Centr al Asiatic Journal edited by Lars Peter La amann Sources from the Tangut age co-edited by Yu Xin and Kirill Solonin 63 (2020) 1+2 Harr assowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden Editorial Board Editor Lars Peter Laamann (SOAS, University of London), LL10@soas.ac.uk Editorial Board Members Nathan W. Hill (SOAS, University of London) Ron Sela (Indiana University) Agata Bareja-Starzyńska (University of Warsaw) Wang Tao (Sothebys) Aleksandr Naymark (Hofstra University) Pamela Kyle Crossley (Dartmouth University) Tatiana Pang (Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, St Petersburg) Publisher Harrassowitz Verlag, 65174 Wiesbaden, Germany Subscriptions and access to electronic format Please contact verlag@harrassowitz.de for queries concerning subscription rates and modalities. The Central Asiatic Journal can also be accessed electronically via JSTOR (www.jstor.org). © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2021 This journal, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Layout and typesetting: Dr. Petra Himstedt-Vaid Printing and binding by c Hubert & Co., Göttingen Printed on permanent / durable paper Printed in Germany https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/ ISSN 0008-9192 The Silk Road in the Tangut Era: Preliminary Thoughts by the Editor The present volume is not just the product of editorial cooperation but also heralds new intellectual developments. Whereas the Silk Road has been studied from a number of angles by textual and art historians, archaeologists and also linguists in the past, this volume of the Central Asiatic Journal bears witness to the increasing incorporation of subjects once regarded as “niche” into the mainstream of Asian history. This encouraging trend is incarnate in this CAJ volume by means of contributions by scholars who are familiar with the Tangut, Tibetan, Turkic and Chinese writing systems necessary for decrypting the intricate network of textual and material legacy of Central Asiatic civilisations. The authors who have contributed to this volume know the manuscript collections at all relevant university and national libraries and museums, which they have analysed with great accuracy and by taking into account the historical and cultural (religious) context. The core of the present volume goes back to the initiative of our two guest editors, namely Prof. Yu Xin 余欣, of Zhejiang University 浙江大學 in Hangzhou, and Prof. Kirill Solonin, of China Renmin University 中國人民大學 in Beijing, who employed their own academic expertise in scrutinising and coordinating the contributions by what can rightfully be regarded as the nexus of mediaeval Silk Route studies. The contents of their articles can be found summarised and contextualised in the foreword by Prof. Stephen Teiser, Princeton University. The remaining contributions have been carefully selected as being compatible in content and time period, complementing the selection made by our two guest editors. We begin this volume with a linguistic article by Erdem Uçar, who proposes a new interpretation of an important passage in the Tuńuquq Inscription, famed witness to the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate, founded by the Göktürk Ašina dynasty and predecessor of the Uyghur Khaganate. It is thus contemporary to the articles in this volume which focus on the other populations and states of “mediaeval” Central Asia, be these Sogdian, Tangut or Chinese. Transporting us to their historical roots, Maddalena Barenghi devotes her academic energy to a Turkic warrior community of the ninth century, collectively referred to as the Shatuo, who migrated from the northwestern fringes to the core regions of the Tang empire. Barenghi illustrates the degree of socio-political mobility within the Tang military and even within the civilian administration. The article also provides a vivid reminder of the crisis which emerged from the collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate. The Uyghurs would eventually migrate to Ganzhou and Qocho (Turpan), where they established themselves as Buddhist state units. Barenghi’s contribution thus heralds the transition of the Uyghurs into the Tangut, Khitan and – eventually – the Mongolian em- IV Thematic Introduction pires. Romain Lefèbvre’s comparative study of the dhāranī sūtra in Tangut and in Chinese underlines the fluidity of cultural determinants in the region. Translated from Sanskrit to Chinese by Dānapāla (Shi Hu 施護) in the early Song era, i.e. late tenth century, the dhāranī sūtra was one of hundreds of Buddhist scrolls translated by imperial order at the state-sponsored monastery of Taiping Xingguosi 太平興國寺 in Henan. The important role of the Tangut state as a transmission base for Buddhist knowledge is thus underlined. The continuation of this tradition into the Mongol-dominated Yuan era is emphasised in Nie Hongyin’s article on a newly discovered Tangut compilation of three texts on astral worship. Nie’s contribution shows that the three sūtras, translated into Tangut from Chinese or Tibetan, show subtle differences compared with the other preserved versions. In particular the Suvarṇacakra-uṣṇīṣa dhāraṇī, transmitted by Jayānanda and translated by Dehui in the mid-12th century, shows unique features. Yuan-era monk Huijue outlined that this was published in order to abate the suffering caused by the Haidu rebellion against the Yuan forces (1268–1301). The role of Buddhism in the complex and shifting political sands of Central Asia also becomes clear in the article by Peter Zieme and Aydar Mirkamal, who present two fragments of a Pure Land Buddhist sūtra on a pustaka leaf kept in separate portions at the Turfan Collection in Berlin and at the National Library of China. Joined up for the first time and interpreted as one, this article focuses on Turfan and Dunhuang between the 11th and 13th centuries and thus forms a harmonious whole with the body of contributions coordinated by our guest editors. Hartmut Walravens, finally, in his contribution on the Turkologist Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837–1918), not only provides us with detailed insight into the academic and personal gestation of this eminent Russian scholar, but also creates a link between the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic entities of mediaeval Central Asia and with the populations of the late Tsarist empire. The final part of this volume consists of two obituaries and a brief sequence of book reviews provided by the editor. All titles reviewed are directly relevant to the thematic contents of this volume and will be known to the specialists concerned, but probably not to the wider public and academic institutions, who deserve to be kept informed of the considerable academic progress which has been made in recent years. The first of the obituaries is authored by Huang Xin, illustrating the scholarly legacy of the Altaist James Bosson (Univ. Berkeley, †2016), who helped shape the knowledge of Mongolian languages, but also of Tibetan and Manchu, during an era when the knowledge of these languages became integral to the historical understanding of Central Asia, Russia and China. The other obituary, by Hartmut Walravens, reflects on the life of the ethnographer and Mongolist Erika Taube (Univ. Leipzig, †2020), who devoted her life not only to the furthering of Altaic studies, but in particular to the culture of the Tuvans (Тывалар/Tıvalar). This volume has required a significant input of collective energy, from its very conception to the final technical editing. Further to thanking my guest editors Prof. Yu Xin and Prof. Kirill Solonin, I wish to express my gratitude, as always, to Dr Petra Himstedt-Vaid, without whose devotion this volume would have been im- Thematic Introduction V possible to accomplish. On behalf of the Central Asiatic Journal, I also welcome Prof. Tatiana Pang 龐曉梅 Татьяна А. Пан as full member of our editorial board. Tatiana Pang has decades of experience as Manjurist and as a general expert in the history and cultures of Central Asia and of China and was recently promoted to the position of vice-director of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences (Институт восточных рукописей – Российская Академия Наук) in Saint Petersburg. To Prof. Pang, as well as to all our contributors over the years and to our readers, a heartfelt welcome to volume 63 of the Central Asiatic Journal. Finally, this volume is dedicated to Albert Hoffstädt, who is close to retiring from the publishers Brill, to whom he has devoted a significant part of his life. Albert Hoffstädt will be known to most academics and librarians who deal with Central Asia and China, and his professional and erudite advice concerning publications will be much missed. Lars P. Laamann March 2021 Contents Lars LAAMANN The Silk Road in the Tangut Era: Preliminary Thoughts by the Editor . . . . . . . . . III Stephen F. TEISER Preface: New Approaches and New Materials in the Study of Central Asia. . . . . VII Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV Contributions Erdem UÇAR A New Interpretation of …] süŋ(ü)g(ü)n (a)čd(ı)m(ı)z (I North 4 = 28) in the Tuńuquq Inscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 OGIHARA Hirotoshi Miscellany on the Tumshuqese Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Irina F. POPOVA The Administration of the Outlying Territories of the Western Regions of the Chinese Empire under the Early Han Dynasty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Maddalena BARENGHI The Making of the Shatuo: Military Leadership and Border Unrest in North China’s Daibei (808–880) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 CHING Chao-jung, ENAMI Kazuyuki, OKADA Yoshihiro Paper in Eighth-Century Kucha: Discovery of Cotton Fibres within Chinese and Kuchean Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Romain LEFEBVRE Fragment F24 of the Pelliot Xixia Cave 181 Collection, National Library of France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 YU Xin 余欣 Archaeological Evidence, Cultural Imagination and Image of the Mediaeval World: New Perspectives on Treasures from Qiuci (Kucha). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 XII Contents Alain ARRAULT A Brief Study of the 28 Lunar Lodges Annotated Calendar: Focused on the Annotated Calendars of Dunhuang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Kirill J. SOLONIN, 喻曉剛 YU Xiaogang “The Five Parts of the Dharma Realm”: Preliminary Remarks on the Collection of the sems phyogs Texts in the Tangut Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 WEN Xin 文欣 Two Khotanese Account Tablets and Local Society in Pre-Islamic Khotan . . . . 191 FU Ma 付馬 Buddhist and Christian Relay Posts on the Silk Road (9th–12th cc.) . . . . . . . . . . . 239 NIE Hongyin 聶鴻音 A Compilation of Three Tangut Astral Texts (1270 CE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Aydar MIRKAMAL, Peter ZIEME Further Fragments of the Guanwuliangshoufo jing 觀無量壽佛經 in Old Uyghur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Oyunbilig BORJIGIDAI The Üjümüčin Office for Astral Divination at the Mongol Court and the Western Asian Astrologers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Miscellaneous Hartmut WALRAVENS Wilhelm Radloff’s Contributions to Manchu Studies and Tatar Folklore – An Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Lars LAAMANN Three Recent Publications Relevant to Silk Road Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 1. Guillaume JACQUES, Esquisse de phonologie et de morphologie historique du tangoute 2. Selçuk ESENBEL (ed.), Japan on the Silk Road: Encounters and Perspectives of Politics and Culture in Eurasia 3. CHEN Huaiyu & RONG Xinjiang (eds), Great Journeys across the Pamir Mountains: A Festschrift in Honor of Zhang Guangda on his Eighty-Fifth Birthday Contents XIII Obituaries Hartmut WALRAVENS Erika Taube (1933–2020) zum Gedenken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 HUANG Xin James Evert Bosson (1933–2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 A New Interpretation of …] süŋ(ü)g(ü)n (a)čd(ı)m(ı)z (I North 4 = 28) in the Tuńuquq Inscription Erdem Uçar Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena / University of Jena I. Introduction The Orkhon Inscriptions are epigraphic memorials from the Second Türk Khanate. They are represented by three large inscriptions, those dedicated to Köl Tegin (732 AD), Bilgä Qagan (735 AD), and Tuńuquq (est. 720 AD). Köl Tegin (684–731) was the younger brother of Bilgä Qagan, and he commanded the armies of the Khanate. Bilgä Qagan ruled during in the years 716–735. Tuńuquq (646–724) was the advisor and statesman of the Second Türk Khanate. The Tuńuquq inscription is about 300 kilometres to the east of the Köl Tegin and Bilgä Qagan inscriptions. Because of its similarity with the other two monuments, it is usually regarded as one of the Orkhon inscriptions. The Orkhon inscriptions are the first written evidence of the Turkic languages. While many problems in the modern Turkic languages are solved by means of Old Turkic, problems in Old Turkic can conversely be solved thanks to the later Turkic languages. Sometimes, however, neither of these options is useful in the resolution of textual problems. The reason is that these inscriptions are unique texts. My article focuses on the sentence …] süŋ(ü)g(ü)n ačdımız occurring in line 28 of the Tuńuquq inscription. There are two problems to be solved: 1. How should the lacuna at the beginning of the line be filled? 2. Considering the lacuna, how can we explain the verb ač-? Before answering these questions, I will discuss previous interpretations of the line in question. First, however, it is necessary to analyse this line in the copies of the inscription. II. The graphical reproductions of the sentence Several expeditions were sent out in order to collect material concerning the Tuńuquq inscription. Firstly, Radloff procured a photograph of the inscription. Moreover, he provided retouched and unretouched copies of the inscription. He showed the signs on line 28 (according to him line 29) as follows: …] WsẄŋgn : čDmz (1899a: Taf. CXII, CVII) and surmised that the last letter of the missing word could be a <W>. Sprengling, who reevaluated Radloff’s reproduction, did not show the lacuna at the beginning of the line: sẅŋgn : čDmz (1939: 15). G. J. Ramstedt undertook two This content downloaded from 194.94.133.193 on Mon, 21 Jun 2021 08:54:18 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms