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The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita Julia Stenzel This article was originally published in the Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies Volume 15 (2014). I wish to thank Roger Jackson for patiently reviewing this article as well as my translation. Sakya Paˆ∂ita Kunga Gyaltsen (Sa skya paˆ∂ita kun dga‘ rgyal mtshan, 1182–1251) of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism viewed Mahåmudrå practice as being solely a part of the Tantric practice path—a path to which disciples may be introduced only after having passed through the initiations and required stages of the Niruttarayogatantra. He criticised the non-Tantric Mahåmudrå approaches of Kagyü (Bka‘ brgyud) masters such as Gampopa (Sgam po pa, 1079-1153) and Lama Zhang Tsalpa (Bla ma Zhang tshal pa, 1123-93). The controversy between representatives of the two schools has been discussed by Roger Jackson (1982), David Jackson (1990, 1994), and others. Western scholarship has been less concerned, however, with the positive statements of Sakya Paˆ∂ita on Mahåmudrå, i.e. with the question of what a correct understanding of Mahåmudrå would be in his eyes. This fact is partly due to the secrecy with which the Sakya School handles Tantric texts. However, in a dialogue (dris lan) text in the collected works of the Sakya masters (Sa skya bka’’bum), Sakya Paˆ∂ita gives a short account of the topic in response to questions posed by Tokden Gyan (Rtogs ldan rgyan). 1 This text, available from the Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center and as yet untranslated, 2 will serve as the basis for an analysis of Sakya  1 2 McGill University, Faculty of Religious Studies, Birks Building, 3520 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7. Rtogs ldan rgyan po’i dris lan, in Sa skya bka’’bum, TBRC W22271, 12: 167-173, Dehradun: Sakya Center, 1992–1993, accessed November 1, 2013, http://tbrc.org/link?RID=O01CT0026|O01CT002600KG04220$W22271. In this paper it is cited as Answers, or Rtogs ldan. I thank Chris Wilkinson, who brought the existence of the text to my attention and provided me with his unpublished translation. For the present 200 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 Paˆ∂ita‘s Mahåmudrå. His presentation will be supplemented by explanations drawn from A Clear Differentiations of the Three Codes, 3 and Taking the Result as the Path (Stearns 2006). Since controversies and debates have the advantage of clarifying divergent viewpoints by highlighting crucial differences, I will include a discussion of the Kagyü Mahåmudrå approaches that Sapan criticizes wherever it seems helpful in illuminating Sakya Paˆ∂ita‘s standpoint. For this part of the research, I will rely on the Western scholarship mentioned previously. My analysis does not aim at justifying either side of the controversy. Both Sakya and Kagyü Schools have continuously taught their respective meditation systems for nearly a millennium, which I like to see as a proof that a significant number of individuals have found meaning in their divergent approaches. As Western scholars and practitioners explore Tibetan Buddhism, it is important to understand controversial positions as thoroughly as the secret content of the debated material allows, so as not to perpetuate a thousand year-old debate on the basis of partial information. It is my hope that this paper contributes to clarifying the position of Sakya Paˆ∂ita in the Mahåmudrå controversy. Background Buddhist ideas spread to Tibet in two major waves. The first, a ―top-down‖ movement controlled by kings between the seventh and ninth centuries,4 was followed by political collapse and religious crisis. The second, ―new translation period,‖5 between the tenth and fourteenth centuries, was a fragmented movement that sprang from the grassroots, fueled by teachers and adepts from both India and Tibet. It prompted controversies and power struggles among translators, lineages, clans, and schools. Sakya Paˆ∂ita Kunga Gyaltsen of the prominent Khön (‘Khon) clan in paper I produced my own translation, in consultation with Acarya Jampa Tenzin. 3 4 5 Sakya Pandita 2002. In my paper it will be cited as Three Codes, the translation of the short title used by Tibetans, Sdom gsum. This period is called ―earlier dissemination of the teachings‖ (snga dar) by Tibetan historians, or the ―early translation period‖ (snga’gyur). The ―new translation period‖ (gsar’gyur) is also called the ―later dissemination of the teachings‖ (phyi dar). The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 201 south central Tibet, one of the five founding patriarchs of the Sakya School (rje btsun gong ma lnga), stands out among the figures of this later period for his vast erudition in not only Tibetan epistemology and logic but also Indian Sanskrit scriptures and language, which he acquired during a decade of study under the tutelage of the Kashmiri abbot Íåkyaßr¥bhadra (1140-1225) and lesser paˆ∂itas (paˆ chung) in the latter‘s entourage. Based on his knowledge of the Indian roots of Buddhist thought, Sakya Paˆ∂ita, or Sapan, as he is often called, became concerned with what he deemed inauthentic, false, or distorted Buddhist ideas and practices in Tibet. One of his criticisms is directed against the Great Seal, or Mahåmudrå, teachings of Gampopa, Lama Zhang Tsalpa, and their followers. Gampopa started the monastic Dagpo Kagyü School (Dwags po bka‘ brgyud) with the foundation of the monastery of Dagla Gampo (Dwags lha sgam po) in 1121, about half a century before Sapan‘s birth. Gampopa‘s followers further contributed to establishing the Kagyü as a prominent school in Tibet.6 Gampopa developed an innovative style of teaching Mahåmudrå, combining elements of the Perfection Vehicle and of the Tantras. These new approaches to meditation by Gampopa and his followers were criticized by Sapan for their supposed lack of Indian antecedents and their proximity to the meditation system of the Chinese master Hwashang Mahåyana (Hwa shang ma hå ya na) that had been banned from Tibet in the eighth century. In approximately 1232, Sapan wrote A Clear Differentiation of the Three Codes (Sdom gsum rab dbye), in which he discusses a great number of theories and practices he deems erroneous among the practitioners of his time. His critique ofthe Kagyü Mahåmudrå is embedded in the chapter ―Vows of the Vajra Vehicle.‖ Whereas in this text, his statements on Mahåmudrå are dispersed throughout the chapter, the short Answers to the Question of Togden Gyan (Rtogs ldan rgyan po’i dris lan) focuses on the topic of Mahåmudrå alone and 6 The controversy between Sapan and certain Kagyüpa masters may well have political motives, besides purely philosophical ones, as Ulrich Kragh points out in his thesis, ―Culture and Subculture: A Study of the Mahamudra of sGam po pa‖ (1998). The Khön clan and Kagyü communities were in competition for support from the Mongols, the ruling dynasty in China. Whether Sapan harboured an ambition to discredit other Buddhist schools to enhance his own political position is a speculation in which I do not wish to engage in this paper. 202 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 provides therefore an ideal framework for capturing a succinct picture of Sakya Paˆ∂ita‘s concept of Mahåmudrå. The Answers to the Question of Togden Gyan is a short text of six pages in Volume 12 of the Derge (sde dge) edition of the Collected Works of the first great Sakya masters (Sa skya bka’’bum). As is the case with many works of the dialogue genre (zhus lan, dris lan) in Tibetan literature, the text was not composed by either of the dialogue partners, but was written down by another student of the instructing master. In the present text, the author identifies himself in the colophon as Biji (bi ji). He mentions that he has studied Sapan‘s instructions repeatedly before putting this dialogue to paper, perhaps with the intention of justifying his capability to write the present text. Biji might have been the physician, or simply a student of Sakya Paˆ∂ita.7 The dialogue between Sapan and Togden Gyan is said to have taken place at the five-peaked mountain, which refers to the sacred mountain associated with Mañjußr¥, Wutai Shan in China.8 Since Sapan travelled to the court of the Mongols, following a summons by the Mongol prince Godan Khan (1206-1251) only in 1244, this dialogue presumably took place between a mature Sapan in his sixties and a meditator living in retreat in the mountains. The interlocutor Togden Gyan, who is identified in the introduction as a resident meditator at Mount Wutai Shan, asks five questions about Mahåmudrå practice and requests pith instructions (gdams ngag). According to Biji, these pith instructions were recorded as a separate teaching called The Eyedropper of Mahåmudrå, which I was unable to locate in the available data-bases.9 Sapan‘s five succinct answers, however, provide a synopsis of his Mahåmudrå teaching, and will therefore provide the outline of my analysis. 7 The website of the present Sakya Trizin mentions a physician Biji who was present at Sakya Paˆ ita‘s passing: http://www.hhthesakyatrizin.org/tradition_founder4.html, accessed Dec 4, 2013. David Jackson mentions a student ―Biji Rinchen Drak‖ in his article ―Sakya Pandita's Letter to the Tibetans: A Late and Dubious Addition to His Collected Works‖ (2013: 243). 8 Karl Debreczeny (2011: n. 40) expresses doubt that Sapan resided at Wutai Shan. 9 TBRC and AIBS. The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 203 The Five Questions of TogdenGyan The five principal topics that Sapan addresses in his answers to Tokden Gyan are the origin, nature, etymology, practice, and stages of progress of Mahåmudrå. The Origin of Mahåmudrå The first topic, the examination of the origins, is of crucial importance for the discussion of Mahåmudrå as a whole because proof of correct origins assures the authenticity of a Buddhist teaching—in the present case, of Mahåmudrå. This conservative attitude is not unique to Sapan. From the time of Buddha‘s passing, followers worried about the preservation of his authentic teaching and eventually committed the canon to writing as a means to guarantee a truthful transmission. For Sapan, the authenticity of Buddhist theory, practice, or terminology depends on their occurrence in Indian canonical texts. A Mahåyåna teaching such as Mahåmudrå can only have two possible authentic origins: the SËtras of the Perfection Vehicle or the Tantras of the Vajra Vehicle. ―Apart from these two,‖ Sapan states in the Three Codes, ―no Great Vehicle was ever taught by Buddhas.‖ 10 Since the terminology of Mahåmudrå does not appear in the scriptures of the Perfection Vehicle, he categorically excludes the SËtras as its scriptural source. Also, he states in the Answers to the Question of Togden Gyan that the three lower Tantras, i.e., Action, Performance and Yoga Tantras,11 do not use the term Mahåmudrå.12 Therefore, according to Sapan, the only authentic source of Mahåmudrå, is the Niruttarayogatantra. 13 He argues for his position not only on scriptural but also on theoretical grounds. He states in the Answers: ―Even though in these traditions they teach profound emptiness as that which is to be realized, they do not teach a profound path of methods for realizing it‖ (Rtogs ldan, 154, 2). 10 11 Sakya Pandita, Three Codes, 113 (Verse 132). Action Tantra: bya rgyud, Skt. kriyåtantra. Performance Tantra: spyod rgyud, Skt. caryåtantra. Yoga Tantra: rnal’byor rgyud, Skt. yogatantra. 12 Contrary to Sakya Paˆ ita's statement, the term Mahåmudra can be found in both Yoga and Mahåyoga Tantra literature. See R. Jackson 2011: 288. 13 Unsurpassable Yoga Tantra: bla na niruttarayogatantra, anuttarayogatantra. med pa’i rgyud, Skt. 204 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 The profound path of methods refers to the four initiations14 and two stages 15 of the Vajrayåna; whereas the Perfection Vehicle teaches another set of trainings, such as the two accumulations, of merit and wisdom 16 ; the cultivation of compassion 17 ; the contemplation of the four seals that signify the teachings of the Buddha‘s word 18 ; and so forth. These methods are not labeled ―profound,‖ and their training is said to require three incalculable kalpas before perfect Buddhahood is attained.19 ―Therefore, Sapan concludes, it is not acceptable to see these traditions as truly authentic and ―fulfilling the definition of‖ Mahåmudrå (phyag rgya chen po mtshan nyid pa)‖ (Rtogs ldan 154, 3). At this point, it seems useful to include some details of the controversy between Sakya Paˆ∂ita and the target of this critique, Gampopa. 20 The Kagyü master is reputedly the first who taught Mahåmudrå publicly and to students who had not received Tantric initiations. He did so, combining the Mahåmudrå teachings of his master Milarepa (Mi la ras pa, 1052-1135) with Kadampa (Bka‘ gdams pa) SËtric teachings (Trungram 2004: 164–169). Instead of a lengthy training in Tantric rituals, certain students can, based on the guru‘s pointing-out instructions that introduce the nature of mind (ngo sprod), meditate directly on the mind and realize its ultimate nature. Gampopa adheres, nevertheless, to the tradition of authenticating his teachings by explaining their Indian antecedents. According to later Kagyü sources, he declared the 14 15 Skt. caturabhiṣeka, Tib: dbang bskur bzhi (bum dbang, gsang dbang, shes rab ye shes kyi dbang, tshig dbang). Also see Sakya Pandita, Three Codes, 183–4. rim gnyis, Skt. dvikrama, consists of the creation stage (skyes rim, Skt. utpattikrama)and the completion stage (rdzogs rim, Skt. saµpannakrama). 16 tshogs gnyis: bsod nams kyi tshogs, Skt. púˆyasambhåra, and ye shes kyi tshogs, Skt. jñånasambhåra. 17 snying rje, Skt. karuˆå. bka’rtags kyi phyag rgya bzhi: 1) All composite things are impermanent (’du sbyas thams cad mi rtag pa); 2) All defiled things are suffering (zag bcas thams cad sdug bsngal ba); 3) All phenomena are empty and devoid of a self-entity (chos thams cad stong zhing bdag med pa); 4) Nirvāṇa is peace (myanganlas’das pa zhiba). Source: Rangjung Yeshe Dictionary. 18 19 20 Sakya Pandita, Three Codes, 111–112. I take Gampopa here as the most prominent master who taught Mahåmudrå practice outside a tantric context. Gampopa is not the only target of Sapan‘s critique, and is seldom, if ever, mentioned by name. The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 205 Mahåyånottaratantraßåstra to be the foundation of his particular Mahåmudrå teachings 21 ; other Kagyü masters point out a small number of Indian canonical Buddhist texts, in which masters such as Maitr¥pa, Sahajavajra, and Jñånak¥rti use the term Mahåmudrå outside the Tantric context and even explicitly equate ―Mother Prajñåpåramitå with Mahåmudrå‖ (Brunnhölzl 2007: 134–136). To my knowledge, there is no textual evidence that Sakya Paˆ∂ita discussed the validity of these particular texts as possible sources for non-Tantric Mahåmudrå. His critique targets the origins of Gampopa‘s Mahåmudrå teachings, which, he says, deviate from the Mahåmudrå of the Kagyü forefather, the Indian tantric master Nåropa (1016-1100). The Nature of Mahåmudrå Following his argument about the pure Indian origins of Mahåmudrå, Sapan next considers the nature (rang bzhin) of Mahåmudrå, presenting it in an exclusively Tantric context. The section on this second topic of Sapan‘s Answers starts with a quotation from a commentary on the Kålacakratantra:22 Mahåmudrå is unchangeable bliss. Grasped and grasper, shapes, thoughts, expressions are completely eliminated. It is like a gandharva city. It has the nature of a magic-mirror reflection. It is the yoga of method and wisdom. I bow to the letters e vaµ. It is beyond the most subtle phenomena. 21 22 and Dbu ma la ’jug pa'i rnam bshad dpal ldan dus gsum mkhyen pa’i zhal lung dwags brgyud grub pa’i shing rta by the eighth Karmapa Mikyö Dorje (mi bskyod rdo rje, 1507–1554). See Trungram 2004: 165 n388. This quote can be found in the Vimalaprabhå commentary on Kålacakra The Ornament of Stainless Light, Bsdus pa’i rgyud kyi rgyal po dus ’khor lo’i’grel bshad rtsa ba’i rgyud kyi rjes su’jug pa stong phrag bcu gnyis pa dri ma med pa’i ’od/, folio 108a, accessed Dec 6, 2013. http://www.asianclassics.org/reader.php?collection=tengyur&index=1347.0 1#108A. Possibly it is also found in the Hevajra Tantra, since Hevajra is the main deity associated with the Sakya School. However, I could not locate it in the Concealed Essence of the HevajraTantra (Tantra with commentary Yogaratnamålå by Kåˆha), nor the Kye’i rdo rje bsdus pa’i don gyi rgya cher’grel pa. 206 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 It has the form of a magic-mirror reflection, possessing the excellence of all aspects. I bow to that Mahåmudrå.23 [154, 4-5]24 In this quote, Mahåmudrå is described as non-dual reality, associated with bliss and emptiness. In traditional Tantric education, it is the role of the guru to elucidate for the disciple the implied meaning of the terms and metaphors used in the text. For the present research, I am relying, in addition to Sapan‘s own words, on translated commentaries of the Hevajratantra— Hevajra being the principal Tantric deity of the Sakya School—and on a commentary on the Vajra Lines by VirËpa, the Sakya School‘s eminent Indian mahåsiddha of presumably the seventh or eighth century (Stearns 2006: 13). The latter commentary, entitled Explication of the Treatise for Nyak, was composed by an ancestor of Sakya Paˆ∂ita, the first Sakya master, Sachen Kunga Nyingpo (Sa chen kun dga‘ snying po, 1092–1158) (Sachen 2006: 23–126). In the first line of the above quote, Mahåmudrå is defined as bliss. This situates Mahåmudrå in the context of the third and fourth initiations,25 which empower the Tantric disciple to cultivate bliss and emptiness in union. For Sapan, the only legitimate way to practice Mahåmudrå is to enter the Tantric path by receiving initiations. In the Three Codes, Sapan states, ―Our own Great Seal consists of Gnosis risen from initiation.‖26Also, ―If, however, one […] wishes to cultivate the Mantra system, one must unerringly obtain the four initiations. One should cultivate in meditation the 23 24 25 26 phyag rgya chen po mi ’gyur bde// gzung dang ’dzin pa dbyibs dag dang// rtog dang brjod pa rnam par spang// dri za’i grong khyer lta bu dang// pra phab pa yi rang bzhin can// rnal’byor thabs dang shes rab bdag// e wam yi ge de la ’dud// phra rab rdul gyi chos nyid’das// pra phab pa yi rnam pa can// rnam pa kun gyi mchog ldan pa// phyag rgya chenpo de la ’dud//. Folio numbers of this and all following quotes of Answers to the Questions of Togden Gyan refer to the ―Rtogs ldan rgyan po‘i dris lan‖ in the Sa skya bka’’bum, in a reprint of the Derge Parkhang Chenmo prints (sde dge par khang chos mdzod chen mo). See Bibliography. Third initiation: knowledge-wisdom initiation (shes rab ye shes dbang, Skt prajñåjñånåbhiṣeka); fourth initiation (bzhi pa’i dbang, Skt caturthåbhiṣeka), or precious word initiation (tshig dbang rin po che, Skt śabdåbhiṣeka). Sakya Pandita, Three Codes, 117 (verse 164). Rhoton translates phyag rgya chen po sometimes as Great Seal, sometimes as mahåmudrā. The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 207 two processes without mistake and become well versed in the Great Seal, the Gnosis that rises from these.‖27In his commentary on VirËpa‘s Vajra Lines Sachen Kunga Nyingpo explains the four initiations as being the vase initiation, secret initiation, the initiation of primordial awareness dependent on an embodiment of wisdom, and the fourth initiation. Each of these is subdivided into different types. The third initiation is subdivided into ―dependent on a support‖ and ―dependent on experience‖; the fourth into ―the word meaning, path, result, and with the support of a consort.‖28 Thus, both the third and the fourth initiation can be conferred by means of union with a consort. Two kinds of experience of bliss are associated with these two initiations, respectively. The aspect of the ―culmination of attainment as blissful emptiness of lesser extent‖ is the desired result of the third, while the ―culmination of attainment as blissful emptiness of greater extent‖ is the outcome of the fourth initiation (Sachen 2006: 35–42). The issue of conferring initiations with the support of a consort invites the question of the compatibility of sexual practice with the pråtimokṣa, the monastic code for individual liberation, which defines engaging in sexual activities as an infraction entailing defeat. Sapan adhered to the view that ―upon receiving tantric initiation on the level of the highest tantras (bla na med pa’i rnal ’byor) a person takes on all three systems of vows.‖ 29 According to this statement, monastic and Tantric vows coexist with equal value; thus, a monk is excluded from receiving the initiation of primordial awareness dependent on an embodiment of wisdom in the form of a real woman, and can only rely on symbolic representations. Since a discussion regarding this point is absent from the Three Codes, I cannot assert Sapan‘s position with certainty. The quote in the Answers includes a second, concealed reference to bliss, in the form of the letters e vaµ.30 These letters 27 Sakya Pandita, Three Codes, 112 (verses 127–8). 28 Sachen 2006:28. See also the annotations by Sachen‘s son Jetsün Drakpa Gyaltsen (Rje btsun Grags pa rgyal mtshan, 1147–1216), 633n21. 29 Sakya Pandita, Three Codes, 23. The transliteration of the Tibetan gives e waµ, to be precise. Since the letters are explained to be Tibetan phonetic rendering of the Sanskrit evaµ, I use the Sanskrit spelling. 30 208 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 deserve special attention, since e vaµ is paralleled with Mahåmudrå through the repetition of the homage ―I bow to the letters evaµ…I bow to that Mahåmudrå.‖ According to the Concealed Essence of the Hevajra Tantra and its commentary, the Yogaratnamålå, the two letters e-vaµ are derived from the Sanskrit evaµ, which is the first word of the opening line of all SËtras, evaµ mayå ßrutam, translated as ―thus have I heard.‖ In Tantric exegesis, the first word, the indeclinable particle evaµ (thus), is divided into its two components e and vaµ. The new meaning of e results from its shape in Gupta Sanskrit script, in which the letter resembles the shape of a downward pointing triangle. The Concealed Essence states, ―E is Bhaga (the female sexual organ), vam, is Kulißa (the male sexual organ),‖ (Farrow and Menon 1992: 5). Another passage explains the two letters as symbolizing the female and male deities of a Tantric maˆ∂ala, and also the pairs of wisdom and skillful means, and emptiness and compassion. According to the Concealed Essence, the union of the two elements of a pair is said to create bliss and gnosis of the innate, uncreated, natural state:31 The divine letter e, adorned with the syllable vaµ placed within it, is the abode of all bliss and the receptacle of the jewels of the Buddhas. (3.4) It is there in evaµ that the Joys arise, distinguished by the different Moments. From the experience of these Moments the knowledge of the bliss located in evaµ is known. (3.5) These and other passages from the Hevajratantra and its commentary indicate that the letters e vaµ symbolize the bliss resulting from sexual union with a consort and also a certain type of realization or knowledge associated with that bliss. It is when Togden Gyan requests to know the nature of Mahåmudrå that Sapan chooses to cite the verse, ―Mahåmudrå is unchangeable bliss…etc.‖ However, he himself does not comment on the explicit and implicit references to bliss, presumably because such a discussion is governed by the Tantric vow of secrecy. Instead, he focuses on the second part of the quotation, which describes ultimate reality in terms of emptiness: It is beyond the most subtle phenomena. 31 Farrow and Menon 1992: 5: 181 (verses 3.4–5), and xxii. The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 209 It has the form of a magic-mirror reflection, possessing the excellence of all aspects. I bow to that Mahåmudrå.32 Sapan explains that the phrase ―possessing the excellence of all aspects‖ is a description of emptiness. In a text by later Sakya master, Rongtön Sheja Kunrig (Rong ston shes bya kun rig, 13671449) the ―excellence of all aspects‖33 is explained as referring to the powers and qualities that arise with training in the perfections of giving, discipline, patience, diligent effort, and meditation (Bernert 2009:106). Mahåmudrå is described here as the realization of emptiness accompanied by compassionate qualities. In his commentary, Sapan equates this realization with dharmatå, or reality-as-it-is: According to these words, what we have to realize is what is called the natural reality (chos nyid gnyug ma),34 which is emptiness possessing the excellence of all aspects. The way of realizing it is by way of an experience that cannot be expressed, thought of, or explained, which has the appearance of a magic-mirror reflection. [154, 6] The magic-mirror reflection, which both Sapan and the quotation mention, refers to the reflections in divination mirrors that were used in India and Tibet for predicting the future. Unlike ordinary reflections (gzugs brnyan), which reflect a manifest object, images in divination mirrors (pa phrab pa) were said to appear on their own. 35 The metaphor thus describes the manifest 32 33 phra rab rdul gyi chos nyid ’das// pra phab pa yi rnam pa can// rnam pa kun gyi mchog ldan pa// phyag rgya chen po de la ’dud// In Rtogs ldan, 154.5–6. This phrase—in Sanskrit presumably sarvåkåropeta—also is a crucial term in Rangtong-Shentong debates about the nature of śËnyatå. 34 Alternative translation: genuine dharmatå. I used natural instead of genuine to distinguish gnyug ma (natural, as it is) from mtshan nyid pa (genuine). 35 Alexander Berzin gives the Sanskrit pratimËrti for pa phrab pa and explains it as an analogy for "devoid-form," a subcategory of bimba (image). It refers to figures that appear on their own, such as images that appear in divination mirrors used in Indian and Tibetan cultures for prognostication. Alexander Berzin, ―Explanation of the Main Points of ―The Kalachakra Presentation of 210 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 world as an appearance that lacks a true cause. A similar idea is expressed in the first part of the quotation, with the metaphor of the gandharva city, which is an illusory sky-castle of the gandharvas, a type of spirit or, literally, smell-eaters (dri za). This metaphor also refers to the illusory nature of phenomena, the emptiness of appearances. In Mahåmudrå, the realization of emptiness cannot exist in isolation, since an isolated focus on emptiness does not lead to complete awakening. In the Answers, Sapan explains how emptiness is correctly practiced and realized as an inextricable part of a pair. Such integrated realization is called ―the unity of lucidity and emptiness, the unity of awareness and emptiness, the unity of bliss and emptiness‖ (Rtogs ldan, 154, 5). In terms of gnosis, he states, it has innumerable synonyms, such as ―the gnosis of unity yoga, innate gnosis, self-arisen gnosis, self-aware gnosis, discriminating gnosis, non-conceptual gnosis‖ (Rtogs ldan, 154, 5). By describing Mahåmudrå in terms of the highest realization of the Tantric path, Sapan distances himself from all those who use Mahåmudrå to describe the initial realization of emptiness on the Path of Seeing,36 and from those who claim that the realization of emptiness alone suffices to attain Buddhahood. In the Three Codes, Sapan writes, ―emptiness alone has no efficacy whatsoever. But one will gradually achieve the desired result if technique and understanding are rightly united. The Vajrapañjara[tantra] states very clearly: ‗Buddhahood will not result if the means is emptiness.‘‖37 Sapan attacks here the adherents of mono causal soteriologies, such as Lama Zhang Tsalpa, whose teaching of the White Self-Sufficient Remedy (dkar po chig thub) supposedly claims that the ―result of the three Buddha-bodies arises from a single cause.‖ 38 As has already been pointed out by David Jackson, however, a juxtaposition of Sapan‘s rendering and Lama Zhang‘s own writings the Four Creative-Energy Drops and the Winds of Karma,‖ accessed December 4, 2013. http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/advanced/kalachakra/ theory_of_kalachakra_practice/kalachakra_presentation_4_creativeenergy_drops/part_2.html. 36 For a discussion of the paths, see below. 37 Sakya Pandita, Three Codes, 172, (verses 353–4). Ibid., 141, (verse 347). For a discussion of Sapan‘s critique of Lama Zhang, see Jackson 1994: 48 ff. 38 The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 211 shows that the latter taught a wide range of methods as a preparation for the final moment of realization of ultimate emptiness. 39 Sapan‘s criticism may therefore apply only to distorted interpretations of Lama Zhang‘s teaching, or perhaps be understood as a critique of the potentially misleading term ―SelfSufficient Remedy.‖ The Etymology of Mahåmudrå Togden Gyan‘s third question concerns the etymology of the Tibetan rendering of the Sanskrit word Mahåmudrå. Sapan corrects the erroneous notions of those who are not expert in Sanskrit and take phyag to mean ―peace [nirvåˆa], the gnosis of emptiness,‖ and rgya to mean ―release from the trap of saµsåra. They claim that both new and old schools,40 the Mahåmudrå Drop (Phyag rgya chen po’i thig le), and other texts say this. People who make these claims are mistaken. [155, 4-5] In the Three Codes, Sapan devotes more than twenty verses to correcting a long list of mistaken etymological explanations proclaimed by his fellow Tibetans. Among these figures Mahåmudrå. He justifies his concern with these seemingly minor issues, saying, ―While these explanations may seem fine to ignorant people, the learned will laugh if they see them. Why so? Because they are unacceptable as explanations of Sanskrit terms and because they have been explicated as if they were Tibetan terms, in ignorance of the fact that these terms are Sanskrit.‖ 41 Sapan‘s frustration with his contemporaries‘ lack of interest in the Sanskrit language and a certain pride in his own erudition are apparent in this statement, I believe. In his concern for exactitude, he goes so far as to state that the Tibetan word for Mahåmudrå, phyag rgya chen po, contains the word phyag (literally ―hand‖) which is not in the original Sanskrit. His remarks are not linguistic ponderings alone, as can be seen in the Answers, where his etymological analysis leads to yet another elucidation of Mahåmudrå: the Great Seal is a realization that seals the perception of the world, since the realization of bliss and emptiness in union means that the adept sees the equality of the deluded phenomena of 39 Also see Jackson 1994: 77–78. 40 gsar rnying 41 Sakya Pandita, Three Codes, 172 (verses 580–1; 569 –79). 212 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 saµsåra and the pure phenomena of nirvåˆa, or the equality of relative and absolute truth. Mudrå can mean rgya (seal), rtags (sign), mtshan ma (mark), gugs kyed (stamp), and more, but in the present case it is translated as rgya (seal). Its meaning was explained by AvadhËti: ―It is called rgya (seal) because we stamp or certify (gdab) with a seal (rgya). The single taste of the three worlds is the Mahåmudrå.‖ This statement says that, when you seal all phenomena of saµsåra and nirvåˆa by abiding in the unity of bliss and emptiness, then the view of the meaning of what you have experienced is called Mahåmudrå. [156, 1- 2] The Practice of Mahåmudrå The fourth question of Togden Gyan concerns the actual practice of Mahåmudrå. ―How do we engender Mahåmudrå?‖ Sapan gives first the general conditions for the practice, which are for a disciple to receive genuine ripening initiations and to practice the two stages of liberation. 42 Receiving the four initiations is referred to as the process of maturation (smin lam). It entitles disciples to engage in the process of liberation (sgrol lam) consisting of the training in two stages, that of creation (utpattikrama, bskyed rim) and of completion (niṣpattikrama, rdzogs rim). Sapan does not explain any details of the initiations orthe two stages. The reason for this omission, as before, is presumably his obedience to the vow of secrecy. I will complete the lacuna with an explanation by a later Sakya master, which is available in translation. Jamyang Khyentse Wangchuk (‘Jam dbyangs mkhyen brtse‘i dbang phyugs, 1524-68) 43 explains the creation stage as taking ―lucidity as the path,‖ which refers to the vividly lucid meditation on a particular deity and its supporting maˆ∂ala, including various preliminary purifications and mantra practice. The completion stage means to take ―emptiness as the path,‖ since the visualization, along with the three realms, is 42 This is part of the answer to the second question, which I included here, so as to present the progression as a whole. 43 Jamyang 2006: 395–476, particularly 425. The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 213 dissolved into a state ―where even the nådå 44 is not visualized.‖ The completion stage includes the yogic practices with subtle channels (rtsa), winds (rlung), and drops (thig le), such as the practices of mystic heat (gtum mo), illusory body (sgyu lus), dream yoga (rmi lam), and others. From the meditation on these two stages, the author explains, arises primordial awareness, or gnosis, which takes ―unity as the path‖ (Jamyang 2006: 425). As Sapan explained previously, this gnosis of union is one of the synonyms of Mahåmudrå. Tantric practice would not be possible without a guru, and Sapan states accordingly: ―Please your guru and then receive authentic initiation. Then you will distinguish the meaning of suchness.‖45 In the Three Codes, he specifies that an authentic guru is one who is ―genuine, intelligent and well-trained.‖ 46 Disciples should please such a teacher, and view him as the very Buddha himself, but only once they have received initiations from him: ―Unless one is linked to him through vows of initiation, he is simply a Perfection[-Vehicle] teacher, no matter how good he may be.‖47 This statement contains again a critique of the approach of Gampopa and all those Kagyü masters who taught Mahåmudrå outside a Tantric context. Sapan predicts drastic consequences for them, citing the Mahåmudråtilaka: ―Whosoever, out of pride, explains Tantra and precepts to the uninitiated causes both master and pupil to be reborn in hell immediately upon their deaths, even though realizations may have been attained.‖ 48 This statement of Sapan shows that his insistence on practicing Mahåmudrå according to the Indian sources is not just a matter of conservatism trumping innovation, but is based on his conviction that a training system can only lead to successful results when it is left intact, and that especially the Tantric system—which operates with subtle 44 The nådå is the last point in the process of dissolution and refers to the line rising from the nasal sign on top of the seed syllable hËṁ visualized in the heart center. 45 Citing from The Vajra Garland, the Exposition Tantra of Guhyasamåja (Bshad rgyud rdo rje phreng ba, Gsang ’dus bshad rgyud, Skt.: Vajramålåtantra). 46 Sakya Paˆ ita, ―Letter to the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas,‖ in Three Codes, 245. 47 Sakya Paˆ ita, Three Codes, 116 (v. 157). 48 Ibid. 214 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 physiological and psychological processes, with precepts and secrecy—should not be manipulated even by those who have realizations. When the outer conditions for practicing Mahåmudrå are assembled, i.e. when a disciple receives the four initiations of a genuine guru and engages in the practice of the two stages, Mahåmudrå is explained to arise in two stages, first as a ―likeness of Mahåmudrå‖ (phyag rgya chen po ltar snang), followed by ―genuine Mahåmudrå‖ (phyag rgya chen po mtshan nyid pa). In the Answers, Sapan explains: A few fortunate individuals engender genuine gnosis of Mahåmudrå at the moment the gnosis of initiation descends upon them. However, most people have to rely on methods such as meditation and so forth. They begin by engendering a likeness of Mahåmudrå, and later on will develop genuine Mahåmudrå. [156, 3-4] Sapan describes the ―likeness of Mahåmudrå‖ as a partial or flawed understanding of ultimate reality: What is called ―the likeness of Mahåmudrå‖ co-arises with the aspects of two mistakes of ―being poisoned‖ and ―isolated.‖ ―Being poisoned‖ refers to generating a flickering experience of the unity (zung ’jug) while the waves of conceptual understanding and realization gathered in study and reflection, and of discursive thoughts gathered in meditation, have not yet ceased. ―Isolated‖ refers to the isolated [practice] of [mental] stability, isolated discriminative inquiry, isolated [practice] on the side of luminosity, isolated [practice] on the side of emptiness; isolated experiences of body, speech, and mind, such as blissful heat or volatile movements of the body, unreliable expressions of speech, and various experiences of unreliable meditative absorptions in the mind; and [also] the isolated [practice] of temporary mental inactivity and blocking of the six collections of sense-consciousness. [156, 4-6] According to these explanations, Mahåmudrå is not a sudden realization, except in the case of rare individuals who possess the previously acquired karmic maturity for such a The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 215 breakthrough (Rtogs ldan, 156, 3). Most practitioners may have a glimpse of Mahåmudrå during the third or fourth initiation, but are not able to prolong that realization. Instead, dualistic perception interferes, and the practitioner cannot maintain unity (zung ’jug), but tends to experience either emptiness alone or luminosity alone. The passage also shows that Sapan acknowledges various kinds of physical or mental experiences, such as volatile movements of the body (maybe jumps or levitations), or a blank, inactive mental state, but categorizes them as preliminary, as the likeness of Mahåmudrå. As described in the section on the nature of Mahåmudrå, the final realization has to integrate all aspects of experience, and is therefore called the gnosis of unity. Progress in Mahåmudrå Further explanations of the gradual development of Mahåmudrå are given in the next section, where Sapan answers questions about progression on the grounds (bhËmis) and paths (mårga). Here, Sapan first parallels the stages of Mahåmudrå with the realizations of the five paths taught in the Perfection Vehicle, then with the Bodhisattva grounds. According to his explanations, the training phase beginning with a ripening initiation and including all those imperfect experiences mentioned previously comprises the Path of Accumulation. When ―the genuine wisdom of the unity of bliss and emptiness is born in the mind stream and the experience of complete non-thought arises uninterruptedly,‖ but is not yet pure because of ―subtle latencies of conceptualization‖ (Rtogs ldan, 157, 2), it is the Path of Junction. The understanding a practitioner has at this point is called mimetic 49 gnosis (dpe’i ye shes), because it is only an imitation of the real understanding. Using a metaphor of the rising sun at dawn, Sapan expresses the fact that it is not yet the real sun, but a definite indication of it. A qualitative change occurs when the practitioner has a ―direct realization of emptiness possessing the excellence of all aspects, the genuine gnosis of complete non-thought.‖ This is, according to Sapan, ―the real gnosis [of] Mahåmudrå‖ and the attainment of the Path of Seeing‖ (Rtogs ldan, 157, 4). What follows after that is a continuous familiarization with the real Mahåmudrå 49 Alternative translations are: ―exemplifying wisdom‖ (Brunnhölzl), ―sample wisdom‖ (Rhoton). 216 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 gnosis, which is called the Path of Meditation, and finally the attainment of the thirteenth ground (bhËmi), the actualization of the four kåyas,50 the five wisdoms,51 and so forth, which is the ―Path of No More Learning‖ and corresponds to the state of Dorje Chang,52 or Buddhahood. According to these instructions, Mahåmudrå designates not only the final realization at the level of Buddhahood, but begins on the Path of Seeing. The determining difference between the mimetic gnosis, or the likeness of Mahåmudrå, and real gnosis, or real Mahåmudrå, is thus the presence or absence, respectively, of dualistic conceptualization. Sapan‘s discussion of the Bodhisattva grounds amounts to yet another point of critique directed against Lama Zhang, author of the provocative sentence, ―Mahåmudrå is attainable in one stride. It is deluded activity to divide it into grounds and paths.‖53 Alluding to this sentence, Sapan attacks the notion of a singly sufficient (chig chog) 54 Mahåmudrå and retorts, ―To say such a thing is mistaken.‖ Two quotes from Indian sources, Reciting the Names (Nåmasaṁgiti), 55 and the Synonyms (Abhidhåna), 56 show nothing more than the existence and the names of the Bodhisattva grounds, but Sapan does not go into details about how these correlate with Mahåmudrå realization. He does explain that the quote, ―Buddhahood is perfected in a single instant,‖ from Reciting 50 sku bzhi: the four bodies of a Buddha: 1) the body of reality, chos sku, Skt. dharmakåya. 2) the complete enjoyment body, longs spyod rdzogs pa’i sku, Skt. sambhogakåya; 3) the emanation body, sprul sku, Skt. nirmåˆakåya, 4) the body of their essentiality, ngo bo nyid kyi sku, Skt. svabhåvikakåya. 51 ye shes lnga: the five wisdoms: 1)me long ltabu, mirror [-like] wisdom, 2) mnyam nyid, equality wisdom, 3) so sor rtog pa, discriminating wisdom, 4) bya grub, accomplishing wisdom, 5) chos dbyings, expanse of reality wisdom. 52 rdo rje chang, Skt.vajradhara, the primordial buddhahood. See Rtogs ldan, 157, 5. 53 See Sakya Pandita, Three Codes, 193n81. Alternative translation: ―singly efficacious‖ (Rhoton), mentioned in Three Codes 264n14. ’Jam dpal ye she sems dpa'i don dam pa’i mtshan yang dag par brjod pa/Mañjuśr¥nåmasaµg¥ti ,Tantra section ka, vol. 79, folio/line 5a.4. See: http://www.asianclassics.org/reader.php?collection=kangyur&index=369#5 54 55 A. 56 Perhaps the Abhidhånottaratantra. I am still not sure whether the reference is to the CakrasaµvaraTantra or a more general text. The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 217 the Names, refers simply to the way of attaining completely perfect awakening at the very end of traversing the grounds and paths‖ (Rtogs ldan, 158, 3). A close reading of Lama Zhang‘s writings shows, as stated previously, that he also teaches a gradual path in stages, no matter how provocative his assertion of a complete Buddhahood in one instant through the accomplishment of Mahåmudrå. (Lama Zhang 2011: 125). Sapan concludes his exposition of Mahåmudrå for Togden Gyan with an explanation of how the realization of the unity of emptiness and luminosity is carried into daily life. It expresses itself in the view that all phenomena are of one taste. In the Sakya School, this view is called the inseparability of saµsåra and nirvåˆa (’khor’das dbyer med). Thus it is said: ―There is no Buddha, there are no sentient beings arising outside of the mind. There is no object of consciousness or anything existing outside.‖ And: There is not the slightest difference between the physical forms [of] utterly pure gnosis and the thoughts [belonging to] saµsåra.‖ Similarly, this is so because all that appears in saµsåra and nirvåˆa is of one taste in the mind. 57 Tokden, keep these [instructions] in your heart, practice them, and you will reap great benefit. Conclusion In sum, Sapan presents Mahåmudrå as the resultant gnosis of the creation and completion stages, which a disciple can only practice after having received the four initiations of the Niruttara Tantra class from a qualified guru. The third initiation, which is conferred by means of a consort, enables a disciple to experience the union of bliss and emptiness to a lesser extent; the fourth initiation enables a more profound understanding of that union. Except for a few rare exceptions, a disciple will not be able to attain and sustain such a realization during the initiation. Instead, through diligent training in the creation and completion stages, he or she develops a partial understanding of the union of bliss and emptiness, which is called mimetic gnosis, or the likeness of 57 Alternative translation: ―This is the crucial point that everything that appears in saµsåra and nirvåˆa is of one taste in the mind.‖ 218 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 Mahåmudrå. At this level, the realization is polluted by dualistic, conceptual thinking, however subtle it may be. Once the realization becomes completely non-dual, it is real gnosis, or real Mahåmudrå, and this corresponds to the attainment of the Path of Seeing, often associated with the first Bodhisattva ground. This Mahåmudrå is then cultivated throughout the thirteen grounds until perfect Buddhahood, the perfection of the four kåyas, is attained. Sapan describes this Mahåmudrå as the realization of natural reality, the unity of awareness and emptiness, and non-conceptual gnosis (Rtogs ldan, 154, 6 – 155, 2), among many other terms, but emphasizes at the same time the unfathomable nature of the realization, calling it ―an experience that cannot be expressed, thought of, or explained‖ (Rtogs ldan, 154, 6). A comparison of his presentation to the Mahåmudrå teachings of the Kagyü masters Gampopa, Lama Zhang and others, yields striking similarities in terminology and concept. Gampopa, for example, describes Mahåmudrå as ―the realization of the natural state as awareness-emptiness, absolutely clear and transparent, without root,‖ 58 and equally emphasizes that ―Mahåmudrå is called ‗beyond the intellect‘ and it is indeed so; it is the påramitå of wisdom, beyond thought and expression.‖ 59 In view of these parallels, one might be tempted to conclude that, finally, the result is the same, and that only the paths differ. However, since for Sapan the decisive factor for an authentic Mahåmudrå practice is its Tantric context, such comparisons are useless from his point of view, since the Kagyü teachers do not share this premise. In Sapan‘s view, a Mahåmudrå practice that eschews the Tantric context lacks authenticity and blessing. For this reason I have kept comparisons between Sapan‘s and Gampopa‘s Mahåmudrå to a minimum in this paper and have focused on clarifying Sapan‘s own presentation according to the Answers to the Questions of Togden Gyan. 58 Gampopa, Rje phag mo gru pa’i zhus lan, Gsung ’bum sgam po pa, Vol 2: 339, 2–4. 59 Ibid. The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 219 Appendix: A Translation of Sapan’s Answers to the Questions of Tokden Gyan60 At the time when the great Dharma Lord Sakya Paˆ∂ita, a manifestation of the venerable Mañjußr¥, went to the five-peaked mountain61 in China and lived there, a man called Tokden Gyanpo, who resided there practicing meditation, came and circumambulated and prostrated repeatedly to the Dharma Lord. The Dharma Lord exclaimed: ―Tokdenpa, [your] circumambulations and prostrations, too, are amazing. In order to live at a place such as this, one needs a meditation practice that is based on profound oral instructions. Is that not so?‖ Tokdenpa, having pondered this, went home and fetched a piece of white silk. Offering it to the Dharma Lord, he said: ―Dharma Lord, [1.] Is this view [of?] Mahåmudrå accepted as the meditation of all vehicles? [2.] What is the nature (rang bzhin) of Mahåmudrå? [3.] Why is it called ―Mahåmudrå‖? [4.] How do we engender it? [5.] How do we gradually progress on the grounds (bhËmis) and paths (mårga)? I beg you to give me profound instruction on Mahåmudrå.‖ When he asked [these questions], the Dharma Lord was delighted. He gave him the initiation of ombipa‘s Hevajra. Then he gave him The Coemergent Realization of Mahåmudrå (phyag rgya chen po lhan cig skyes grub) and the inconceivable instructions of Togtsepa62 in full. [He said:] My way of teaching the instructions on Mahåmudrå is this: Before you attain meditation powers (siddhi),63 you should practice one-pointedly. Then you will not be deceived. I will give concise answers to your questions; [154] keep them in mind! 60 kun dga‘ snying po, "rtogs ldan rgyan po'i dris lan/." In Sa skya bka’ ’bum. TBRC W22271. 12: 167 – 173. Dehradun: Sakya Center, 1992–1993. http://tbrc.org/link?RID=O01CT0026|O01CT002600KG04220$W22271. (dpe cha pages 153–159). 61 Wutai Shan in China, a sacred mountain associated with Mañjuśr¥. 62 The Indian mahåsiddhas Tog-rtse-pa, ―Mattock-man‖ (Koṭalipa?) was, according to ‘Bri gung ‘Jig rten mgon po the only master in India who directly pointed out the nature of mind. See D. Jackson 1994: 13. 63 Alternative translation: ―Before you focus on achieving special powers…‖ 220 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 [1. Question: Is this view [of] Mahåmudrå accepted as the meditation of all vehicles?] In the tradition of the Perfection Vehicles the view is sealed with the four mudrås [or marks of existence] of the Buddha‘s teaching. In the three lower tantras it is explained as sealing with the non-duality of the profound and the luminous. However, they do not use the term Mahåmudrå. Even though in these traditions a highest accomplishment (siddhi) is taught, the highest Mahåmudrå siddhi is not taught. Therefore they do not accept the view [of] genuine Mahåmudrå as meditation. Even though in these traditions they teach profound emptiness as that which is to be realized, they do not teach a profound path of methods for realizing it. Therefore it is not acceptable to see [these traditions] as genuine Mahåmudrå (phyag rgya chen po mtshan nyid pa). An analogous case is [this:] Even though in the Auditor‘s Vehicle (ßråvakayåna), generosity, morality and so on are explained, since extraordinary assisting methods and wisdom are not explained, they are not acceptable [as] the perfections of generosity and [the others]. Just as one would call a stupid person ―ox,‖ one may call the meditation on the view of these [traditions] Mahåmudrå. This would be merely a name, and I do not want to [bother] arguing about that. [2.Question: What is the nature (rang bzhin) of Mahåmudrå? ] The nature of Mahåmudrå is [this]: Mahåmudrå is unchangeable bliss. Grasped and grasper, shapes, thoughts, and expressions are completely eliminated. It is like a gandharva city. It has the nature of a magic-mirror reflection. It is the yoga of method and wisdom. I bow to the letters e vaµ. It is beyond the most subtle [sub-atomic] phenomena. It has the form of a magic-mirror reflection, possessing the excellence of all aspects. I bow to that Mahåmudrå.64 64 See above, note 23-4. The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 221 According to these words, what we have to realize is what is called the natural reality (chos nyid gnyug ma), 65 which is emptiness possessing the excellence of all aspects. The way of realizing it is by way of an experience which cannot be expressed, thought of, or explained, which has the appearance of a magicmirror reflection. The essence of what has to be realized is the gnosis-of-unity yoga. (rnal ’byor zung ’jug gi ye shes). It is also called: The unity of lucidity and emptiness, [155] the unity of awareness and emptiness, the unity of bliss and emptiness, the unity of great bliss, the innate gnosis, the self-arisen gnosis, selfaware gnosis, discriminating gnosis, non-conceptual gnosis, etc. The synonyms are innumerable. These methods of realization are explained in The Vajra Garland, the Exposition Tantra [of Guhyasamåja]:66 Please your guru and then receive authentic initiation. Then you will distinguish the meaning of suchness. The Two Segments67says: Later you will distinguish suchness. According to these statements, by way of receiving genuine ripening initiations and meditating appropriately according to the two stages of liberation, including all their branches, you will obtain [the realization of Mahåmudrå]. Órya Nāgārjuna said The teaching of all Buddhas is based on two stages (rim pa gnyis). One is the stage of creation. The other is the stage of completion. It is taught that all the methods for summoning the gnosis of the unexcelled secret mantra can be condensed into these two stages. This is the key point. [3. Question: Why is it called ―Mahåmudrå‖?] 65 66 Alternative translation: genuine or primordial dharmatå. Bshad rgyud rdo rje phreng ba, gsang ’dus bshad rgyud, Skt. Vajramålåtantra. 67 Brtag gnyis, Two Segments, Skt. HevajramËlatantraråja. 222 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 Concerning the etymology of Mahåmudrå: Those who are not expert in Sanskrit take phyag to mean ―peace [nirvåˆa], [156] the gnosis of emptiness,‖ and rgya to mean ―release from the trap of saµsåra.‖ They claim that both new and old schools, the Mahåmudrå Drop (Phyag rgya chen po’i thig le), and other texts say this. People who make these claims are mistaken. Regarding the meaning of the Sanskrit Mahåmudrå: mahå is chenpo in Tibetan. The equivalent for phyag cannot be found in this term, but the early translators added the syllable phyag in Tibetan because of a royal decree. A similar case is the word bhagawate, in which the [Sanskrit equivalent] for ’das is not found, whereas the Tibetans added that syllable ’das.68 Hence, in this case, the explanation that phyag is derived from the Tantras does not make sense; and the statement that phyag is the wisdom of emptiness is a fabrication made by Tibetans. In The Mahåmudrå Drop and other sources, these words cannot be found. Mudrå can mean rgya (seal), rtags (sign), mtshan ma (mark), gug skyed (stamp), and more, but in the present case it is translated as rgya (seal). Its meaning was explained by AvadhËt¥ ―It is called rgya (seal) because we stamp or certify (gdab) with a seal (rgya). The single taste of the three worlds is the Mahåmudrå.‖ This statement says that, when you seal all phenomena of saµsåra and nirvåˆa by abiding in the unity of bliss and emptiness, then the view of the meaning of what you have experienced is called Mahåmudrå. [4.Question: How do we engender it?] How the stages are engendered: A few fortunate individuals engender the genuine gnosis of Mahåmudrå at the moment the gnosis of initiation descends upon them. However, most people have to rely on methods such as meditation and so forth. They begin by engendering a likeness of Mahåmudrå, and later on will develop genuine Mahåmudrå. What is called ―the likeness of Mahåmudrå‖ co-arises with the aspects of two mistakes of ―being poisoned‖ and ―isolated.‖ 68 This refers to the word bcom ldan ’das, i.e. the Tibetan translation of the Sanskrit bhagavant, which consists of bhaga (fortune) and vant (possessing). The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 223 ―Being poisoned‖ refers to generating a flickering experience of the unity (zung ’jug) while the waves of conceptual understanding and realization gathered in study and reflection, and of discursive thoughts gathered in meditation, have not yet ceased. ―Isolated‖ refers to the isolated [practice] of [mental] stability; isolated discriminative inquiry; isolated [practice] on the side of luminosity; isolated [practice] on the side of emptiness; isolated experiences of body, speech, and mind, such as blissful heat or volatile movements of the body, unreliable expressions of speech, and various experiences of unreliable meditative absorptions in the mind; and [also] the isolated [practice] of temporary mental inactivity and blocking of the six collections of sense-consciousness. [157] [5. Question: How do we gradually progress on the grounds and the paths?] The way to gradually progress on the grounds and paths: [1] [For] a person who strives for awakening, [the training] beginning with a ripening initiation up through completing all the imperfect experiences, is called, according to the common vehicle, ―The Path of Accumulation.‖ [2] The Two Segments says: ―Omniscient gnosis is like that.‖ Similarly, although the genuine wisdom of the unity of bliss and emptiness is born in the mind stream and the experience of complete non-thought arises uninterruptedly, there are subtle latencies of conceptualization. The arising of such a mimetic gnosis (dpe’i ye shes), which resembles the rising sun at dawn, is called ―The Path of Junction.‖ [3] In the Reciting the Names69 it is said: The reality of [ordinary] consciousness transcended, the way of non-dual gnosis embraced, nonconceptuality is spontaneously achieved. The moment when the direct realization of the emptiness possessing the excellence of all aspects, the genuine gnosis of complete non-thought, the real gnosis [of] Mahåmudrå (don gyi ye shes) first arises; [that] is called the attainment of the ―Path of Seeing.‖ [4] Through uninterrupted familiarization with that [real gnosis of Mahåmudrå] and by gradually progressing higher and 69 Skt: Nåmasaµg¥ti 224 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 higher, one advances up to the twelfth [ground]. This is called ―the Path of Meditation.‖ [5] Then—when the thirteen [grounds] are actualized, the four kåyas, the five wisdoms, etc., [and] ocean-like qualities are attained—the ―Path of No more Learning‖ is realized. Furthermore, after the path of application in the view of the common [vehicle], and the genuine mimetic gnosis [of] Mahåmudrå in the view of the extraordinary vehicle, has arisen in one‘s mind stream, [one] realizes real gnosis. And if one wishes to realize the unity state of Dorje Chang in this lifetime, [one] practises the activity as explained in the Tantra collection—the proximate causes, and so forth—in an impeccable manner. What other way of accomplishment in one lifetime do we have but that exemplified by the Indian siddhas? [158] If, after genuine mimetic gnosis has arisen in the mind-stream, one has not accomplished the activity, it is explained that it will be accomplished through the oral instructions for the moment of death and the intermediate state. Some people say: ―The deluded person who reckons grounds and paths in the singly sufficient (chig chog)70 Mahåmudrå are mistaken.‖ To say such a thing is mistaken, since Reciting the Names says: ―Protector/ Buddha (dgon po), Lord of the ten levels,‖ and the Abhidhåna71 says: The Joyous, the Stainless, the Radiant, the Brilliant, the Hard to Conquer, the Realized, the Reaching Far, the Unshakable, the Good Intelligence, and the Cloud of Dharma, the Inimitable, the Great Wisdom, and Vajradhara as the thirteenth. And so forth. [Hence] the Tantra collections and the accomplished masters made presentations of the grounds and paths widely available. In Reciting the Names it is said: ―Buddhahood is perfected in a single instant.‖ What is taught here is the way of attaining completely perfect awakening at the very end of traversing the 70 71 An alternative translation for chig chog is ―singly efficacious.‖ (Sakya Pandita, Clear Differentiation, 264n14.) In the text the title is presented in phonetic Sanskrit. Abhidhåna is a kind of Sanskrit dictionary of etymology. The TBRC abhidhåna section lists several works with titles including mngon brjod (synonyms). The Mahåmudrå of Sakya Pa˜∂ita 225 grounds and paths.‖ In the Gnosis at the Moment of Death[SËtra]72 it is said: ―When we understand the mind, we are Buddhas. Do not look for Buddha elsewhere. Meditate on this concept (’du shes).‖ Saraha said: ―The mind alone is the seed of all things. In it, saµsåra and nirvåˆa are projected. To that mind, which is like the wish fulfilling jewel that bestows the results we desire, I pay homage.‖ Similarly, through the direct realization of the conventional reality of the mind [as] the all-ground consciousness (ålayavijñåna) and of the natural mode of ultimate reality, one progresses through the grounds and paths and [attains] Buddhahood. This is the intent [of Saraha]. Thus it is said: ―There is no Buddha, there are no sentient beings arising outside of the mind. There is no object of consciousness or anything existing outside.‖ And: ―There is not the slightest difference between the physical forms [of?] utterly pure gnosis [159] and the thoughts [belonging to] saµsåra.‖ Similarly, this is so because all that appears in saµsåra and nirvåˆa is of one taste in the mind.73 Tokden, keep these [instructions] in your heart, practice them, and you will reap great benefit.‖ After saying this, he gave specialized [instructions]. Those instructions for Tokden Gyanpo are the so-called Eyedropper of Mahåmudrå.74 After having put sustained effort into [the study] of that teaching of the Dharma Lord, Biji wrote [this text] on the fivepeaked mountain [of Wutai Shan]. 72 73 74 ’Phags pa ’da’ ka ye shes shes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo, Skt. Órya åtajñånanåmamahåyånasËtra. Alternative translation: ―This is the crucial point that everything that appears in saµsåra and nirvåˆa is of one taste in the mind.‖ Phyag rgya chen po’i mig thur. It seems that after answering Togden‘s five questions, Sakya Pandita continued with the oral instructions that Togden Gyan had requested, which are written in a separate text called The Mahåmudrå Eyedropper. I could not locate this text. 226 The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 15, 2014 Bibliography Tibetan Texts Kun dga' rgyal mtshan. Rtogs ldan rgyan po’i dris lan. In Sa skya bka’ ’bum. TBRC W22271. 12: 167–173. Dehradun: Sakya Center, 1992-1993. Accessed November 1, 2013. http://tbrc.org/link?RID=O01CT0026|O01CT002600KG04 220$W22271. Bsodnams rin chen. Rje phag mo gru pa’i zhu lan. In Gsung ’bum/_Sgam po pa. 2: 299–354. TBRC W23439. 2: . Kathmandu: Khenpo S. Tenzin &Lama T. Namgyal, 2000. http://tbrc.org/link?RID=O1GC289|O1GC2891GC291$W2 3439. 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