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Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN A Brief History of Jyotish Dr Uday Dokras . Origin of Indian Astrology: The history of Vedic astrology is very long, intricate and full of controversy, for now we give this concise over view; Vedic culture is extremely ancient, at least 5000 years old by conservative estimate. Vedic culture has its own unique theology, philosophy, arts, sciences, and literature which exists to this present day. Vedic astrology is an integral part 1 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN of this culture and has been practiced since time immemorial. The Vedas have six supplementary appendixes known as the Vedangas, limbs of the Vedas. One of these is the Jyotish Vedanga-Vedic astronomy and astrology. For thousands of years many Rsis (sages) maintained the tradition of Vedic astrology on a parallel track with the Vedas. Portions of these have been extracted at various times and put into the Jyotish Vedanga. Astrology is very ancient and regarded as the oldest system of astrology known to mankind. As per the estimates from Puranic Time and the Archaeological Record, the Indian ancient astrology has the age of about 5000 BC. History of Astrology has its root in the Vedas of Hindu that are the oldest scriptures in the world. The Vedas has six supplements also known as Vedangas or the limbs of the vedas. Jyotish Vedanga--Vedic astronomy and astrology on which the Indian ancient astrology is based is one of these. Ancient sages like Vashistha, Bhrgu, and Garga were the masters of astrology and made many predictions that were true. Then before the beginning of Kali Yug (present time around 3102 BC) sage Parasara wrote the astrology text called Brhad Parasara Hora Sastra. He also taught it to his disciple sage Maitreya and so on. In this way the Indian astrology made a long journey. Then Indian astrology from India traveled to Persian, then to Babylonians. From this civilization to Greeks, Romans and Egyptians. Jyotisha (Jyotiṣa), now the term for traditional Hindu astrology, historically was the branch of knowledge dedicated to the observation of astronomical bodies in order to keep the right time for the Vedic sacrifices. It is one of the six Vedangas, or ancillary science connected with the Vedas that developed . This field of study was concerned with fixing the days and hours of Vedic rituals. Hindu astrology from the 3rd century BCE was greatly influenced by Greek tradition, But the concept of Vedanga predates Greek contact, and there have also been later independent developments. Hindu astrology as it stands today is inherently a study of karma which gives it a very different foundation compared to Greek astrology. In addition to this, the predictive techniques such as Dashas (planetary and sign-based time periods), Vargas (harmonic divisions of the horoscope) are not that evolved in Greek astrology. Jyotisha, states Monier-Williams, is rooted in the word Jyotish which means light, such as that of sun or moon or heavenly body. The term Jyotisha includes the study of astronomy, astrology and 2 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN the science of timekeeping using the movements of astronomical bodies. It aimed to keep time, maintain calendar, and predict auspicious times for Vedic rituals. The texts of Vedic Jyotisha sciences were translated into the Chinese language in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, and the Rigvedic passages on astronomy are found in the works of Zhu Jiangyan and Zhi Qian. Timekeeping as well as the nature of solar and lunar movements are mentioned in Vedic texts. For example, Kaushitaki Brahmana chapter 19.3 mentions the shift in the relative location of the sun towards north for 6 months, and south for 6 months. Time keeping [The current year] minus one, multiplied by twelve, multiplied by two, added to the elapsed [half months of current year], increased by two for every sixty [in the sun], is the quantity of half-months (syzygies). Rigveda Jyotisha-vedanga Translator: Kim Plofker The ancient extant text on Jyotisha is the Vedanga-Jyotisha, which exists in two editions, one linked to Rigveda and other to Yajurveda. The Rigveda version consists of 36 verses, while the Yajurveda recension has 43 verses of which 29 verses are borrowed from the Rigveda. The Rigveda version is variously attributed to sage Lagadha, and sometimes to sage Shuci. The Yajurveda version credits no particular sage, has survived into the modern era with a commentary of Somakara, and is the more studied version. The Jyotisha text Brahma-siddhanta, probably composed in the 5th century CE, discusses how to use the movement of planets, sun and moon to keep time and calendar. This text also lists trigonometry and mathematical formulae to support its theory of orbits, predict planetary positions and calculate relative mean positions of celestial nodes and apsides. The text is notable for presenting very large integers, such as 4.32 billion years as the lifetime of the current universe. The ancient Hindu texts on Jyotisha only discuss time keeping, and never mention astrology or prophecy. These ancient texts predominantly cover astronomy, but at a rudimentary 3 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN level.[3] Technical horoscopes and astrology ideas in India came from Greece and developed in the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE. Later medieval era texts such as the Yavanajataka and the Siddhanta texts are more astrology-related. The field of Jyotisha deals with ascertaining time, particularly forecasting auspicious day and time for Vedic rituals.[2] The field of Vedanga structured time into Yuga which was a 5-year interval, divided into multiple lunisolar intervals such as 60 solar months, 61 savana months, 62 synodic months and 67 sidereal months. A Vedic Yuga had 1,860 tithis (तिति, dates), and it defined a savana-day (civil day) from one sunrise to another. The Rigvedic version of Jyotisha may be a later insertion into the Veda, states David Pingree, possibly between 513 and 326 BCE, when Indus valley was occupied by the Achaemenid from Mesopotamia.[24] The mathematics and devices for time keeping mentioned in these ancient Sanskrit texts, proposes Pingree, such as the water clock may also have arrived in India from Mesopotamia. However, Yukio Ohashi considers this proposal as incorrect,[4] suggesting instead that the Vedic timekeeping efforts, for forecasting appropriate time for rituals, must have begun much earlier and the influence may have flowed from India to Mesopotamia. [13] Ohashi states that it is incorrect to assume that the number of civil days in a year equal 365 in both Hindu and Egyptian–Persian year.[25] Further, adds Ohashi, the Mesopotamian formula is different from the Indian formula for calculating time, each can only work for their respective latitude, and either would make major errors in predicting time and calendar in the other region. According to Asko Parpola, the Jyotisha and luni-solar calendar discoveries in ancient India, and similar discoveries in China in "great likelihood result from convergent parallel development", and not from diffusion from Mesopotamia. Timekeeping ideas from either side is plausible, each may have instead developed independently, because the loan-words typically seen when ideas migrate are missing on both sides as far as words for various time intervals and techniques. Further, the discussion of time keeping concepts are found in the Sanskrit verses of the Shatapatha Brahmana, a 2nd millennium BCE text. Water clock and sun dials are mentioned in many ancient Hindu texts such as the Arthashastra. Some integration of Mesopotamian and Indian Jyotisha-based systems may have occurred in a roundabout way, states Plofker, after the arrival of Greek astrology ideas in India. [33] The Jyotisha texts present mathematical formulae to predict the length of day time, sun rise and moon cycles. For example, 4 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN The length of daytime = muhurtas where n is the number of days after or before the winter solstice, and one muhurta equals 1 ⁄30 of a day (48 minutes). Why Indian Astrology?Indian astrology is the oldest system of astrology in the world differs considerably from the western system and Chinese astrology. Indian astrology uses the actual constellations of stars, position of planets and Sun as seen in the sky at the time of individual's birth. Indian ancient astrology system gives a completely different chart as compare to the one used by western astrologers. It is noble and a natural science that dates back to 3000 BC. Ancient astrology is found in the part of Atharva Veda in the form of ‘Mahopanishat’ or ‘Jyothishmati’. As per Indian astrology every event in our life is based on position of celestial bodies at time, date and place of birth. Indian Astrology also differs considerably from the Chinese horoscope, which is based on the year of birth and believes that the year of birth indicates a certain phase or aspect of sixty year circle of time. Therefore you may find yourself born in the year of dog, horse or rat or even a dragon. Hence, people who are born in a particular animal year share certain common traits just like people born in common zodiac do. Vedic astrology shows the understanding of life, the journey of the spirit from past to present life, effects of karma on present life, doshas and remedies and many more. Indian astrology believes that it is the supreme power who is handling everything and that supreme power decides the birth time of the individual according to the past karma so that he or she can have the life in which they are best suited. Astrological Branches Indian Ancient Astrology has six branches. These are: 1. Gola: Positional astronomy 2. Ganita: Mathematical calculations to find Gola 5 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN 3. Jataka: Natal astrology 4. Prasna: Answering question based on the time it is asked 5. Muhurta: Auspicious time to start anything 6. Nimitta: Omens and portents With the help of Indian Astrology the actual traits of an individual, marital compatibility and the future, based on the position of planets at the time and place of birth can be defined. Authenticity Of Indian AstrologyIndian astrology is believed tt be the oldest system of astrology in the world. It is highly authentic and its predictions are believed to be the most accurate. Being based on the actual constellations of stars, this is the most widely used system of astrology across the world. Indian astrology believes Sun as the basic of life which is true as we cannot imagine life without Sun. Force of intelligence and spirituality is defined by the Sun as per Indian astrology vedas. The fertility cycles is governed by moon and it rules the emotional nature of individual. Spiritual practices, like Yoga, prayer and meditation are also the part of Indian astrology that help us to remove any kind of doshas because of bad karmas. Vedic Indian astrology truly let the soul meet its final destination that is God by leading a spiritual and right life. Many Rsis such as Vashistha, Bhrgu, and Garga were masters of astrology and taught it to their disciples in the Guru parampara (disciplic succession). Before the beginning of the present age, Kali-yuga, which began in 3102 B.C., Parasara Rsi milked the essence of the various schools of Vedic astrology present at his time and distilled it into his text known as the Brhad Parasara Hora Sastra. Parasara Rsi spoke this text to his disciple Maitreya Rsi, and Maitreya taught it to his disciples and it was passed in this way through the ages. Thus, the basic school of Vedic astrology practiced in India is called the Parasara school of astrology. Parasara was among the last of the Rsis (great sages) of the Vedic age. After him it was humans who preserved the line of Vedic astrology. Notable amongst them was Satyacarya and in particular Varaha Mihira who wrote several important texts on astrology. After them several other texts were composed which are also considered "classics" of Vedic astrology, such as Saravali, Jataka Parijata, Sarvartha Cintamani, and Horasara. All of these texts follow Parasara in their teachings. There are six main branches of Vedic astrology: Gola -- positional astronomy 6 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Ganita -- mathematical diagnostic tools for analyzing the results of Gola Jataka -- natal astrology Prasna -- answering specific questions based upon the time the question is asked Muhurta -- selecting an auspicious time to start something Nimitta -- omens and portents. There are also many sub-branches. The sages following Parasara have written texts on all branches. From India, Vedic astrology spread to the Persians, and from the Persians to the Babylonians, and from them to the Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians. With the rise of Islam the Arabs learned astrology from both the Greek Hellenistic astrologers on one side (the West) and Vedic astrology from India on the other side (the East). In the West astrology has had its difficulties. Periods of time when it was in favor, and times when it was politically out of favor. During the Dark Ages it practically disappeared from Europe and reappeared during the Renaissance. It disappeared during the so-called "Age of Reason" in the 1600s only to reappear again in the last 120 or so years. This fractured history of Western astrology has not helped the continuity of learning or building up of experience over the ages. Consequently Western astrology is fraught with many lacunae; blank spots, missing parts, and discontinuities. By contrast, Vedic astrology has an unbroken tradition over 5000 years long. And, its practitioners reap the benefits of such a long unbroken tradition such as a large body of classical literature whose content is understood by its practitioners. In ancient India and even up to modern times, astrology was taught to students in schools and universities. Recently the Indian government has again instituted a policy of teaching Jyotish in universities and colleges. The originator of Vedic astrology is Parasara Muni. : Parasara was the father of Vyasadeva who compiled the Vedic literature. Parasara was one of the celestial sages because, in his treatise, he mentions – that he learned directly from Brahma and Narada, two celestial personalities who figure prominently in Vedic lore. Although Parasara was more known as a follower of Shiva, he wrote the Vishnu Purana and left posterity the fundamental astrological compilation Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra; a Hora Sastra which is the Sanskrit term for a treatise on time or astrology. 7 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Parasara Hora delineates the classic natal horoscope involving the twelve signs of the Zodiac, the twelve houses, the nine planets and twenty-seven Nakshatras. The four Vedas do not present natal astrology although some limited presentation does exist therein related to the timing of sacrificial ceremonies. But thanks to Parasara, we have a treatise on astrology for individuals, on the astrology of their daily lives. Parasara’s treatise is the only surviving Vedic writing on astrology that presents the entire system of astrology. There are other writings that still survive which focus on a particular aspect of Vedic astrology, but Parasara’s is the only literature that presents a system as a whole. And his presentation of astrology is especially appropriate for Kali Yuga because he gives two techniques that are particularly efficacious in this Yuga. He mentions that the system of planetary periods known as Vimshottari is the best of all such systems and that, compared to it, other systems do not deliver what they claim to be able to deliver. In addition, he mentions that the Shadbala system for assessing planetary strengths in a chart is very useful in the Kali Yuga. These comments also suggest that his system of astrology is not only appropriate for Kali Yuga, but may be different, therefore, from the system in vogue during the Dvarpara Yuga, Which brings one to the Jaimini system. One does not want to think that Jaimini was some kind of opponent of Parasara’s because Jaimini was his disciple. But Jaimini’s system truly was and is a bit different; which is a moot point anyway because his system doesn’t even exist anymore in its entirety. It originally existed in four volumes, of which only two remain, they being volumes three and four. And the basic explanation of his system must surely have been laid out in volume one. This is the problem; although much of his system has been pieced together from comments made in volumes three and four, much is still unknown because the explanation part is missing. An educated guess has been made in the Vedic astrology community in India that Jaimini’s system is a remnant leftover from the previous Dvarpara Yuga. All of which brings us back to Parasara. Parasara’s system exists as a complete presentation and was mentioned by him specifically in relation to the Kali Yuga, so it becomes the only game in town. 8 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Which is why Indian astrology has always been termed Parasari (possessive case) astrology. This term “Vedic astrology” is very recent and not traditional at all. Other terms for the astrology of India have been Hindu astrology, Jyotisha, Jataka (natal astrology), and Jyotir Vidya. But they all refer to the Parasari system. Unfortunately though, there have been mixtures in northern India. For example, there is Tajaka astrology, but Tajaka is from the province of Tajikastan above Afghanistan, and the technique known as the solar return chart is also Tajaka. But if one wants to practice Vedic astrology in its purity – following along the lines of the Parampara system of disciplic succession – these mixtures should be avoided like the plague. In addition to Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra (Parasara Hora for short), there are several classics of Vedic astrology from the post-Vedic period which expound upon Parasara’s treatise. This is very good because some of the older Parasara Hora has been lost due to the ravages of time. These classics are condensations of more ancient astrological works and are, therefore, very authentic. Perhaps the most prominent among these is the Brihat Jataka of Varahamihira. He was a South Indian and a prominent minister in the court of the famous Emperor Vikramaditya right around the time of Christ. Since the Parasara Hora was so voluminous and huge, the Brihat Jataka became more prominent in the sense of being more common. Brihat Jataka presents a nucleus of the Parasari system. Varahamihira wrote the Brihat Samhita too, which presents information about the Nakshatras, also known as lunar mansions in western astrology or just plain stars in India. But this Brihat Samhita is more of an astronomical work than a work on natal predictive astrology. Hand in hand with Varahamihira’s works are the writings of his son, Prityuyasas, whocontinued his father’s delineation and exposition of the Parasari system, by writing the famous Hora Sara. They both lived in the 6th century A.D. Thirdly, Kalyana Varma was active during the 10th century and hailed from Madhya Pradesh. He wrote the astrological treatise Saravali because he felt that Varahamihira and others had been brief in their exposition of Parasara’s work. 9 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Jataka Parijata was written by Vaidyanatha Dikshita in the 1400’s. Vaidyanatha was a Sri Vaishnava who worshipped Ranganatha at Ranga Kshetra. Jataka Parijata stresses some unusual techniques which are not so much highlighted by others. Mantreswara was a South Indian Brahmin born in the 13th century in Tamil Nadu or Kerala. His Phaladeepika is certainly a mature fruit of astrological wisdom which incorporates the essence of earlier works. In fact, all of the above classics incorporate the essence of earlier works, especially Parasara’s works, in their proper weight and proportion, and provide the basis and framework for predictive astrology. There are other respected works, but in general, any astrological assertion or technique must be found within the parameters of these first tier classics or at least not be contrary to them. They are a benchmark by which other astrological literature can be judged. It becomes implicit that much of the experimenting and mixtures that go on nowadays are contrary to the spirit, if not the letter, of the classics which have their origin, in the ultimate issue, with the celestial Parasara and his celestial teachers. The classics expound upon and summarize the essence of Parasara. The roots of Vedic astrology go back thousands of years where it was first recorded in the ancient Indian scriptures known as Rig Veda. Many experts consider the Rig Veda to be at least 5,000 years old with some references suggesting the origins to lie as far back as 8,500 BC or even 10,000 BC. Regardless of the actual date of origin Vedic astrology rests on very deep foundations of scholarly research, intense observation, spiritual insight, and lengthy experience. Modern Vedic astrology grew out of ‘Jyotish’ or the science of light as it is known in Sanskrit. Like most ancient systems of knowledge Jyotish was initially passed on from teacher to disciple through a system of oral transmission. As astrological knowledge expanded and became increasingly complex, astrologers found it necessary to record their scientific discoveries in written form. The system of Jyotish gradually became more formally codified and in the early 19th century came to be known in the West as Hindu astrology. The term Vedic astrology is a much more recent name change made popular in the 1980s as western interest in self-help grew and the need for alternative understandings of the world became more important. 10 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN What are some of the most important Vedic texts? Vedanga Jyotisha is a pivotal text in the Jyothish system. Its present form dates back to at least 700 BC but according to some experts it could date back to 1400 BC or earlier.Another text of major importance for Vedic astrology is the Brihat Samhita. According to Harshad Jethra this text was was written by Varahamihira in the year 123 AD and provides invaluable guidance on how astrology and astronomy can guide and improve public welfare Aryabhateeya and Arya Siddhanta are two major astrology texts written sometime around 470 AD. These texts highlight the importance of precise mathematical calculations and astronomical observations in creating accurate Vedic astrology charts. These are just a few of the more important Vedic texts. Yes, Vedic astrology has ancient roots but it has followed a consistent path of well-documented scientific exploration like any other important branch of knowledge and still remains as relevant to modern life as ever. Is Vedic astrology linked to other ancient civilisations? It’ is hard to know for sure but certainly some experts see links between Jyotish and ancient Hellenistic practices. The possibility that the sharing of valuable knowledge took place through trade and exploration between different cultures does not diminish the important role that Vedic astrology fills as an important guide for living a peaceful, well-balanced life in an increasingly chaotic modern world. When you’re ready to explore your life’s direction it’s important to choose an astrologer who not only has the right astrological training but who has also explored the deeper spiritual significance of astrological birth charts. Vandana will provide accurate chart casting and with her empathetic and sensitive manner can also help you understand and embrace any challenging issues that may arise. Vedic Astrology refers to Indian or Hindu astrology, a system that originated in ancient India and which was documented by sages in the Vedic scriptures. Also known as "Jyotish"—the science of light—Vedic astrology deals with astral light patterns that are thought to determine our destiny. What Is Astrology? Astrology is the science of the effects of planetary movements on our lives. Astrology is based on astronomy, and astrologers need to know the correct positions of the planets among the fixed stars at any given time, as well as the correct positions of the zodiacal fixed star signs in relation 11 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN to any place on earth at any given time. Once the correct positions of the signs and planets are known, astrologers can construct charts representing these positions. Using her knowledge, the astrologer can study the charts and can make a wide range of conclusions about the moment the chart was cast for. Primarily, astrology is used to understand one's self and our karma for this life. Basic Principle of Vedic Astrology The basic premise of this astrology is that all things are linked. Your karma or fortune is determined by a predestined cosmic design. You are a soul incarnating in a body at a very specific time and place, and your life is a reflection of the greater whole into which you are born, just as flowers bloom at certain times, when all conditions are perfectly congenial. So is the case with our births on this planet, according to the theory of karma. What Are Charts? In Jyotish, the main item is your chart. It's a map of the planets in the signs of the zodiac. Charts are cast based on an exact moment at an exact place on earth. Therefore, the moment you were born and the place you were born has a chart, which is known as your "birth chart" or "natal chart". By reading the chart of the heavens for the time and place of your birth, astrologers claim they can know much about you. The positions of the planets in the real star-based zodiac are taken and your "dashas" (predictive timeline) are arranged. Your Vedic chart will most likely reflect your real life, and your dashas are probably operating the way they should. The Vedic astrologer looks at these planets, signs and house placements in your chart and can "see" your personality, as well as life events and possibilities—both the good and the bad times in your life. The dashas are then used to determine "when" the events will unfold in the life. The Predictive Magic of Vedic Astrology Dashas give a greater predictive accuracy to Vedic astrology than is possible with Western astrology. These "planetary ruling periods," which are unique to this system, give Vedic astrologers a tool for quite accurately predicting the trends, changes, and events in your life with amazing precision. Therefore, Vedic astrologers are less limited to talking about your general overall self and can get more deeply into what's going to happen in your life. How Is It Different From Western Astrology? 12 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Vedic astrology differs from Western or Tropical astrology mainly in that it uses the fixed zodiac as opposed to the moving zodiac. Because of the gradual tilting of the earth in space on its axis, the zodiac, if you calculate it from the sun's relationship to the earth, appears to be moving at the rate of a little less than 1/60 of a degree per year. Currently, the relative or movable zodiac is off (out of alignment with) from the fixed or real star-based zodiac by roughly 23 degrees, which is almost one whole sign of the zodiac. Because the two systems are skewed from each other by nearly one whole sign, most people's "Sun Sign"—that which you can get from the newspaper each day, is usually one sign back when the chart is refigured using Vedic astrology. So, the first surprise of using the Vedic system is that you no longer belong to the Sun Sign you always thought you were. However, if you were born in the last five days or so of the Western sign month, then you will probably still be the same sign in the Vedic system. i. Vedic Astrology Indian Astrology also known as Vedic Astrology is an ancient science based upon the knowledge gained by ancient Indian sages and saints on planetary influences. It had evolved long before the Western astronomers and astrologers were even born. It has its roots steeped into the Vedas which date back to 1500 BC. In Sanskrit Indian astrology is termed as Jyotish which means light. ii.Chart Styles of Jyotish North Indian 13 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN South Indian Branches of Indian Astrology The three main branches of Indian Astrology stream as follows: Siddanta- devoted to the astronomical study of celestial bodies. Samhita- Indian mundane astrology which deals with mundane activities like earth quakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, rainfall, weather conditions, economic conditions, etc. Hora – which predicts the time for various activities. Panchang Indian Astrology follows the Panchang which is a spiritual and scientific calendar .It provides a listing of festivals, weather predictions, events, epidemics and personal fortune. The word "Panch" means five and "ang" means aspect. It defines a particular time of a day using the five parameters - the day, the tithi, the star, the yoga and the karana corresponding to that day. You can use Panchang as a ready reckoner for 14 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN important days and also to tell you the most ideal time for you to start on your ventures so you get the most out of them.  Click here to find todays Panchang Nadi Josiyam Apart from the schools of Astrology in India, we have what we call as Nadi Astrology (or) Nadi Shastra which gives pictures of life and destiny patterns of people born at 12,24,48 seconds intervals. These have been written on palm leaves by our ancient sages. Only very few experts can read and understand these, but the results and predictions are found to be amazingly accurate. More on Nadi Astrology / Naadi (Shastra) Nadi Astrology is an ancient Indian method of Astrology to learn about one's past, present and the future. It is said that thousands of years ago, the great sages of Indian had the power to overlook into the past and future of the entire universe and recorded the life of each human being who either lived, were living or were to live. At some point of time , these discussions were written on palm leaves in an ancient Tamil script, which can now only be deciphered by expert Nadi astrologers who are found scattered in certain temples in India. The origin of the nadi inscriptions can be traced back to approximately 2000 years ago. It is said that the ancient Indian Rishis or sages had written the life patterns of each person on palm leaves by their Yogic Intuitive powers. These unique leaves were initially kept in the Saraswati Mahal library of Tanjore city (Thanjavur ) of Tamilnadu State in India. 15 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Later during the British Rule, the British sold these leaves to the locals who very very much interested in getting them. People belonging to a particular sect called the Valluvar community of South India who specialized in astrology bought most of these leaves. Some of these were also acquired by the astrology families in Vaitheeswarankoil, a place near Chennai, the capital of Tamilnadu, a state of India.  Canto 1 (Chapter 1)- Generalized Report  Canto 2 (Chapter 2) - Education and Wealth  Canto 3 (Chapter 3) - Brothers and Sisters  Canto 4 (Chapter 4) - Mother, Assets and Fortune  Canto 5 (Chapter 5) - Children / Off springs/ Progeny/ Pregnancy  Canto 6 (Chapter 6) - Disease, Debt and Litigation  Canto 7(Chapter 7) - Matrimony  Canto 8 (Chapter 8) - Life Span  Canto 9 (Chapter 9) - Property, Father, spiritual inclinations  Canto 10 (Chapter 10) - Business  Canto 11 (Chapter 11) - Conveyance, second marriage  Canto 12 (Chapter 12) -Expenditure, Foreign connections, Next birth.  Canto 13 (Chapter 13) - Karma, Shanthi, Enance  Canto 14 (Chapter 14) - Remedial Mantras Get your Nadi Reading Vasthu The term Vastu is a Sanskrit word which means "Bhu" or the Earth and is the underlying stratum of existence. As per a Vedic Hymn "Vastu reva Vastu", all material forms of the Universe are all energies. Vaasthu sastra states that every energy has life and nothing in universe is left out without any vibration.  Basic Principles of Vasthu  Manaiyadi Shastra  Vastu Table 16 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN  Vastu Rule  Street focus & Vastu  Zodiac Concepts Vastu shastra aims at maximising the generation and accumulation of positive energy around the humans and minimise the negative energy. This is done by ensuring the abundance of the following : We can improve our living conditions by properly designing our buildings by understanding the five principles of nature. For already existing structures modifications can be made using the Vastu remedies listed below. In this way enhanced health, wealth, prosperity and happiness can be attained in life.  The 10 Kootas or the 10 Poruthams According to Indian Astrological principles there are 28 Nakshathras (Stars) in an oval round called the zodiac and the Navagrahas (the nine planets ) which transit this Zodiac. This heavenly constitution exert their combined astral influences on human beings. The Kootas agreement is ascertained by examining the birth stars and the Janma rasis, of the boy and girl. Each koota has a specific role or a part to play. 1. Dinam (Dinath Ayushyam Aarokyam) -The presence of Dina Koota agreement ensures that the husband and wife remain healthy and free from all sorts of diseases and will enjoy all comforts and a long lease of life. 2. Ganam (Sobanam Ganam Evacha) -This koota ensures compatible sex life. It is the matching of the human minds and their temperaments. 3. Yoni ( Yonitho Dhampathy Sneham ) -This is another koota which is interpreted in two ways. The word Yoni indicates the private reproductive organ of a women. So it is said that presence of Yoni Koota is a must to ensure sexual compatibility. 4. Rasi ( Rasinam Vamsavirthi Kiruth ) -This ensures the continuation of one's family through the birth of a son. If there is no progeny or issue, his family and tradition will end with him. Another school of thought interprets it as cordial relationship between the daughter-in-law and her in-laws. 17 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN 5. Rasiyathipaty ( Santhanam Rasiythipathy ) -This refers to the friendship between the lords of the birth stars of the girl and boy. This koota ensures santhanam. The word santhanam also means progeny which is denoted Rasi Koota. 6. Rajju ( Rajju Mngalya Vrithysyath )-This bestows on the girl living happily with the husband for the long time. It is considered as the most important of the ten kootas as it ensures a long life for the husband. 7. Vedha ( Vedhaya Sohanasanam )-Vedha means affliction. This koota agreement wards of all evils and pitfalls in married life. A happy and prosperous married life is assured as a result. 8. Vasya ( Vasyath Anniyonnia Vasyaham ) -It is believed that the presence of this koota agreement assures mutual love and attachement. 9. Mahendhram ( Mahendram Puthira Vrithisyath ) -It assures progeny or children in a larger measure. 10. Stree Deergam ( Stree Deergath Sarva Sampathha ) -It ensures accumulation of wealth and all round prosperity. The above mentioned 10 Kootas are the main ones considered before deciding on a marriage.The following two kootas are also used in certain cases. 11. Nadi-Nadi means pulse which is a medical term. So nadi koota ensures health, longevity of the couple and happiness of children. 12. Varna Koota-Varna refers to the caste of the girl and boy and it is having no or less relevance now a days as inter-caste marriages have become common. Indian Zodiac names and Western Astronomical names No 18 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Indian Name Western Name 1 Mesham Aries 2 Vrishabham Taurus 3 Mithunam Gemini 4 Karkatakam Cancer 5 Simham Leo 6 Kanya Virgo 7 Tula Libra 8 Vrischikam Scorpio 9 Dhanus Sagittarius 10 Makaram 19 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Capricorn 11 Kumbham Aquarius 12 Meenam Pisces Rasis (Zodiac Houses) In Indian Astrology when a Zodiac is divided into twelve equal parts, each such part has an extension of 30 degrees of arc. Such a division is called a sign or Rasi. It is the house where Moon rests. There are 12 houses of Rasi's and their Lords. No Indian System of Houses Lord of House 1 Mesha (21-March to 20-April ) Kuja (Mars) 2 Vrishaba (21-April to 20-May ) Sukra (Venus) 3 Mithuna (21-May to 20-June) Buddha (Mercury) 4 Karkata (21-June to 20-July) Chandra (Moon) 5 20 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Simha (21-July to 20-August) Surya (Sun) 6 Kanya (21-August to 20-September) Buddha (Mercury) 7 Tula (21-September to 20-October ) Sukra (Venus) 8 Vrischika (21-October to 20-November ) Kuja (Mars 9 Dhanus (21-November to 20-December) Guru (Jupiter) 10 Makara (21-December to 20-January ) Sani (Saturn) 11 Kumbha (21-January to 20-February) Sani (Saturn) 12 Meena (21-Februaryto 20-March) Guru (Jupiter) Characteristics of Rasis (Zodiac Houses ) 1. Mesha (Aries)-People born in this sign are ambitious and forceful in their character. Mostly they are of independent disposition. 2. Vrishaba (Taurus)-The people of this sign will have good appearance and personality. They are emotional in their behaviour. 21 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN 3. Mithuna (Gemini)-These people will be spiritual and very analytical in mind. Art and literature fascinates these individuals. 4. Karkata (Cancer)-The characteristics of this house are flexibility, interest in mysteries, travelling indisposition. It rules chest and heart of the body. 5. Simha (Leo)-The people born under this Rasi have a kingly personality, magnanimity and lion hearted nature. 6. Kanya (Virgo)-They are very practical people. They are chaste, pure and refined. Sociable and friendly in nature, they show up occasional shyness also. 7. Tula (Libra)-Since the Rasi is symbolic of balance, equilibrium and justice are its key notes. Weighing both the sides of every problem is its character. 8. Vrischika (Scorpio)-Temperamentally they are emotional and possessive. They are cunning. Will have only few friends. These persons may get unexpected legacies and gifts. 9. Dhanus (Sagittarius)-This type of people are very friendly and cheerful in nature. They are of deep thinking and of high intellect with a quick temper and strong passion. 10. Makara (Capricorn)-The people of this house have deep common sense. Their aspirations are very high. From a humble beginning they rise to greater heights. 11. Kumbha (Aquarius)-Very great saints and thinkers have been born in this house. Among the 12 signs of the zodiac this sign is attached to occult subjects. The people of this house will have unexpected travels. 12. Meena (Pisces)-The people of this house are very analytical and emotional in their behaviour. They will be having fluctuating moods. 22 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Grahas (Planets) & their significance In Hindu Astrology there are nine planets or Grahas. These include Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Sun, Moon,Saturn Rahu and Ketu, which are astronomical points formed where the moons orbit intersects the apparent path of the Sun around the earth. Each planet is considered to be having masculine, feminine or neutral characteristics as well . Grahas and their western names, relationships, gemstones and colors Indian Grahas Western Names Sex Friends Equals Enemies Gemstones Colors Ravi Sun Masculine Moon, Mars, Jupiter Mercury Venus, Saturn, Rahu Ruby Red Chandra Moon Feminine Sun, Mercury Mars, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn Rahu Pearl White Kuja 23 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Mars Masculine Sun, Moon, Jupiter Venus, Saturn Mercury, Rahu Coral Red Budha Mercury Neutral Sun, Venus, Rahu Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Moon Emerald Green Guru Jupiter Masculine Sun, Moon, Mars Saturn, Rahu Mercury, Venus Yellow Sapphire Yellow Sukra Venus Feminine Mercury, Saturn, Rahu Jupiter, Mars Sun, Moon Diamond White 24 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Sani Saturn Neutral Mercury, Venus, Rahu Jupiter Sun, Moon, Mars Blue Sapphire Blue Rahu Dragon's Head Feminine Mercury, Venus,Saturn Jupiter Sun, Moon, Mars Gomed Smoke Ketu Dragon's Tail Neutral Mercury, Venus, Saturn, Rahu Jupiter Sun, Moon, Mars Cat's Eye Smoke Nakshatras (Stars) 1. The zodiac according to Indian Astrology comprises of 360 degrees. There are 27 Nakshatras or constellations in it.Therefore, the value of each constellation is 13 degrees and 20 minutes when measured from the fixed initial point. These 27 Nakshatras(stars) complete the entire circle of 360 degrees of the zodiac. A forecast based on the transit/ correlation/inter - relation of planets in relation to the Nakshatras is more accurate than the results predicted on the basis of any other system. 25 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN 1. Ashwini 2. Pushya 3. Swati 4. Sravana 5. Bharani 6. Ashlesha 7. Vishakha 8. Dhanishtha 9. Krittika 10. Magha 11. Anuradha 12. Satabisha 13. Rohini 14. Poorvaphalguni 15. Jyeshta 16. Poorvabhadrapada 17. Mrigashirsa 18. Uttaraphalguni 19. Moola 20. Uttarabhadrapada 21. Ardra 22. Hasta 23. Poorvashada 24. Revati 25. Punarvasu 26. Chitra 27. Uttarashadha 28. Nakshatra in English 29. Moon in Indian Astrology 26 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN In Indian Astrology, Moon is reverred as a God and is called as "Chandra". The deity is masculine, but rules women and mothers, and signifies the feminine qualities.In Hindu astrology the Moon, is the most important planet in the horoscope. Chandra rules growth, health in childhood, prospects in life, good fortune, the emotional life, moods. In Indian Astrology, Moon is reverred as a God and is called as "Chandra". The deity is masculine, but rules women and mothers, and signifies the feminine qualities.In Hindu astrology the Moon, is the most important planet in the horoscope. Chandra rules growth, health in childhood, prospects in life, good fortune, the emotional life, moods. Moon is the presiding deity for the element water, and rules over the tides of the sea. Moon is also the ruler of plants and the vegetable kingdom. Moon represents the mother -the energy that creates and preserves. Dasa Periods Dasa Periods of Planets Sun Dasa Dasa Moon Dasa Saturn Dasa Mars Dasa Mercury Dasa Rahu Das Jupiter Ketu Dasa Venus Dasa Dasas are unique in Indian System of Astrology in that they symbolize the overall direction of a person's life for very long periods of time.Vimsottari Dasa, remains the most popular Dasa system among Astrologers though different Dasa systems exist. Vimsottari Dasa is based on the position of Moon at the time of birth in a specific nakshatra. The period of rulership of any planet at the time of birth depends upon the rulership of the planet on the nakshatra. The sequence of rulership of these planets follows a particular order. This order is as follows:  Sun – 6 years 27 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN  Moon – 10 years  Mars – 7 years  Rahu – 18 years  Jupiter – 16 years  Saturn – 19 years  Mercury – 17 years  Ketu –7 years  Venus –20 years Moon Compatibility Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces The 27 stars or constellations are used by vedic astrology since the ancient times and they are very relevant to many aspects of life including health and each Nakshatra can be related with certain part or organ of the physical body. Stars (Nakshatras) Diseases Ashwini The reddish star in the zodiac at 0° in Mesha which is called as Arietis. It generally governs the head and cerebral hemispheres of the body and is responsible for all the diseases associated with them. 28 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Bharani The star Bharani governs and is responsible for the diseases associated with the head, cerebral hemispheres and organs within the head and eyes. Krittika Various parts of the body like head, eyes, brain, vision, face, neck, tonsils and lower jaw are governed by the Krittika star which is also known as the "Star of Fire". Rohini It influences different parts of the body like face, mouth, tongue, tonsils, palate, neck, cerebellum, atlas and cervical vertibrate and also responsible for the diseases associated with these organs. Mrigasira The planet governing this star is Mars and it influences and is responsible for the diseases associated face, chin cheeks, larynx, palate, throat, vocal chord, arms, shoulders thymus gland and upper ribs. Ardra Ardra is governed by the planet Mercury. It is in charge of throat, arms and shoulders and also the diseases associated with them. Punarvasu This star is governed by the planet Jupiter. The organs and the diseases under this star are ear, throat, shoulder blades, lungs respiratory system, chest, stomach, oesophagus, diaphgram, pancreas and upper lobes of liver. Pushya The lord of governance for the star Pushya is Saturn. Lungs, stomach and ribs are the main organs governed by this star and it s also responsible for the diseases associated with these organs. Aslesha Mercury is the lord of the star Aslesha.The organs of the body under the governance of this star is lungs, stomach, oesophagus, diaphgram, pancreas and liver. Magha 29 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN This is a star of brightness and light and is governed by the planet Sun. The organs of the body under the influence of this star are heart, back, spinal chord, spleen, dorsal region of spine and aorta. Poorvaphalguni The heart and spinal chord is governed by Poorvaphalguni star and is also responsible for the diseases associated with these organs. The lord of this star is Sun and is governed by Venus. Utthraphalguni The Sun governs the star Uttaraphalguni .Uttaraphalguni indicates both the need for union and for organizing the resources gained through it. Hasta The sign is governed by mercury and the star is governed by moon. Not many organs are under the influence of this star. Chitra The planet Mars is the lord of this star and different parts of the body under its influence are belly, lower part, kidney, loins, hernia and vasomotor system and also its diseases. Swathi Swathi nakshatra rules the body parts like skin, kidneys, ureter, appendicitis, hernia and bladder and is also responsible for the diseases associated with these organs. Vishakha The sign is governed by mercury and the star is governed by moon. Not many organs are under the influence of this star. Anuradha The various body parts ruled by this star are bladder, genital organs, rectum, nasal bones and bones near genital organs and also diseases associated with them. Jyeshta It rules the organs like colon, anus, genital organs, ovaries and womb and is also responsible for the diseases associated with these organs. Moola The various parts of the body under the influence of this star are hips, thighs, femur, ileum and sciatic nerves. Hence it is also responsible for the diseases associated with them. Poorvashada 30 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Venus is the lord of the star Poorvashada and it governs various parts of the body like thighs, hips, the concygeal and the sacral regions of the spine, the filiac arteries and the veins. Uttharashada The organs under the governance of this star are thighs, femur, arteries, skin and knees and are responsible for the diseases associated with these organs. Shravana The lord of this star is the Moon. It governs lymphatic vessels, knees and skin and is also responsible for the diseases associated with them. Dhanishta The various organs under the influence of this star are knee cap bones, ankles, limbs, portion between knees and ankles. Hence this star is also responsible for the diseases associated with them. Satabisha It is responsible for the organs it governs like portion between knees and ankles and calf muscle. Poorvabhadrapada It is responsible for the diseases which are associated to the organs it governs and they are ankles, feet and toes. Uttarabhadrapada It is responsible and associated with writing and speaking abilities. It governs and is responsible for the diseases associated with the feet. Revathi This star is under the governance of the planet Mercury.Revati is governed by Pushan, the nourishing form of the Sun God. It governs feet and toes and is responsible for the diseases associated with them. The Vedas are said to be the direct revelations from the divine to the sages. The meaning of Veda is "to know" or "the "knowledge" which gives rise to awareness, intelligence and discrimination. There are four Vedas, the Rig Veda, the Sama Veda, the Yajur Veda and the Atharva Veda. They contains the transcendental, universal and eternal truth in the form of hymns, incantations and rituals regarding every aspect of life which helps human beings to lead a more meaningful and balanced life. 31 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Jyotish (Vedic Astrology) is a part of the Vedas as it is said to be the eyes of the Vedas. In Vedic period astrology was an integral part of society and was consulted for major activities. Jyotish means to 'lighten up' or to 'enlighten'. Jyotish (Vedic Astrology) is composed of Ganita (astronomy) and Phalita (astrology). There were eighteen major sages of Vedic Astrology, few of whose works are documented, are:  1. Surya  2. Brahma  3. Vyasa  4. Vasishtha  5. Atri  6. Parasara  7. Kashyap  8. Narada  9. Garga  10. Marichi  11. Manu  12. Angirasa  13. Lomasa  14. Pulastya  15. Cyavana  16. Yavana  17. Bhrigu  18. Shaunaka Vedic Astrology is the oldest system of astrology in the world, which is still continuing and is practiced in almost the same older form. Calendar based upon the lunar mansions or Nakshatras continues in India and some others countries even today. Vedic astrology uses the actual positions of constellations and planets as seen from the earth (by taking into account the precision of the equinox), which gives a completely different horoscope as compared to the one used by western astrologers. 32 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN Vedic Astrology dose not only have various predictive tools but also advices remedy for minimizing malefic planetary influences. The whole zodiac circle or Kalapurusha is divided into 12 signs or Rashis of 30 degrees each:  1. Aries or Mesh  2. Taurus or Rishabh  3. Gemini or Mithun  4. Cancer or Karka  5. Leo or Simha  6. Virgo or Kanya  7. Libra or Tula  8. Scorpio or Vrischika  9. Sagittarius or Dhanus  10. Capricorn or Makara  11. Aquarius or Kumbha  12. Pisces or Meena (For more details on twelve astrological signs please see our 12 Astrology Signs page) Apart from 12 Signs or Rashis zodiac circle or Kalapurusha is also divided into 27 Nakshatras (lunar mansions) each with a span 13.20 degrees.  1. Ashwini  2. Bharani  3. Krittika  4. Rohini  5. Mrigashira  6. Ardra  7. Punarvasu  8. Pushya  9. Ashlesha  10. Magha  11. Purva Phalguni 33 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN  12. Uttara Phalguni  13. Hasta  14. Chitra  15. Swati  16. Vishakha  17. Anuradha  18. Jyestha  19. Mula  20. Purva Ashadha  21. Uttara Ashadha  22. Shravana  23. Dhanishta  24. Shatabhisha  25. Purva Bhadra  26. Uttara Bhadra  27. Revati There are 16 types of horoscopes, known collectively as Shodashvarga or the Divisional Charts, and each one is used for judging a different aspect of life. 1. Rashi or the Lagna or Birth chart of 30 degrees = All aspects of life. 2. Hora or one-half of a sign of 15 degrees = Wealth. 3. Drekkana or one-third of a sign – 10 degrees = Siblings. 4. Chaturthamsha or one-fourth of a sign - 7 degrees 30 minutes = Destiny and Fixed Assets. 5. Saptamsha or one-seventh of a sign – 4 degrees 17 minutes & 8.5 seconds = Progeny. 6. Navamsa or one-ninth of a sign – 3 degrees 20 minutes = Spouse and many other things. 7. Dashamsa or one-tenth of a sign – 3 degrees = Career and Profession. 8. Dwadashamsha or one-twelfth of a sign -2 degrees 30 minutes = Parents. 9. Shodashamsha or one-sixteenth of a sign -1 degrees 52 minutes & 30 seconds = Conveyance. 10. Vimshamsha or one-twentieth of a sign -1 degree 30 minutes = Spiritual Progress. 34 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN 11. Chaturvimshamsha or one-twenty fourth of a sign -1 degree 15 degrees = Knowledge. 12. Saptavimshamsha or one-twenty seventh of a sign -1 degrees 6 minutes 40 seconds = Strength. 13. Trimshamsha or one-thirtieth of a sign – 1 degree = Misfortunes and Characteristics. 14. Khavedamsha or one-fortieth of a sign – 45 seconds = Auspicious & Inauspicious effects. 15. Akshavedamsha or one-forty fifth of a sign 40 seconds = For all areas of life. 16. Shashtyamsha or one-sixtieth of a sign 30 seconds = For all general effects. There are predefine planetary combinations knows as Yogas, and these are one of the unique predictive tools of Vedic Astrology. Yoga is a predefined rule taking Planets, Signs and Vedic Aspects into account. The effect of the Yoga, good or bad will manifest in one's life the timing of which is determined by transit and, or planetary period. (For more details on Yoga please see our Yoga page) There are numerous types of Dasa systems (planetary periods). Each Dasha system has a unique method for dividing time into periods and sub periods and there are distinct ways of interpreting the meanings of periods thus allocated.  1. Vimshottari Dasa  2. Sodasottari Dasa  3. Dvadasottari Dasa  4. Astottari Dasa  5. Parkottari Dasa  6. Satabdika Dasa  7. Caturasiti Dasa  8. Dvisaptati Dasa  9. Sasthihayani Dasa  10. Sattririisati Dasa  11. Navamsa Dasa  12. Rasyamsa Dasa  13. Kala Dasa  14. Chakra Dasa  15. Kalachakra Dasa  16. Sudarsan Chakra Dasa 35 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN  17. Chara Dasa  18. Navamsa Sthira Dasa  19. Sthira Dasa  20. Caturvidha Uttara Dasa  21. Brahmagrahasrita Dasa  22. Kendra Dasa  23. Karak Kendra Dasa  24. Karak Graha Dasa  25. Manduka Dasa  26. Sula Dasa  27. Nakshatra Dasa  28. Yogardha Dasa  29. Drig Dasa  30. Trikono Dasa  31. Naksatradi Dasa  32. Nabatara Dasa  33. Varnada Dasa  34. Panka Svara Dasa  35. Yogini Dasa  36. Pinda Dasa  37. Amsaja Dasa  38. Rasmija Dasa  39. Nisargaja Dasa  40. Astavargaja Dasa  41. Sandhya Dasa  42. Pachaka Dasa The formulas for calculating dasha are variable from simple and precise to complex and variable. Vimshottari Dasha, Kalachakra Dasha, Yogini Dasha. Ashtottari Dasha and Navamsa Dasha are most commonly used but the most common of it all is Vimshottari Dasha, also known as Udu Dasha. There and numerous other unique features like Astavarga system, Jamini astrology system etc. 36 Journal of the Indo Nordic Gem Research Institute, Stockholm, SWEDEN A Following a judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001 which favoured astrology, some Indian universities now offer advanced degrees in Hindu astrology, despite protest from the scientific community that astrology is a pseudoscience. Astrology purports that astronomical bodies have influence on people's lives beyond basic weather patterns, depending on their birth date. ... If an object affects a person, it must do so by interacting through one of these fundamental forces. But it is the belief in Astrology itself and not the astrology that is making them feel better. Many pseudo-scientific treatments – from crystal healing to homeopathy – help people through the placebo effect. Believing in a treatment that does not actually do anything may help, but believing in a treatment that does is even better. The horoscopic astrology practiced in the Indian subcontinent came from Hellenistic influences, post-dating the Vedic period. and the Vedanga Jyotishya, one of the earliest texts about astronomy within the Vedas, dates from the last centuries BCE. 37