Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism
Volume II:
Lives
Editor-in-chief
Jonathan A. Silk
Editors
Richard Bowring
Vincent Eltschinger
Michael Radich
Editorial Advisory Board
Lucia Dolce
Berthe Jansen
John Jorgensen
Christian Lammerts
Francesco Sferra
LEIDEN | BOSTON
For use by the Author only | © 2019 Koninklijke Brill NV
Contents
Prelims
Contributors .............................................................................................................................................................
xi
Editors and Editorial Board .................................................................................................................................. xxxiii
Primary Sources Abbreviations........................................................................................................................... xxxv
Books Series and Journals Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... xxxvii
General Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................................
xlii
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................
xliv
Section One:
Śākyamuni: South Asia ..........................................................................................................................................
Barlaam and Josaphat ............................................................................................................................................
3
39
Section Two:
South & Southeast Asia:
Ajātaśatru ..................................................................................................................................................................
Āryadeva....................................................................................................................................................................
Āryaśūra.....................................................................................................................................................................
Asaṅga/Maitreya(nātha).......................................................................................................................................
Bhāviveka ..................................................................................................................................................................
Brahmā, Śakra, and Māra ......................................................................................................................................
Buddhaghoṣa............................................................................................................................................................
Buddhas of the Past: South Asia .........................................................................................................................
Buddhas of the Past and of the Future: Southeast Asia ...............................................................................
Candragomin ...........................................................................................................................................................
Candrakīrti................................................................................................................................................................
Ḍākinī .........................................................................................................................................................................
Devadatta ..................................................................................................................................................................
Dharmakīrti ..............................................................................................................................................................
Dharmapāla ..............................................................................................................................................................
Dharmottara.............................................................................................................................................................
Dignāga ......................................................................................................................................................................
Early Sarvāstivāda Masters ...................................................................................................................................
Gavampati in Southeast Asia ...............................................................................................................................
Gopadatta .................................................................................................................................................................
Guṇaprabha..............................................................................................................................................................
Haribhadra................................................................................................................................................................
Haribhaṭṭa .................................................................................................................................................................
Harivarman...............................................................................................................................................................
Harṣa ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Hayagrīva...................................................................................................................................................................
Indian Tantric Authors: Overview ......................................................................................................................
Jñānagarbha .............................................................................................................................................................
Jñānapāda .................................................................................................................................................................
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For use by the Author only | © 2019 Koninklijke Brill NV
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60
70
73
81
85
92
95
109
121
125
132
141
156
168
173
179
186
191
196
198
204
209
211
214
218
228
261
264
BEB, vol. II
vi
Contents
Jñānaśrīmitra ...........................................................................................................................................................
Kamalaśīla ................................................................................................................................................................
Karuṇāmaya .............................................................................................................................................................
Kṣemendra ................................................................................................................................................................
Kumāralāta ...............................................................................................................................................................
Mahādeva..................................................................................................................................................................
Maitreya.....................................................................................................................................................................
Mārīcī .........................................................................................................................................................................
Mātṛceṭa ....................................................................................................................................................................
Nāgārjuna ..................................................................................................................................................................
Paccekabuddhas/Pratyekabuddhas in Indic Sources ...................................................................................
Phra Malai in Thailand and Southeast Asia.....................................................................................................
Prajñākaragupta ......................................................................................................................................................
Ratnākaraśānti.........................................................................................................................................................
Ratnakīrti ..................................................................................................................................................................
Saṅghabhadra ..........................................................................................................................................................
Śaṅkaranandana .....................................................................................................................................................
Śaṅkarasvāmin ........................................................................................................................................................
Śāntarakṣita ..............................................................................................................................................................
Śāntideva ...................................................................................................................................................................
Sarasvatī/Benzaiten................................................................................................................................................
Śāriputra ....................................................................................................................................................................
Scholars of Premodern Pali Buddhism .............................................................................................................
Seers (ṛṣi/isi) and Brāhmaṇas in Southeast Asia ............................................................................................
Siddhas.......................................................................................................................................................................
Śrīlāta .........................................................................................................................................................................
Sthiramati .................................................................................................................................................................
Śubhagupta...............................................................................................................................................................
Tantric Buddhist Deities in Southeast Asia .....................................................................................................
Thera/Therī in Pali and Southeast Asian Buddhism .....................................................................................
Udbhaṭasiddhasvāmin ..........................................................................................................................................
Upagupta ...................................................................................................................................................................
Vāgīśvarakīrti ...........................................................................................................................................................
Vasubandhu ..............................................................................................................................................................
Vināyaka ....................................................................................................................................................................
Yama and Hell Beings in Indian Buddhism .....................................................................................................
269
272
279
286
293
298
302
325
332
335
348
357
363
366
371
374
378
382
383
391
398
409
420
437
443
452
456
458
463
474
479
481
490
492
507
513
East Asia:
Ākāśagarbha in East Asia ......................................................................................................................................
Arhats in East Asian Buddhism ..........................................................................................................................
Aśvaghoṣa (East Asian Aspects) .........................................................................................................................
Avalokiteśvara in East Asia...................................................................................................................................
Dizang/Jizō ...............................................................................................................................................................
Jianzhen (Ganjin) ...................................................................................................................................................
Mahākāla in East Asia............................................................................................................................................
Mahākāśyapa in Chan-inspired Traditions......................................................................................................
Mañjuśrī in East Asia .............................................................................................................................................
Maudgalyāyana (Mulian)......................................................................................................................................
Musang (Wuxiang) .................................................................................................................................................
Tejaprabhā ................................................................................................................................................................
Yinyuan Longqi (Ingen) ........................................................................................................................................
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529
540
546
562
571
576
586
591
600
608
612
616
Contents
vii
China:
Amoghavajra ............................................................................................................................................................
An Shigao ..................................................................................................................................................................
Chengguan ................................................................................................................................................................
Daoxuan ....................................................................................................................................................................
Falin ............................................................................................................................................................................
Faxian .........................................................................................................................................................................
Fazun ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Hanshan Deqing .....................................................................................................................................................
Hongzhi Zhengjue ..................................................................................................................................................
Huihong (see Juefan Huihong)
Huineng (see Shenxiu)
Huiyuan (see Lushan Huiyuan)
Jigong..........................................................................................................................................................................
Juefan Huihong .......................................................................................................................................................
Liang Wudi................................................................................................................................................................
Lokakṣema ................................................................................................................................................................
Luo Qing ....................................................................................................................................................................
Lushan Huiyuan ......................................................................................................................................................
Mazu Daoyi...............................................................................................................................................................
Mingben (see Zhongfeng Mingben)
Nāgārjuna in China ................................................................................................................................................
Nenghai......................................................................................................................................................................
Ouyang Jingwu ........................................................................................................................................................
Ouyi Zhixu ................................................................................................................................................................
Paramārtha ...............................................................................................................................................................
Qian Qianyi...............................................................................................................................................................
Qisong ........................................................................................................................................................................
Shenhui (see Shenxiu)
Shenxiu, Huineng, and Shenhui .........................................................................................................................
Śubhākarasiṃha......................................................................................................................................................
Wumen ......................................................................................................................................................................
Wuxiang (see East Asia: Musang)
Wuzhu ........................................................................................................................................................................
Xiao Ziliang...............................................................................................................................................................
Yinshun......................................................................................................................................................................
Yixing .........................................................................................................................................................................
Yuan Hongdao .........................................................................................................................................................
Yuanwu Keqin ..........................................................................................................................................................
Zhanran .....................................................................................................................................................................
Zhi Qian .....................................................................................................................................................................
Zhili.............................................................................................................................................................................
Zhixu (see Ouyang Zhixu)
Zhiyi............................................................................................................................................................................
Zhongfeng Mingben...............................................................................................................................................
Zhuhong ....................................................................................................................................................................
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630
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648
653
657
662
668
673
679
684
689
700
707
711
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727
735
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752
759
764
768
777
782
787
791
795
800
806
810
814
818
826
833
839
844
Korea:
Chinul.........................................................................................................................................................................
Hyujŏng .....................................................................................................................................................................
Ich’adon .....................................................................................................................................................................
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860
864
viii
Contents
Kihwa .........................................................................................................................................................................
Kim Sisŭp ..................................................................................................................................................................
Kyŏnghŏ.....................................................................................................................................................................
Kyunyŏ .......................................................................................................................................................................
Muhak Chach’o ........................................................................................................................................................
Musang (see East Asia)
Pou ..............................................................................................................................................................................
Tosŏn ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Ŭich’ŏn .......................................................................................................................................................................
Ŭisang ........................................................................................................................................................................
Wŏnch’ŭk ..................................................................................................................................................................
Wŏnhyo......................................................................................................................................................................
Yi Nŭnghwa ..............................................................................................................................................................
869
873
877
882
887
891
895
900
903
908
913
918
Japan:
Amaterasu Ōmikami ..............................................................................................................................................
Annen.........................................................................................................................................................................
Benzaiten (see South and Southeast Asia: Sarasvatī)
Dōgen .........................................................................................................................................................................
Dōhan.........................................................................................................................................................................
Eisai (see Yōsai)
Eison ...........................................................................................................................................................................
En no Gyōja ..............................................................................................................................................................
Enchin ........................................................................................................................................................................
Ennin ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Ganjin (see East Asia: Jianzhen)
Genshin .....................................................................................................................................................................
Hachiman .................................................................................................................................................................
Hakuin .......................................................................................................................................................................
Hōnen ........................................................................................................................................................................
Ikkyū Sōjun ...............................................................................................................................................................
Ingen (see East Asia: Yinyuan Longqi)
Ippen Chishin ..........................................................................................................................................................
Jakushō ......................................................................................................................................................................
Jiun Sonja ..................................................................................................................................................................
Jizō (see East Asia: Dizang)
Jōjin.............................................................................................................................................................................
Jōkei ............................................................................................................................................................................
Kakuban ....................................................................................................................................................................
Keizan Jōkin .............................................................................................................................................................
Kōmyō ........................................................................................................................................................................
Kūkai ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Kūya ............................................................................................................................................................................
Menzan Zuihō .........................................................................................................................................................
Monkan .....................................................................................................................................................................
Mugai Nyodai ...........................................................................................................................................................
Mujaku Dōchū .........................................................................................................................................................
Musō Soseki ..............................................................................................................................................................
Myōe ...........................................................................................................................................................................
Nichiren .....................................................................................................................................................................
Nōnin..........................................................................................................................................................................
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961
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980
987
991
995
998
1002
1006
1011
1016
1020
1026
1036
1041
1047
1057
1062
1066
1071
1076
1088
Contents
Raiyu...........................................................................................................................................................................
Ryōgen........................................................................................................................................................................
Saichō .........................................................................................................................................................................
Saigyō .........................................................................................................................................................................
Shinran.......................................................................................................................................................................
Shōtoku Taishi .........................................................................................................................................................
Tenjin .........................................................................................................................................................................
Tenkai .........................................................................................................................................................................
Yōsai/Eisai .................................................................................................................................................................
Zaō ..............................................................................................................................................................................
ix
1094
1097
1102
1107
1111
1117
1122
1128
1134
1139
Tibetan Cultural Sphere
Atiśa and the Bka’ gdams pa Masters ................................................................................................................
Ge sar of Gling .........................................................................................................................................................
Gter ston: Tibetan Buddhist Treasure Revealers .............................................................................................
Gtsang smyon Heruka ...........................................................................................................................................
Lcang skya Rol pa’i Rdo rje ...................................................................................................................................
Mi la ras pa................................................................................................................................................................
The Mongolian Jebdzundamba Khutugtu Lineage .......................................................................................
Padmasambhava in Tibetan Buddhism ............................................................................................................
The Sa skya School’s Five Forefathers................................................................................................................
Spirits of the Soil, Land, and Locality in Tibet ................................................................................................
Ston pa Gshen rab: The Bön Buddha .................................................................................................................
Tibet's Crazy Yogins ................................................................................................................................................
Tsong kha pa and his Immediate Successors ..................................................................................................
Worldly Protector Deities in Tibet .....................................................................................................................
1145
1159
1165
1171
1175
1181
1191
1197
1213
1226
1233
1239
1246
1254
Appendix To Volume I:
Buddhist Narrative Literature in Japan .............................................................................................................
Poetry: Japan ............................................................................................................................................................
Korean Sŏn Literature............................................................................................................................................
For use by the Author only | © 2019 Koninklijke Brill NV
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1286
1294
Tejaprabhā
*Tejaprabhā (Chn. Chishengguang; Jpn. Shijōkō
[熾盛光]) is a prominent Tathāgata in East Asia,
closely associated with astral deities. His cult
emerged in China in the early 9th century as an
amalgamation of Buddhist practices tied to astrology, and subsequently spread. His worship functioned as an apotropaic practice against calamities
believed to be instigated by the planets envisioned
as sentient deities.
China
Tejaprabhā is conceived of as a “luminous uṣṇīṣa
of the Buddha” (chishengguang foding [熾盛光
佛頂]; T. 966 [XIX] 343a26). The Sanskrit name
Tejaprabhā for the Chinese chishengguang (熾盛
光) appears to be a reconstruction by Nanjio Bunyiu (Nanjō Bun’yū [南條文雄]; 1883, 222; even if
this reconstruction is basically correct, one would
rather expect *Tejaprabha). Although the name
Tejaprabhā remains unattested in Sanskrit literature, it continues to be used for the sake of convenience. A similar and possibly related figure is
*Tejorāśi (reconstructed from the transcription
諦殊羅施). This name refers to the fourth of five
uṣṇīṣas of the Tathāgata (如來五頂), which represent the supreme qualities of the five wisdoms
(五智) of the Tathāgata. Tejorāśi symbolizes the
Tathāgata’s light removing the darkness of beings,
that is, the *Tejorāśyuṣṇīṣa (guangju foding [光聚
佛頂] or huoju ding [火聚頂]), who is depicted as
a male figure in the Garbhadhātu-maṇḍala (Somekawa, 2013, 110–111; T. 854 [XVIII] 167c1–2; T. 1796
[XXXIX] 633c28–29).
The first securely datable example of Tejaprabhā
appears in the Da shengmiao jixiang pusa shuo chuzai jiaoling falun (大聖妙吉祥菩薩說除災教令法
輪, T. 966; Disaster-Eliminating Edifying DharmaWheel as Taught by the Great and Holy Excellent
Auspicious Bodhisattva). The colophon to that text
gives an alternate title of Chishengguang foding (熾
盛光佛頂), and states that it is a chapter extracted
from a certain Wenshu dajihui jing (文殊大集會經,
Sūtra of Mañjuśrī’s Great Gathering), the identity
of which is uncertain (T. 966 [XIX] 342b13–14).
According to appended remarks (okugaki [奧書])
to a version of this text surveyed by the editors of
the Taishō Tripiṭaka (T. 966 [XIX] 347n20), it was
translated in 796, which appears to mark the earliest known evidence of the Tejaprabhā cult in China.
Narrated by →Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva, it explains an
apotropaic homa practice requiring recitation of
dhāraṇīs and the production of a painted maṇḍala
on the ground or on fabric. It is stated that this
homa is to be carried out if the nation experiences a
solar or lunar eclipse, or if astrologically anomalous
phenomena are witnessed (such as the planets falling out of order), or if an ominous comet infringes
upon the natal nakṣatra (one of 28 lunar stations)
of the king (i.e. the constellation in which the Moon
was positioned at birth), or if the Sun or Moon are
eclipsed in one’s natal zodiac sign (benming gong
[本命宮]). This concern with astrological matters is
further demonstrated by the instructions to paint
the navagraha (i.e. the “nine planets”: Sun, Moon,
five visible planets, the ascending node of the
Moon called Rāhu, and comets collectively called
Ketu), 12 zodiac signs and 28 nakṣatras around the
*Tejaprabhā-buddhōṣṇīṣa (chishengguang foding
[熾盛光佛頂]). This principal figure is to be depicted
as a Tathāgata, since the text states that “great light
is emitted from the pores of [his] body” (身諸毛孔
放大光明; T. 966 [XIX] 343a26).
This ritual for Tejaprabhā is prescribed in the
Xiuyao yigui (宿曜儀軌, Ritual for the Asterisms,
T. 1304 [XXI] 423b8–9), a collection of mantras
for the purposes of dispelling harmful astrological
influences. This collection is spuriously attributed
to the astronomer monk →Yixing (一行; 673/683–
727). Based on the texts it cites, it likely dates to the
9th century (Lü, 2009, 348). Another 9th-century
text that mentions the Tejaprabhā ritual is the
Qiyao rangzai jue (七曜攘災決, Secrets of SevenPlanet Apotropaism, T. 1308 [XXI] 428b22), a Chinese Buddhist manual of astrology and astral magic
dated to between 806 and 865 (Kotyk, 2017b, 39). It
is clear from these texts that the cult of Tejaprabhā
became deeply connected to astrology, and flourished during the 9th century.
Another key text for Tejaprabhā is the Chishengguang daweide xiaozai jixiang tuoluoni jing
© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2019
Also available online – www.brill.com
For use by the Author only | © 2019 Koninklijke Brill NV
BEB, vol. II
Tejaprabhā
(熾盛光大威德消災吉祥陀羅尼經, Great Venerable
Disaster-Eliminating Auspicious Dhāraṇī Sūtra
of Tejaprabhā; T. 963), which is attributed to
→Amoghavajra (不空; 705–774). Its preface, written by Xingcheng (性澄; 1265–1342) in 1322, states
that it was translated by Amoghavajra, but as Liao
(2003, 330, 358) points out, there is no evidence or
catalogue data indicating that this is true, as the
earliest witness is found in the Qisha (磧砂) canon
of 1322. T. 963 is a short work, in which Śākyamuni
addresses the various astral deities, and teaches
the “dhāraṇī of Tejaprabhā,” which is to be recited
when facing astrologically unfavorable circumstances. This text should be identified as a Chinese
composition, since it refers to native Chinese “field
allocation” astrology (fenye chu [分野處]; T. 963
[XIX] 337c20–25, 338a12). This reference to “field
allocation” astrology indicates a composition date
toward the late 9th century, in light of the Song
Gaoseng zhuan (宋高僧傳, Song Biographies of
Eminent Monks; T. 2061), which records that the
monk Wuji (無迹; 843–925) in the Guangqi (光啟)
reign era (885–888) taught a Tejaprabhā ritual that
was said to be able to eliminate “disasters related to
field allocation” (fenye zhi zai [分野之災]; T. 2061 [L]
898a16–18). Such a Chinese element is not seen in
the earlier Tejaprabhā text T. 966.
A separate version of the same text as T. 963 is the
Foshuo daweide jinlun foding Chishengguang Rulai
xiaochu yiqie zainan tuoluoni jing (佛說大威德金輪
佛頂熾盛光如來消除一切災難陀羅尼經, Buddha
Teaches the All-Disaster-Eliminating Dhāraṇī Sūtra
of the Great Virtuous Gold-Wheel *BuddhōṣṇīṣaTejaprabhā Tathāgata; T. 964). The Xu yiqiejing yinyi
(續一切經音義, Supplement to the Words of All the
Sūtras and Their Meanings; T. 2129), a Buddhist glossary of terms with pronunciations and glosses compiled by the monk Xilin (希麟; d.u.) around 987, cites
a similar title, Zuisheng wubi daweide jinlun foding
Chishengguang tuoluoni jing (最勝無比大威德金輪
佛頂熾盛光陀羅尼經, Supreme Incomparable Great
Virtuous Gold-Wheel Buddhōṣṇīṣa-Tejaprabhā
Dhāraṇī Sūtra, T. 2129 [LIV] 962b22–23). The terms
defined in the glossary appear to be derived from T.
963 or T. 964. The original text behind these two texts
was therefore in wide circulation by the time Xilin
was writing. A version of this dhāraṇī practice is also
appended to the Beidou qixing humo fa (北斗七星
護摩法, Homa Ritual for the Seven Stars of the Big
Dipper, T. 1310), a manual of astral magic attributed
to Yixing comprising Indian and Daoist elements,
which indicates that this practice was continually
613
reproduced and increasingly popular, especially
within the evolving tradition of Chinese astral magic.
The development of a Buddhist figure to dispel
harmful astral influences was likely motivated by
the popularization of foreign astrology in China
during the late Tang, and the subsequent fears such
beliefs produced. Astral magic in the late Tang was
designed to counteract the negative influence of
the nine planets (the navagraha), which strongly
suggests Iranian influences (Kotyk, 2017b, 48–55).
This is the context in which the Tejaprabhā cult and
its iconography developed.
Early illustrations of Tejaprabhā in China appear
during the late Tang and early Song (late 9th to late
10th cents.). One of the earliest visual depictions of
Tejaprabhā is found in a painting from Dunhuang
(Stein no. Ch.liv.007) titled “Tejaprabhā Buddha
and the Five Planets” (熾盛光佛并五星圖), produced by Zhang Huaixing (張淮興; d.u.) in 897.
Here, Tejaprabhā rides an ox cart (Yu, 2011, 187).
Another Tejaprabhā dhāraṇī, Chishengguang Fo
daweide xiaozai jixiang tuoluoni jing (熾盛光佛大威
德銷災吉祥陀羅尼經), printed in China in 972 and
stored at Ue no Bō (上之坊) in Nara (奈良), displays
Tejaprabhā riding an ox cart, surrounded by the
various astral deities (Su, 2011, 128). Extant specimens usually depict Tejaprabhā in the presence of
the planets in anthropomorphic forms based on
Iranian, rather than Indian, motifs (Kotyk, 2017a).
Starting in the Northern Song period, the two “planets” of Yuebei (月孛) and Ziqi (紫炁), originally
introduced from abroad between 785–805, were
depicted in representations of Tejaprabhā (Liao,
2004–04, 72–74). Based on the aforementioned textual sources, the planets should be interpreted as
beings placated by Tejaprabhā, rather than as his
attendants or guardians.
Tejaprabhā was a prominent figure within the
Chinese Buddhist pantheon from the Song to the
Ming. The Tiantai monk Zunshi (遵式; 964–1032)
compiled the Chishengguang daochang niansong yi
(熾盛光道場念誦儀, Ritual for the Altar and Recitation of Tejaprabhā, T. 1951), and various versions
of the aforementioned Tejaprabhā dhāraṇī were
printed until the Ming dynasty (Liao, 2015).
Tangut Xixia and Korea
The Tangut state was profoundly interested
in astronomy and astrology, and the Tangut
Tripiṭaka included sūtras dedicated to Tejaprabhā
For use by the Author only | © 2019 Koninklijke Brill NV
614
Tejaprabhā
(Samosyuk, 1997/1998, 354). A recension of the
Tejaprabhā dhāraṇī was translated into Tangut
(An, 2014). Several images dating to the 12th to 14th
centuries from Khara-Khoto, a city in Tangut Xixia,
show Tejaprabhā surrounded by the planetary deities (items #ХХ–2424, 2425, 2426, 2428, 2430, and
2431 of the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, available online [see Bibliography for URL]
and reproduced in Samosyuk, 1997/1998, 364–368).
Astrology and Tejaprabhā rituals were widely
practiced throughout the Koryŏ (高麗) dynasty
(918–1392) (Sørensen, 2007, 99–101). The basis of
the apotropaic court rituals centered on Tejaprabhā
included the aforementioned T. 964 (Sørensen,
2010, 11–12). Tejaprabhā also makes a brief appearance in the legend of the founding of the Koryŏ
state (Rogers, 1982, 8–9), which indicates the extent
of the popularity of his cult in Koryŏ. The Museum
of Fine Arts (Boston) possesses a late 14th-century
Koryŏ dynasty painting (11.4001) titled “The Descent
of Tejaprabha Buddha.”
Japan
The Tejaprabhā cult was introduced into Japan in
the mid-9th century, as can be seen from a range of
evidence.
The catalogue of items brought back from
China by the Tendai monk →Ennin (圓仁; 794–864,
returned to Japan in 847), the Nittō shin gu shōgyō
mokuroku (入唐新求聖教目錄; T. 2167), includes a
“Tejaprabhā altar diagram” (Chisheng tan yang [熾
盛壇樣]) in one fascicle (T. 2167 [LV] 1084c8). The
Asaba shō (阿娑縛抄), a 13th-century Tendai compendium of esoteric practice and lore, records that
in 849, Ennin established a Tejaprabhā practice at
Sōji-in (總持院; T. 3190 [XCIV] 42a6–9). The Shingon
monk Shūei (宗叡; 809–884), who returned to Japan
in 865, brought back with him the aforementioned
maṇḍala ritual (T. 966), as well as a *Tejaprabhābuddhōṣṇīṣa-maṇḍala (Chisheng Foding mantuluo
[熾盛佛頂曼荼羅]; T. 2174A [LV] 1108b12–1111a27).
According to the Asaba shō, which states that the
Tejaprabhā ritual is a secret of the Tendai school,
the longform version of the Tejaprabhā ritual was,
however, primarily a part of Tendai ritual, starting
in the early Heian period (T. 3190 [XCIV]24c3–5).
Another theory is found in the Gyōrin shō (行林
抄), where the author, Jōnen (靜然; d.u.), states that
T. 963 was brought to Japan by a Chinese merchant
in 907 (T. 2409 [LXXVI] 84b21–22). This shorter text
may have been widely circulated, in contrast to the
long form ritual practiced within Tendai.
With respect to the long form ritual, fascicles
58–59 of the Asaba shō specifically explain the
procedure for worshipping Tejaprabhā, and its
early history in Japan. The ritual, which draws from
various Chinese Buddhist texts, and is designed
to placate astral deities, requires a complex altar
in a specific arrangement, a Tejaprabhā maṇḍala,
homa offerings, and mantras. Image plate no. 13
of fascicle 58 of the Asaba shō appears to be the
maṇḍala prescribed in T. 966. The accompanying
inscription states that the maṇḍala in the Asaba
shō was created in 1140 based on an earlier version from the Tō-in (唐院), indicating that T. 966’s
maṇḍala was faithfully preserved during the Heian
period.
Other medieval depictions of Tejaprabhā include
the Kuyōtō zuzō (九曜等圖像, T. 3157 [XCII] 738),
produced in 1164, and stored at Tōji (東寺) in
Kyoto. It includes a line drawing of Tejaprabhā as
a Tathāgata aflame, standing atop two lotuses,
and holding a bowl and monk’s staff. This standing representation is unknown among Chinese
sources, but appears to be based on depictions of
Yaoshi Rulai (藥師如來), that is, Bhaiṣajyaguru (Su,
2011, 114–117). This development suggests that icons
of Tejaprabhā continued to undergo innovations
through this period.
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