tibet Mirror" reported, based on eyewitness testimony, that PLA bombers bombed Litang Monastery , the largest monastery of the Gelug Sect in Kham , killing thousands of Tibetans, and attached an illustration of Litang Monastery being bombed . According to Li Jianglin's research, this was carried out by the Du-4 heavy bombers of the 4th Independent Regiment of the Air Force of the Lanzhou Military Region of the PLA in March and April of 1956. [32] [33]
In October 1957, "Tibet Mirror" published a commemorative song with the lyrics: "Don't let Yuan Datou buy you, stand up! People who eat tsampa stand up!" [31] In 1957 , the "Tibet Happiness Association" (in Kalimpong, India) led by Shakapa Wangchuk Deden and Gyalo Thondup smuggled the "Tibet Mirror" into Tibet and distributed it throughout Tibet, appealing to " all Those who eat tsampa should unite” and “drive the Han people out of Tibet”. [35] In July 1958, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent a note to the Indian government, referring to the "Tibet Mirror" as a "reactionary publication" and requesting the Indian government to ban it. [36]The Indian government expressed its displeasure at the "Tibet Mirror" destroying the friendship between China and India, but the freedom of the press in India, according to law, only local officials can warn Tachin. This is a sign that Sino-Indian relations have begun to deteriorate. [25] :486 [37]
In the 1950s, the government of the People's Republic of China expressed that as long as the "Tibet Mirror" changed its stance from anti-communist to pro-China, it could subsidize the "Tibet Mirror" so that Taqin would not lose money, but Taqin refused. [38] :175 [4] :198
On November 1, 1963, "Tibet Mirror" published Volume 28, Issue 8. Later, due to financial difficulties, Taqin was old and weak, and the Central Tibetan Administration began to publish Tibetan-language newspapers and other reasons, it stopped publishing. [18] [39]
"Tibet Mirror" has published 28 volumes and a total of 311 issues in 38 years until its publication ceased. There are 13 issues). [5] :131-143 The East Asian Library of Columbia University collected 224 issues, more than 70% of the issued issues of "Tibet Mirror". [9]
==Editorial team==
Geshe Chogyi Drakpa [Note 3] worked for the "Tibet Mirror" in 1930. Jiansai Gongpela took the real power in Tibet in the late period of the thirteenth Dalai Lama's administration, but lost power after the death of the thirteenth Dalai Lama, and was exiled to Gongbuzigang in early 1934. Janglogin Solangjeb [40] , both of them went into exile in Kalimpong at the end of 1937. They and the outstanding scholar Gendun Chopel in India were well-educated Tibetan intellectuals. The work of "Tibet Mirror" has improved the level of "Tibet Mirror". The founder of the Tibetan Communist Party, Phuntsok Wanggyal , and his comrade-in-arms Angwang Kelsang worked for the "Tibet Mirror" for six months around 1944, and Kimura Hisao also worked for the "Tibet Mirror" in the late 1940s. [7] :220 [5] :87-88
==content==
The editorial of the inaugural issue of "Tibet Mirror" stated that it wanted to serve different readers, providing monks with information on past and present practice of Indian Buddhism; merchants with news of commodity origin and markets; nobles with various news; and sick with medicines and medicines. information on therapy; courses and other educational materials for children. [8] :207-208 Therefore, the content of "Tibet Mirror" includes political news, the latest technological inventions (such as submarines , cruisers , destroyers , aircraft carriers , parachutes , British and American bombers ,
helicopters , airships , cars, etc.), stories of celebrities ( Such as Mahatma Gandhi , Rabindranath Tagore, etc.), short educational stories, reports of foreign travelers to Tibet, maps, etc. Many articles are accompanied by photographs or illustrations. In addition to informative content, "Tibet Mirror" also provides practical business information (such as the market price of wool, gold, silver, musk, snow leopard skin , fox fur , yak tail [Note 4] ), advertisements, and some educational, Entertainment content ( riddles , cartoons ), and articles on religion ( Christianity and Buddhism).[6] [8] :227-228 [42]
The famous person who published the most articles in "Tibet Mirror" is Gendun Chopel . He published "Reflections on Sojourn in India", "Nested Poetry in Common Sayings" (1936), "Lhasa and Rasa: La and Ra" (1937), "Is the Earth Round or Flat" in "Tibetan Mirror" , "The Importance of Tibetan Political History" (1938), and three articles on the relationship between the Tibetan Empire and the Tang Dynasty (1943). [7] Among them, the article "Is the Earth Round or Flat" challenges Tibetans' traditional concept that "the world is flat". The earth map attached to this article is very similar to the map in Mrs. Steven 's 1922 Tibetan book. [8] :223-224 Other celebrities such as Tibetologist Charles Bell published "The Thirteenth Dalai Lama's Biography" (1948), John van Mann (1926), Nicholas Lowry The article by Qi (1933) et al. [5] :87
==Cover design==
The Tibet Mirror's cover design often includes Buddhist symbols. "Tibet Mirror" used a total of six masthead designs: [5] :94-98
October 1925-November 1928: Hand-painted mastheads, including a crossed vajra .
December 1928-February 1940: Above the cross vajra is the wish-fulfilling jewel .
August 1942-January 1947: The masthead has no other decoration except for the border pattern.
February 1947-February 1948: A row of flower garlands at the top , white conch shells in the center , bordered with patterns on both sides.
March 1948-October 1948: The masthead was bordered with the swastika .
November 1948-November 1963: A row of flower garlands at the top , white snails in the center , bordered with swastikas on both sides .
These symbols have different meanings in Buddhism: the crossed vajra symbolizes firm confidence, the wish-fulfilling pearl represents wealth and fulfillment of wishes, and the conch symbolizes (Dharma) spreading far and wide. Furthermore the masthead also often includes the eight mascots of Buddhism.
The March 1944 cover omits the masthead and instead forms a complex border with various Buddhist symbols, figures and animals. [5] :98-99
==Influence==
In an era when Tibetan-language media barely existed, Tibet Mirror documented Tibet's dramatic social and political transformation. The readers of "Tibet Mirror" include (the 13th and 14th) the Dalai Lama, Tibetan readers in Lhasa , Gyantse , Kham and other places, and businessmen who often travel from Lhasa to Kalimpong , Darjeeling and Calcutta through the Chumbi Valley and nobility . [9] [38] : In 173, the 14th Dalai Lama stated that before the People's Liberation Army entered Tibet, his sources of news were only the "Tibet Mirror" and the sweeping monks in the Potala Palace. [43] "Tibet Mirror" has been
noticed by Western Tibetologists very early. For example, in 1926, "Three Tibetan Newspapers" by Johan van Mann of the Netherlands included the first issue. In 1935, Johannes V. Schubert is already a subscriber. [8] :214-215 [9] Major newspapers from various countries have also mentioned "Tibet Mirror", such as Singapore 's largest newspaper " Straits Times " (October 15, 1936), China's largest English-language newspaper - Shanghai " North China
Herald(December 1939). [5] :86 [8] :225-226 Although the circulation of "Tibet Mirror" is not large, "Tibet Mirror" reported to Tibetans who were isolated from the outside world at that time, including World War II , Indian independence , etc. Global news and therefore highly influential for Tibetans. [9] [38] :173 [17]
Before the founding of "Tibet Mirror", the Tibetan-language publishing houses in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region were mainly religious publications published by monasteries and nobles, using block printing technology, and there were no non-religious publishing houses. Tibet Mirror Publishing House is the first Tibetan publishing house in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to adopt mimeograph technology. Besides newspapers, it also publishes other Tibetan printed materials. [27] :150 Before India's independence , Tibet Mirror Publishing House was probably the most active Tibetan language publishing house in India. [44]
In 2005, the door of the iron house where Tibet Mirror Publishing House was located still had the sign of "The Tibet Mirror Press". [45]
==Related works==
Dorje Thachin
H. Louis Fader.Called from Obscurity: The Life and Times of a True Son of Tibet, God's Humble Servant from Poo, Gergan Dorje Tharchin. Tibet Mirror Press. 2004. ISBN 978-99933-922-0-0 . (English)
Dawa Norbu. Pioneer and patriot: An extract from an interview with Rev. G. Tarchin . Lungta. 1998, (11) [ 2017-10-02 ] . (Original content archived on 2017-10-03). (English)
Tashi Tsering. The life of Rev. G. Tarchin: missionary and pioneer . Lungta. 1998, (11) [ 2017-10-02 ] . ( Archived from the original on 2017-10-03). (English)
==Tibet Mirror==
Engelhardt, Isrun . Reflections in The Tibet Mirror: News of the World, 1937-1946 (PDF) . Gray Tuttle (ed.).Mapping the modern in Tibet. PIATS 2006: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Konigswinter. Andiast, Switzerland: IITBS, International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, GmbH. 2011 [ 2017-09-26 ] . Content archived (PDF) on 2019-02-01). (English)
Anna Sawerthal.The Melong: An Example of the Formation of a Tibetan Language Press (PDF) (Master's Thesis). University of Vienna, Austria. 2011 [ 2017-09-27 ] . (Original content archived (PDF) on 2016-03-04). (English) Pages 131-143 are "Tibet List of publication dates and pages of each issue of The Mirror
Amy Holmes-Tagchungdarpa. Representations of Religion in The Tibet Mirror . Benjamin Fleming; Richard Mann (ed.).Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object. Routledge. 2014-03-26: pp. 73–93. ISBN 978-1-135-01373-8 . (English)
Natalia Moskaleva. Sketches of Contemporary Tibetan History in The Tibet Mirror (1949–1963) (PDF) . Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines. December 2016, (no. 37): 247–261 [ 2017-09-26 ] . (Original content Archived (PDF) on 2017-09-26). (English)
==External links==
224 Issues of "Tibet Mirror" Scanning Internet Edition of Columbia University East Asian Library ( page archive backup , stored in Internet Archive ) (English)
Some interesting ads in Tibetan on the Tibet Mirror . Peak Pure Land. [ 2017-09-26 ] . (Original content archived on 2018-11-26).
"Tibet Mirror" Volume 23, Issue 11 (published on October 12, 1956), illustration on page 4 ( page archive backup , stored in the Internet Archive ) depicts Du-4 of the 4th Independent Air Force Regiment of the Lanzhou Military Region of the People's Liberation Army in 1956 Heavy bombers bombed Litang Temple, the largest temple of the Gelug Sect in Kham . [33] [34] Li Jianglin's book "1959: Lhasa! ──How the Dalai Lama Runs Away" quotes this illustration.
==Notes==
"Tibet Mirror" has been circulated and read collectively by the community, and the number of readers is far greater than the number of copies issued. [7] :297
"Tibet Mirror" was originally planned to be published monthly, at one point attempted to be published weekly, and was actually published sporadically, but it is generally classified as a newspaper rather than a magazine. [5] :22-24
Chogyi Drakpa later edited the Geshe Chogyal Dictionary of Tibetan.
Yak tails are used in Hindu , Jain and Buddhist ceremonial vessels, whisks , wigs , and Santa's beard. The price of white yak tail is higher than that of black yak tail. [41]
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