Difference between revisions of "Sūtra"
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[[File:03_diamond_sutra.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Diamond Sutra]]]] | [[File:03_diamond_sutra.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Diamond Sutra]]]] | ||
| − | Sūtra (Sanskrit: सूत्र, Pāli: sutta, Ardhamagadhi: sūya) is an aphorism (or line, rule, formula) or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual or, more broadly, a text in Hinduism or Buddhism. Literally it means a thread or line that holds things together and is derived from the verbal root siv-, meaning to sew (these words, including Latin suere and English to sew, all ultimately deriving from PIE *siH-/syuH- 'to sew'), as does the medical term "suture." The word "sutra" was very likely meant to apply quite literally to these texts, as they were written down in books of palm leaves sewn together with thread. This distinguishes them from the older sacred Vedas, which until recently were only memorised, never committed to paper. | + | '''Sūtra''' (Sanskrit: सूत्र, Pāli: sutta, Ardhamagadhi: sūya) is an aphorism (or line, rule, formula) or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual or, more broadly, a text in Hinduism or [[Buddhism]]. Literally it means a thread or line that holds things together and is derived from the verbal root siv-, meaning to sew (these words, including Latin suere and English to sew, all ultimately deriving from PIE *siH-/syuH- 'to sew'), as does the medical term "suture." The word "[[sutra]]" was very likely meant to apply quite literally to these texts, as they were written down in books of palm leaves sewn together with thread. This distinguishes them from the older sacred Vedas, which until recently were only memorised, never committed to paper. |
| − | In ancient Indian literature, sutra denotes a distinct type of literary composition, based on short aphoristic statements, generally using various technical terms. This literary form was designed for concision, as the texts were intended to be memorized by students in some of the formal methods of scriptural and scientific study (Sanskrit: svādhyāya). Since each line is highly condensed, another literary form arose in which commentaries (Sanskrit: bhāṣya) on the sutras were added, to clarify and explain them. | + | In ancient [[Indian]] literature, [[sutra]] denotes a distinct type of literary composition, based on short aphoristic statements, generally using various technical terms. This literary form was designed for concision, as the texts were intended to be memorized by students in some of the formal methods of scriptural and scientific study (Sanskrit: [[svādhyāya]]). Since each line is highly condensed, another literary form arose in which commentaries (Sanskrit: [[bhāṣya]]) on the [[sutras]] were added, to clarify and explain them. |
| − | In Brahmin lineage, each family is supposed to have one Gotra, and one Sutra, meaning that a certain Veda (Śruti) is treasured by this family in way of learning by heart. | + | In [[Brahmin]] lineage, each family is supposed to have one [[Gotra]], and one [[Sutra]], meaning that a certain Veda (Śruti) is treasured by this family in way of learning by heart. |
One of the most famous definitions of a sutra in Indian literature is itself a sutra and comes from the Vayu Purana: | One of the most famous definitions of a sutra in Indian literature is itself a sutra and comes from the Vayu Purana: | ||
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: continuous, and without flaw: who knows the sūtra knows it to be thus. | : continuous, and without flaw: who knows the sūtra knows it to be thus. | ||
| − | In Jainism, sūtra refers to canonical sermons of the Mahavira contained in the Jain Agamas, and to some later (post-canonical) normative texts. | + | In [[Jainism]], [[sūtra]] refers to canonical sermons of the [[Mahavira]] contained in the [[Jain]] [[Agamas]], and to some later (post-canonical) normative texts. |
| − | In Buddhism, the sūtra refers mostly to canonical scriptures, many of which are regarded as records of the oral teachings of Gautama Buddha. In Chinese, these are known as 經 (pinyin: jīng). These teachings are assembled in part of the Tripitaka which is called Sutra Pitaka. There are also some Buddhist texts, such as the Platform Sutra, that are called sūtras despite being attributed to much later authors. | + | In [[Buddhism]], the [[sūtra]] refers mostly to canonical scriptures, many of which are regarded as records of the oral teachings of [[Gautama]] [[Buddha]]. In Chinese, these are known as 經 (pinyin: jīng). These teachings are assembled in part of the [[Tripitaka]] which is called [[Sutra Pitaka]]. There are also some [[Buddhist]] texts, such as the [[Platform Sutra]], that are called sūtras despite being attributed to much later authors. |
| − | In the book "Modern Buddhism", Geshe Kelsang Gyatso defines sūtra as "The teachings of Buddha that are open to everyone to practice without the need for empowerment. These include Buddha's teachings of the three turnings of the dharma wheel. | + | In the book "Modern [[Buddhism]]", [[Geshe Kelsang Gyatso]] defines [[sūtra]] as "The teachings of [[Buddha]] that are open to everyone to practice without the need for empowerment. These include [[Buddha]]'s teachings of the three turnings of the [[dharma wheel]]. |
| − | Some scholars consider that the Buddhist use of sūtra is a mis-Sanskritization of Prakrit or Pali sutta, and that the latter represented Sanskrit sūkta, "well spoken", "good news" (as the Buddha himself refers to his speech in his first sermon; compare the original meaning of Gospel), which would also resolve as sutta in Pali. The early Buddhist sutras do not present the aphoristic, nearly cryptic nature of the Hindu sutras, even though they also have been designed for mnemonic purposes in an oral tradition. On the contrary, they are most often lengthy, with many repetitions which serve the mnemonic purpose of the audience. They share the character of sermons of "good news" with the Jaina sūtras, whose original name of sūya (in Ardhamagadhi language) can derive from Sanskrit sūkta, but hardly from sūtra. | + | Some scholars consider that the Buddhist use of sūtra is a mis-Sanskritization of [[Prakrit]] or [[Pali]] [[sutta]], and that the latter represented [[Sanskrit]] sūkta, "well spoken", "good news" (as the Buddha himself refers to his speech in his first sermon; compare the original meaning of Gospel), which would also resolve as sutta in [[Pali]]. The early Buddhist [[sutras]] do not present the aphoristic, nearly cryptic nature of the Hindu [[sutras]], even though they also have been designed for mnemonic purposes in an oral tradition. On the contrary, they are most often lengthy, with many repetitions which serve the mnemonic purpose of the audience. They share the character of sermons of "good news" with the [[Jaina]] [[sūtras]], whose original name of sūya (in [[Ardhamagadhi]] [[language]]) can derive from [[Sanskrit]] sūkta, but hardly from [[sūtra]]. |
| − | The Pali form of the word, sutta is used exclusively to refer to the scriptures of the early Pali Canon, the only texts recognized by Theravada Buddhism as canonical. | + | The [[Pali]] form of the word, sutta is used exclusively to refer to the scriptures of the early [[Pali Canon]], the only texts recognized by [[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]] as canonical. |
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=== Vedanga === | === Vedanga === | ||
| − | * Shiksha (phonetics) | + | * [[Shiksha]] (phonetics) |
| − | * Chandas (metrics) | + | * [[Chandas]] (metrics) |
| − | * Vyakarana (grammar) | + | * [[Vyakarana]] (grammar) |
| − | ** Ashtadhyayi (Pāṇini), discussing grammar | + | ** [[Ashtadhyayi]] ([[Pāṇini]]), discussing grammar |
| − | * Nirukta (etymology) | + | * [[Nirukta]] (etymology) |
| − | * Jyotisha (astrology) | + | * [[Jyotisha]] (astrology) |
| − | * Kalpa (ritual) | + | * [[Kalpa]] (ritual) |
| − | ** Srauta Sutras, performance of sacrifices | + | ** [[Srauta]] Sutras, performance of sacrifices |
| − | ** Smarta Sutras | + | ** [[Smarta]] Sutras |
| − | *** Grhya Sutras, covering domestic life | + | *** [[Grhya]] Sutras, covering domestic life |
| − | *** Samayacarika or Dharma Sutras | + | *** [[Samayacarika]] or [[Dharma]] Sutras |
| − | **** Sulba Sutras, architecture of sacrificial area | + | **** [[Sulba]] Sutras, architecture of sacrificial area |
| − | === Hindu philosophy === | + | === Hindu [[philosophy]] === |
| − | * Yoga Sutras | + | * [[Yoga]] Sutras |
| − | * Samkhya Sutra | + | * [[Samkhya]] Sutra |
| − | * Nyaya Sutras | + | * [[Nyaya]] Sutras |
| − | * Vaisheshika Sutra | + | * [[Vaisheshika]] Sutra |
| − | * Purva Mimamsa Sutras | + | * [[Purva Mimamsa]] Sutras |
| − | * Brahma Sutras (or Vedanta Sutra) (Badarayana) | + | * [[Brahma]] Sutras (or [[Vedanta]] Sutra) ([[Badarayana]]) |
| − | * Shiva Sutras | + | * [[Shiva]] Sutras |
| − | * Narada Bhakti Sutra | + | * [[Narada Bhakti]] Sutra |
| − | == Sutras primarily associated with Buddhism == | + | == [[Sutras]] primarily associated with [[Buddhism]] == |
Further information: [[Buddhist texts]] and [[List of suttas]] | Further information: [[Buddhist texts]] and [[List of suttas]] | ||
| − | == Sutras primarily associated with Jainism == | + | == [[Sutras]] primarily associated with [[Jainism]] == |
| − | === Jain philosophy=== | + | === [[Jain]] [[philosophy]]=== |
* Kalpasutra | * Kalpasutra | ||
Revision as of 08:53, 25 June 2013
Sūtra (Sanskrit: सूत्र, Pāli: sutta, Ardhamagadhi: sūya) is an aphorism (or line, rule, formula) or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual or, more broadly, a text in Hinduism or Buddhism. Literally it means a thread or line that holds things together and is derived from the verbal root siv-, meaning to sew (these words, including Latin suere and English to sew, all ultimately deriving from PIE *siH-/syuH- 'to sew'), as does the medical term "suture." The word "sutra" was very likely meant to apply quite literally to these texts, as they were written down in books of palm leaves sewn together with thread. This distinguishes them from the older sacred Vedas, which until recently were only memorised, never committed to paper.
In ancient Indian literature, sutra denotes a distinct type of literary composition, based on short aphoristic statements, generally using various technical terms. This literary form was designed for concision, as the texts were intended to be memorized by students in some of the formal methods of scriptural and scientific study (Sanskrit: svādhyāya). Since each line is highly condensed, another literary form arose in which commentaries (Sanskrit: bhāṣya) on the sutras were added, to clarify and explain them.
In Brahmin lineage, each family is supposed to have one Gotra, and one Sutra, meaning that a certain Veda (Śruti) is treasured by this family in way of learning by heart.
One of the most famous definitions of a sutra in Indian literature is itself a sutra and comes from the Vayu Purana:
- alpākṣaraṃ asandigdhaṃ sāravad viśvatomukham
- astobhaṃ anavadyaṃ ca sūtram sūtravido viduḥ
- Of minimal syllabary, unambiguous, pithy, comprehensive,
- continuous, and without flaw: who knows the sūtra knows it to be thus.
In Jainism, sūtra refers to canonical sermons of the Mahavira contained in the Jain Agamas, and to some later (post-canonical) normative texts.
In Buddhism, the sūtra refers mostly to canonical scriptures, many of which are regarded as records of the oral teachings of Gautama Buddha. In Chinese, these are known as 經 (pinyin: jīng). These teachings are assembled in part of the Tripitaka which is called Sutra Pitaka. There are also some Buddhist texts, such as the Platform Sutra, that are called sūtras despite being attributed to much later authors.
In the book "Modern Buddhism", Geshe Kelsang Gyatso defines sūtra as "The teachings of Buddha that are open to everyone to practice without the need for empowerment. These include Buddha's teachings of the three turnings of the dharma wheel.
Some scholars consider that the Buddhist use of sūtra is a mis-Sanskritization of Prakrit or Pali sutta, and that the latter represented Sanskrit sūkta, "well spoken", "good news" (as the Buddha himself refers to his speech in his first sermon; compare the original meaning of Gospel), which would also resolve as sutta in Pali. The early Buddhist sutras do not present the aphoristic, nearly cryptic nature of the Hindu sutras, even though they also have been designed for mnemonic purposes in an oral tradition. On the contrary, they are most often lengthy, with many repetitions which serve the mnemonic purpose of the audience. They share the character of sermons of "good news" with the Jaina sūtras, whose original name of sūya (in Ardhamagadhi language) can derive from Sanskrit sūkta, but hardly from sūtra.
The Pali form of the word, sutta is used exclusively to refer to the scriptures of the early Pali Canon, the only texts recognized by Theravada Buddhism as canonical.
Sutras primarily associated with Hinduism
Vedanga
- Shiksha (phonetics)
- Chandas (metrics)
- Vyakarana (grammar)
- Ashtadhyayi (Pāṇini), discussing grammar
- Nirukta (etymology)
- Jyotisha (astrology)
- Kalpa (ritual)
Hindu philosophy
- Yoga Sutras
- Samkhya Sutra
- Nyaya Sutras
- Vaisheshika Sutra
- Purva Mimamsa Sutras
- Brahma Sutras (or Vedanta Sutra) (Badarayana)
- Shiva Sutras
- Narada Bhakti Sutra
Sutras primarily associated with Buddhism
Further information: Buddhist texts and List of suttas
Sutras primarily associated with Jainism
Jain philosophy
- Kalpasutra
- Tattvartha Sutra
- Acaranga Sutra (Agamas)
