Although called a 'vocabulary,' this might qualify as a small dictionary since there are more than 20,000 entries. For comparison, the Zhang Yisun (et al.) dictionary has about 30,000, but a numeric comparison would not be a fair one, since what you have before you is not strictly speaking a dictionary as it does not attempt full coverage, sometimes ignoring the better known words with well-known meanings... and includes compound words and an occasional phrase, even. It does contain materials that would be useful in making a future dictionary, this being the main reason for making it available in its current sorry state. I started it in April 1987, and will continue for as long as I can.

This is meant to be a word-index (or what I would like to call a trouble-shooting word list) more than a dictionary. What this means is that technical, idiosyncratic, and obsolete usages and meanings are given priority over more common ones readily found in the available dictionaries. Even when it doesn't have definitions to offer, it tries to accumulate materials, and especially instances of usage, that may lead to eventual understanding. To some degree, the content reflects my own research focus on 11th- and especially 12th-century texts. There is a certain emphasis on medicine and materia medica, and on things, material objects, substances, mineralogy, zoology, botany, architecture and cultural institutions. At the same time there are a fair number of specialized meditation terms, Bon vocabulary, Buddhalogical concepts, foreign loanwords, etc. There is some but not much coverage of philosophical terms (i.e., technical jargon used in siddhānta and logical works: grub-mtha', tshad-ma etc.). There should be no proper names (even if there are a few in fact, mainly single-syllable clan names that can be a source of confusion) or book titles, but there are many official titles, with a few names & epithets of deities, etc. There are some strange etymologies proposed herein, which I hope will be thought stimulating even when given without much conviction or not entirely convincing. This work supplements, and does not have any idea of standing in place of, the existing dictionaries. This is an important point that I cannot emphasize enough.

One of the main motives of making this vocabulary list was to better understand 12th-century Tibetan works (which means that a special effort was made to locate and record terms of obscure or unknown meaning; many of these are quoted in their original context, at times without suggesting any definition at all). Meanwhile, a very valuable dictionary of unusual words (based on a considerable range of previous glossaries, but not dictionaries) has been published: Btsan-lha Ngag-dbang-tshul-khrims, Brda-dkrol Gser-gyi Me-long, Mi-rigs Dpe-skrun-khang, 1997 (herein abbreviated as Btsan-lha). The main-entry content of Btsan-lha has been completely entered here, although the complete contents of the entries have not been (in effect, this work includes a word-index to Btsan-lha's main entries). It will be necessary to have the Btsan-lha as well as all the standard dictionaries (Yisun and Das in particular) in order to make full use of the lexicon in front of you.

A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND FONTS: Wylie transliteration is used (dashes mostly omitted). 'OrientalTimes' was the only font used. Now it has been entirely changed into "Gentium," a standard unicode font (which may require recent software capable of displaying unicode fonts).

A few technical points on alphabetic order: Subscript wa (wa-zur) and subscript 'a ('a-chung) are ignored for the purpose of alphabetization (i.e., a syllable or word spelled with wa-zur should occur immediately after the same syllable or word without it). Genitive endings, in all their forms, may be ignored for the sake of alphabetization (this is not done with complete consistently, however, and for this I apologize). So, too, are vowel combinations that use the so-called 'a-chung (ga'u is alphabetized as if it were simply ga, unless it is written in two syllables, as in the hypothetical form *ga 'u).

Bibliographical references: Note that underlining (even especially beneath numbers) is used here with no other purpose than to indicate reference sources (but if preceded by a not-underlined author's name, divided from the underlined part by a comma, you must rather look under that). In bibliographical statements using the preposition 'in,' such as for example, "Shastri in TS9." one will find nothing under "Shastri," but must look under "TS9." Several different modes of abbreviation have been used (numbers, acronyms, abbreviated words, single syllables, short titles, complete references), but in general, economy of space has been a large consideration, as has mnemonics. Details of volume (Roman numerals) and page number (Arabic) immediately follow the underlined portion, with no intervening punctuation marks (divided only by single spaces). Page number definitely means the Arabic page number of the published text, and not folio number, unless there is an 'r' or 'v' attached to the number. For example, "193 VI 320r.2" means line 2 of the recto side of folio no. 320, in volume six of the publication represented by "193" in the attached bibliographic key.

Beware: When an entry says, "See [such-and-such-a-word]" it may mean to see it in the Das or the Yisun dictionary, and not necessarily in the vocabulary that follows. Note that here there is not much information on the different forms of the verbal tenses. For this I most recommend Nathan Hill's verb lexicon listed below (under Hill, Lexicon).

Those who easily find themselves comforted (or lulled into complacency) by the 'authoritative tone' used in most dictionaries might be troubled by the informality of this one (despite my conscious attempts to be exact). If you happen to find yourself in this category, take a minute to relax, check your medication levels, take a long deep breath, and admit to yourself that *meaning* is a human process — one that can work on a number of levels, some of them not even verbal, in a number of contextual environments, changing through time — and not a fiat wafting down to us from some weapon-wielding father figure standing up above us all.

This vocabulary should be considered a tool of last or semi-final resort, to be consulted after looking into the standard Tibetan lexicons and comning up empty or dissatisfied. Of course, you may still come up empty, but please don't blame your dissatisfaction on me. Bless it when it helps you, ignore it when it doesn't, and all of us will be happier people for that.

Dan Martin


(non-bibliographical)

symbols & abbreviations:

> — deriv. from, is derived from

= — is equivalent to (synonymous or nearly synonymous with)

[~xxx] — should be read as, or understood to mean (often used to indicate the more standard spelling)

::: — replaces the entry-heading word or phrase when it is used in a quote or statement (optional & in fact not much used here)

abbr. = abbreviation

acc. [to] = according [to]

Ch. = Chinese

coll. = colloquial

def. = definition

fut. = future

hon. = honorific

impv. = imperative

intrans. = intransitive

lit. = literally, literal meaning

med. = medical

mod. = modern

Mong. = Mongolian

obs. = obsolete

OT = Old Tibetan (both Dunhuang and brda'-rnying [early Phyi-dar] vocabulary, nota bene)

pf. = perfect tense

q.v. = quod vide (which one should have a look at)

Skt. = Sanskrit

tdp. = tha dad pa (differentiated subject and object)

tmdp. = tha mi dad pa (undifferentiated subject and object)

trans. = transitive

ZZ = Zhang-zhung language [ZZ with underlining means Zhang-zhung Snyan-brgyudnota bene].


*KA*

•KA [1] Stein. Has meaning of 'desire' ('dod pa), 'root' (rtsa ba) and 'ab-original' (gdod ma). Btsan-lha. [2] As a suffixed syllable (-ka / -kha / -ga) it may have several meanings, but when used with numbers it indicates a sum. For examples, gsum ka means 'all three,' lnga ka means 'all five.'

•KWA [1] OT = kye. Dbus-pa no. 001. Blaṅ 285.1. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. Bellezza spells this ka, and says that it has the same meaning as kye, but with less honorific overtones. kwa ni thog bar mtha' sbyar 'bod sgra'o. Khyung-sprul 13. [2] crow. See ka ka. "Where the crow has to take care of cleanliness." Hahn, TSD 38.

•KA KA kā ka'i zur chag gam bya rog. Chödag. Skt. kāka (crow).

•KĀ KA khwa ta'am bya rog chen po'i ming. CSKG.

•KWA KWA srin bu kwa kwa. Some kind of maggot. Nathan W. Hill, Tibetan Vwa 'Fox' and the Sound Change Tibeto-Burman *wa > Tibet O, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, vol. 28, no. 2 (Oct. 2006), pp. 79-94, at p. 87, where it is interpreted as 'excrement worm.'

•KA KA KA KA ? Samdo A V 265v.5.

•KA KA CHEN PO gze ma ra mgo'i ming. CSKG.

•KA KA NI monetary unit. 383 275. pa ṇa'i ming dang 'gron bu nyi shu'i rin gyi ming dang ka ka ni bzhi la ma shag gcig go. Chödag. An old Indian measurement unit for gold and silver weights. See Dung-dkar. Skt. kākani (a small coin). A small sum of money in ancient India, Skt. kākiṇī. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 1. DCD 1. Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo I 561, says it is worth 20 cowries.

•KA KA NI SGO BZHI A walk-through chorten at Lhasa. See Stearns, King 193.

•KA KA NĪ LA dbang sngon rin po che'i ming dang rdo sman zhig la'ang. CSKG. DG 81.1. Skt. kakanīla, equiv. to kākajambū (the plant Ardisia humilis).

•KA KA RU sdig srin. See sdig pa. ka ka ru sdig srin. Khyung-sprul 11. BLSR.

•KA KĀ SYA See a ka ru. BLSR.

•KA KU BHA ka ku bha ni dug mo nyung gi shing du bsgyur chog ste / snyan ngag me long las / kad mra ni rnam par rgyas / ku ṭa jong gam rab gsal / kundha lya ni rab tu byed / ka ku bha yang [56r2] gyis par gyur / ces don bskor gyi rgyun gyi dper brjod du phyung ba la 7 gong sa lnga pa'i dka' 'grel dbyangs can dgyes glur / bzhi po tshig mi gcig kyang don dug mo nyung gi shing yin pas shing gcig pu de bskor ba ste shing de rnam par rgyas / [56r3] rab tu gsal / rab tu byed / gyes par gyur / ces gsungs so. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•KA KU BHĀ shing sdong. CSKG. Skt. kākubha (a species of pragātha).

•KA KU BHA YA shing sdong zhig / dug mo nyung gi shing nor. Chödag. shing dug mo nyung ngam dpa' bo'i shing zer ba de yin. Utpal 11.3. ka ku bha ya [phyogs khyab] dug mo nyung gi ming. Khyung-sprul 11.

•KA KO'I SKAD bya rog gi ming. CSKG.

•KA KO TRI KA See ha shig. BLSR.

•KA KO LA 1. a tantric word for the 'lotus' or female organs. 2. an herb (sman). Amomum subulatum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. BLSR. 3. a type of poison (dug rigs bye brag gcig). Blaṅ 526 (see Yisun, where it means either a large crow or btsan dug). kā ko la ste dug gcig gam sman zhig gam zla ba'i bye ma'ang zer. bya rog chen po dang zla ba la'ang. Kakko la: mo mtshan la'ang. Chödag. kā ko la: bya rog gi yan lag 'dra ba'i dug. Chödag. See under bo la (where it has the meaning of mo mtshan; note that kola is Skt. for 'lap'). ka ko la ni sman de'o. Utpal 12.3. dug gi bye brag gi ming. CSKG. = rtsa ldum 'bras bu, ko la. JD 74. a tree. SS 417.6. = e la. YTTM 291.15. cardamom. TM I 50. TM IV 61. DG 151.5. cubeb, greater cardamom [actually, these two spices could never be confused! It is the greater cardamom that has the suggestive shape, not the cubeb]. Clifford, chart. Skt. kākola. A tantra passage that relates kakkolaka to padma, see Bagchi, ST 30. Upadhyaya in Mishra, ABS 348. See under e la phra mo. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 2.

•KA KO LA'I SRIN BU See Dung-dkar.

•KA KO LI = ra mnye. BLSR.

•KA KHA n. for the Tibetan alphabet with its 30 letters. BR.

•KĀ GA bya rog chen po.

•KA GĀ NĪ LA indra nī la'i bye brag. Chödag.

•KA GRU'I BU klu'i ming. CSKG.

•KA GHAṂ GI a kind of turquoise. DG 80.2.

•KA MGO head of the pillar, capital. Generally considered a synonym of ka gzhu, q.v.

•KA RGYUG ras gur gyi ka rgyug zer. Chödag. The 'pillar' poles used to pitch tents. BR.

•KA SGROGS kā ka zhes sgrog pas bya rog. Chödag.

•KA NGU RI = gla rtsi. BLSR.

•KA CA wealth, possessions. OT = dkor q.v. Blaṅ 302.1. = nor. 367 I 237. nor dngos po spyi'i ming / ka cha. Chödag. = nor gyi spyi ming. Lcang-skya. nor spyi'i ming. Utpal 13.2. CSKG. Gold.Ms. I 4r.3. BR. ka ca dang sog run ma rem par. 601 40r.3. 'dod pa zad pa dang ka ca 'du ba dus mnyam. Zhi-byed Coll. II 345.3. Perhaps a Tibetanization of Skt. kāñcana (money, wealth, property). Also spelled ka cha. Rnam.

•KA CI ras ka ci zer. Chödag.

•KA CI SGONG SHUN MA Indian cloth, described in Dung-dkar.

•KA CU RA See dkar tshur.

•KA CIG LCAM GANG MA =Ka cig ma. A way of describing the size of a Tibetan house. See Dung-dkar.

•KA CHA ca lag. Gces 584.2. general word for 'wealth' (nor). BBNP 478. Btsan-lha. DCD 2. See ka ca.

•KA CHUG like that (de ltar). Btsan-lha. Rnam.

•KA JI (dbus) = ka ci, Benares linen or a kind of coarse white cotton cloth largely imported into Tibet from Nepal and India. Deriv. from Kāśi, n. of Benares. MTTP. nor dngos po spyi'i ming / ka ca. Chödag.

•KA 'JI a substance used for testing gold (apparently a stone on which the gold can be rubbed). ngo bo mthong bas shes pa gser ka 'ji la bdar ba lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 473.2. mtshang shes pa la bdud kyis myi tshugs pa gser ka 'dzi la bdar ba lta bu. Ibid. II 481.1 (also, 484.2). Ibid. I 434.2. rang gis bsags pa'i gser la ka 'jis brdar myi dgos. Ibid. I 310.3. Seems to be the dka' 'ji in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 244.3 (dka' 'ji'i khu ba dkar dmar dang bsres la). ka 'ji'i dkyil 'khor du tshig dbang rin po che zhus. Zhi-byed Coll. V 86.6.

•KANYTSA shing kanytsa. SS 413.6.

•KANYTSA THA See shing tsha.

•KĀNYTSA NAM gser gyi ming. CSKG.

•KA GNYIS PA bya rog la'ang. Chödag. CSKG.

•KA TĀKṢAH zur mig gi ming. CSKG. Skt. kaṭākṣa (a glance or side look, leer).

•KWA TA JD 225.

•KA TA NA KA TI'I BU ka ta na ka ti'i bu 'phags ming. Name of a saint. Khyung-sprul 11.

•KA TA PUR katpur te sman ga bur / katbur. Chödag.

•KA TA'I BU kātya na'i bu ste nyan thos shig / kātya na'i bu. Chödag.

•KA TA'I BU MO kātya na'i bu mo ste lha mo u māh / kātya na'i bu mo. Chödag.

•KA TA RI ka ta ri las thar nas dond du zhugs pa'i mi de shin tu blun. Zhi-byed Coll. I 222.6. It's here defined by the word rngos, 'trap.' Obviously an Indic word.

•KA TA LĪ ri dwags ku rangga'i ming. CSKG.

•KA TĀNGGA shing dmar ram ba bsher shing gi ming. CSKG.

•KA TAN [1] a kind of white cloth from India. ras dkar po zhig la'ang. Chödag. Btsan-lha. rgya gar gyi ras zhig gi ming. Utpal 11.1. Apparently, this is simply the word 'cotton.' rgya gar dang mon phyogs nas yod pa'i ras kyi bye brag zhig la ka tan zhes zer zhing / dag yig 'gar ka dan zhes kyang 'byung. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. [2] However, note its use in the description of Indra's palace in the Lokaprajñapti (Derge version, p. 58) where it appears to be an architectural element.

•KA TAM BHA RA snum ldan ka tam bha ra. KP3 344.7. KP4 573.3.

•KA TAR ka li ka ta zhes pa'i grong khyer la. Chödag.

•KA TI See Achard, L'Essence 130-131.

•KA TI RA Zhi-byed Coll. I 431.4. Skt. kātīra?

•KA TI SHEL GYI SBU GU CAN Germano, Poetic Thought 898. See Daniel Scheiddeger, Different Sets of Channels in the Instruction Series of Rdzogs chen, Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines 12 (2007) 25.

•KA TI SA RA dri chen nam phyi sa dor ba. BBNP 469.

•KA TI GSER GYI RTSA See Achard, L'Essence 130-131.

•KA TU rtsa zhig. Chödag.

•KA TO RA ka ṭo ra ste zangs snod gzhong pa. Chödag. washbasin. Das, JTL&CT 99. An example illus. in Precious Deposits V 116.

•KA TOR OT deriv. from Skt. ka ṭor. = snod. Blaṅ 309.1-.2. Skt. kaṭora (a type of cup or vessel).

•KĀ TYA'I BU MO lha dbang phyug chen po'i chung ma lha mo u mā'i ming. CSKG.

•KA TRA ? Rnying Rgyud 1982 II 566.2.

•KA GTAN ras dkar po zhig gi ming. Rnam. See ka tan.

•KA GTUGS PA thabs zad pa. Chödag.

•KA RTAGS alphabetic system (alphabetic order). Vitali, Tho.ling 73.

•KA RTEN DANG KA STEGS ka ba 'debs byed gdan lta bu / ka gdan. Chödag.

•KA BSTOD ka phreng du bkod pa'i bstod pa. Chödag.

•KA THAM snod spyad cig. Chödag.

•KA THO ka kha rim bzhin bkod pa'i tho yig. Chödag. Explanation in Dung-dkar 4. DCD 3.

•KA THO RA mkhregs pa'i ming. CSKG.

•KA THOG GDUNG BZHAG Dpa'-ris.

•KA DAG [= ka nas dag pa] Pure from the letter 'A'. Abbr. of ka nas dag pa, pure from [the letter] 'ka'. 'Ka' is the first letter of the Tibetan alphabet, so the right English translation would include the first letter of the English alphabet. This is a term from the Old Translations, and we no longer know the Sanskrit equivalent. Acc. to 208 I 309.4, the Skt. is khaśuddha (sky-like pure??). Stein. Often translated 'primordial purity.' Germano, Poetic Thought 914. rtsa ba nas dag pa'am chos kyi dbyings stong pa nyid kyi don du gsungs. Chödag. Btsan-lha. Rnam. Discussion by Klein in Karmay, New Horizons 220 n. 100. NZT. Note also discussion in BR. DCD 3.

•KA DAM PA a kind of bird or a kind of tree (a borrowing from Skt.). chu skyar bya'i ming dang lnga pas mthing ril gyi ming du gsungs kyang tshogs can zhes pa'i shing sdong ming. Chödag. Btsan-lha. ka dam ni chu bya nya za mkhan gyi ming. Utpal 11.4. CSKG. Skt. kadamba (with a number of meanings) or kādamba. ka dampa [mchu bya mthing ril] ni chu skyar dang shing zhig. Khyung-sprul 11. The night-flowering Kadam tree is Amnthocephalus cadamba, of the Rubiaceae family. See BR. BLSR.

•KA DAM PA SKYES chang la'ang. Chödag. CSKG.

•KA DAM PA CAN sprin gyi ming la'ang. Chödag.

•KA DAM PA'I ME TOG spra ba'i me tog. Chödag.

•KA DAM PE pad tshal gyi ming. CSKG. Name of [a?] pot vegetable.

•KA DAM BU GA'I ME TOG rma lo khri mo'i me tog gi ming. Btsan-lha.

•KA DAMS mthing ril / sprin dang dug mo nyung gi ming la yang 'jug. BR.

•KA DI DA See Dung-dkar. = kha di da.

•KA DIR shing zhig. Chödag.

•KA DU RI Skt. kastūrī. See gla rtsi.

•KA DRU'I BU klu'i ming. Chödag. CSKG. Son of Kadru. Skt. Kādraveya (n. of certain nāgas).

•KA GDAN ka ba 'debs byed gdan lta bu / ka stegs. Chödag. The pedestal of the pillar in Tibetan architecture. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3. foundations of pillars. ZZFC 242.

•KA GDAN RNAM LNGA See NZT.

•KA GDUNG = ka ba & gdung ma, the pillar[s] and beam[s].

•KA GDUNG BRTSEGS MA BCU GSUM See Dung-dkar.

•KA MDA' = a shwa gandha. BLSR.

•KA RDO A part of a house construction. The stone at the base of a [probably wooden] pillar. The plinth. See Dag-yig 67. Should not be confounded with the cardo of Roman street planning.

•KA SDE ka kha ga nga bzhi la ka sde zer. Chödag.

•KA SDE BCU NZT.

•KA NA KA gser. Chödag. CSKG. BLSR. Skt. kanaka. See gser.

•KA NA YA See Dung-dkar. It is a kind of harpoon-like weapon held by Vajrabhairava.

•KA NAS DAG rtsa ba nas dag pa'am chos kyi dbyings stong pa nyid kyi don du gsungs. Chödag. See ka dag.

•KA'U NI A unit in Indian monetary system equivalent to 16 karsha pa ṇa (karṣāpaṇa). Dung-dkar 44-45.

•KA NI KA yul gyi cha nas rgyal po ka ni ka. Chödag. See se ba'i me tog. Kaniṣṭha. DCD 3-5.

•KA PA TA khur tshos kyi ming. CSKG.

•KA PA LA mgo rus thod pa'am bde skyong. Chödag. Skt. kapāla.

•KA PA LI thod pa. NZT.

•KA PAD Btsan-lha. a tree. KP4 576.4.

•KA PAD SKYUR RTSI shing ka bitba'i ming. CSKG.

•KA PĀL ka ba li ste dpe cha 'jog snod kyi ming. CSKG. Evid. Indic. See ka ba li.

•KA PI TA 'byar byed spyin lta ba. Chödag.

•KA PI TĀ NA See a ka ru. BLSR.

•KA PI LA See a ka ru. BLSR.

•KA PI LA NA ka bi la na. Rnam.

•KA PID rtsa ba myu gu skyu ru bil ba ka pid gsol. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 299.5.

•KA PU RA = spur len. BLSR.

•KA PED bi wa. Khyung-sprul 11. BLSR.

•KA PO TA phug ron tshwa zhig dang mkhur tshos. Chödag. rgya tswa'i ming ngam khur tshos kyi ming la'ang. CSKG. Skt. kapota.

•KA DPE ka kha sogs ka mad sum cu tham pa. Chödag.

•KA SPUNGS An old word for what is now called sgo 'phyor. Explained in Dung-dkar 8.

•KA PHIBS See Dung-dkar.

•KA PHOR = ga phor. See Dung-dkar.

•KA PHRENG ka kha rim bzhin bsgrigs pa'o. Chödag.

•KA 'PHAN Pillar hanging (with kīrtimukha at top). Illus. in Yisun. ka ba'i rgyan gos chen ka 'phan. Chödag. See Dung-dkar.

•KA BA [1] pillar. khang pa'i gdung ma 'degs byed shing. Chödag. For the architecture of the pillar, see Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3. For something on pillars in the Jo khang temple named Ka ba Shing lo can and Ka ba Seng mgo can, see Das, JTL&CT 163. [2] a clan name. Btsan-lha.

•KA BA RGYUD GCOD See brag spos. BLSR.

•KA BA RI A kind of weapon held by demons (but otherwise unidentified). See 192-vol. Bon Kanjur CL 47r.3.

•KA BA LI dpe cha 'jog pa'i zhog ka li. BBNP 465. sho ka li'am dpe cha 'jog snod. Chödag. Las-chen, Chos-'byung I 382.3. See Dung-dkar 12 (under ka wa li). Trungram, Gampopa 241, where spelling variants are: kab li, ka pa li, ka pā li. It might be kept on a person's back, as can be seen in HS V 406.7. Said to be Skt. dpe snyod [~snod] sho ka li'i ming. BY 7.

•KA BAD ku ba bil ba'i ming. ka bed. Chödag. ka bad dang ku ba gnyis ka rdo thog shing skyes kyi ming. Utpal 12.1.

•KA BAR 'JAG MA'I LHAN PA Dpa'-ris. to put a grass extention on a pillar. Goldstein.

•KA BED Btsan-lha. Rnam. Karmay, Arrow 348, where it is said to mean 'squash' (i.e., gourd). = ku ba chen. JD 182. ka ped. SS 477.6. = kha ḍa ka, ras mi ci, khru gcod gtso bo, chag chang ku ba. DG 213.1. Luffa aegyptiaca. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. gourd. CTEV 28 (here spelled ka ped).

•KA BED CHUNG BA See bil ba.

•KA BYED Rnam.

•KA BHE TA BLSR.

•KA DBRAG spaces between pillars. ka ba'i bar mtshams. Chödag.

•KA SBU KA numbered as part of a set of red substances. Simioli, AG 63.

•KA SBUG Kalimpong, the town. ka ling sbug ces pa'i grong khyer. Chödag.

•KA MA TA n. of a region or a town. yul zhig gam grong khyer zhig. Chödag.

•KĀ MA TĀ NA a n. for the cuckoo. bya khu byug gi ming. CSKG. Skt. kāmatāla (cuckoo).

•KA MA NĀ mgo skar ma dang ldan pa'i zla ba'i ming. CSKG.

•KA MA RU rdo ka ma ru'am rdo par. Chödag.

•KA MA LA chu'i rgyan me tog padma. Chödag. ka ma la ni padma spyi'i ming. Utpal 11.4. me tog sngon po 'dabs ma brgyad pa can zhig. NZT. 'di dag yig ngag sgron mar / ka sha ka sha ka ma la / zhes pa'i ka ma la dang / yang de nyid du ka ma da dang ko'u shi ka / zhes [57r2] byung ba'i ka ma ta zhes pa gnyis ka la dang ta'i rkyen gyi khyad par ma gtogs don padma yin la / ka ma la don mang po la yang 'jug ste sgra'i snye mar / ka ma la zhes nam mkha' ste / padma'ang ka ma la ru dran / ka ma la ni rlung tshogs pa / shing [57r3] rtag (ka?) ma la ru brjod / dbang po gsal la ka ma la / ka ma la ni bya ngang pa / ri dwags la yang mtshungs par bshad / ka ma la ni bzhon pa rta / snang byed gnyis la'ang ka ma la / ka ma la ni ljon shing rtse / ru rgyas ka ma la ru bshad / thub pa [57r4] rab mchog ka ma la / mi mo'i glu la'ang ka ma la / ka ma la ni sbrang chang ste / gser gyi mdog la'ang ka ma la / 'dir ni bden smra la yang ngo / glang po'i myos bum ka ma la / nor bu dang ni rin po che / bar mtshams yul phran ka ma la / [57r5] ri dang ri phran la yang ste / ma he dang ni ba glang dang / de bzhin khyu mchog ka ma la / ka ma la ni gos la sems / de bzhin chu bo ka ma la / zhes gsungs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. Rnam. Kamala, a powder extracted from the tropical plant Rottler tinctoria Roxb., is a well known materia medica and dye substance in Arabic, Indian and western cultures, closely related to "true wurus (wars)." Levey, Aromatic 408.

•KA MA LA CAN khyab 'jug chung ma. Chödag. CSKG.

•KA MA LI ral gri. Namdak. ka ma li zhes ral gri la 'dod pa dang / yul skad 'gar 'jor la yin zer ba yang thos pas gang ma de bden nam snyam pas brtag go. From Namdak, Bzo-rig 119. Example of Bon usage in Gzi-brjid XI 184.

•KA MA SA gzhu yi khyim la'ang. Chödag.

•KA MANG ka kha sogs ka mang sum cu tham pa / ka dpe. Chödag. I think this ought to be read as ka mad, meaning the series of 30 letters that begin with "ka." Used a number of times in BYNP 300.

•KA MI YAM mcher ba. Chödag. BLSR.

•KA MIKDZA LA BLSR.

•KA MED ma shes ka med. Khyung-sprul 11. thabs med pa. no way to... Rnam. BR.

•KA MED PA thabs med pa la'ang. Chödag.

•KA MO KO ME Btsan-lha.

•KA MO NYA See thar nu. BLSR.

•KA TSA ka tsa ni reg 'jam. Utpal 16.4.

•KA TSA RA See discussion of this word, which is in fact sometimes used to refer to to mixed Nepali-Tibetan people (and so has a derogatory ethnic meaning in Nepal), by Amy Heller in Orientations 33 no. 10 (Dec 2002) 61. When in Nepal, I heard it interpreted as meaning 'mule' (neither donkey nor horse...).

•KA TSA LIN DA ka tsa lin da zhes pa'i yul nas byung ba'i gos chen la'ang. Chödag. Rnam. Skt. kācilindi?

•KA 'DZIN kha 'dzin. Rnam.

•KA ZHIB short for ka kha'i zhib 'go. A kind of alphabet monitor, helping students to do writing exercises. Travers, BPPI 123 (other writing exercise 'monitors' named here: tshugs ring zhib 'go, tshugs zhib, and spyi gral).

•KA ZHU LNGA NZT.

•KA GZHU (wooden) pillar capital. ka ba dang gdung ma'i bar gyi shing. Chödag. ka zhu rnams la chu srin pa tra zhes pa. Namdak, Bzo-rig 78. The correct English word is 'entablature.' See Dung-dkar.

•KA BZHI MA A Tibetan way of expressing the size of a house having 4 pillars. See Dung-dkar.

•KA ZO See under dges pa. Gces 586.6.

•KA YA See dkar ya. Schmied 127.

•KA YANG NA thabs yang na. Gces 586.3. Btsan-lha.

•KA YANG RTSE rtse mo'am mchog. Chödag.

•KA YUR Evid. n. for irrigation channels. Samdo A V 24r.2.

•KA YE kwa ye zhes bod pa'i sgra. Chödag. For calling someone of equal or lesser status than oneself.

•KA RA shel ka ra dang bye ma ka ra lta bu. Chödag. za ba'i rnam grangs kyi ming. CSKG. JD 129. LW 455. See dam bu ka ra. BLSR.

•KĀ RĀ btson khang gi ming. CSKG. Skt. kārā (confinement), kārāgāra (prisonhouse).

•KWA RA tent stick. Naga in TJ 24 no. 3 (1999) 70. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 34.

•KA RA NA [1] concentrated gaze (lta stangs). This is perhaps a specialized meaning in Zhijé contexts only? In modern yogic practice gazing is usually called trāṭaka. Aldous Huxley, author of Eyeless in Gaza (!) was a candle gazing enthusiast. mtshan bcas ni ka ra na yul la g.yo ba bcings pas / rtog pa'i 'gyu ba 'chad pa yin / mtshan myed ni ka ra na rten myed du bcings pas / rtog pa rang mal du tshud pa yin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 323.2. ka ra na yul la bcings pas bying rgod kyis glags myi rnyed. Ibid. II 328.6. bor len len la gdan sa ma spos na / ka ra na yul la bcings kyang. Ibid. II 467.3. ka ra na ni rgya skad de / don la blta bstangs bya ba yin te. Ibid. II 12.5. ka ra na rten can du bcings pas. Zhi-byed Coll. I 241.7. [2] In Skt. contexts: kāraṇa (instrument, tool, means of action, that which is efficacious; this term is frequently used in grammatical contexts). It can be used for ritual procedures, meaning sequences of ritual actions. Or, Skt. karaṇa. [3] karaṇa is translated by Tib. skabs (normally meaning 'moment, opportunity,' although I'm thinking 'episode' may work for skabs) in Mvy. no. 5395. [4] drama contexts... The term karaṇa, as used by Abhayākaragupta, is discussed in D.C. Bhattacharyya, Dramatic Content of Tantric Buddhist Art and Rituals, in Devendra Handa, ed., Indological Studies (Delhi 1987), p. 98, where it means a 'stance' of the body in dance, drama and ritual. For what ought to be considered the classic source, see Bharata's Nāṭyaśāstra, chap. 4, v. 29 ff., where 108 of them are enumerated. These 108 'dance phrases' may be found illustrated on the internet— http://site.voila.fr/bharatanatyam/natya_karanas.html. See the entries in Brunner, TAK. Afterthoughts: Since this is one meaning of the Skt. word, I am thinking that the English word "effect" in its show business meaning may closely enough match it, perhaps 'theatrical effect.' In Kāma Sūtra types of contexts it may be appropriate to translate it as 'acts.'

•KĀ RA BĪ shing rma bya'i gtsug phud kyi ming. CSKG. Skt. kārabī (n. of various plants).

•KA RA BI RA oleander. LW 468. A paper-making plant. See Dung-dkar.

•KA RA WA TI 24 I 82.3.

•KA RA WI RA shing sdong zhig ste de'i lo ma me tog dang me tog brgyar gyes pa'ang zer. Chödag. oleander. Aris, Discourse 31. ka ra wī ra ni me tog dmar po'i ming. Utpal 11.5. ka ra wī ra re lcag me tog dmar. Khyung-sprul 11. Rnam. NZT.

•KA RAG 'a white earth color' Jackson [see mo dkar] sa dkar zhig. Chödag. White from mineral, chalk or lime. Anyetsang in TSB 15 (1980) 6.

•KA RANYDZA sman zhig. Chödag. ka ran dza / shing sman gyi rigs shig. Gser Sbram 308. sman 'jam 'bras kyi ming. CSKG. = lag pa'i thal mo. JD 87. = sgrul skong 'dra. YTTM 292.1. a tree. SS 427.1. = lag skyes. DG 192.6. For a medicinal preparation called ka ran dza drug pa, see RR 77. Skt. karañja (the tree Pongamia glabra). Simioli, AG 55, 64. BLSR.

•KĀ RAṆḌA 'dab chags bye brag gi ming. CSKG. Skt. kāraṇḍa (a sort of duck).

•KA RĪ BLSR.

•KA RI KA Btsan-lha. See Dung-dkar.

•KA RU dkar po'i ming du gsungs. Chödag. Evid., = dkar po. Samdo A II 212v.2. ka ru ni rdo dkar po. Utpal 13.2. mu stegs ka ru in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 162.5. Rnam.

•KA RU KHA SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 142.4.

•KA RU MA a mysterious word, apparently a Sanskritism, in Zhi-byed Coll., where it refers to something (probably barley) used in consecration rites. In later times it is used to refer to an image of Pha dam pa kept at Ding-ri Glang-'khor.

•KA RE KO RE [>kor, 'to circle'] = kar kor. 'zig-zag' Soundings 23. Dagyab. gya gyu pa'i don. Chödag.

•KA LA KU TRA ka la ku tra myin yin te / nam mkha' mthong bas ji ltar rig. Zhi-byed Coll. I 308.1.

•KĀ LA KŪ ṬA dug gi ming. CSKG. Skt. kālakūṭa (a poison from a tuber, the poison swallowed by Shiva that caused his neck to turn blue).

•KA LA LJANG a metal alloy, also called sbyong. BLKC I 340.

•KA LA DRU MA BLSR.

•KA LA DHAU TA BLSR.

•KA LA PA kalpa ste dus kyi bskal pa. Chödag.

•KA LĀ PA sham bha la'i grong khyer. Chödag.

•KA LA PING KA bya zhig gi ming. Chödag. ka la ping ka'i gshog ru sgo ngar rgyas. Zhi-byed Coll. I 276.5. Ibid. I 427.4. BR. ka la pingka'i ni rgya gar 'phags yul gyi bya nag khra skad snyan pa mi skad go ba kyur kyur skad ni bya de'i skad. An Indian bird with black markings, sweet bird song, understanding human language, with the kyur kyur language as its speech. Utpal 15.1. The Skt. kalaviṅka has various meanings: sparrow, Indian cuckoo, white cāmara, spot, n. of a plant. BLSR. Roberts, King.

•KA LA DBANG PO See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 44n.

•KĀ LA MI ṢI See so ma ra dza.

•KA LA SHA yul gyi ming ste mdo las 'dzambu gling nas ka shi ka dang ka la sha dang ma gha dha'o zhes gsungs / bum pa'i ming ngo. Chödag. Btsan-lha.

•KA LA HAMSA chu skyar gyi ming. CSKG.

•KA LAN TA bya zhig ste khang pa'i byi'u'ang zer. Chödag. JD 223.

•KA LAN TA KA yul de dang bya de'i ming. Utpal 14.5. mchil ba'am khang pa'i bye'u ming. CSKG. See Dung-dkar 13. Skt. kalantaka, kalandaka (squirrel, or a kind of bird?). It is placed in the class of birds with beautiful songs. It is said to resemble a magpie and live among the bamboo trees. Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, vol. 3, p. 125, but elsewhere (vol. 8, p. 521, 522) it is translated as squirrel. BLSR.

•KA LAN TA PA mchil ba'i ming. CSKG.

•KA LAN DA KA Rnam.

•KA LI mo'i mgo rus. Chödag. ka li'i ni thod pa. Example of usage in HS XXII 71.3. BLSR.

•KĀ LI See a ka ru.

•KA LI KA ka li kā. rgya gar na yul zhig gam grong zhig. Chödag. tsam pa ka dang de'i 'bras bu la'ang. CSKG. ka li ka ni me tog tsam pa ka. Khyung-sprul 11. NZT. BLSR.

•KĀ LI KĀ gze ma ra mgo'i ming. CSKG.

•KA LI TA labels a part of the eye, evidently the iris, in an iconographical illus. in Christoph Cüppers, et al., Handbook of Tibetan Iconometry: A Guide to the Arts of the 17th Century, Brill (Leiden 2012) 36.

•KĀ LĪ YA tsan dan ser po'am dus su skyes pa zhes bya ba'i shing gi ming. CSKG. Skt. kālīya (a dark kind of sandalwood), kāleya (a yellow fragrant wood).

•KĀ LIN DA'I BU MO chu bo ya mu na dang pakshu la'ang. Chödag. pakshu'i ming dang chu bo ya mu na'i ming. CSKG.

•KĀ LE YA Skt. kāleya. See a ka ru.

•KA LO A way of referring to both the bre and the bre khebs above a pillar. See Dung-dkar.

•KA SHA rtsi shing dang rtswa dang sa skyes zer ba dang ser sha dang cha 'dra ba zhig. Chödag. ka sha ni rtsa ka sha ku sha'ang rtsa'i ming. Utpal 11.4. ka sha — slob dpon smra ba chen pos / ku ni sa shal yang dag bshad pa ste / de bzhin ngan pa'i tshigs la'ang brjod par bya / zhes gsungs pa ltar gyi ku bzhag / de la tsandra byā ka ra ṇa'i skabs bzhi pa'i rkang pa gnyes par / lo man la sogs pa dang / pā man la sogs pa rnams las [56v2] sha dang na dag gos sha rkyen du byin / īk gi ā tra eng ngo zhes pas ku ko la song / eng gi ā ta yang ngos / ko ka la btang bas ka sha zhes grub pa bsgyur nas skyes can sogs la 'jug pas don 'gyur gyis rtswa zhes par bsgyur chog. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. See Dung-dkar. Rnam. Skt. kāśa (a species of grass used for mats, roofs, etc.).

•KA SHWA KAM BHA See a shwa gandha.

•KA SHI yul gyi ming ste mdo las 'dzambu gling na ka shi ka dang ka la sha dang ma gha dha'o zhes gsungs pa'o. Chödag. gsal ldan. Dung-dkar. Rnam.

•KA SHI KA NZT. Simioli, AG 56.

•KA SHI KA'I RAS grong khyer gsal ldan nam ba ra nā si nas byung ba'i ras yin gsungs. Chödag. Rnam. BR. Benares muslin. Aris, Discourse 37. ka shi ka ni ras dkar po mchog cig go. Utpal 11.1. Mvy. 9176. Silk, Dissert. 378 (an improper cloth for monastic robes). Śākyamuni's princely robes were made of this. See Strong, BR 66-67. Jonathan A. Silk, Dressed for Success: The Monk Kāśyapa and Strategies of Legitimation in Earlier Mahāyāna Buddhist Scriptures, Journal Asiatique, vol. 291, nos. 1-2 (2003) 173-219, at p. 191.

•KA SHU KA rgya skyegs shing gi ming. CSKG.

•KA SHO ? something that is used for assaying gold. Samdo A V 16v.5. Ka shu ka is the spelling in Yisun. = ba sgrub. YTTM 292.9. Dasgupta, ORC 159. This clearly derives from the Skt. root kaṣ, which means to rub or scrape (as on a touchstone in gold assaying). Skt. kaṣas (hence the ka sho) may mean the touchstone itself. It would seem that generally in Skt. śāṇa, or śāṇaphalaka [touchstone slab], is the stone used in gold assaying.

•KA SHO KA DHA KP1 99.4. KP3 275. KP4 437.5.

•KA BSHAD ka phreng du bkod pa'i li (?) la'ang. Chödag.

•KA SU RA spos shel. Chödag.

•KA SED KP3 346.3. KP4 576.4.

•KA'U SUGS SU Btsan-lha.

•KA'U SUS SU Btsan-lha.

•KA LHA See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 64-5.

•KAG lo zla sogs kyi kag. Utpal 15.2. glo bur / kag gis langs pa lta bu. Rnam.

•KAG GIS glo bur gyis dang myur bas so. Chödag. Rnam. suddenly. C&LT 167.

•KAG TA PA a position in a scriptorium, although the job description is unclear (acc. to Kurtis Schaeffer, forthcoming work on Bu-ston). Perhaps deriv. from Skt. kāyastha?

•KAG STE hob ste / glo bur gyi yong ba. Rnam.

•KAG LANGS (obs.) = kag gis langs pa. Arising suddenly or incidentally. Samdo A IV 214r.5.

•KANG gang. Rnam.

•KANG KA kangka ste dur bya zhig. Chödag. rkang ka mkha la lding ba bzhin. Zhi-byed Coll. I 324.6. kang ka ni dur bya kang ka khwa ta yin zer 'di ko ni 'di ni klag cor che ni ca co'i sgra chen po. Utpal 17.1. kaṃ ka / dur bya ka ka'i ming. As meaning both 'heron' and 'false brahmin,' see Guenther, Ecstatic 159 n. 4. Skt. kaṅka (heron, kind of mango, false Brahmin, etc.). ngag sgron mchan bur / bya rog tu bsgyur / smra rgyan du dur bya la [57r6] bsgyur yod / mgo bkad / spyir bkad ces pa gral lam rim pa lta bu'i ming yin pas mgo bkad ces pa'ang mgo spu'i rim pa'am gral la 'jug pa yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. Bellezza, D&B 47 (kang ka, gang ka).

skam pa KANG KA MCHU lit, heron-beak.' Surgical pinchers pictured in JD 274 (item 2).

•KANGKA NI Short form (and name) of the dhāraṇī of Akṣobhya. See Cuevas, Hidden History 37-38.

•KANG KANG dur bya kang kang. 115 65.2.

•KANG SKRA CAN dur bya kang ka'i ming. CSKG.

•KANG CEN Transcription of Chinese gangjian, for 'annals', corresponding to Tib. deb ther. Thuken 334.

•KANG PA khang pa / gzim khang ngam mi'i sdod khang. Rnam.

•KANG RA cucumber (Lonely Planet Phrasebook).

•KAṆ ṬA KĀ RI See TR XIV no. 4, p. 16. sman zhig. Chödag. Skt. kaṇṭakārī.

•KAṆ ṬA SHAM KA dung tsher ma can. Chödag.

•KAT PŪ RAṂ See shel ga bur.

•KATPUR rtsi sman ga bur gyi ming. CSKG.

•KAT PUR 'DZAG zla ba'i ming. Chödag. CSKG.

•KAD KAD Samdo A V 219v.4; VI 11v.5.

•KAD KYIS KHENGS chu kad kyis gang ba. Chödag. chus kad kyis khengs pa ni kha da chad du gang ba'am chu snod kyi kha dang mnyam mnyam du gang ba'o. Dpe-chos 513.

•KAN gung mdzub ces lag pa'i dkyil mdzub kyi ming. Rnam. A volume-numbering mark (perhaps based on Chinese words for the fingers of the hand?). BKC 55.

•KAN CI GA PUR Kuijp, Rivers 312.

•KAN CHANG a med. term borrowed from Chinese; see Gerke, PT 9.

•KAṆṬA See shrī kaṇṭa.

•KAN TA'O (Chin.) Name of a type of large sword. See Dung-dkar 22.

•KAṆṬA KA RI See Emmerick in BSOAS 58 no. 2 (1995) 406. Wild eggplant.

•KAṆṬA KA RI SMUG PO See ga bra. See stag tsher. DG 235.6.

•KAṆṬA NI LA See a byag tsher sngon.

•KAṆṬA RI = tsher ma byed pa, bya kri, seng tsher. SS 441.4. JD 116. See under bya kri in Clifford, list. KP1 166. = bri ha ti. YTTM 291.18. KP4 487.2. = su phu ti ka, 'dre tsher, mkhas ma, spri shī, reg byed ma, byā ghri, stag ldan, stag tsher. DG 234.6.

•KANTI DA YA KAṂ See a ka ru.

•KANDA KA RI kaṇḍa ka ri ni sman de yin. Utpal 12.2.

•KAṆḌA KA RI DKAR PO Rubus. TDD 167.

•KAṆḌA KA RI SMUG PO Blackberry. Rubus foliolosus. TDD 166.

•KAṆḌA BHŪ ṢHA mgul rgyan gyi ming.

•KANDA RA LA a shwattha dang mtshungs pa'i shing gi ming. CSKG.

•KAṆḌA SHAṂ KA shing tsher ma can gyi ming. CSKG.

•KAṆḌI KA RA See dong ga.

•KAN BA See mkhar ba.

•KAN TSHA GA BUR Kuijp, Rivers 312.

•KAN TSHAL zas kyi bye brag. Chödag.

•KAN 'OG kha nang gi kan gyi 'og rtsa. Utpal 15.5.

•KAN SI TAM See under bi tsi.

•KAB khab. Rnam.

•KAB KOB PA bskams nas ko ba gyong pa lta bu. Chödag. kab kob ni go 'bur gyi ming. Utpal 17.3.

•KAB KHA Rnam.

•KAB TSHE PA bskal pa tha ma'i tshe zas rnyed pa tsam bkab ste bsris pa'i mu ge'i dus. Chödag.

•KAM ZZ = sog pa. 'shoulder [blade].' Bru II 291.2. a clan name. Btsan-lha.

•KAṂ KA = tsha tsha? 4X I 119.4. Perhaps derives from the Kang ka ni (sp?) mantra used for tsha tsha making. dur bya'i ming. CSKG.

•KAM KAM Gold.Ms. I 3r.4. See also kams kams?

•KAM KAM TSIG TSIG Samdo A V 120r.6.

•KAM KU SRI Simioli, AG 56.

•KAM KUS TRA Simioli, AG 56.

•KAM GYI Btsan-lha.

•KAM GYIS BTANG BBNP 484.

•KAM CU kan cu'am kan tshwa la zer. Rnam.

•KAM ME KOM ME lus kyi dbyibs rnam 'gyur. Chödag. skam me skum me zer ba lta bu. Dpe-chos 516. Spelled kam me kam me. Rnam.

•KAṂ SYA KAS STHI 'khar ba'i ming. CSKG. Skt. kaṃsīya (bell metal).

•KAM RAG cambric (type of cloth). Borrowing from English. Francke, Antiquities II 146.

•KAMS KAMS na so rgas nas gzhan la 'gram chu ldang ba'i jo bo de / kyag pa la kams kams zos pa yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 322.3.

•KAR kar be'u 'bras la brjod. Khyung-sprul 11. gting dang shugs drag gi tshul. Rnam.

•KARKA TA sdig srin. Chödag. Kar ka ta khyim: chu stod zla ba la'ang. Chödag. CSKG. kar ka ṭa; see sdig pa. Skt. karkaṭa (crab, type of plant, the zodiac constellation cancer etc.).

•KAR KA ṬA NA = puṣpa ra ka. = (Nepalese) ki ri ki ri. JD 36.

•KAR KA TĪ gze ma ra mgo'i ming. CSKG.

•KAR KAR Btsan-lha. kar kar thugs langs ni na tsha'i zug gzer langs pa. Utpal 15.4. ka kar gzer zug. Khyung-sprul 11. gzer mig ste zug rngu'i gnad. Rnam. BR.

•KAR KAR BA Samdo A V 124v.5.

•KARKI KA zangs kyi dong tse'i ming. CSKG.

•KARKU RA khyi'i ming. CSKG.

•KAR KOR See ka re ko re.

•KAR GYIS mi bde kar gyis 'gro ni mi bde lhan gyis 'gro. Dpe-chos 505. Btsan-lha. shugs drag gi tshul. Rnam.

•KAR GYIS PHRUG na ba'i bye brag ste kar rtsen kar 'ong. Chödag.

•KAR GYIS ZUG shugs drag gi na ba. Rnam.

•KAR CHAG dkar chag ming du snang. Chödag.

•KARTI KA Rnam. gdong drug dang smin drug la'ang. Chödag. dbang phyug bu chung ba gzhon nu gdong drug gi ming. CSKG. CSKG. Skt. kārttika (n. of Skanda, month when the full moon is near the Pleiades). BR 1.

•KAR DRUG See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 152.

•KARṆA KA spos dkar shing gi ming. CSKG. Skt. karṇaka.

•KARṆṆA rna ba'i ming. CSKG.

•KARṆṆA KĀ rna rgyan gyi ming. CSKG.

•KAR BA An unusual old spelling for dkar po, 'white.' Zhi-byed Coll. V 403.6 etc.

•KARBU RI ba bla'i ming. CSKG. Skt. karbūra (many meanings, among them yellow orpiment).

•KAR BE'U Btsan-lha.

•KAR BHA rnge'u'i ming. CSKG.

•KARMA RABS BRGYAD karma dus gsum mkhyen pa / karma pakshi / karma rang byung rdo rje / karma rol pa'i rdo rje / karma de bzhin gshegs pa / karma mthong ba don ldan / karma chos grags rgya mtsho / karma mi bskyod rdo rje rnams so. 600 110.

•KAR RTSEN kar gyis zug dang 'dra'o. Rnam.

•KAR RDZI perhaps an official who had charge of herds belonging to a clan ruler in E.Bhutan. Sources.

•KAR 'ONG kar gyis zug dang 'dra'o. Rnam.

•KAR SHA PA steng du kar sha pa ni bu can cig bzhag la... kar sha pa ni lce 'og du bcug la. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 30.5.

•KAR SHA PA NI a type of coin, but more anciently and originally the cowrie shell used as currency. 383 275. Karsha pa na: 'gron bu'o. Chödag. karsha pa na'i zur chag ste dngul zho'i dong tse dang la las 'gron bu'i ming dang mtsho tik tu dngul zho phyed las byas pa'i dong rtse'i rnam pa 'dra ba dang / rnam 'byed las / ma sha ka lnga ni karsha pa na'i bzhi cha'i dpe yin par gsungs pa dang / yang na de la dngos dang ming du btags pa tsam gnyis / dang po ni dngul gyi dong tse dang / gnyis pa de'i rin gyis 'gron bu'o. Chödag. karsha pa ṇa ni gser sogs kyi dong rtse. Utpal 16.5. dkar sha pa ni'i khog par brdzangs te. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 244.3. See mgron bu, 'cowrie.' See discussion by Schopen in IIJ 44 (2001) 107. Mvy. no. 9377 says this is a silver coin worth 1,600 cowries. Dung-dkar 42 argues against it's meaning being cowries, saying that it means money of all kinds. Skt. kārṣāpaṇa. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 170, also dismisses the 'cowrie' meaning, saying it means a coin (or rather a weight) in gold and silver. kārṣa pa ṇa 'di rin po che'i dong tse bye brag pa'i ming legs sbyar yin te / kārṣa pa ṇa / zhes pa bye brag rtogs byed du kārṣa pa ṇa 'gron bu stong drug brgya'i rin tshad du bsgyur zhing / 'chi med mdzod du / kārṣa [64r6] pa na dong tse yin / rkang pa dang ni bzhi cha'o / zhes gsungs / tsandra byā ka ra ṇar / kārṣa pa ṇa sa ha sra su wa rṇa sha ta ma na las yang na'o zhes pa'i dper brjod du dwi kārṣa pa ṇaḥ gser zho gnyis la bsgyur yod pas / des na kārṣa pa ṇa gser zho zhes [64v1] par 'gyur ba'i skabs kyang yod. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. DCD 9. For the karsha as a known monetary unit among Aramaic speakers in Egypt in 6th century BCE, see Thomas in JRAS (April 1916) 366.

•KARSHA'I 'BRAS ba ru ra'i shing gi ming. CSKG.

•KARSHĀ PAṆ dong tse'i ming. CSKG.

•KAL Btsan-lha. OT for khal. Dung-dkar 45. Rnam.

•KALPA as a type of tantric text, see 166 492. See under rtog pa.

•KASHMĪ chu lha'i shing gi ming. CSKG.

•KASHMĀ RA gur gum gyi ming.

•KASHMIR DZA KURKUM kha che'i gur gum gyi ming. CSKG.

•KASTU RĪ gla rtsi'i ming. CSKG. Skt. kastūrī, kastūrikā (musk). Upadhyaya in Mishra, ABS 351. In Darma language, the female musk deer — kasturī in Nepali — is called laju/ladzu. See GSB 99. According to Anya King's dissertation (I.U. 2007), p. 28, the Skt. is a loan from Greek word for 'beaver.'

•KASPU dung dkar gyi ming. CSKG.

•KAS PU RI (sp?) See gla rtsi. Seems to be a misreading for kastu rī.

•KAS BYA See se rgod.

•KAS MA HRAL a type of garment explained in ZZFC 239.

•KI As an exclamation of warrior-like rage, see Dung-dkar 45.

•KI KANG sa bdag ki kang. Chödag. gza' 'a mas bdag. Utpal 15.2. Rnam.

•KI KI RA nus ldan chen po'i ming. CSKG. Skt. kikirā (tear to pieces, shred).

•KI KIR = kyir ya. = Skt. kriya. P. tib. 849.

•KI SGRA Hi-Hi Laut (onomat.). Kaschewsky2. ki sgra ki btab. Khyung-sprul 11.

•KĪ SGROGS bya ne tso'i ming. CSKG.

•KI TA KA srog chags grog ma'i ming du snang. Chödag. Skt. kūlaka (anthill)? The 'bug' (srin bu) ki ta ka occurs in metaphors in the Vinayavāstu.

•KI BTAB PA ku sgra sgrogs pa'am ki rgyab pa / ri bo'i rtse nas ki btab pa lta bu. NZT.

•KI MI bya gag gi ming. CSKG.

•KI'U ri sgog. Utpal 15.2.

•KI RA a type of bird described in Yongdan, TCW 105.

•KI RI KI RI See karka ṭa na.

•KI'U LANG ka pi la ste / ser skya'am a ga ru'i ming / ka'u lang ngam ke'u lang la'ang bri snang. Rnam.

•KI LI Stein.

•KĪ SHA'I 'DAB shing ā bam rga'i ming. CSKG.

•KI ṢHA KA See pri yang ku.

•KI SHAR Geheul (onomat.). Kaschewsky2.

•KI SWO HO GSUM Dung-dkar 45.

•KINGKA RA OT Skt. = ci bgyi, q.v. Blaṅ 307.4. pho nya 'am g.yog po. Chödag. Skt. for 'robber' (and still other meanings). Dung-dkar 45. king ka ra pho nya. Khyung-sprul 11. Rnam. BR.

•KING NGE ? Samdo A V 78r.2.

•KING SHU KA rgya skyegs shing ngo. Chödag. kingshu ka ni rgya skyegs kyi ming. Utpal 11.5. Skt. kiṃśuka (Butea frondosa)? It has red flowers (so that jackals could mistake them for meat). Jamspal, Treasury 139. kingshu ka ni shug pa rgya skyegs sogs. Khyung-sprul 11. Its fruit, while abundant, is useless for eating [for parrots?]. Hahn, VG 407 (much discussion on p. 408).

•KĪM KA RA srog chags gcig. BD of T & TB I 910. Templeman, SIL 86.

•KIM KHAB brocade. LW 477. This is originally Urdu kinkhwab, or kinkhab. It was generally lacking in Buddhist symbols and Chinese motifs, and was used more for robes of noble families rather than religious purposes.

•KIM PA kim pa dug [mo] nyung [dug shing zhig kyang bshad]. Khyung-sprul 11. NZT. kim pa / dpal mgon klu sgrub kyis / 'dod pa rnams na phung krol bskyed pa ste / rgyal ba'i dbang pos kim pa'i 'bras 'drar gsungs / zhes pa'i 'grel par de [56v5] ltar na 'dod pa rnams ni bde ba ltar snang yang phyis 'phung ba skyed par byed pa kim pa'i 'bras bu dang 'dra bar rgyal ba'i dbang pos dran pa nye bar bzhag pa'i mdo las gsungs te / 'bras bu de ni phyi bzang la nang ngan pa zhig yod ces grag go [56v6] zhes pa dang / chang gi nyes pa gsungs skabs / ji skad du / 'thung pa'i tshe na chang zhim ste / rnam smin tshe na mchog tu tsha / kim pa ka nang kim pa ka / chang zhes mkhas pa rnams kyis bshad / ces dang por zhim pa ltar snang yang phyis [57r1] sdug bsngal bskyed pa zhig la gsungs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•KIM PA'I 'BRAS BU dug shing gi 'bras bu. Chödag. a fruit good on the outside, but bad inside. Seems tasty at first, but makes you sick later. Btsan-lha. shing ser po tsher ma can zhig yin. Utpal 12.2. See Dung-dkar. Rnam. BR, with quite a long discussion. DCD 9. It seems to resemble the Nepal words for 'mulberry,' which are kimu (in Nepali) and kimbū (in Newar). Monier-Williams has an entry for kimpāka that may well be relevant: "m. a Cucurbitaceous plant (of a very bad taste, Trichosanthes palmata); Strychnos nux vomica L., ({am}) n. the fruit of Trichosanthes palmata." I saw a blog on this subject by William Tuladhar-Douglas. The simile of the kim pa, or kim pa ka, is used in canonical works, including Vinaya.

•KIRTI RI sreg pa'i ming. CSKG.

•KIR BA bskor ba'am 'khyil ba'i don. Chödag. Btsan-lha.

•KIR BA NA DG 90.2.

•KIR YA OT spelling for kriya (as in Kriya-tantra). Hackin, Formulaire 3.

•KU a cry of the sgra bla. TS6 130.

•KU KU SGROG khyim bya de pho'o. Chödag. bya gag gam khyim bya de pho'i ming. CSKG.

•KU KU TA khyim bya de pho'o. Chödag.

•KU KU PHYANG MO YUG Btsan-lha.

•KU KU RA TSA See khyi.

•KU DKAR See kyi lce dkar po (khyi lce dkar po?).

•KUKKĀṬAḤ khyim bya'i ming ngam bya de pho'i ming la'ang. CSKG.

•KUKKU SGRA SGROGS khyim bya'am bya de pho'i ming. CSKG.

•KUKKU ṬA bya ku lā la'i ming. CSKG.

•KUKKU BHA bya kutpa la'i ming. CSKG. Mention of this jungle fowl, kukkubha, is a characteristic of the Bāṇa (or Kanauj) group of poets.

•KUKKU RAḤ khyi yi ming. CSKG.

•KU SGRA don med chu'i sgra lta bu. Chödag. ZZFC 259.

•KU CO ca co'i bur sgra. Utpal 14.3. ku co cho nge 'debs sam skad che ba. Khyung-sprul 12. Rnam. khyi rgan ku co 'don pa la // rgyu mtshan med par gzhan dag rgyug. "If the old dogs bark, the others run without reason." Thuken 344.

•KU CO SGROG PA See Dung-dkar.

•KU CO CHE don med chu'i sgra lta bu / ku sgra ku co 'don pa. Chödag.

•KU CO DI RI RI brnyas thabs kyi rgod gtam lta bu / ku dir bzhad sgra / ku re kyal ka / ku ri tshig. Chödag.

•KU CHO Btsan-lha. 'Gos, Stong-thun 21.6. DCD 9.

•KU ṬA DZO KU MA dug mo nyung. BR.

•KU TA RA NA DG 274.4. A type of dur byid.

•KU TRA ku tra spos su mi rung bas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 398.4.

•KU THUG (M.T. for C.T. 'u thug) to be in despair. NNV.

•KU THE RA rlung gi bye brag ming. CSKG.

•KU DAN NA TA See rgya phrom.

•KU DIR BZHAD SGRA brnyas thabs kyi rgod gtam lta bu / ku co di ri ri / ku ri kyal ka / ku ri tshig. Chödag.

•KU DOG gu dog gam dam dog pa. Rnam.

•KU NA LA n. of a bird. Toh. no. 217 (Śrīgupta Sūtra), p. 544.1.

•KU ṆI dga' byed shing gi ming. CSKG.

•KU PA LA utpal spyi'i ming. CSKG.

•KU PI SU MA See li shi.

•KU BA bil ba'i shing sdong dang 'bras bu. Chödag. Said to be the squash in Karmay, Arrow 348. 64 I 30.2. ku ba [bi wa mo rigs snod byed pa] 'bru. Khyung-sprul 11. NZT.

•KU BA KHO MA Also, kha kub. bitter gourd. CTEV 27.

•KU BA CHUNG See bil ba.

•KU BA CHUNG BA shing tog bil ba. Rnam. bil ba'i ming. BR.

•KU BA CHEN See ka bed.

•KU BA LA utpal spyi'i ming. Chödag.

•KU BYI MANG SKYES ku byi mang skyes zhes pa ku byi ni rdzu 'phrul dang / mang skyes ni dpag med de rdzu 'phrul dpag med ces pa'o. 506A 337.

•KU MA NA PA rnga mong. Chödag.

•KU MA NĀ BA rnga mong gi ming. CSKG.

•KU MIR Derived from Skt. kumbhīra, 'crocodile' (?). Aris, Discourse 61.

•KU MU TA in Tibetan, sa mos; n. of white utpal lotus. BBNP 476. Chödag.

•KU MU DA ku mu da ni bsgyur nas dga' 'am sa mos zhes pa yin te / utpa la dkar po'i ming yin. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. utpal dkar po'i ming. CSKG.

•KU MU DA'I GNYEN zla ba'i ming. Chödag. CSKG.

•KU MU DĪ zla ba'i 'od zer gyi ming. CSKG.

•KU MU LO MA dpag bsam shing dang shing yongs 'du sa brtol. Chödag.

•KU MUD Skt. kumuda. white water-lily (said to bloom at night under the rays of the moon). Could be translated 'night-lotus'. Stein. utpal dkar po'i ming. Chödag. CSKG. kun mud ni utpal dkar po. Utpal 11.5. zla ba shar na ku mu da // kha 'byed 'gyur gyi padma zum. When the moon rises kumuds will open, while lotuses close. Jamspal, Treasury 69.

•KU MUD DGA' tsa ko ra ka / ku mud bcud 'thungs / ku mud zas can. Chödag. CSKG.

•KU MUD DGRA nyi ma'i ming. Chödag. CSKG. Note: Since the kumuda blooms at night, the sun is said to be the 'enemy of the kumuda'.

•KU MUD CAN ku mu da'i tshul lam ku mud ldan. Chödag. CSKG.

•KU MUD BCUD 'THUNGS tsa ko ra ka / ku mud zas can / ku mud dga'. Chödag. CSKG.

•KU MUD GNYEN CSKG.

•KU MUD GNYEN BYED MKHAS zla ba'i ming. CSKG.

•KU MUD LDAN CSKG.

•KU MUD PHAN zla ba'i 'od zer. Chödag. CSKG.

•KU MUD TSHAL utpa la'i tshal. Chödag.

•KU MUD TSHOGS utpa la'i tshal. Chödag. CSKG.

•KU MUD BZHAD DUS mtshan mo'i dus. CSKG.

•KU MUD ZAS CAN tsa ko ra ka / ku mud dga' / ku mud bcud 'thungs. Chödag. tsa ko ra kaḥ zhes bya zhig yin pa dang gong mo la'ang zer. CSKG.

•KU MUD YI NAGS TSHAL CSKG.

•KU MUD LO MA CSKG.

•KU MUN rkun ma. Btsan-lha.

•KU TSAN DAN tsan dan ngan pa. Chödag. CSKG. See tsan dan dmar po.

•KU TSAM cung tsam. Btsan-lha. DCD 9.

•KU TSU Indian grammarian's way of referring to the letters ka through nya. Dge-'dun-chos-'phel-gyi Gsung-rtsom (1990) I 285.

•KU RTSI PHRA MO a [particular] tiny underground bug. sa 'og 'bu phra mo zhes pa'i don. Dung-dkar 55.

•KU'I Of the 9 'souls' six that were obtained from one's mother sink into the earth after death and become a gui, 'ghost.' Three rise into the sky and become Shīn. Thuken 341.

•KU YA the 'clouds' that form in urine (in urinalysis). gcin pa la sprin chags pa de'o. Chödag. ku ya ni nad pa'i chu brtag la chags pa'i ku ya. Utpal 15.5. sediment, or rather scum. SRZT 47. ku ya dri chu'i nang yod. Khyung-sprul 11. Rnam. I was thinking this ought to be Indic in origins, but failed in my efforts to find a Sanskritic word of related meaning.

•KU YANG bag yang ste / sems gu dog ma yin pa'i don. Rnam.

•KU YANGS bag yangs. Chödag. BR.

•KU YANGS DOG gu yangs dog gu yangs pa dang gu dog pa. Rnam.

•KU YIG zhang skad de / bka' zhes pa yin. 506A 335.

•KU RA See gu gul.

•KU RA RI 'di bod skad du bsgyur na sgra sgrogs zhes pa ste / bya ku ra ri zhes pa zhig yod pa de yin pa mngon brjod kyi gzhung mang por bshad. Dung-dkar 55.

•KU RAN HA nyid dga' zhes bya ste lcam pa'i me tog. Rtse-le VIII.

•KU RAṆḌA KA A plant; see discussion in Silk, Dissert. 310.

•KU RU ku byug. cuckoo. NZT.

•KU RU KHA 'x'. "xxx 'di ku ru kha gsum." Chödag. Also spelled ko ru kha, sku ru kha; the ku ru is interpreted as 'paddlewheel.' It indicates an elipsis in the text. See Beyer CT Lang 54.

•KU RU PIN DA rdo zhig. Chödag. CSKG.

•KU RU BEN NU zhe nye dang rdo zhig gi ming. Rnam.

•KU RU RA ngang pa. Chödag.

•KU RE phas smra. Gces 585.4. bzhad gad dam dgod bro slong ba'i rtsed mo'i ming. CSKG. Sport. Deriv. from Skt. krīḍā. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 3. Rnam. BR.

•KU RE KYAL KA brnyas thabs kyi rgod gtams / ku co di ri / ku dir bzhad sgra / ku ri tshig rnams don gcig. Chödag. CSKG. Note the expression ku di ri co di ri found in Bka'-chems Ka-khol-ma (1989), p. 233, which is instead so di ri in the parallel passage in Lde'u 284.

•KU RES rtsed mo byas pa. Utpal 14.2.

•KU LĀ LA bya zhig / ku ṇa la. Chödag.

•KU LEGS THA See rgya sran.

•KU SHA rtswa ku sha'am rtsa mchog. Chödag. = ngan sel. JD 169. Rnam. Tiger grass, kusha grass. Thysanolaena maxima. TDD 191.

•KU SHA CAN ko shi ga. Chödag.

•KU SHA BHANDHA DG 99.2.

•KU SHA LI ku sā li dang 'dra'o. Rnam.

•KU SHU apple. shing sdong dang shing thog ku shu. Chödag. JD 92. Dhongthog 20. DG 205.1. It would seem to be a rather rare and precious fruit, to judge from 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 525.3, where it appears in a list of offerings.

•KU SHU'I KHAMS mthing gi ming. Chödag. CSKG.

•KU SHUN KP1 173.5.

•KU SA LI ku sā li ni bod skad du bsgyur na / dge ba can zhes bya yang / ding sang phal skad du ku su lu zhes bya btang la zer ro. Rtse-le VIII 429. dge ba can dang mkhas pa la'ang. Chödag. ku sa li ni ri sul dge byed ming. Khyung-sprul 11-12. Rnam. BR.

•KU SU MA me tog spyi la'ang. Chödag. CSKG.

•KU SU LI ras. Rtse-le VIII 429. 1. sprang po. 2. ri sul la gnas pa'i dge byed pa. NZT.

•KU SU LU See under ku sa li. Btsan-lha. bcos min. Chödag. BR. rgyun dum bur bsil ba dang / dum bu rgyun du sgreng ba'i sku su lu pa mang kyang. Zhi-byed Coll. V 227.7. See Dung-dkar 59. DCD 10.

•KU SU LU PA Zhi-byed Coll. II 267.5.

•KU SUMBHA Simioli, AG 63. See gur gum.

•KU BSRO Btsan-lha.

•KU HU Btsan-lha. ku hu'i mgrin ni khu byug gi mgrin pa'o Utpal 17.3. ku hu 'don / bya khu byug. Chödag. ku hu'i mgrin can / dpyid kyi pho nya'am khu byug / ku hu'i sgra ldan. Chödag. ku hu khu byug. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KU HU'I MGRIN LDAN CSKG.

•KU HU'I MGRIN CAN khu byug. CSKG.

•KU HU'I SGRA LDAN khu byug. CSKG.

•KU HU 'DON CSKG.

•KU HRANG = rkyang. 'wild ass.' Karmay, Treasury. Btsan-lha. BR.

•KUKKU SGRA SGROGS khyim bya de pho. Chödag.

•KUG tshur bkug zin pa'i don du snang. Chödag. 'gugs pa ste / tshur bkug zin pa'i don. Rnam.

•KUGS PA khugs pa ste / tshur bkug zin pa'am bsdus par go. Rnam.

•KUNG KU kungku gur gum. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KUNG KU MAṂ See gur gum.

•KUNG KUNG kong kong. Rnam.

•KUNG GSUM Dung-dkar 59.

•KUNG GSUM CHIN DGU Dung-dkar 59.

•KUD An OT term, not adequately explained, but taken from context to mean 'rule.' Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko 67 (2009) 89-108, at p. 103, n. 27.

•KUN [1] all (*both substantive and adjective). See discussion in. Hill, Aspirated 481-482. [2] ZZ = rog po. 'black [animal]' Bru II 291.3.

•KUN KA 491 179.5. Have noticed this also several times in one of the Bon histories called Sgrags pa gling grags (as contained in SFHB, for example, at 65.4, where it evidently means 'everyone included').

•KUN KI As ex. of an irreg. Old Tantra spelling, corresponding to kun gzhi, see the work of Dge-rtse in Rnying Rgyud 1973 XXXVI 455.

•KUN DKRIS See under kun nas dkris pa. kun dkris ni nyon mongs pa'i spyi ming. Utpal 18.4. mdzod las / ngo tsha med dang khrel med dang / phrag dog ser sna rgod pa dang / 'gyod dang rmugs dang gnyid dang ni / kun nas dris pa rnam pa brgyad / khro dang 'chab po zhes gsungs pas nyon mongs brgyad dam bcu tham pa'o // 'dod chags sogs ni kun dkris ma yin no. Chödag. nyon mongs. CSKG. Rnam. BR, spelled kun dkri. Mvy. 2139 gives Skt. for kun nas dkris pa as either paryupasthāna or paryavasthāna. DCD 10.

•KUN DKRIS BRGYAD A subgroup formed by 8 of the 20 nye-nyon. See Dung-dkar 59.

•KUN SKYED BYED snying la'ang. Chödag. snying. CSKG.

•KUN BRKOS rdzing bu dang khron pa la'ang. Chödag. CSKG.

•KUN KHYAB 1. nam mkha'. 2. phyogs. Blaṅ 526. nam mkha' dang phyogs la'ang / 'phrog byed. Chödag. CSKG.

•KUN KHYAB DPAL MO nam mkha'. CSKG.

•KUN MKHYEN sangs rgyas dang dbang phyug chen po'ang / kun gzigs. Chödag. CSKG. Dung-dkar 59.

•KUN MKHYEN NYI MA'I GNYEN CSKG.

•KUN 'KHEBS nam mkha'i ming dang mun pa la'ang. Chödag. CSKG.

•KUN GYI MA lha mo u māḥ la'ang / kun tu shis ma. Chödag.

•KUN GYIS BKUR BA RNAM PA GSUM DCD 10-11.

•KUN GRUB ston dus. CSKG.

•KUN GRUB ZLA BA srang gi khyim la'ang / zla ba dag pa / ston zla tha chung. Chödag.

•KUN DGA' shing pho stag lo dang thams cad dga'. Chödag. shing stag lo'i ming dang dga' ba'i ming la'ang. CSKG.

•KUN DGA' MNYAM SPRO Dpa'-ris.

•KUN DGA' LDAN PA Skt. Manoramā (?). N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•KUN DGA' RA BA Skt. ārāma. Generally speaking, in origin, a walled garden. It is defined as 'a place where bhikṣus stay' (dge 'dun bzhugs pa'i gnas) in 171 440.2. DCD 17 identifies it as meaning temple with the three supports for worship.

•KUN DGA' RWA BA dkon mchog gi kun dga' rwa ba dang me tog gi ldum rwa la'ang / gling dga' / kun rwa. Chödag. CSKG. Discussion in Dung-dkar 76-77.

•KUN DGA' RA BA PA ārāmika. Monastic servant. Schopen in JIABS 17 (1994) 163, 165. Silk, Dissert. 219. Dung-dkar 77. Rnam.

•KUN DGA'I GOS gos mchog. Chödag. CSKG.

•KUN 'GENGS PA khyab 'jug la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN 'GEBS kun 'khebs te nam mkha'. Chödag.

•KUN 'GYED tshangs pa la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN 'GYED GZHON NU lha'i sman pa spun gyi ming. CSKG.

•KUN 'GRO what goes everywhere or pervades (the sky, space). nam mkha' dang dbang phyug chen po la'ang / nyon mongs kun 'gro / kun 'gro'i bshul dang slob. Chödag. nam mkha' dang lha dbang phyug chen po dang 'dreg mkhan dang dur byi dkar po dang sbrul gyi ming. CSKG. kun 'gro lnga / tshor ba 'du shes sems pa reg pa yid byed lnga ste / sems kun gyi 'khor du 'gro ba'am 'byung ba'i phyir ro. Chödag.

•KUN 'GRO'I RGYU Tshad Rig.

•KUN 'GRO LNGA Dung-dkar 77.

•KUN 'GRO'I SHUL lam bzang la'ang / kun 'gro. Chödag.

•KUN 'GRO'I BSHUL thams cad 'gro sa'i lam gyi ming. CSKG.

•KUN 'GRO'I SROL lam bzang / kun 'gro. Chödag.

•KUN SGROGS sgra'i ming. CSKG.

•KUN BSGAD (??) A new name given on completion of Sanskrit grammar course. Dungkar in TJ 8 no 4 (Wint 1993) 43.

•KUN CHUB tshig don khongs su chud pa'i ming. CSKG.

•KUN CHUB PA thams cad rtogs pa'i shes rab ming. Chödag. CSKG.

•KUN 'JOMS brgya byin dang chu srin la'ang. Chödag. CSKG.

•KUN RJES 'BYUNG dur byed (i.e. dur byid). Chödag. CSKG.

•KUN NYON GZUNG RTOG Dung-dkar 77.

•KUN NYON GSUM Dung-dkar 77-78.

•KUN TA from where. Skt. kutaḥ. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 4.

•KUNTA LA skra yi ming. CSKG.

•KUN TU [1] rgyun mi 'chad pa'i ming. CSKG. always. [2] yongs su tshang ba'i ming la'ang. CSKG. [3] everywhere. C&LT 167.

•KUN TU SKEM BYED me dang me lha la'ang. Chödag. CSKG.

•KUN TU SKYO BA Skt. saṃvega, 'aesthetic shock'. See Schopen (1986) note 8.

•KUN TU 'KHRUGS PA g.yo zhing 'gul ba'i ming. CSKG.

•KUN TU GAS spang rgyan me tog la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN TU 'GRO chu yi ming dang ne tso la'ang / kun tu rgyu ba. Chödag.

•KUN TU RGYU [1] epithet of the wind, the wind god, the sage (rishi), marmots, srin po, and sinful demon. rlung dang rlung lha dang drang srong dang phyi ba dang srin po dang bdud sdig can la'ang / kun tu 'gro. Chödag. [2] See spos dkar. Dung-dkar 78. [3] wandering ascetic (non-Buddhist). Skt. parivrājaka. Mvy. 3522. Pāli paribbājaka. EoB VII 317-320. I see that the Abhiniṣkramaṇa uses instead kun tu 'tsho, although this might be a distinct type of ascetic. DCD 17.

•KUN TU RGYUG PA Skt. ādhāvamān (?) 'laundered, clean.'

•KUN TU RTOG PA sems kyi rnam par rtog pa ste / sems la phyin ci log gi rtog pa sna tshogs 'char ba dang / sems zhi bar mi gnas pa dang / yul mngon sum du mthong ba min par rtogs pas sgro btags sna tshogs byed pa'o. Gser Sbram 357.

•KUN TU SBYOR BA fetters, bonds. Skt. saṃyojana. Mvy. 2134. EoB VII 683-684. Dipen Barua, Developments of the Concept 'Fetter' (Samyojana) in the Pâli Canon, thesis, Univ. of Hong Kong (2017). PDF.

•KUN TU SBYOR BA GSUM Dung-dkar 78.

•KUN TU MIG LDAN "the fabulous Tibetan tree on which gemstones grow." P.G. Maxwell-Stuart, Homer's Earrings, The American Journal of Philology, vol. 108, no. 3 (Aut 1987) 411-415.

•KUN TU 'TSHE BA srin po la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN TU BZANG PO [1] Total Good. Skt. Samantabhadra. 'Good every which way.' sangs rgyas dang byang sems shig la'ang. Chödag. [2] There is an herb by this name, generally called rtswa kun tu bzang po. See See Ian Baker, Heart of the World 193.

•KUN TU BZANG PO'I SPYOD PA Rhoton, CD 110.

•KUN TU RIG shes rab ming. Chödag.

•KUN TU SHIS MA lha mo u māḥ kun gyi ma / kun la bkra shis ma. Chödag.

•KUN TE A type of water vessel. See DCD 17.

•KUN BTAGS = kun brtags. Skt. parikalpita. Thurman. Tshad Rig. rtog pa'i yul du btags pa tsam mam gzhan dbang dang yongs grub gang rung ma yin pa'i rtog pas brtags pa la zer / kun brtags. Chödag. Dung-dkar 79.

•KUN BTAGS GNYIS Tshad Rig. Dung-dkar 79.

•KUN RTOG sems pa'i rnam par rtog pa. Chödag. This word seems exactly identical to rnam rtog (although I'm not completely sure if this is always the case).

•KUN RTOG SKYE GNAS 'dod lha'i ming la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN RTOGS BRGYAD CU Dung-dkar 79-80.

•KUN BRTAGS =kun btags. imagined [nature/marks]. conceptual contrivance. I translated it as 'fanciful ascriptions' as it occurs in Lde'u 174 (here used for the intellectual ideas of the Tīrthikas). rtog pa'i yul du btags pa tsam mam gzhan dbang dang yongs grub gang rung ma yin pa'i rtog pas brtags pa la zer / kun btags. Chödag. Sometimes it seems to mean [customary] 'convention.' dam pa'i zhal nas / de la ngo tsha rgyu myed / ngo tsha 'jig rten pa'i kun brtags yin / bu chung la ngo tsha myed te kho kun btags la ma goms pa yin / kun btags brtan du song gi ngo tsha dran pa yin te. Zhi-byed Coll. II 312.4.

•KUN BRTAGS BRGYAD Dung-dkar 80.

•KUN BRTAGS DANG 'BREL BA'I RNAM G.YENG GI RNAM RTOG BCU Dung-dkar 80.

•KUN MTHONG me long la'ang. Chödag.

•KUNDA ku mu da. Gces 581.6. Stein. kun dā ni me tog dkar po zhig. Utpal 11.4. kunda ste me tog dkar po zhig / kun da. Chödag. thabs kyi zla ba kun dha dang / shes rab kyi nyi ma sin dhu ra gnyis. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 243.7. LW 470. Dung-dkar 91. kun da [me tog dkar po] ba su la. Khyung-sprul 11.

•KUNDA'I GNYEN zla ba'am zla ba'i 'od. Chödag.

•KUṆDĪ ril ba spyi blugs kyi ming. CSKG. See ril ba spyi blugs.

•KUN DU RU LW 468. Skt. kunduru. Mvy. no. 6260. Upadhyaya in Mishra, ABS 350. See pog spos.

•KUN DONG OT = btsong ('onion'). Blaṅ 301.4. Btsan-lha. btsong. Utpal 15.2. BR. btsong sgog pa'i bye brag. Chödag. kun dong sgog btson. Khyung-sprul 11. = sgog pa. = btsong. Lcang-skya. Rnam. DCD 17-18. scallion. CTEV 24.

•KUN 'DAR MA all-encompassing channel. Germano, Poetic Thought 822, 828. Achard, L'Essence 134.

•KUN 'DUL RTA rlung dang rlung lha. Chödag.

•KUN 'DUS 'all-inclusive' (adj. modifying Bodhicitta). Klong-chen-pa 4.1.

•KUN 'DUS NOR BU'I LUGS A style of visualizing the lama alone as representing all the deities. Dung-dkar 82.

•KUN 'DED PO gshin rje. Chödag.

•KUN LDAN lcags pho byi lo la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN NAS kun nas ni dus rnams pa thams cad. kun tu ni dus rtag tu'am yongs su. Utpal 17.2.

•KUN NAS DKRIS PA Skt. paryavasthāna. Mvy. no. 862. entrapment. Wayman, BI 193. active defilements (as distinguished from anuśaya).

•KUN NAS KHRU BZHI Dung-dkar 83.

•KUN NAS 'KHOR YUG kho ra khor yug. Chödag.

•KUN NAS DGOD bzhad gad. Chödag.

•KUN NAS 'GEBS btsun mo'i pho brang la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN NAS NYON MONGS PA'I RTEN 'BREL DRUG Dung-dkar 83.

•KUN NAS LDANG BA outburst. Skt. paryutthāna. Mvy. 2137. See EoB VII 329 (pariyuṭṭhāna).

•KUN NAS MNAR SEMS PA'I RGYU DGU Dung-dkar 83. Perhaps same as the kun gyis rang ba'i rgyu dgu (Jinpa, Mind Training 385).

•KUN NAS 'BAB char pa la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN NAS BZANG rgyal po'i pho brang la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN NAS SLONG with a motive [of] (but preceded by genitive). C&LT 167.

•KUN NAS BSLANGS was incited.

•KUN SNANG DANG PA CAN lha min mtsho la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN SNANG 'BAR BA nyi 'od 'bar ba la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN SPANGS Dung-dkar 83.

•KUN SPYOD thams cad kyi spyod pa. Chödag. DCD 18. I have seen it as translation of Skt. sañcāra, meaning 'wandering, going together, course, passage.' Course of life might be an OK translation.

•KUN PHAN zla ba'am zla ba'i 'od la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN PHAN NYIN BYED Dung-dkar 84. The sun.

•KUN PHAN BDE BYED a medicinal preparation. See se 'bru kun phan bde byed.

•KUN PHAN NOR BU Dpa'-ris.

•KUN PHUG Btsan-lha.

•KUN BYANG = kun nas nyon rmongs pa dang rnam par byang ba.

•KUN BYANG PHYOGS GNYIS kun nas nyon mongs phyogs dang rnam byang phyogs gnyis. Chödag. Dung-dkar 84.

•KUN BYED tshangs pa la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN BYED RGYAL PO See spang rtsi. a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 54. Lag-len 35.4. See Nianggajia, "White Pill," p. 233 for discussion.

•KUN 'BAB grong khyer chen po. Chödag.

•KUN 'BYUNG sdug bsngal gyi rgyu la zer te sdug bsngal kun 'byung ba'i phyir ro. Chödag.

•KUN 'BYUNG GNYIS 'khor bar 'phen pa'i las kyi kun 'byung dang / de kun nas slong byed kyi nyon mongs dug gsum gnyis ni sdug bsngal kun 'byung ba'i gzhi rtsa lta bu yin pas kun 'byung zhes brjod srol yod. Dung-dkar 85.

•KUN SBYOR nyon mongs kun sbyor la'ang / 'khrig spyod la'ang. Chödag. kun tu sbyor ba. Skt. saṃyojana. A particular state, or synonym, of the kleśas. Mvy. no. 2134.

•KUN SBYOR DGU rjes su chags pa'i kun sbyor / kong khro ba'i kun sbyor / nga rgyal gyi kun sbyor / ma rig pa'i kun sbyor / lta ba'i kun sbyor / mchog tu 'dzin pa'i kun sbyor / the tshom gyi kun sbyor / phrag dog gi kun sbyor / ser sna'i kun sbyor rnams so. 600 119. Dung-dkar 85.

•KUN SBYOR CAN 'dod lha la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN MO mthong snang dgra' ru red pa kun mo'i 'gros. Zhi-byed Coll. I 291.5. kun mo'i snying sha zos nas kyang. Zhi-byed Coll. I 302.6. rgyal po'i kun mo gang yin de ni tsad bcad nas // gyad kyi nor bu 'di ni thabs kyis brtsal bar bya. Zhi-byed Coll. I 312.2. dran pa'i mel rtse srung mkhas pas // 'khrul pa'i kun mos klags mas rnyed. Zhi-byed Coll. I 320.6.

•KUN TSHI CAN shing kun tshi can. See nim pa.

•KUN 'DZIN sa pho byi la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN RDZOB Dung-dkar 85.

•KUN RDZOB RGYU 'BRAS Dung-dkar 85.

•KUN RDZOB 'JIG RTEN PA'I DBANG BZHI Dung-dkar 86.

•KUN RDZOB GNYIS yang dag pa'i kun rdzob dang / log pa'i kun rdzob bo. 600 3. Dung-dkar 86.

•KUN RDZOB BDEN PA Dung-dkar 86-87.

•KUN RDZOB BYANG CHUB KYI SEMS Dung-dkar 87.

•KUN RDZOB PA don dam pa sgrib par byed pas na'o. Chödag.

•KUN RDZOB GSUM Dung-dkar 87.

•KUN GZHI 'all basis.' Vijñānavāda idea used, but not accepted as ultimate in, Rdzogs-chen thought. See 91 I 582.6 ff.; 367 II 133.1. kun gyi gzhi dang kun gzhi rnam shes. Chödag. Dung-dkar 87

1. ye don gyi kun gzhi.

2. sbyor ba don gyi kun gzhi.

3. bag chags sna tshogs pa'i kun gzhi.

4. bag chags lus kyi kun gzhi. Thondup BM 211-2.

•KUN GZHI'I RNAM SHES Tshad Rig. Dung-dkar 87-88

•KUN ZAS me dang me lha la'ang. Chödag.

•KUN GZIGS sangs rgyas dang dbang phyug chen po la'ang Chödag.

•KUN BZANG TSHOGS MA BSAGS SGRIB PA MA SBYANGS PAR SANGS RGYAS PA Dung-dkar 89.

•KUN RIG PA mkhas pa dang kun shes. Chödag.

•KUN RIG SEMS Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 675.5.

•KUN LA BKRA SHIS MA lha mo u māh kun tu shis ma. Chödag.

•KUN LA RGYUG PA [something of] general application, all-purpose. Lde'u 262.

•KUN LA LTA khyab 'jug la'ang / kun shes. Chödag.

•KUN LAS BTUS PA Skt. samuccaya. DCD 18.

•KUN SHAR sha khu. meat broth. Dbus-pa no. 571.

•KUN SHES mkhas pa / kun rig pa. Chödag.

•KUN SHES GCIG RDUGS Dpa'-ris.

•KUN SHES PA khyab 'jug la. Chödag.

•KUN SHES SHO GAM PA Btsan-lha. kun shes pa'i sho gam pa. DCD 18.

•KUN BSHAD skyabs su 'gro ba'i bshad pa. Chödag. Dung-dkar 90.

•KUN SLONG 'attitude' = sems bskyed. Stein. motivation. DCD 18.

•KUN SLONG GNYIS rgyu'i kun slong dang / dus kyi kun slong ngo. 600 4. Dung-dkar 90-91.

•KUN GSAL 1. nam mkha'. 2. nyi ma. Blaṅ 526. nam mkha'i ming. Chödag.

•KUN GSOD srin po'i ming. Chödag.

•KUN BSAL sel ba pos bsal zin pa. Chödag.

•KUN SLONG sems kun nas slong bar byed pa ste rgyud kyi kun slong dang dus kyi kun slong gnyis so // sems bskyed. Chödag. kun slong gshis bzang ngan. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KUB DKAR white gourd. CTEV 27.

•KUB MNGAR musk melon. CTEV 28.

•KUM PA lci ba'am bsad pa'i ming. Btsan-lha. Rnam. 'chi ba'am bsad pa'i don te... BR. DCD 18.

•KUM POR adv. kum um byed nas. in a crouching position. C&LT 167.

•KUM BHA See thar nu.

•KUM BHA NA See gu gul.

•KUMBHI RA chu srin chen po'i ming. CSKG.

•KUR BYIN DA Tib. version of Skt. kuruvinda, ruby. Hahn in Facets of Indian Culture 463-464.

•KURMA sa ga zla ba'i ming. CSKG.

•KŪRMA rus sbal. CSKG.

•KULMA ṢHA OT Skt. = zur chag pa (corrupted?). = (in med.) a kind of soup. See Blaṅ 307.2-.3.

•KUṢṬA See ru rta.

•KE a clan name. Btsan-lha.

•KE'U [1] a type of garlic. Btsan-lha. sgog pa'i bye brag. Chödag. = ri sgog. Lcang-skya. Rnam. BR. DCD 18. chive. CTEV 24. [2] Mysterious usage, perhaps for part of a tumulus, in Sba 3. [3] a family line residing in Sha-cu. sha cu'i yul na gnas pa'i rigs rgyud kyi ming. Rnam.

•KE KE magpie (?). Bellezza, L&T 41. Bellezza, D&B 47. In Sanskrit, it ought to mean rather the peacock (keka).

•KE KE'I SGRA CAN rma bya'i ming. Chödag.

•KE KE BYAS PA ma dgug par dbye dbye byas pa la'ang. Chödag.

•KE KE RU [1] Skt. karketana (Pāli karkatna). Mvy. 5949. chrysoberl. LW 466. Almogi, Materiality 255. See 56 55. HP,PE 15. A stone, also used as a mark of very high ranking persons. ke ke ru ni nor bu rin po che. Utpal 16.5. rdo ba'i rang bzhin gyi nor bu zhig ste / sman la'ang 'jug par grags. Gser Sbram 298. ZZFC 240-241 n. 114. "Karketana is a gem devoid of all flaws, having perfect shine, weight and density, slightly yellow in colour. If the gem is wrapped in gold filament and kept in fire, it will look very bright. Even after cooling, its brightness will not diminish. This is a very valuable gem." Radha Krishnamurthy, Gemmology in Ancient India, Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 27, no. 3 (1992), pp. 251-260, at p. 256. See Berthold Laufer's article, Sanskrit Karketana, Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique, vol. 22 (1920) 43-46. Dotson, OTA glossary. TMXT 374, note 10. [2] bya ke ke ru is a bird that lives on one of the stages of Meru who feeds its chicks nothing but a single diamond and this completely satisfies them. Zhi-byed Coll. I 422.5. [3] Also the name of the wife of King Gsal-rgyal. Dotson, Note 80 (where we read: "bestowal of the otherwise unattested ke-ke-ru insignia"). [4] See Jinpa, Mind Training 63, where a kind of [sea]monster (chu srin) called Kekeru is mentioned without further specification. [5] Note that one word for 'scorpion,' ka ka ru, is quite similar, and perhaps that's why BR defines it as sdig srin.

•KE KE RE 367 I 235. Btsan-lha. phyir bgyid pa'i don. Chödag.

•KE KṢU See rgya skyags.

•KE'U 'GAN TSHE ho then yul gyi dgon pa zhig gi ming. Rnam.

•KE TA KA Skt. kataka. This is sometimes understood as a jewel and sometimes a fruit, but in either case it can clarify water when placed in it. nor bu chu dwangs. Utpal 11.5. Chödag. Rnam. BR. The metaphor of the kataka (called Jala-kataka-reṇu-nyāya) is used in Indian philosophy, for example by Sureśvara in his commentary. It says that the dust of the kataka fruit makes muddy water clear and is then lost in it itself (it clears the water not only of the mud particles, but of the kataka's own particles, making the water completely and utterly pure). This means that true knowledge negates false knowledge, but then having served its purpose, disappears. ke ta ka / me long ma'i srid pa can gyi rgyan gyi skabs su / bgrungs par ma byas dwangs pa'i chu / zhes pa'i 'grel par chu dwangs byed kyi rgyu nor bu ke ta ka yis dwangs par ma byas zhes sogs 'byung ba ltar chu dwangs par byed rus [~nus] pa'i nor bu zhig gi ming [56v4] yin te bod skad la grung byed dwangs byang du bsgyur chog pa yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. The metaphorical usage in Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 138 is quite different; here the bees go there on their own accord after they whiff the scent of the ketaka (ketakī); but see especially verse 168. Michael Hahn identifies it with the tree Strychnos potatorum, with its fruits called "cleaning nuts." See also Hahn, VG, p. 381 (verse 7); p. 438 (verse 92). It's said to clear up muddy water making it potable. Samia Al Azharia Jahn, From Clarifying Pearls and Gems to Water Coagulation with Alum: History, Surviving Practices & Technical Assessment, Anthropos 94 (1999) 419-430. "Strychnos Potarorum or the clearing nut plant (its seeds rubbed upon the insides of water-jars precipitate the earthly particles in the water)." M-W.

•KE TU bsgyur na rgyal mtshan dang mjug ring la / du ba mjug ring [q.v.]. Chödag.

•KE'U TSE gos kyi bye brag. Chödag.

•KE RTSE See rke rtse.

•KE'U TSHANG brag phug gam sgrub phug sogs kyi ming. Utpal 12.5. Rnam. BR. brag skyibs lta bu. Chödag. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KE'U 'DZIN sgog pa ke'u 'dzin. KP1 194.4. sgog pa kol 'dzi. KP3 315.7. sgog pa kel dza. KP4 515.4.

•KE YA Btsan-lha.

•KE RU Btsan-lha. [1] a bunch [of flowers, etc.]. chun po. Dbus-pa no. 324. [2] white. ka ru dang 'dra'o / kha dog dkar po. Rnam. [3] helmet (?) worn by kings. The zhun dkar ke ru is some kind of white iron helmet. The zhog zhun ke ru, also used by kings, is another kind of helmet. See ZZFC 240-241. See H. Stoddard's article in E&W 59 (2009) 256. [4] wedge. For the story of the monkey who took out the wedge (ke ru 'byin pa'i spre'u bzhin) placed in the tree by the lumberjack and got his scrotum caught in the crack... Hahn, TSD 48.

•KE RE See ker ba.

•KE LA See skyes sdong.

•KE LA KA See (sman) sga.

•KE'U LA DKAR KP1 182.4. ke lang ka. KP4 500.1.

•KE'U LANG ka pi la ste / ser skya'am a ga ru'i ming. Rnam.

•KE LAN See the entry in Jäschke. It seems to be somehow invented on the basis of a word transcribed by Huc, "Kelan."

•KE LI ZHO RE MA An ancient name for a type of legal code? Dung-dkar 91.

•KE'U LE Btsan-lha.

•KAI SHA yi ge ai ao lta bu. Utpal 15.3. See ke sha.

•KE SHA ke sa ste skra'i ming. Chödag. ke sha 'greng bu sna ru gnyis rtseg can. doubled letter 'e' or 'o'. Khyung-sprul 12. ke sha 'di skal bsgyur chog. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•KE'U SHA ho then yul gyi mchod rten cig gi ming. Rnam.

•KE SA RA 1. mgo'i skra. 2. padma'i ge sar. Blaṅ 526. KP4 379.4n. Acc. to Roberts, King, this is Skt. keśara, keśarā, meaning Ceylon ironwood (Mesua ferrea), Indian rose chestnut.

•KE SAR Skt. kesara. rgya gar skad yin pas ge sar zhes zur chag bsgyur na skra'i ma'i (?) dang me tog gi skra lta bu'am me tog gi ze'u 'bru zer ba dang snye ma'am dog pa. Chödag. ke sar ze'u 'bru mtshungs. Khyung-sprul 12. Rnam.

•KEG lo keg rtsis. Chödag. A keg year is a bad year, generally considered to be every 13th year of a person's life. See Sørensen in Lungta 16 (2003) 124. rus chen keg. Khyung-sprul 12. Rnam. BR.

•KEG RTSIS work in 212 XI.

•KEG RTSUB lo zla'i ['og gnyis kyang] keg rtsub dang. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KENG PA Lay ritual actors who participate in agricultural and hunting rituals in East Bhutan & Arunachal. Their activities are described by Toni Huber in “Naked, Mute & Well Hung: A Brief Comparison of Kengpa and Related Ritual Performers in the Eastern Himalayas and Beyond,” contained in: O. Czaja & G. Hazod, eds., The Illuminating Mirror (Wiesbaden 2015) 219-242, 592-595. Their name would seem to connect then with skeletons, but may actually refer to their nakedness.

•KENG TSE Btsan-lha. keng tse phywa sras. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KENG RUS lus kyi sha med pa'i ru pa song ba. Utpal 17.1. sha med rus khog stong pa. Chödag. rus sgrom zhes sha med rus khog stong par go. Rnam. DCD 18-19, with explanation as one of the foulness meditations. I have an odd idea that the keng element may be directly borrowed from the Skt. kaṅkāla (Negi).

•KENG SHI Btsan-lha.

•KENG SHU occurs in title in 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 296.3. keng shu'i 'dab ltar snying ni shin tu rab tu g.yos. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 297.1.

•KENG SHU'I 'BRAS BU kem shu ka'i 'bras bu ste / rgya skyegs kyi tshigs ma zhes deng sang yongs grags su la cha zhes pa de yin cing... Dung-dkar 91. MTLSC 100.

•KENG SHU KA ki shu ka zur chag ste rgya skyegs shing. Chödag. keng shug / bye brag rtogs byed chen mor / me tog sna tshogs kyi ming gi sder / keng shu ka legs sbyar sor bzhag las bod skad du bsgyur ba med kyang / mkhas pa'i rna rgyan du [56r4] keng shu ka'am rgya skyegs shing gi ming dgu gsungs par / rgya skyegs shing dang keng shuk / 'dab gsum pa dang tshangs pa'i shing / gser shing me tog dkar po can / rlung 'joms 'dab ldan pa, la sha'o / zhes pa'i kang shu ka la mchan du [56r5] lo ma ljang gu yid shin tu 'phrog pa'i mdog can te / mkhas pa'i rgyan gyi dris lan las / ci 'di 'dab chags ne tso gzhon nu tshogs par gyur pa'am / yang na ni dpyid ka gsar pa'i me tog rgyas phyir keng shu ka yi me tog nyid do / zhes [56r6] 'byung bas rgya skyegs me tog tu bsgyur rigs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•KEM yang deng sang dpal 'byor gyi lus kem tsam thob pa'i dus 'dir. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 530.5.

•KEM KEM quivering, trembling, hovering. Yisun. Compare kam me kem me, skam skem.

•KEM SHU KA'I ME TOG kem shu ka ni bsgyur na ne tso'am ci yin te / kem shu ka dang pā la sha sogs rgya skyegs kyi shing gi ming yin la de ni lo ma ni ljang khu dang 'bras bu me tog rnams dmar po yin par mngon brjod dag las byung ngo. Eimer, Dbyangs 57. Butea frondosa.

•KER do ker ni skra'i thor cog bcing ba. Utpal 14.2.

•KER GYIS ZUG na ba'i bye brag. Chödag.

•KER BA to point upward NNV. gyen du langs pa'am 'greng bar zer. rise up, stand erect. Rnam. BR, giving ke re as a synonym.

•KER MO gcig pu. Chödag.

•KER LANGS PA myur du langs pa'i don. Chödag. ker langs bsgreng. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KER LEB SGUR GSUM ker ker mi dang / leb leb sa / sgur sgur phyugs te sngar bod sa gnas srid gzhung skabs khral 'ul 'gel sa'i yul gsum. In old Tibet, the three things that could be taxed, the upright, the flat, and the bent over (humans, land & livestock). Dung-dkar 93.

•KO See da ko AND 'di ko. kun rdzob las zin ko mtha' yas med ni dbus par du kun rdzob las zin ko 'thas med ces 'byung ste kun rdzob tu las gang zin tshad mthas med pa ste sra 'thas rtag brtan du med pas bsgyur nus zhes pa'i don no. Dpe-chos 517. According to Btsan-lha, this is an OT equivalent of the particle ni. ni zhes pa'i sgra ste 'di ko 'di ni lta bu. Chödag. BR. skyob pa med pa de rnams skyob pa byed na ko // rang nyid de yi dbang du song na ji ltar skyabs su 'gyur. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 177.1. spang bya gnyen po thams cad la // rang bzhin rtag pa yod na ko. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 59.4. Example of usage in a rock inscription, Bellezza, D&B 134.

•KO KA chu skyar. Chödag. Skt. koka (numerous meanings).

•KO KA NA DA padma dmar po. Chödag. Skt. kokanada (n. of the flower of the red water-lily, among other meanings).

•KO KI rtswa dur ba. Chödag.

•KO KI LA khu dbyug gam ku byug. Chödag. yid 'dzin nam khu byug ces bsgyur. Dung-dkar 94 (here spelled ko gi la). Rnam (here spelled ko gi la). Skt. kokila. Neils Hammer, “Etymology of Sanskrit Kokilah (Eudynamys scolopacea): A Birds-Eye View,” ZDMG 167 no 1 (2017).

•KO KE 1. dragon ('brug). 2. cuckoo (khu byug). Btsan-lha. ko ke 'brug dang khu byug la'ang brjod. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KO KO kos ko dang 'dra'o. Rnam. ma ne'i ming / kos ko dang kos sko bris pa'ang mthong. BR.

•KO KOG G.YA' See sa 'bru nag pa.

•KO KRAD lham gyi ming. Utpal 13.1. lham gyi rdog pa'i ko krad / lham gyi a krad. Chödag. ko krad [lham krad kyang] ko gyong 'dra. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KO KROD ko gyong. Btsan-lha. ko gyong gi ming. Dung-dkar 93.

•KO SKO ko sko 'degs ni lkog ma ste ma 'gram yar btegs pa. Utpal 14.3. lkog ma'am ma ne'i ming ko sko 'degs lta bu kos ko zhes snang. Chödag. gullet, oesophagus, windpipe, larynx? See also ko sko and ol sko. Skt. kṛka (throat, larynx). Discussion in Hill, Aspirated 488 (translated as 'chin'). BR.

•KO GYONG See ko krod.

•KO GYONG LAG MNYES Dpa'-ris.

•KO GRU ko bas bzos pa'i gru. Chödag. See Hummel in TJ 25 no. 3 (Autumn 2000). For information on how coracle boats were built, see Dung-dkar 94 (& their history sketched on p. 95).

•KO GRU GAR GTONG MNYAN PA'I LAG Dpa'-ris.

•KO SGRO ko ba'i khug ma chen po. Nomads 231.

•KO CI ltag bcas de te ste gsum 'jug tshul dang 'dra ba'i phrad cig. Rnam.

•KO LCAG See under ko shag.

•KO CHU sa brkos pa'i chu'am khron chu lta bu. Chödag.

•KO CHES PA go ches pa ste gal ches pa dang / go ba thal drags pa'i don. Rnam.

•KO JO Rnam.

•KO NYE BA = dkar po chig thub. KP3 343.2. KP4 569.4.

•KO ṬA PA Skt. kodrava. Type of plant seed used in a metaphor. Mathes in ZAS 45 (2016) 312.

•KO ṬA BA In the end times, when lifespans are only 10 years, people will consider this to be the best food. Lokaprajñapti (Derge version, p. 93).

•KO TA MA bla ma'i rigs te ka'u ta ma. Chödag.

•KO TA MA'I RAS koṭṭamba zhes zur chag ste / kattamba zhes pa'i yul las byung ba'i ras sam kam pa la'ang la ba ko dam pa'i ras. Chödag. BR, spelled ko tam pa'i ras.

•KO TU BA nor bu ko tu ba. = ko thu ba. KB 25.2, 32.4.

•KO TRA PA a kind of grain. Deriv. from Skt. kodrava. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 5. Same as ko ṭa ba, q.v.

•KO THA a kind of leprosy. Deriv. of Skt. kuṣṭha, Prakrit kuṭṭha.

•KO ṬHA rtswa dres ma'i me tog. Chödag. BP 272.1.

•KO ṬHA O PA DG 270.6.

•KO THAG ko bas bzos pa'i thag pa. Chödag.

•KO MTHIL mistakenly spelled kom thil, in BA 931. leather sole.

•KO 'THAS Btsan-lha.

•KO GDAN lpags gdan. Chödag.

•KO LDING ko bas g.yogs pa'i sgam thab sgrom (?). BBNP 472. Btsan-lha.

•KO PA gru mkhan dang ko lpags mkhan. Chödag. Driver of a coracle boat. Dung-dkar 94. gcan gzan 'phar ba'i ming. Rnam.

•KO LPAGS yul mtha' 'khob yin yang ko lpags ni nged kyang mi gon. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 189.4.

•KO LPAGS MKHAN lham mkhan. Chödag.

•KO LPAGS KYI GZHI Skin and hide seats and rugs forbidden to monks in Vinaya. Dung-dkar 94. DCD 19.

•KO BA leather, but also coracle boat. (dbus) = ko gru, a hide boat, coracle. MTTP. Illus. in Yisun. Photographs in Pietro Mele, Tibet 65-68. g.yag gi pags pa lta bu / gru yi ming la'ang rgyu ko ba las grub pas na rgyu'i ming 'bras bu la btags pa yin no. Chödag. Coracle boats are depicted bringing stones for building the Potala in Precious Deposits V 98. ko bo dud 'gro'i lpags. Khyung-sprul 12. This Tibetan word has a number of relatives in other languages, including Chinese and Tocharian (and some have suggested ancient Mayan).

•KO BA GCIG NAS DRAS PA'I RGYUN BU Dpa'-ris.

•KO BA TĀ RA lha'i ljon shing. Chödag.

•KO BI DA RA ko bi dā ra. N. of a tree. In Tib., sa rdol. Dung-dkar 95-96. Skt. kovidāra (one of the trees of paradise, Bauhinia variegata, Gobh.). Roberts, King, translates as 'orchid.'

•KO BUGS GCIG ko ba cha tshang gcig bugs dang bubs. Chödag.

•KO BYI LNGA THANG a medicinal preparation. BP 116.6.

•KO BYI BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 3. Lag-len 8.3. TMC 8 (4). BP 115.3.

•KO BYI LA See ldum stag.

•KO BYIL ko byil sman [ldum stag]. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KO 'BOG ko'i sgam snod do khom 'bog kyang. Chödag.

•KO MA LE ko ma le'i gshongs. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KO MO pool, puddle. Karmay, Great Perfection 96 n. 61.

•KWO MO kwo mo'i nang gi chu dang 'dra ste. Zhi-byed Coll. II 466.6. kwo mo nang gi sha bal myi 'grangs pa'i zas la dgos pa myed gsung. Ibid. II 159.5. Spelled ko mog in Yisun.

•KO DMAR KHRAG BRDZIS Nomads 37.

•KO WAGS See Laufer, Bird Div., 35.

•KO BZO leatherworking. Discussed in Dung-dkar 94-95.

•KO YO special Bon trumpet with curved eave-shaped 'bell.' (S. T.) See Nine Ways 289.

•KO YOS (dbus) name of a small patch which contains medicine for headaches. MTTP. Similar patches against headaches were known to early Graeco-Islamic medicine (known by a mutilated Syriac name that includes kawkebā, the word for 'star'). Yisun spells it ko yol, and explains it as being of Chinese origins, meaning a medicinalized cloth applied to the place where the disease is located.

•KO RANYDZA carnet (i.e., garnet).

•KO RAR LDIGS skor skor sdigs. Gces 582.4. Btsan-lha.

•KO RU KA See ku ru ka.

•KO RU KHA X X X ku ru kha gsum. Chödag.

•KO RUL RGYUN BU MI NYAN Dpa'-ris.

•KO RO mgar ba'i lugs kong. Chödag.

•KO RO RO dus rgyun chad med par ko ro ro. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 342.4.

•KO RON Btsan-lha. But this seems to be a proper name, not a lexical item. Or perhaps it is equiv. to brag phug. BR. DCD 19.

•KO LA See ka ko la.

•KO LA BCU DGU a medicinal preparation. TMC 42 (92). BP 221.5.

•KO LA BCU GCIG a medicinal preparation. BP 221.3.

•KO LA BCO LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 221.5.

•KO'U LI Korea. kho re ya / da lta'i khra'o zhan la zer. Rnam.

•KO LUG Dung-dkar 94.

•KO LE [1] obs. = tshang ma. Yisun. tshang ma'am thams cad kyi don. Rnam. [2] n. of a disease. Chödag. [3] 'kneecap.' Norbu. Text (#41).

•KO LE NA na ba'i bye brag. Chödag. See le na.

•KO LER Btsan-lha.

•KO LO dug ko lo. See thang phrom nag po. See also brag rgyan ko lo.

•KO LONG [1] blame. [2] ill temper, irritability, being anger-prone. [3] deprication. bka' bkyon. Gces 581.6. BR. See Nine Ways. nyan thos la sogs pa la zhe sa dang ko long gi tshig gi rim pa ni. 17 II 335.2. 4 77B.3. Samdo A IV 115r.5; V 81r.1. gzugs brnyan lta bur ko long med. Samdo A V 97r.4. snga phyir ko long ma mdzad. Samdo A IV 245r.1. Samdo A V 81r.1, 97r.4. 'thab rtsod kyi yan lag tu ko long gdams pa / mi 'thabs pa'i yan lag tu ko long mi bsdams pa. Gling-ras-pa, Bka'-'bum II 542.3. ko long sdug yus / rkyen chung ngu tsam la khong khro ba dang byas yus la smod pa'i sems. Gser Sbram 92. sdo long ba'am phrag dog dang ko long gi tshig lta bu. Chödag. Dung-dkar 96. Rnam. [Mis-] spelled rko long. Eimer, Testimonia 49. It seems to contrast with (or express the opposite of) the words zhe sa. Hence it means something like depreciation or deprecation. See under sko long.

•KO SHAG ko lcag. Btsan-lha. Misspelled ko sha in Dung-dkar 96, where it is explained. In Sa-skya times it replaced the horsewhip (rta lcag). It could be used, as a punishment, on either cheek or buttock.

•KO SHAMBHI mdzod ldan zhes rgya gar gyi yul. Chödag. kau shāmbī mdzod ldan [dang] rtswa ku sha. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KO SHI KA Indra, owl, scholar. kau shi ka ste lha'i dbang po brgya sbyin dang 'ug pa dang mkhas pa la'ang. Chödag. Rnam.. Skt. Kauśika (having paws, owl, ichneumon, forming a receptacle, lexicographer, etc.). See kau shi ka.

•KA'U SHI KA ko shi ka der ltos. Chödag. See ko shi ka. See gu gul. Spelled ko'u shi ka in Gser Sbram 363, where is explained as a name of Indra. ka'u shi ka [dbang che ba] brgya byin ming. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KAU SHI KA 1. sman gu gul. 2. mdzod ldan. 3. brgya byin. 4. mkhas pa rnams. Blaṅ 526. See ko shi ka.

•KO SHUN (kog shun?) KP3 308.3. KP4 493.3.

•KO SA LA kau sa la zhes pa la mdzod 'dzin nam yul dge ba can zer. Chödag. mdzod 'dzin / rigs rgyud shig la 'jug. Rnam.

•KO SO LO See tig ta.

•KOG [1] bkog pa'i don du snang. Chödag. [2] rough outer bark, peeling, outer empty shell.

•KOG KOG slong mi thub. Gces 585.3.

•KOG KOG LDANG Btsan-lha.

•KOG GI KER LANGS NAS glo bur du langs pa. Utpal 14.2.

•KOG GIS myur bas dang had kyis la snang. Chödag. Rnam.

•KOG GIS LANG Btsan-lha. Rnam.

•KOG GIS LANGS PA shad kyis langs pa / myur ba dang had kyis langs pa'i don. BR.

•KOG CHE = snying thag. Lcang-skya.

•KOG NYO YOG an Old Turkic expression preserved in an Old Tibetan text (http://otdo.aa.tufs.ac.jp/archives.cgi?p=Pt_1283). Kara has written an article about it. It has something to do with turtles, or rather with frogs living in horse-hoof [puddles]. However, from the context (not an entirely clear context, however), it ought to be a Turkic word for 'porcupine.'

•KOG MAN zas kyi bye brag rgya nag zur chag. Chödag.

•KOG RTSE trap, or perhaps rather snare. OT = rgya. = rnyod do. Blaṅ 306.3. BR. = rgya. = rnyi. Btsan-lha, where it is also spelled kog tse & kog tshe. kog tsi dang kog tshe / rgya'am rnyi'i ming. Chödag. Dung-dkar 97. snying thag. Dbus-pa no. 543. = rgya. = rnyi rnyong. Lcang-skya. rgya dang rnyi'i spyi ming. Rnam. Dotson, Princess 66 n. 12. See khog tse. There is a photo of a trap (and mention of a 1,000-year-old excavated example) in Toni Huber, "The Changing Role of Hunting and Wildlife in Pastoral Communities of Northern Tibet," contained in H. Kreutmann, ed., Pastoral Practices in High Asia (PDF from internet).

•KOGS skogs zhes ngag sgron gsungs / yig skogs dang shan pa'i ming. Chödag.

•KONG Rnam. See tshon kong.

•KONG KONG sa cha kong kong lta bu. Chödag. kong kong dbyibs. a shape. Khyung-sprul 12.

rus pa KONG KONG DD 423 (mur gong gshongs).

•KONG KONG DU lus kyi dbyibs. Utpal 13.5.

•KONG 'KHRU Dung-dkar 97. A kind of cloth.

•KONG CAN kha zas shig. Chödag.

•KONG CO btsun mo zhes pa'i / btsun mo / sras mo. Chödag.

•KONG JO sras mo ste / gong ma'am rgyal po'i sras mo. Rnam.

•KONG RNA rna rgyan rna kor. Chödag.

•KONG PO yul kung po / mchod kong che chung / kong bu. Chödag.

•KONG SPREL See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 43n.

•KONG BU Also, rkong bu. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KONG TSE kong tse 'phrul rgyal. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KONG TSE GANG painter's pallette or paint box. Dung-dkar 101.

•KONG 'DZIN 'UL MI Dung-dkar 102.

•KONG LI a superior type of ga dur. The identification of this plant is discussed in a forthcoming paper by Olaf Czaja. Bergenia. Bergenia ligulata Wall. TDD 25.

•KOD Btsan-lha.

•KOD KHA gong kha'i ming du snang. Chödag.

•KAUṆṬA NA kauṇṭa na thab gdan ma'i bu ste. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KWON THUG Also, Kwon. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 152n.

•KON TO RE a type of bird with red breast. Bellezza, D&B 63.

•KON PA = kong khro ba, khro ba.

•KON PA GAB SKYE = sog le kha, khrog chen, sngon khrag gcod. JD 170. SS 521.5.

•KOM STAN skin of a tiger or black antelope used as a carpet by ascetics. BA 561.

•KOM RTSE Btsan-lha.

•KOR stod kor ni stod du gyon rgyu'i gos rdor gong lta bu. klad kor ni steng gi thig le gor gor. Utpal 15.3.

•KOR KOR 'khor re. Gces 585.3. Btsan-lha. 'khor 'khor ram skor skor. Chödag. Dung-dkar 104.

•KOR KOR POR 'khor bar ram 'khor 'khor por. Rnam.

•KOR KOR 'ONG BR.

•KOR TSE rang don kor tse. Khyung-sprul 12. Rnam.

•KOR TSE KOR TSE Kapstein, Dialectic 273, with alternative spelling bskor tse bskor tse ("repeatedly turning").

•KOR TSHE = nyi tshe. = phyogs res. BBNP 483. trifling, trifle, partial? Btsan-lha.

•KOR TSHE BA nyi tshe ba. Chödag. Nine Ways.

•KOR RE gral kor re ni gral la skor re zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 512.

•KOR LING Lhasa A III 166v.7, etc.; V 12v.2 ff. = skor ling?

•KOR LE See phyi sbun kor le. 'sgom chen kor ler bam pa mang po yi.' Samdo A III 107r.4, 107v.2, 108v.1, 194r.2, 194r.6, 195r.2, 303r.3; V 14r.4; 206r.3. dus thung skad cig ma. Btsan-lha.

•KOL Or, kol te. khol po bkol. Chödag. Rnam. =khol (?). servant. Hill, Aspirated 476.

•KOL MA OT Skt. = gzan dron. Blaṅ 307.2. Btsan-lha. bskol ma'i ming du snang. Chödag. kol ma zan dron ming. Khyung-sprul 12. Rnam.

•KOL 'DZI See ke'u 'dzin.

•KOS KO go sko zhes ngag sgron gsungs / ma le 'degs sam ol sko 'degs. Chödag. Rnam. See ko sko.

•KOSKO GRE BA gre ba ni 'og mdud kyi mgor gnas pa'i sgra'i skye gnas. Rnam.

•KOS KO'I RUS PA See 'OL GONG. DD illus. 9.

•KOS SNYUNG ma le phra mo smyung smyung kos smyung zhes snang. Chödag.

•KOS THAG OT = nyam thag. Blaṅ 296.1. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. Rnam. BR, where it may also be spelled dkos thag. (See also kha dag, which may be a result of scribal corruption of khos thag).

•KOS THAG PA nyam thag pa. Chödag. BR. DCD 23.

•KOS PHA MYED gos pa med pa. Rnam.

•KOS MED ma le chung ba'am med pa lta bu. Chödag. DCD 23.

•KOS SMYUNG ma le'i rtsa phra ba. DCD 23.

•KOS LA kos la [kasko yang]. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KYA KA skya ka'i ming du snang. Chödag.

•KYA KRA a bird. kya kra zhes bya ba skyar mo yin. Zhi-byed Coll. I 459. Same as skya khra?

•KYA'O = gyad. = stobs po che. BBNP 472. Btsan-lha. gyad de stobs che ba'i ming. Rnam.

•KYA HRAGS In about 1300, when teachers visited Gung thang, the dpon chen would go to meet them with kya hrags. 'Jog-ri, Gung-thang dkar-chag, fol. 34v.6.

•KYAG the 'cup' part of a covered tea dish. Schmied 205. yar 'gyogs pa'i kyag ste. Chödag.

•KYAG KYAG (coll.) one enjoys doing something repeatedly. MTTP. 'khyog po'am khang pa la'ang. Chödag.

•KYAG KYOG 'khyog po'am khang pa la'ang. Chödag.

•KYAG KYON nyan nyog. Gces 589.6.

•KYAG GE KYOG GE 'obliquely' = kyag kyog. Soundings 27.

•KYAG GONG shit ball. Zhi-byed Coll. II 266.6 (other examples follow). Probably should be spelled skyag gong.

•KYAG ZOS shiteating[/er]? gdams ngag snod du bzhag nas rang rgyud tha mal du sdod pa kyag zos yin. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 46.7. chos bya bsams med pa'i mi de 'bras bu mdo don gtor ba yin te kyag pa zos pa'i khyi yin gsung. That person, who has no thought of doing religious practices, is losing the meaningful opportunity for results. He is a shiteating dog. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 48.3.

•KYANG yod kyang mdzes kyang lta bu. Chödag.

•KYANG KYONG kong kong la'ang. Chödag.

•KYAB khyab. Rnam.

•KYAM KYAM rabs rabs. 367 I 240.4.

•KYAM KYAM PA lhabs se lhabs lta bu'am kyi li li / kyam me ba. Chödag. phar tshur 'cham 'cham du 'gro ba. Rnam.

•KYAMS khyams / khang pa'i khyams la zer. Rnam.

•KYAMS PA lhag 'phros. Rnam.

•KYAR KYOR CAN 'khyar re 'khor re can. Chödag.

•KYAR MO a spelling for skyar mo (the bird).

•KYAR MONG kyar mong 'ding sar chu yod ngoms par slar myi 'thung. Zhi-byed Coll. I 290.5.

•KYAL Rnam. may be mistake for rkyal.

•KYAL KA ku re'i ngag 'khyal lta bu. Utpal 14.3. ku re'i tshig kam rgod gtam. Chödag. = ku re'i tshig. Lcang-skya. BR. See kyal kha, kyal ga.

•KYAL KYAL rtsa 'phar ba. Utpal 15.5. ngag tshig gis kyal kyal ba. Chödag. kyal kyal stong myur sgra. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KYAL KYIL Samdo A III 129v.4.

•KYAL KYIL RE = bra bre re. = cung zad re. BBNP 480. Btsan-lha.

•KYAL KYEL RE cung zad re'am bra bre re. Rnam.

•KYAL KHA byis pa zla bo dang kyal kha mdzad pa'i tshe yang... Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum I 32.1.

•KYAL GA OT = ku re'i tshig. Blaṅ 301.6.

•KYAL TA shing zhig. Chödag.

•KYI = khyi. 'dog.' Kuijp (1986) 35.

•KYI GU Zhi-byed Coll. IV 162.1, where it is obviously meaning 'puppy,' khyi phrug. Appears in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 159.6 with the spelling kyi khu. rgyan zhig (an ornament). Chödag.

•KYI GUD sdug bsngal lam mya ngam byed pa. Btsan-lha. Dung-dkar 105. Looks like, and means like, kye hud, q.v.

•KYI LCE dog tongue. rtsa zhig. Chödag. = sha lang ba, she thang. JD 177. SS 450.3. YTTM 291.27.

•KYI LCE DKAR PO white dog tongue. Mdo 33. = ku dkar. YTTM 293.17. YTTM 293.17. Swertia kingii. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27. See byi shang dkar mo.

•KYI LCE NAG PO black dog tongue. Mdo 36.

•KYI SNYA pha ba dgo dgo lta bu zhig. Chödag.

•KYI BUN skyi bun der ltos. Chödag. See skyi bun.

•KYI RI 'khor lo (wheel). Btsan-lha. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KYI LI LI 'od zer bkra bas. Chödag.

•KYI LING See gyi ling.

•KYI LE schillernd, beweglich, drehend. Kaschewsky2.

•KYI BSER bsil rlung dang grang ngar che ba'i lhags pa. Rnam.

•KYI HUD smre ngag 'don pa'i 'bod pa'i sgra. Chödag. mya ngan sgra. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KYING BSER rlung bser bu. Chödag. mgyogs par rgyu ba'i bser bu'o. Rnam.

•KYIB KYIB PO OT gshong bu. Dung-dkar 106.

•KYIR YA See ki kir.

•KYIL LE NYON legs par nyon. Chödag. Rnam.

•KYIS [1] One of the forms of the instrumental ending. [2] Beyer, CT Lang. 353-354, says that when affixed to final verbs, this is a 'promise particle.' Another use with final verbs, it implies a disjuncture between the preceding and following verbal statements. When used with certain verbs, like dgos & yod, it may imply a reason, so might be translated 'unless' — or, begin next clause with 'otherwise.'

•KYU THUNG lcags kyi ring thung lta bu. Chödag.

•KYU RU a bha la kyu ru. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KYU RU RA sman skyu ru ra la'ang. Chödag.

•KYU RU RU skad kyis kyu ru ru.

•KYUG 'khyug gnam nas kyug kyug byed. Chödag.

•KYUNG BU skyung bu'i ming du snang. Chödag. skyung bu'am tho ba'i ming. Rnam.

•KYUR srog chags sre mong. Btsan-lha. I think this is what others read as gyur (as in OZZ 117 etc.).

•KYUR KYUR skad kyi gdangs kyur kyur. Chödag. kyur kyur skad sgrog. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KYUS lcags kyus btab pa. Chödag.

•KYUS TE bkrus te. Dbus-pa no. 349.

•KYUS RE ngar. Gces 586.1.

•KYE kye grogs po zer ba de la 'bod pa'i sgra zer bod sgra'ang. Chödag.

•KYE'U OT for sgye'u. Btsan-lha. Dung-dkar 109.

•KYE KA (= skye ka, ske ka) yul skad de skya ka'i ming. Dpe-chos 506. skye ka'i ming. Rnam.

•KYE KYE glu sogs la 'os pa dpal byed kyi sgra. Utpal 13.4. he bho 'bod brda'o. Chödag.

•KYE TU See under cis te.

•KYE NANG PO kye khang pa'i bdag po. Chödag.

•KYE MA 'o dod 'bod pa lta bu. Chödag. snying rje'i sgra. Khyung-sprul 12. BR.

•KYE MA KYI HUD smre sngags kyi tshig. Utpal 13.4.

•KYE MA KYE HUD Rnam.

•KYE MA'O Btsan-lha. kye grogs po zer ba de la 'bod pa'i sgra zer bod sgra'ang. Chödag. DCD 23.

•KYE MA HO ngo mtshar rmad du byung bas 'bod pa. Chödag.

•KYE RE Btsan-lha.

•KYE HUD 'Oh, weh.' Kaschewsky 82. See kyi gud, which seems to have like meaning.

•KYE HO ngo mtshar ba'i skad. Utpal 13,4. ngo mtshar rmad du byung bas 'bod pa / kye ma ho. Chödag. kye ho ngo mtshar. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KYED bskyed ces dgos so bkyed kyang / bkyed. Chödag.

•KYEM PA Btsan-lha. dngos 'brel lam ngo ma'i don. BR.

•KYO lcags kyu. Btsan-lha. Rnam.

•KYO BTANG Btsan-lha.

•KYO BA Btsan-lha. lcags kyu la'ang. Chödag. Rnam. BR.

•KYO BA TANG Btsan-lha. Rnam (here spelled kyo pa tang). BR.

•KYO BA BTANG hook. DCD 23.

•KYO TSHOGS Btsan-lha. DCD 23.

•KYO RANG = kyo. Rnam.

•KYO RAD lcags kyu. Btsan-lha.

•KYOG Stein. T&BS I 345. See 'khyog. 'khyog po'an yon pa'i ming / kyog kyog. Chödag.

•KYOG KYOG mgo kyog kyog ni lus kyi mgo kyog g.yas g.yon du byas pa. Utpal 14.1. kyog kyog drang po med. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KYOG BSHAD log bshad lta bu. Chödag.

•KYONG kong kong / kyong kyong. Chödag. kyang ste / yod kyang mdzes kyang lta bu. Rnam. quarrel (?). Hill, Aspirated 476.

•KYONG KYONG sa sogs go 'bul. Utpal 13.5. kyong kyong dbyibs. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KYONG KHA 'BUR GSOS Dpa'-ris.

•KYONG BU lag cha zhig / kyong mo. Chödag.

•KYONG MA Btsan-lha.

•KYON PA bkyon pa'am bskyon pa'i ming du snang / bkyon pa / bskyon pa. Chödag.

•KYOS MA Btsan-lha. BR.

•KRA KA khams na sgun 'brum (rgun 'brum) skems pa la kra ka srung dgos pas / de la dang po kra ka gcig bsad de gsob phyar bas des thub skad. They say that in Khams, when they dry raisins, they have to protect them from the kra-ka. So first they kill a kra-ka and fly it as a scarecrow (?), and that does the job. Zhi-byed Coll. I 417.5. Here it seems to be a strange spelling for ka ka, or, kā ka ('crow') or ka kra, although it may intend another bird.

•KRA TA KRO TA Samdo A IV 46v.4. See tra ta tro ta.

•KRA PHU SE A word for 'rat.' See the article by Anandamayee Ghosh in Bulletin of Tibetology, issue for the year 1997.

•KRA MU KA See zhu mkhan. Perhaps Skt. kramaka (one who knows the order of things).

•KRANG Btsan-lha. rus krang ni lus skem pa sogs. Utpal 16.1.

•KRANG NGE krang nge bsdad pa sogs. Utpal 16.1. ke re ba'i don nam drang por sdod tshul. Chödag. krang nge tsog bu. Khyung-sprul 12. drang mo'i sdod tshul lo. Rnam. BR. adv. [stand up] straight. C&LT 167.

•KRANG NGE KRUNG NGE [deriv. from krong po, 'straight'] = krong krong. 'toweringly.' Soundings 27.

•KRANG TĀ RING A name for the cosmos flower. TDD 56. See under puṇḍa ri ka.

•KRAD lham gyi rdog krad dang gzhu'i krad. Chödag.

•KRAD KOR gzhu 'then krad kor. Chödag.

•KRAD KRAD Stein.

•KRAD SKOR Here translated 'pieces of bread.' Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 15. It may derive from obsolete word for bread, "ko re," with the krad perhaps standing for some kind of wheat.

•KRAD RGYUN Stein.

•KRAD PA Stein. krad pa krad rul rnying pa sogs kyi sgra. Khyung-sprul 12. rlung sgom gyi snod nas krad pa zhig byung. 24 I 432.6. Hill, Aspirated 487, has discussion, saying it means 'sole of a boot' and is likely a loanword. BR.

•KRAD RUL lham gyi krad rul. SS 532.6.

•KRAB See rkang krab.

•KRAB KRAB 'dabs chags kyi gshogs pa krab pa lta bu. Utpal 13.5. lham sgra lta bu / 'khrab pa. Chödag. BR. krab krab rkang pas 'khrab. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KRABS PA ? Zhi-byed Coll. II 281.1.

•KRAM cabbage. LW 476.

•KRAL dpya khral. Rnam.

•KRI KRI'I RMI LTAS BCU Ten dream signs of King Kri-kri. rgyal po kri kri'i rmi ltas bcu ni / glang po che'i lus skar khung nas thon kyang mjug ma de la thogs pa rmis pa ni dang po'o // glang po che phal bas spos kyi glang po che skrod pa ni gnyis pa'o // mi gtsang bas gos pa'i spre'us spre'u gzhan la mi gtsang ba skud [~skur] pa ni gsum pa'o // spre'u gcig gis spre'u'i tshogs la dbang bskur ba ni bzhi pa'o // tsan dan sbrul gyi snying po dang shing phal ba mgo snyom pa ni lnga pa'o // phye bre gang dang mu tig bre gang brje ba ni drug pa'o // gtsug lag khang gi nye 'khor na yod pa'i me tog dang 'bras bu rkun pos khyer ba ni bdun pa'o // gtsang zhing yid du 'ong ba'i khron pas skom pa'i mi'i rjes su bsnyegs kyang mi 'thung ba ni brgyad pa'o // skye bo mang po sde ris su bcad nas rtsod pa ni dgu pa'o // ras yug gcig mi bco brgyad kyis bgos pas thams cad la tshang ma re thob cing / rtsa ba'i ras yug ma nyams pa ni bcu pa'o. (See 600 129-133 for interpretation of these dream signs, predicting the future of Buddhism.)

•KRI SNYAN SA LE Btsan-lha.

•KRI NA See pi pi ling.

•KRI NA SA RA See gnyan.

•KRI DBEN LO NYI SHU RTSA GSUM PA Dung-dkar 109.

•KRI MA DZA See a ka ru.

•KRI MI DZA See rgya skyags.

•KRIṢHṆA PHA LA See so ma ra dza.

•KRI SNA SA RA Aris, Discourse 33. Dung-dkar 111.

•KRIG KRIG nan tan dang don med sgra la. Chödag. krig krig nan nan. Khyung-sprul 12. Rnam. BR.

•KRIG GI Stein.

•KRIG CAD nges pa'am gtan 'khel ba / 'dod chags can. Rnam.

•KRIG CAR chags can. Chödag.

•KRING (M.T.) borrowing from Chinese zhing, meaning [canning] tin. TS9 II 458.

•KRID PA bar chad. Dbus-pa no. 182.

•KRU KRU TRES OT = tsi tra ka. Blaṅ 301.4-.5. tsi tra ka ste / sle tres kyi ming. Rnam.

•KRU RDA Skt. krodha? It appears in a poem of praise to Mao by the Dalai Lama XIV. See MTLSC, p. 17 and note no. 79.

•KRU RING (M.T.) deriv. from Ch. zhuren. The appointed foreman or leader of a committee. Barnett, Resistance. In Goldstein, this seems to be spelled kru'u ren or kru'u rin, 'chairman, leader, director, head, chief.'

•KRUG khrug / 'thab 'khrugs kyi don. Rnam.

•KRUGS 'khrug pa'am dkrug spyad la go. Rnam.

•KRUNG KRUNG Aris, Discourse 65 n. 10. bya khrung khrung la'ang. Chödag. krung krung khrung khrung ming. Khyung-sprul 12.

•KRUNG KRUM fake fangs. See Stearns, SR 133.

•KRUNG THANG Ch. zhongtang. Secretariat officials. Sperling, Awe 329.

•KRUMS sha'i ming du gsungs deng sang dkrum zhes bris snang / gsol krums. Chödag. Rnam.

•KRE NAG khog ma'i dreg pa lta bu. Chödag.

•KREB PA Stein.

•KREMS PA chu khrims su bcug pa bkram pa lta bu. Chödag.

•KRES See under: o pa. (BBNP 468)

•KRO TA OT Tibskrit for krodha. 66 II 127.6.

•KROG KROG mi krog krog, see ko trog can. A sound made by the shoes, not allowed by vinaya. rna bas nyan lugs. Utpal 13.5. lham sgra lta bu. Chödag. krog krog mgo rna ba. Khyung-sprul 12. 'drogs langs nas rgyugs pa'i nyams. Rnam. BR.

•KROG GIS SONG Btsan-lha.

•KROG MED srog med. Chödag.

•KROG 'UR lham sgra lta bu. Chödag.

•KROGS PA gsung rab 'o ma krogs pa'i bcud. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 215.2. See dkrogs pa.

•KRONG yar slongs shig. Chödag. Rnam.

•KRONG KRONG lus kyi ske yar sangs sangs byas pa. Utpal 14.1. yar langs pa lta bu rna ba krong krong. Chödag. krong krong mig bltas.

•KRONG NGE phag rgod bzhin du krong nge nyan yang. Zhi-byed Coll. II 244.1. krang nge dang 'dra'o. Rnam.

•KRONGS rna ba krongs te ni rna ba byo ste nyan zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 517. gsod dgos na sod cig. Chödag.

•KRON PA'I RUS PA DD illus 15.

•KROB MDA' =krom mda'. N. of a type of pistol mentioned by the Dalai Lama XIII. Venturi in Sperling Festschrift, p. 501.

•KLA KLA See tig ta.

•KLA KLO'I SPOS See sgog.

•KLA MA lwa ba 'thug po. Dung-dkar 114. Rnam.

•KLAG [1] klag [glags kyang] lta 'gran tshad pa. Khyung-sprul 13. [2] bal gyis btags pa'i snam bu. Rnam. [3] obs. OT future form of klog, to read. Hill, Aspirated 474.

•KLAG COR OT = ca co. Blaṅ 297.5. phan tshun ltad mo dang / klag cor dang / tha na bya byi'i rgyu 'grul lta bus kyang yengs nas 'gro ba yin. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 522.2. klag cor ca co mang. Khyung-sprul 13. Rnam. BR.

•KLAG COR CAN Rnam.

•KLAG PA Btsan-lha. chu 'dzin nang du me shel nus pa klag. Zhi-byed Coll. I 266.5. JD 241. klag pa ldag pa. Khyung-sprul 13. klag pa lwa ba. Khyung-sprul 13.

•KLAGS PA khebs pa. Dbus-pa no. 438. gzhan las lhag pa'am / phul du byung ba'i don. Rnam.

•KLAD OT = gong. = steng. Blaṅ 304.5, 517.1. See rdo klad. sdod gnas (bud med kyi sdod gnas la zer/) gong ngam stod dang dbu la'ang 'jug. Rnam. BR. See glad.

•KLAD KOR Anusvāra (used for writing Sanskrit, or transcribing it into Tibetan). See under kor. klad kor stod [steng du ma gor] gos te. Khyung-sprul 13. nga ro / rjes su nga ro. Rnam.

•KLAD SKOR n. for anusvāra. Man LXI, no. 102 (p. 84B).

•KLAD SKYOGS Btsan-lha.

•KLAD KHUNG gnam khung. Nomads 231.

•KLAD 'GEMS lit.: to destroy the brain. to surprise. Sources.

•KLAD SNYING cerebellum. DD illus. 25, 26.

•KLAD PA 'GEMS Eimer, Testimonia 47.

•KLAD PA TSHA KAM KAM Btsan-lha.

•KLAD MA thog ma'am gong ma. Rnam.

•KLAD MED MGO 'KHOR Dpa'-ris.

•KLAD MED PHUGS CHUNG Dpa'-ris.

•KLAD GZER SRZT 56.

•KLAD RU Btsan-lha.

•KLAD RUL SS 536.4.

•KLAN KA Ma 10.4. Bsam-gtan Mig-sgron 3.4. Btsan-lha. klun ka'ang klan ka snyad 'dogs. Khyung-sprul 13. snyad ka'am rtsod gzhi. Rnam. BR. DCD 24.

•KLAN KA'I RGYU skyon nam dgag pa 'byung ba'i rgyu. Utpal 14.4.

•KLAN KA CAN rtsod pa yod pa'am rtsod gzhi slong mkhan. Dung-dkar 114.

•KLAN KA MI TSHOL BA Skt. anupālambhaprekṣiṇa. Mvy. 2427. I interpret it to mean 'free of fear from reproach.' Lde'u 83.

•KLAN KA BTSAL BA Rnam.

•KLAN PA Btsan-lha. Rnam. DCD 24.

•KLAB = kla ma. Rnam.

•KLAB PA. OT = lab. Blaṅ 293.3. Btsan-lha, q.v. Lcang-skya. klab pa / lab / (brda rnying) 'di snam rigs spu dang rtsi ma bton pa'i thags tshar tsam de la 'jug cing / yang skabs kyis phying pa la'ang 'jug. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. kla ma dang 'dra'o. Rnam. BR.

•KLAM Btsan-lha. Rnam. lwa ba mthug po zer yang skud ris mkhan gyis bzo ba'i gos zhig go. BR. DCD 24.

•KLAM GYIS KHYER Btsan-lha.

•KLAM PA thick blanket. Deriv. from Skt. kambala. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 7. kla ma dang 'dra'o. Rnam.

•KLAL BA Btsan-lha. = glal ba. klal ba [glal ba] kha gdangs ba. Khyung-sprul 13. DCD 25.

•KLAS rgyal po'i 'khor bud med rnams kyi sdod sa (compare klad) . Rnam.

•KLAS PA Btsan-lha. byams klas pa dang mtha' klas pa ni mtha' thug pa med pa rgya che ba'i don. Utpal 16.1. Khyung-sprul 13. Rnam. BR. a verb whose meaning seems to be 'beyond, further than.' Hill, Aspirated 476. DCD 25.

•KLI CI DON See shing mngar.

•KLING Btsan-lha.

•KLU [1] as n. of a very large (100,000) district, see TPS 14. [2] For ambiguity in the classification of klu as either animal or preta, or asura, see Mimaki in Karmay, New Horizons 99-101. Note that Tibetan translators sometimes used the translation klu for Skt. nāga, when used with the meaning 'elephant', thus creating confusion with the spirit-nāga, which is snake-like. For candidates for monastic ordinations being called nāgas, and for nāgas' role in conserving and protecting relics, as representing indigenous chthonic and aquatic spirits, and as elephants, see Swearer, RB 168-169, 183.

•KLU DKAR white nāga, a name for the metal tin. Simioli, AG 55.

•KLU'I SKAD Chinese language. Btsan-lha.

•KLU'I GE SAR See ge sar.

•KLU DGE a clan name. Btsan-lha.

•KLU CHEN BRGYAD mtha' yas / 'jog po / stobs rgyu / rigs ldan / nor rgyas / dung skyong / padma / wa ru ṇa rnams so. 600 106-107.

•KLU GTER Nāga vases described in Dung-dkar 121.

•KLU RTA Nagano in Karmay, New Horizons 580.

•KLU STOBS Simioli, AG 61.

•KLU DAG KUN DAR See 'bu skyogs.

•KLU DIL klu yi de'u, ri'i ming. Nomads 231.

•KLU DUG See gu gul.

•KLU YI GDON Text 42.

•KLU BDUD BCO BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 46. Lag-len 32.1. TMC 56 (125). BT 54v.6. BP 242.5.

•KLU BDUD RDO RJE JD 201. = brda sman. Mdo 39. Ian Baker, Heart of the World 245. Codonopsis bhutanica. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24 (in the thesis itself this herb's properties were supposed to be analysed, but the sample extract was damaged en route to Australia).

•KLU BDUD NAG PO See (klu bdud nag po) dar ya kan.

•KLU NAG Simioli, AG 51. See zha nye.

•KLU DBANG klu'i rgyal po dga' bo dang / nye dga' dang / 'jog po sogs dang. Eimer, Dbyangs 54.

•KLU 'BUM KHAM TSHAN Explanation for the name in Sgo mang Dge bshes Ngag dbang nyi ma, Works, vol. 6, p. 592.

•KLU'I ME TOG See ge sar. Perhaps this is the nāgapuṣpa, the tree under which Maitreya will be enlightened.

•KLU SMAN a medicinal preparation. Lag-len 108.5.

•KLU ZOG n. for liberated animal. Holler in TS9 II 208.

•KLU RIGS BZHI rgyal rigs / rje rigs / bram ze'i rigs / gdol ba'i rigs dang bzhi'o. 600 31.

•KLU'I SHA See sbrul.

•KLU SHING kind of tree pictured in Waddell, Tibetan Buddhism 339. cactus. Dhongthog. cactus (Lonely Planet Phrasebook).

•KLU GSHED GSUM Btsan-lha.

•KLU SE ZZ = khyo ga. Bru II 290.3.

•KLUNG nags kyi klung dang chu klung. Khyung-sprul 13. Rnam. BR. See Berounsky's article "Wind-horse Galloping," p. 195 for a discussion.

•KLUNG LCANG DG 241.2.

•KLUNG RTA See Berounsky's article "Wind-horse Galloping," p. 195 for a discussion of this spelling, that tends to be preferred in 'byung rtsis contexts. However, Dotson, Horse 271, has argued for the ultimate meaning of 'stage horse,' that carried messengers from one station to the next (but this finds the original spelling to be slungs rta).

•KLUNG PO (coll.) = chu bo, the river. MTTP.

•KLUNG TSE (dbus) = bye'u'i sgam, the cage. MTTP.

•KLUNG SHO JD 151. SS 485.1.

•KLUNG SE youth, young man. klung se gzhon nu. Khyung-sprul 13.

•KLUNGS Stein. As ex. of an irreg. Old Tantra term, corresponding to gzhung, see the work of Dge-rtse in Rnying Rgyud 1973 XXXVI 455.

•KLUD glud / lus tshab. Rnam.

•KLUBS PA OT = phub pa. = gyon pa. attired, dressed, clad. Blaṅ 290.1. Rnam. BR. brgyan pa. adorned. Rtse-le VIII 423. Btsan-lha. dar gyi gos lindis klubs ni lha'i gos gyon pa'am phub pa. Utpal 16.5. gos sogs klubs. Khyung-sprul 13. phub pa. Dbus-pa no. 223. = phub pa. = gyon pa. Lcang-skya. Hill, Aspirated 474.

•KLUS BTEG PA Btsan-lha.

•KLE BO a vessel made with willow, bamboo and the like. Btsan-lha.

•KLE BO MA BYED Btsan-lha.

•KLOG KYANG KLAG klog kyang klag ni yi ge dang gsung rab klag pa. Utpal 16.2.

•KLOG GRWA Dung-dkar 124.

•KLOG PA'I SLOB DPON DCD 31.

•KLOG SBYONG Dung-dkar 124.

•KLOGS MA dpon mo. Rnam.

•KLONG [= klongs]. receptive centre. Skt. āvarta, 'spiral inward' [Mvy.], 'turning-place, whirlpool.' Nisarga, 'array, nature.' Vipula, 'large, extensive, vast.' Stein. 75 2. See Germano, Poetic Thought 937, for the cowardly translation 'space.' This seems quite close to Sino-Tibetan words for 'middle' (related to Tib. gzhung); Coblin, Sinologist's 53. nags klong ni nags tshal chen po'i khrod. chu klung ni chu chen po. dba' klong ni rba rlabs. Utpal 11.2. Achard, L'Essence 88 n. 41. For a possible Lithuanian cognate (!?) of both klung[s] and klong, see Harold H. Bender, "Lithuanian Klonas, Kluonas, A Place Where Something is Spread Out," JAOS 40 (1920) 353-355. As a dynamic space full of potentials, it resembles Greek/Platonic chôra; see the article by Nicoletta Isar, "Chorography (chôra, chorós): A Performative Paradigm of Creation of Sacred Space in Byzantium." klong dkyil [klong means 'center']. mkha' yi klong dang chu yi rba klong. Khyung-sprul 13.

•KLONG 'KHYIL 'od kor dang / mtsho 'khor gyi ming. Rnam.

•KLONG GYUR shorter form of klong du gyur pa. dbang du gyur pa'i don. Rnam.

•KLONG GRUM badger. Norbu, Drung 106.

•KLONG DGU 1. lta ba. 2. spyod pa. 3. dkyil 'khor. 4. dbang. 5. dam tshig. 6. sgrub pa. 7. phrin las. 8. sa lam. 9. 'bras bu. Divisions of klong sde. Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho[1557] 291.3. Dung-dkar 125. Anspal, Space 122 ff., 176.

•KLONG 'GYUR totally realized state. Thondup, BM 282.

•KLONG DU GYUR BA OT = dbang du gyur pa. Skt. avabodha. Blaṅ 295.3-.4. Dbus-pa no. 430. 'be perfected.' Thondup, BM 126. I prefer the translation, 'perfectly internalized.' khong du chud pa. dbang du gyur pa, brtan pa thob pa. Btsan-lha. klong du gyur ni khong du chud cing rang byan tshud pa'i don. Utpal 11.3. Dung-dkar 126. = dbang du gyur pa. Lcang-skya. DCD 31. Having gained command [of a subject].

•KLONG RDOL bursting forth from the depths. Thondup, BM 363. burst. Thondup, BM 78. Dung-dkar 126.

•KLONG SDE abhyantaravarga. Thondup, BM 49.

•KLONG YANGS ka dag klong yangs ni ye nas dag pa'i don chos kyi dbyings lta bu klong yangs pa. Utpal 11.2.

•KSHA NA AR DZA LI n. of a disease. 4 156A.1.

•KSHA YA NAG PO Text 6.

•KṢHA RA See ya bakṣha ra.

•KSHA RA KA: me tog kha 'bus kyi ming. CSKG.

•KṢHA RA KA KO LI See nye shing.

•KṢHI RA = sha ni gan dha. YTTM 292.12. See shrī khaṇḍa.

•KṢHI RA KA KO LI See lug mnye.

•KṢHIS KHAR See 'bra go.

•KSHŪ DHA ske tshe'i ming. CSKG.

•KSHUNG KA rgya skyegs. BR 4.

•DKAN GZAR PO dkan gzar po ni ri gzar po. Utpal 19.4. ri yi dkan gzar. Khyung-sprul 13.

•DKA' MGO OT rka 'go / chu 'go sa'i yur bu'i mgo. Dung-dkar 127.

•DKA' 'GREL DCD 31-32.

•DKA' RGYUG lag g.yog dang las rogs. Rnam.

•DKA' 'JI See under ka 'ji.

•DKA' THUB Types of asceticisms listed in Samdo A IV 229v.6. dka' thub ni zas gos ngan ngos la brten te sdug rus byed pa dka' spyad kyang de yin. Utpal 18.1.

•DKA' THUB CAN 1. spang spos. 2. lha chen dbang phyug. Blaṅ 526. Translated, together with the Sanskrit tapasvī, as 'ascetic/poor/wretched/miserable' in Péter-Dániel Szántó, The Case of the Vajra-Wielding Monk, Acta Orientalia Hungarica, vol. 63, no. 3 (2010), pp. 289-299, at p. 293.

•DKA' THUB CHEN PO DCD 32-33.

•DKA' THUB SPYOD PA Dung-dkar 130.

•DKA' MDO chu rka'i mdo la go. Rnam.

•DKA' SPYAD SDUG GTAGS Dpa'-ris.

•DKA' BA SPYAD dka' sdug spyad pa. Rnam.

•DKA' BA LO DRUG SPYAD Refers to the Buddha's 6 years of asceticism. Dung-dkar 130.

•DKA' BLAS ches mtho'i dbang 'dzin las khungs sam srid gzhung gi ming. Rnam.

•DKA' MO Stein. A relatively infrequent (perhaps outdated) alternative to dka' ba. difficulty.

•DKA' TSHIG dka' tshig mchu yi rkan [gzar]. Khyung-sprul 13.

•DKA' RU dkar ru / dkar po'i don. Rnam.

•DKA' RUG Btsan-lha. lag g.yor ram las rogs. Dung-dkar 130. dka' rgyug dang 'dra'o. Rnam.

•DKA' LAS KHAG PO Dpa'-ris.

•DKA' SE BA difficulty, problems. Example of usage in 24 I 407.5: sgom skye ba dka' se byung bas. Because he [Gling ras pa] had some difficulties getting started with his meditation, the brethren said, "It's because..."

•DKAR white [stuff]. gro'i ming ngam / zho dang 'o ma / mar. A name for flour, or yogurt, milk & butter. Rnam.

•DKAR KHRA MEN JD 33. SS 504.4. DG 89.3.

•DKAR KHRI NAG STONG Dpa'-ris.

•DKAR GONG quartz. JD 54. Huber, Pure Crystal 242 n. 41. See mkhar gong. SS 533.2. DG 136.5. = a dkar, thun rdo, rdo'i phyag rdor, gdug pa tshar gcod. See Rin 130-131.

•DKAR RGYAN 'white ornaments', or dabs of butter. Sihlé in TS9 II 196. butter sculpture.

•DKAR CAG OT for dkar chag, thog yig. Rnam.

•DKAR BCAD white outlining. Jackson

•DKAR BCOS B in L 49.

•DKAR CHAG dkar chags ni tho yig. Utpal 17.4. BR. Achard, L'Essence 59. An explanation for the word is offered, along with a listing of 5 different types, in Dung-dkar 130-131. Scherrer-Schaub in JIABS 25 (2002) 308 has a discussion. Dotson, OTA glossary. For an comparable genre, Greek temple registers, see the article by Josephine Shaya, "Greek Temple Treasures & the Invention of Collecting." See also the article of Beatrice Caseau, "Objects in Churches: The Testimony of Inventories."

•DKAR THAB See under dmar thab. Dung-dkar 133.

•DKAR THIG "Then they did the dkar thig which consisted in pressing with the thumb a pinch of rtsam pa on the surface of the fire place." Karmay, New Horizons 388.

•DKAR THOG Btsan-lha.

•DKAR DUG SRZT 135.

•DKAR DRUS OT dkar 'jal. Dung-dkar 133.

•DKAR DRO lit.: white meal. a bloodless, vegetarian meal. Sources. Dung-dkar 133 spells this dkar rdor.

•DKAR LDI a form that butter comes in. Dung-dkar 133.

•DKAR NA ZHO / DMAR NA KHRAG Proverb: If it's good, its definitely good, if bad, it's definitely bad. 367 II 131.3. [literally, If it's white, its yoghurt, if red, it's blood]. Jinpa, Mind Training 384.

•DKAR NAG KHRA BSDUS Dpa'-ris.

•DKAR NAG GI RTSIS rtsis dkar dang rtsis nag. Nomads 231.

•DKAR NAG KHRA GSUM Dung-dkar 133.

•DKAR NAG GO LDOG Dpa'-ris.

•DKAR NAG MTSHAMS See brang gzhung dkar nag mtshams.

•DKAR NAG ZANGS THAL Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 571.2 ff. Sa paṇ makes reference to this. See Rhoton, CD 61. Evidently it means that virtues and nonvirtues are 'unstopable' and ripen even for Enlightened beings.

•DKAR NAG GO LDOG Dpa'-ris.

•DKAR NAG NAD LAS GROL BA a medicinal preparation. BT 9v.4.

•DKAR NAG SHAN 'BYED Dpa'-ris. Dung-dkar 133.

•DKAR NAG SER GSUM Dung-dkar 133.

•DKAR PO GYEN 'DED Dpa'-ris.

•DKAR PO GCIG THUB in a pill recipe, identified in a footnote as a lizard used for medicinal purposes (da byid). Gdams-ngag Mdzod I 397.4. Achard, L'Essence 14 n. 17. Dung-dkar 133.

•DKAR PO CHIG THUB [1] name of a vegetable substance, perhaps a type of datura. See thang phrom dkar po. See ko nye ba. JD 146. SS 467.1. TM IV 64. DG 271.5. dkar po chig thub gangs skyes thang phrom zer. Khyung-sprul 13. Fritillaria delavayi. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. [2] name of a mineral substance, sometimes called rdo chig thub. Humite. The mineral dkar po chig thub is also called dkar po mthung rtse, mdung rtse dkar po, rdo mdung rtse, rdo chig thub. Darker versions of it are called smug po chig thub, q.v. Rin 86.

•DKAR PO'I CHOS BZHI Dung-dkar 134.

•DKAR PO DRUG GI SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 64. Lag-len 44.1. TMC 16 (28). BP 142.4, 154.5.

•DKAR PO RNAM GSUM sa skya pa dkar po rnam gsum ni / kun dga' snying po / bsod nams rtse mo / grags pa rgyal mtshan no. 600 26.

•DKAR PO'I PHYOGS DAR Dung-dkar 134.

•DKAR PO SBAL RGYAB Rin 85. As might be expected it is a white form of the mineral smug po sbal rgyab, q.v.

•DKAR PO YAR 'DREN glo sman dkar po yar 'dren. a medicinal preparation. BP 216.2.

•DKAR PO'I LAS LAM BCU ten paths of good karma, i.e., the ten virtues. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 337.5.

•DKAR POR 'BOD PA'I BGRANG BYA Dung-dkar 134. Here dkar po means the year Earth Snake.

•DKAR SPRO A feast for offering foods including fruits and sugars. Dung-dkar 134. I've seen it translated as 'ceremonial food.'

•DKAR SPRO SPOM 'BUL Dung-dkar 134.

•DKAR PHIG Btsan-lha. Dung-dkar 134.

•DKAR PHUD a kind of religious tithe of 10 percent of the butter, donated by nomads to the central government. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 28.

•DKAR PHYOGS LA DGA' BA'I 'BYUNG PO Dung-dkar 134.

•DKAR PHYOGS LA MNGON PAR DGA' BA'I LHA KLU MTHU BO CHE Dung-dkar 134.

•DKAR BA Stein. Skt. śyenī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•DKAR 'BRIS BYU A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 299.

•DKAR MAR dkar dmar / khrims dkar dmar ni nyes pa che ba la khrims dmar po ste nan po thob pa dang / nyes pa chung ba khrims dkar po ste yang po thob. Dung-dkar 134.

•DKAR MI [1] an oath taker, a person under oath. [2] a close friend or relative. [3] a trustworthy person (blo nye ba'i mi). Example of usage in Lde'u 267 (probably also the "dkar ma" on p. 262, must be read dkar mi). Dotson, Dissert., p. 217 translates it as 'juror' (also, gtsang dkar). See Cüppers in TEHN 81.

•DKAR MI RGYUS DKAR GCIG Dung-dkar 135. Cüppers in TEHN 81.

•DKAR ME dkar gsal mar me'am mchod me zhes pa'i bsdus ming. Dung-dkar 135.

•DKAR MO NYA See thar nu.

•DKAR MO RTSE RGYAL n. of a white hat worn by Bonpos in Amdo. Tsering Thar, Bonpo Tantrics in Kokonor Area, Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, vol. 15 (November 2008) [Tibetan Studies in Honor of Samten Karmay], pp. 533-552, at p. 546.

•DKAR MOG sngo yi rtsa ba sman zhig. Nomads 231.

•DKAR DMAR a kind of root vegetable? Aris, Discourse 31.

•DKAR RTSI whitewash. Jackson. JD 62. SS 532.2. DG 142.3.

•DKAR RTSER BA Btsan-lha.

•DKAR TSHAN A water mixed with milk and medicinal herbs, for ritual purposes. Karmay in JA (1995) 176.

•DKAR TSHUR = ka cu ra, da tsur. JD 68.

•DKAR TSHE lit. white life, it is translated as "good relations" [between countries] in Cüppers' contribution to JNRC 12 (2001) 42.

•DKAR TSHO LEGS LAM Dpa'-ris.

•DKAR YA See ka ya. Schmied 127.

•DKAR YOL dkar yol ni yol go zhes pa snod yin pas snod dkar po'i ming. Utpal 19.2. Long discussion in Dung-dkar 139.

•DKAR YOL RGYU See mkhar gong.

•DKAR YOL YU RING Illus. in Yisun. A cup with a stand.

•DKAR G.YENG Btsan-lha. bzang ngam dbye 'byed. Rnam.

•DKAR RU ('village dialect') = dkar po. BBNP 466.

•DKAR LAS zho dang mar gyi las ka. Nomads 231.

•DKAR LENG bal stan dkar po. Nomads 232.

•DKAR SHA (gtsang) = sha mo dkar po, white mushroom. (Amdo, Khams) = dkar mdangs, whiteness. MTTP. Means 'meat of the white [animal]' and therefore mutton. Dung-dkar 140.

•DKAR SHA KHOG Dung-dkar 140.

•DKAR SHUBS [Note: the syllable dkar is as in dkar yol] a covered carrying 'dish' for food. Schmied 185 ff.

•DKAR BSHAL diarrhea. Dhongthog.

•DKAR SA NAG 'DED Dpa'-ris.

•DKAR GSAL bzhu mar. Dung-dkar 140.

•DKAR GSUM phyi'i dkar gsum ni / 'o ma / zho / mar ro. 600 13. Dung-dkar 140.

•DKAR SEMS NAG BSGRIBS Dpa'-ris.

•DKAR LHAB NAG 'TSHUB Dpa'-ris.

•DKA RU = dkar po. 'white'. Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DKU OT Denwood in TH&L 129. [1] tip of the hip bone. dpyi mgo. [2] stomach. pho ba, gsus pa. [3] unpleasant odor. dri mi zhim pa. [4] shedding tears. mchi ma 'dzad pa. [5] womb (or a variously identified organ in medicine, the bsam se'u). bsam se, bu snod. Btsan-lha. Dung-dkar 140. dri ma dku ni dri zhim byug pa. Utpal 18.3. sta zur dpyi la dku dang dri nga dku // mchi ma dku zhes ngo bro ba yi ming. Khyung-sprul 13. = lus kyi sta zur. = dri mi zhim pa. Lcang-skya. Rnam. BR. Joanna Bialek, Side, Stench, Remnant, Plot, Oath & Craftiness: The Semantic 'Capacity' of the OT dku, RET 35 (2016) 115-167.ainous expanse

•DKU' g.yo sgyu'am lkog g.yo'i don. Rnam.

•DKU SKABS lus kyi sta zur. Utpal 18.5. dku skabs phyin zhes mtshams phyes pa. Khyung-sprul 13.

•DKU SKABS PHYED PA Btsan-lha.

•DKU KHYIM sked pa nas dpyi 'go'i bar zer. Dung-dkar 140.

•DKU' GANG g.yo sgyu khram gsum gyi don. Rnam.

•DKU' GANG PHUB Rnam.

•DKU 'GEL Btsan-lha.

•DKU RGYAL Denwood in TH&L 133. Btsan-lha. A way of referring to the ministerial aristocracy. Dotson, D&L 9. ZZFC 243 n. 119. Translated as 'ennoblement.' Schaik, Prayer 200. Dotson, OTA glossary. Dotson, Dissert. 255-256, spelled bku rgyal. This is so close to the legal term sku rgyal that there simply must be some connection, but sku rgyal, q.v., apparently means 'court fees' (this must be the meaning in Lde'u 269).

•DKU SGYU Btsan-lha. g.yo sgyu zhes pa ste gna' rabs kyi brda rnying. Dung-dkar 140.

•DKU' CHED PO Rnam.

•DKU MNYE 1. me. 2. stan. Btsan-lha. Rnam.

•DKU LTO gsus lto / lto ba'am gsus pa. Rnam.

•DKU STE OT = lhag ste. Blaṅ 298.1. Btsan-lha. dku ba dang 'dra'o. Rnam.

•DKU' PO Also, dku' pho. Rnam.

•DKU 'PHEL Rnam.

•DKU BA See dri dku ba. Blaṅ 304.1. lhag pa dang lus pa. Rnam.

•DKU BA RNAM PA LNGA A group of 5 smelly food substances known from the Vinaya. After eating, one shouldn't visit a temple for 7 days. Dung-dkar 141. DCD 34.

•DKU BEL BA Btsan-lha. g.yo sgyu yis gnod pa dang gzhan nyes gong zhu. Rnam.

•DKU MA RNYONGS rked pa mi reng pa (?). Utpal 18.5. dku ma [sked pa ring thung 'tshams pa] snyongs shes dri ma byug pa la. Khyung-sprul 13.

•DKU ZLUM round belly. sked pa zlum po'i don. Utpal 18.5. dku zlum [grod pa ril ril]. Khyung-sprul 13.

•DKU LA THOGS PA Btsan-lha.

•DKUG STE lhag ste. Dbus-pa no. 545.

•DKOG NYUL Btsan-lha. so lta byed mkhan. Rnam.

•DKOD DU Btsan-lha. OT 'jal ba'i phyir du. Dung-dkar 141.

•DKON COG OT = dkon mchog. Blaṅ 283.3. Btsan-lha. Rnam. Lde'u 239. DCD 34.

•DKON COG PHO BRANG Rnam.

•DKON COG GSUM GYI RKYEN BCAD PA Dung-dkar 141. DCD 34.

•DKON COG GSUM GZHIG RE SPANG RE gzhig ri spang ri. An OT oath. Dung-dkar 141.

•DKON MCHOG dkon mchog dkon ni 'jig rten na rnyed dka' zhing mchog yin pa. Utpal 18.2. Dung-dkar 141. dkon mchog dkon cog shin tu dkon pa'i brda. Khyung-sprul 13.

•DKON MCHOG GI SKOR LEN PA Dung-dkar 141.

•DKON MCHOG GI BRGYAD CU 'JAL An OT penalty for stealing temple property. It must be returned 80-fold. Dung-dkar 141.

•DKON MCHOG GI DRUNG DU RANG RTAGS RANG GIS BLANG self-ordination. Dung-dkar 141. DCD 34.

•DKON MCHOG DGU PHRUG 9-fold refuge (outer, inner, secret). Dung-dkar 141.

•DKON MCHOG RJES DRAN DCD 34.

•DKON MCHOG RNAM GNYIS Dung-dkar 142.

•DKON MCHOG 'BYUNG GNAS (here spelled dkon mcog 'byung gnas) snying rje dang stong nyid. Rnam.

•DKON MCHOG GSUM sangs rgyas / chos / dge 'dun no. 600 26. Dung-dkar 143.

•DKON MCHOG GSUM GYI RTEN Dung-dkar 144.

•DKON GNYER Sometimes spelled dkor gnyer. Dung-dkar 144.

•DKON GNYER DPON Dung-dkar 144-145.

•DKON THAG PA Btsan-lha.

•DKON PA [1] rare, difficult to find. similar to dkon po. [2] angry. [3] shining. Btsan-lha. khro ba. Dbus-pa no. 112. = snang ba. Lcang-skya. snang ba ste / nyi ma'i 'od zer gyi snang ba lta bu. Rnam.

•DKON PA BZHI Dung-dkar 145.

•DKON PO rare, difficult to find.

•DKON BU Sometimes it means 'phreng ba, garland. Btsan-lha. mnga' thang can gyi dkon bu de la na so rgyas myi khom khyim byed. Zhi-byed Coll. V 466.3. Check also spellings bkon bu, rkon bu & skon bu.

•DKON MO MCHOG GYUR Dpa'-ris.

•DKOR OT = nor gyi spyi ming. Also, ka ca. Blaṅ 302.1. hon. form of nor. BBNP 475. Dung-dkar 145. = nor gyi zhe sa. Lcang-skya. Rnam. BR.

•DKOR KHANG [1] storeroom. [2] As a mistake for skor khang, meaning circumambulatory, see Lde'u 350, where this mistake (?!) occurs twice.

•DKOR GYI BLA Btsan-lha.

•DKOR SGROM Btsan-lha.

•DKOR SGROM 'PHRIN YIG Dung-dkar 145.

•DKOR LCI BA Der klösterliche Besitz ist [sündig] belastet (lit. der klösterliche Besitz ist schwer). Kretsch.

•DKOR CHA Btsan-lha. Rnam. Also spelled dkor ca.

•DKOR GNYAN PO RIL BLUG Dung-dkar 145.

•DKOR NOR bu mag par btang ba'am bu mo mna' mar gtong skabs pha mas nor skal du sprad pa'i dngos po. Dung-dkar 145.

•DKOR PHROGS PA DCD 34-35.

•DKOR BLUGS PA'I PHO NYAR BTANG BA Dung-dkar 145.

•DKOR 'BYIN Btsan-lha. kun nas bslangs pa. Rnam.

•DKOR SBYONG Dung-dkar 145.

•DKOR MYI dkor mi'am dkon gnyer ba. Rnam.

•DKOR RTSE BA de ma yin pa'i bskyed rdzogs thams cad kyang dkor rtse ba dang / sud por 'gro ba yin gsungs. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 525.2. See Yisun under kor tshe, where it is defined as (1) nyi tshe, (2) phyogs ris.

•DKOR MDZOD dkor mdzod ni dkor dang ka cha nor spyi ming yin pas nor mang po yod pa'i mdzod. Utpal 17.4. Dung-dkar 146.

•DKOR MDZOD DU BLUGS PA Dung-dkar 146.

•DKOR ZAS Dung-dkar 146. DCD 35.

•DKOR SA DGE KHONGS Dung-dkar 146.

•DKOS THAG PA Btsan-lha. dkos thag ni nyams thag pa. Utpal 18.4. dkos thag nyam thag 'gro ba'o. Khyung-sprul 13. nyams thag. Dbus-pa no. 446. Rnam. See kos thag pa

•DKYAR 4 14B.3. Acc. to Jaeschke, this is a Zangskar & Ladakhi term for a kind of snowshoe. Rockhill says the word and the object it stands for is unknown in other parts of Tibet; see Das, JTL&CT 26. Yisun doesn't have it, but in Dag-yig, it is said to be a kind of boot known in regional dialects as 'gyur rta.

•DKYIGS Btsan-lha. Rnam.

•DKYIL 'KHOR etymology in 166 499. dkyil 'khor ni lha'i bzhugs gnas. Utpal 17.5. Dung-dkar 147.

•DKYIL 'KHOR GNYIS Dung-dkar 148.

•DKYIL 'KHOR RNAM GSUM Dung-dkar 148.

•DKYIL 'KHOR BRI BA Dung-dkar 148.

•DKYIL 'KHOR BLOS BSLANG Dung-dkar 149-150.

•DKYIL 'KHOR LA 'DZEGS Dung-dkar 150.

•DKYIL 'KHOR GSUM Listed in Klong-chen-pa 12.8, comm. dkyil 'khor gsum ni lus ngag yid gsum rim pa ltar bsgom pa dang bzlas brjod dang tha mal gyi snang ba dang bral ba la byed. Dpe-chos 511. Dung-dkar 150 tells 4 different ways of enumerating them.

•DKYIL SGAR central camp. Sources.

•DKYIL CHE dkyil che ni khong yangs pa. Utpal 18.3.

•DKYIL LE 'carefully, attentively' (?) 4 301A.1.

•DKYU dkyu ni rta rgyugs pa. Khyung-sprul 13-14.

•DKYU BO cas cus sam 'chus po'i ming. Rnam.

•DKYU SA rta dkyu sa'am rta rgyug sa. Rnam.

•DKYU SAR DKYUS Btsan-lha. rta sogs thang bde mor lta bu la rgyugs pa. Utpal 19.2.

•DKYUD PA Btsan-lha. BR.

•DKYUS mgyogs pa'am rgyug pa'i don. Rnam. BR.

•DKYUS THAG dkyus thag thag gcod pa. Khyung-sprul 13.

•DKYUS PA = bros pa. "to have escaped." Kuijp (1986) 34. Btsan-lha. spyan dkyus ring ni dbyibs ring. Utpal 18.3. gzhung gi dkyus dang dkyus ring sna ring ba. Khyung-sprul 13. Rnam.

•DKYUS MA dkyus ma'i dkor zas ni drang po'i dkor zas. Utpal 18.3. dkyus ma gzhan ma. Khyung-sprul 13.

•DKYUS MA'I DON gzhung gi don. Rnam.

•DKYUS MA'I MI Btsan-lha.

•DKYUS MO OT = mgyogs pa. = rgyug pa. Blaṅ 293.2-.3. Btsan-lha. dkyus mo mgyogs rgyugs. Khyung-sprul 13. mgyogs pa. Dbus-pa no. 325. = mgyogs pa. Lcang-skya. Rnam. BR.

•DKYUS MO BYED PA rgyug cing 'gro ba. Dung-dkar 151. Rnam.

•DKYUS RING Btsan-lha. Khyung-sprul 13.

•DKYUS SAR DKYUS mgyogs pa dang rgyug sar rgyug pa'i don. BR.

•DKYER BA Btsan-lha. sbyin pa. Dbus-pa no. 546. Lcang-skya. gtong ba dang sbyin pa. Rnam. BR.

•DKYEL [1] capacity, extent. [2] deep. Skt. gāmbhīrya. D.R. Shackleton Bailey, The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge 1951), p. 59. Rnam.

•DKYEL CHE BA vast capacity. OT = khong yangs pa. Blaṅ 302.1. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. dkyel che zhes pa khong yangs che la bya. Khyung-sprul 14. Rnam. BR. Hahn, EI 11. See sgam dkyel.

•DKYEL PO CHE blo gros can zhes pa'i don. Dung-dkar 151.

•DKYOR 'BYIN Btsan-lha. dkyor 'byin pa ste g.yo sgyu'i kun slong la. Khyung-sprul 14. g.yo sgyu'am gya gyu can. Rnam.

•DKRI snal ma dkri. Khyung-sprul 14.

•DKRI LCAGS a regional word for '[door] lock.' Dung-dkar 151.

•DKRI BA [1] take along, guide. 'khrid pa. Rtse-le VIII 428. dkri bar bya zhes 'khrid pa'i ming zla yin. Khyung-sprul 15. BR. Lde'u 163. DCD 51. This appears to be the meaning in older times. [2] wrap, wind around [something]. [3] get entangled.

•DKRIG grangs kyi bye brag ste khrag dkrig zer ba bzhin. Rnam. BR.

•DKRIG BCAR Btsan-lha.

•DKRIGS Btsan-lha. sprin dkrigs ni sprin 'khrigs pa. Utpal 18.5. dkrigs ni grangs kyi gnas. Utpal 19.3. dkrigs 'khrigs dkrigs phrag grangs ming. Khyung-sprul 14. gtams pa'am grangs gnas gzhan. Rnam. BR.

•DKRIL LE lus dang dkril le i lus dang 'khyil le ste sbrel ba ltar mi bral ba'i don no. Dpe-chos 508.

•DKRIS See sbub dkris. See kun dkris. gos kyis dkris ni gos kyis lus dkris pa. Utpal 18.4. kun na dkris. Khyung-sprul 14. gos sogs dkris. Khyung-sprul 14.

•DKRIS PA Stein.

•DKRUGS phun tshun dkrugs ni gong 'og go rim sogs dkrugs pa. Utpal 19.4. bstan pa dkrugs dang gong 'og thugs sogs dkrugs. Khyung-sprul 14. zho sogs dkrugs pa'o. Khyung-sprul 14.

•DKRUGS YIG transpositional code. A simple encryptation code in which one substitutes the following (or the 3rd or 4th etc. following) letter of the alphabet.

•DKRUN chag dkrum ni snod sogs chag pa. Utpal 19.2.

•DKRUM chag gam dkrum. Khyung-sprul 14. BR.

•DKRUM DKRUM 'di gnyis kyi rkang lag 'dam bu dkrum dkrum byas na snyam pa'i rtog pa byung ba yin par gda'. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 490.2.

•DKRUM PA phye mar byas pa'am dum bur byas pa. Rnam.

•DKRE clitoris or glans penis (one or the other or both). OT = mo mtshan gyi tog. Blaṅ 306.3. pho mtshan gyi tog. Btsan-lha. = pho mtshan gyi tog. Lcang-skya. Rnam. BR. the tip of the penis. Also called myos byed, tog, 'dod pa'i rgyal mtshan. DD illus. 21. Skt. liṅgaketu. dkre ni pho mtshan rtse yi tog la zer. Khyung-sprul 14.

•DKROG GIS SONG BA Rnam.

•DKROGS blo ma dkrogs ni blo ma dkrugs. Dpe-chos 513. zho dkrogs ni zho dang 'o ma bsrub pa. Utpal 19.1. gzhan [bya sogs] dkrogs nor rdzas dkrogs [mchod sbyin byed pa'ang] te slog pa dang. Khyung-sprul 14. zho sogs dkrogs par bya. Khyung-sprul 14. BR.

•DKRONG BSKYED dkrong bskyed ni lha dkrong nger bskyed pa skad cig dran rdzogs lta bu. Utpal 17.5. Khyung-sprul 14. BR. Rhoton, CD 115, 247. instant generation [of the divine form]. The dkrong part interpreted to mean either 'rising straight up' or 'immediate.'

•DKRONGS Btsan-lha.

•DKROL to play [a musical instrument]. rol mo dkrol ni rol mo'i bye brag 'bud brdungs dkrol ba. Utpal 19.1 gshang dkrol. Khyung-sprul 14.

•BKAG GLU a special song one must sing in order to persuade the beer servers to stop giving one beer. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 60.

•BKAG BSDAM BYED bkag 'gog byed pa. Dung-dkar 151.

•BKAG PA (dbus) = sgo srung, sentinel. MTTP. gnang bkag ni blang bya gnang ba spang bya dgag pa lta bu. Utpal 21.1. lam bkag ni lam du 'gro ba dgag pa. Utpal 23.1.

•BKAG RI rngon bkag pa'i ri. Nomads 232.

•BKANG thugs dam bkang ni chos skyongs sogs thugs mnyes par byas pa'i don. Utpal 21.2. zhu bkang ni mda' gzhu brgyangs [brkyangs] pa. Utpal 21.3.

•BKAD Btsan-lha. mgo bkad ni las kyi mgo 'dzugs pa. Utpal 23.4. thags kyi bkad ni de'i mgo 'dzugs pa. Utpal 23.4. thags kyi bkad dang mgo bkad skra la zer. Khyung-sprul 14. Rnam.

•BKAD KYIS Btsan-lha.

•BKAD SA OT = 'dug sa. = mdun khang. Blaṅ 299.1. Btsan-lha. Rnam. bkad sar ni g.yos khang ste za ma skyo khang. Utpal 21.2. BR. bkad sa ni zas kyi g.yos khang ngam zas za ba'i khang ba zhes dbyangs can dga' blos gsungs pa ste sbyin pa'i bkad sa zhes pa lta bu. Gser Sbram 223. Dung-dkar 151. bkad sa'i thang. Khyung-sprul 14. 'dug sa. Dbus-pa no. 594. = g.yos khang. 'dug sa. Lcang-skya. Negi gives three Skt. equivs.: bhaktaśālā, satrāgāra and maṇḍapa. I believe these mean a dining hall, a cook's house (house for homa sacrifice?), or a public lodging place (? building with roof but no walls, usually temporary). DCD 35-36.

•BKAD SA'I THANG Btsan-lha.

•BKAN lus bkan ni lus gyen la bkan pa. lag bkan ni lag pa gyen du bkan pa. Utpal 23.2. lag pa bkan. Khyung-sprul 14.

•BKAN PA DCD 36. Rnam.

•BKAB gos bkab ni gos kyis g.yogs pa. Utpal 21.2. gos sogs bkab. Khyung-sprul 14.

•BKAB CING BKUR srung ba dang skyong ba'i don. Rnam.

•BKAM PA Btsan-lha.

•BKA' Dung-dkar 151.

•BKA' BSKOS bka' bcol ba. Rnam.

•BKA' KHON hostilities, conflict. Btsan-lha. BR.

•BKA' KHON GYI GCUGS Dung-dkar 151.

•BKA' KHOL Btsan-lha. BR. Ka khol ma? DCD 36.

•BKA' KHYAB Verordnung, Erlass. Kaschewsky2.

•BKA' KHRA Dung-dkar 151. Also explains the phrases bka' khra'i rgyab la chod yig gis 'doms dgos, and, bka' khra'i bags smyug bzhi zur rim 'gros.

•BKA' KHRIMS = bka'i khrims yig. legal decree, decree of a legal code. Sources. OT law (hon.). Dotson, D&L 59. official law. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BKA' 'KHOR LO RIM PA GSUM Dung-dkar 152.

•BKA' GYOD accusation, charge. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BKA' GYOD MI RMA BA Btsan-lha. Dung-dkar 152. bka' bgyon mi 'bebs pa'am gyod mi byed pa. Rnam.

•BKA' GYOD LA CHAGS PA Btsan-lha.

•BKA' GRIMS Dotson, OTA glossary. Rnam.

•BKA' GROS CHEN PO DRUG Dung-dkar 152.

•BKA' GROS PHYIR MCHED Dung-dkar 152.

•BKA'I DGUNG BLON GNYIS Dung-dkar 182.

•BKA' MGRON = bka' shag mgron gnyer. Intermediate official entrusted with forwarding petitions from lower officials, transmitting the reply or orders, etc.; 6th rank; three laymen. Petech. Dung-dkar 153, explains it as a contraction of bka' shag and mgron gnyer.

•BKA' 'GAG = bka' shag 'gag pa. Ushers of the Kashag; 7th rank; 3 laymen. Each served one of the bka' blon. Petech.

•BKA' 'GYANGS (zhe sa) dus thog tu sgrub dgos pa'i don chen po zhig gnas skabs dus tshod nges can zhig gi ring phyir 'gyangs byed pa. Dung-dkar 153.

•BKA' 'GYUR There is an interesting early reference to the Kanjur and Tanjur in 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 54.5 (bka' dang bstan bcos thams cad kyis...). DCD 37-38.

•BKA' 'GYUR GYI LUNG Dung-dkar 154-156. DCD 38-40.

•BKA' RGYA GNANG RTEN Dung-dkar 157.

•BKA' RGYA MA dpar skrun byed mi chog pa'i gsang sngags kyi chos dpe'i rigs rtsom pa pos dam bsgrags yod pa. Dung-dkar 157.

•BKA' BRGYAD Nomads 255-7.

•BKA' BSGO BYED TSHUL Dung-dkar 160.

•BKA' BSGOS bla dpon sogs kyis bka' stsal ba. Utpal 20.1.

•BKA' CAD bka' chad de / nyes chad kyi don. Rnam.

•BKA' BCAD hon. for bcad mtshams.

•BKA' MCID bka' mchid de / phyag bris sam gleng mo'i ming. Rnam.

•BKA' CHAD disfavor, punishment. Karmay, Treasury.

•BKA'I CHU BO CHEN PO BZHI 'DUS PA Dung-dkar 182.

•BKA' CHEMS last will and testament. See Benjamin Wood, The Scrupulous Use of Gifts for the Saṅgha: Self-Ennoblement through the Ledger in Tibetan Autobiography, Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines, no. 26 (April 2013), pp. 35-55, at p. 42: "... final testaments (bka' chems, zhal chems) often contain a distillation of a lifetime of experience, which both constitutes a master's choicest advice to his followers and captures the essential qualities that make a biographical subject exemplary."

•BKA' CHOS KYI SBYIN BDAG Dung-dkar 160.

•BKA' MCHID OT = yang dag pa'i gtam. OR 'bel gtam. Blaṅ 291.3. gleng mo. yi ge, springs yig. Btsan-lha. = gleng mo. Lcang-skya. BR. Rnam. See Schaik, Prayer 209. DCD 36-37.

•BKA' MCHID RNAM PAR GTAN LA DBAB PA bgro gleng ngam rtsod pa byed pa la go. Dung-dkar 160.

•BKA' MCHID 'TSHAL BA gsung gleng bgyid pa'am bka' mol gsung ba / zhu ba gsol ba dang / bka' dang lan zhu ba dang / gsung grogs la'ang zer. Rnam.

•BKA' JI LTAR BSGO BA KHUR DU BZOD PAR BYAS bka' gang phebs pa rnams sgrub pa'i 'gan khur ba'am bka' bzhin sgrub pa. Dung-dkar 160.

•BKA' 'CHID bka' mchid dang 'dra'o. Rnam.

•BKA' NYES YAN POR MA SONG BA Dung-dkar 160.

•BKA' GTAN gong rim srid gzhung gis sprad pa'i bka' shog dang gtan tshigs yig rigs. Dung-dkar 160.

•BKA' BTAGS bka' khrims bsgrags pa. Btsan-lha. rgyal khrims sogs kyi bka' shog lta bu. Utpal 21.4. Dung-dkar 161.

•BKA' RTAGS ZZFC 239.

•BKA' RTAGS KYI PHYAG RGYA Dung-dkar 161.

•BKA' BRTAN CHUG Btsan-lha. BR.

•BKA' THANG document, testament. =bka' tang. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BKA' THUB dka' spyad snying rus. Dung-dkar 163.

•BKA' DANG PO Buddha's first teachings. Dung-dkar 163.

•BKA' DOG yongs grags ma byas par gsang ba dam po yod pa'am mi nyung shas la ma gtogs gnang mi chog pa'i dbang dang khrid kyi rigs. Dung-dkar 163.

•BKA' DRANG GSUNG DAG Dpa'-ris.

•BKA' DRIN Mistaken Tibetan tr. for Skt. "pra tya ya," which should rather be gzhan gyis 'dren pa, OR rkyen. Blaṅ 311.6. bka' drin ni bla dpon sogs kyi phan btags pa. Utpal 21.3. Name of a reign period (see under skyid rtags).

•BKA' DRIN BSKYANG LEN Dank für eine Gnade [Zurückerstattung einer erwiesenen Gnade]. Kretsch. Dung-dkar 163.

•BKA' DRIN GYIS DGAB PA bka' drin gyis yongs su khebs pa'am yongs su khyab pa zhes pa'i don. Dung-dkar 163.

•BKA' DRIN GSUM LDAN bka' drin gsum ldan zhes pa'i bka' drin gsum ni / dbang bskur ba / rgyud bshad pa / man ngag gnang ba'i bka' drin no. 600 22. Dung-dkar 163 gives both sûtric & tantric lists.

•BKA' DRIN GSOL 'DEBS Dung-dkar 163.

•BKA' DRIN BSAM SHES bka' drin ma brjed par sems la 'jog pa dang / shes rtogs byed pa / bka' drin ha go ba. Dung-dkar 163.

•BKA' DRIS SNGON POR ZHU LAN LJANG GU Dpa'-ris.

•BKA' DRUNG = bka' shag drung yig. Head of secretariat office of the Kashag. Divided into 1) che ba; 6th rank; 2 laymen. 2) chung ba; 7th rank; 3 laymen. Petech. Dung-dkar 163.

•BKA' GDAMS BSTAN PA'I SPYI BABS DCD 40-42, with listing of the main texts of the Kadampa school.

•BKA' GDAMS KYI LHA CHOS BDUN See under lha chos bdun.

•BKA' GDAMS LHA BZHI See under lha bzhi.

•BKA' BSDU BA Dung-dkar 169-170. DCD 43-47, sketches the history of the three councils.

•BKA' NAN Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BKA' NAN PHEBS GZHI CHED BZOS BYUNG 'DUG NA gong rim nas skyon brjod nan po byed dgos pa'i gnad don ched mngags bzos pa. Dung-dkar 172.

•BKA' RNAM PA GSUM sangs rgyas kyi bka' rnam pa gsum ni / zhal nas gsungs pa'i bka' / byin gyis brlab pa'i bka' / rjes su gnang ba'i bka'o. 600 20.

•BKA'I SNA BO bka' blon gyi ming gzhan / bka' don ltar gyi las ka sgrub mkhan sne khrid pa'am 'go khrid mkhan yin pa'i don. Dung-dkar 182.

•BKA'I PHYAG RGYA DRUG Six things that signified the power of the Emperor: power of his orders—casket (sgrom bu) where his edicts were stored, power of his marketplace (khrom)—flag (ru dar), power of his territory—fort (sku mkhar), power of his religion—temple (lha khang), power of his heroism—tiger skin cape (stag pags kyi slog pa), power of his cleverness—secretariat (yig tshang). Dung-dkar 182. His unnamed source is Lde'u 270: phyag rgya drug la / bka' rtags kyi phyag rgya sgrom bu / khrims rtags kyi phyag rgya ru mtshon / yul rtags kyi phyag rgya sku mkhar / chos rtags kyi phyag rgya lha khang / dpa' rtags kyi phyag rgya stag gzig / mdzangs rtags kyi phyag rgya yig tshang dang drug go.

•BKA'I 'PHRIN BLON btsan po'i bka' brgyud bsgrags byed mkhan gyi blon po'i go gnas kyi ming. Dung-dkar 183.

•BKA' BO bka' ni, bka' de ni. Nomads 232.

•BKA' BLO Btsan-lha.

•BKA' BLO BDE BA Btsan-lha. gdams ngag sogs nyan pa'i don no. Utpal 21.4.

•BKA' BLO MI BDE BA Btsan-lha. nyes pa gleng du mi 'jug pa'am gleng mi bde ba. Dung-dkar 175. DCD 48.

•BKA' BLON = bka'i gung blon. Minister, ordinary member of the Kashag; 3rd rank; 4 laymen (1728-1751, 1804-1878) OR 3 lay + one monk (1751-1804, 1878-1959). Petech. Gung blon seems to be an OT title that lies behind Bka' blon. Dung-dkar 175-176.

•BKA' BLON LDING BCU DPON bka' blon / lding dpon / bcu dpon gsum mo. Dung-dkar 176.

•BKA' BLON NANG MA = nang blon. household official. Sources. Interior minister.

•BKA' BLON BZHI The four minister's government was set up in 1721. Dung-dkar 176.

•BKA' BLON LAS 'PHAR 'Joint Kalon' = distinguished senior officials promoted to 3rd rank & taking part in Kashag meetings as a supernumerary member. Petech

•BKA' BLON SRAM A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293.

•BKA' 'BUM Explained as an earlier way of saying what is now called gsung 'bum. Dung-dkar 178.

•BKA' RMED PA Btsan-lha. BR.

•BKA' GTSIGS edict. Dung-dkar 178-179.

•BKA' BTSAN KHRIMS LOG Dpa'-ris.

•BKA' BRTSAN Btsan-lha.

•BKA' TSHAB = bka' blon las tshab. Deputy Kalon, officiating during absence of a Kalon. Petech.

•BKA' BZHI Foreign policy of Srong-btsan-sgam-po. Dung-dkar 180.

•BKA' BZANG SPYI SMIN chog mchan thob pa'i bka' yig bzang po spyi bo'i steng du smin pa zhes pa'i sdud tshig. Dung-dkar 180.

•BKA' YO GAL 'CHOS PA Btsan-lha. Dung-dkar 175.

•BKA' LA SGRA JI BZHIN PAS KHYAB Dung-dkar 181.

•BKA' LA GTOGS PA Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BKA' LA BTAGS Dung-dkar 181.

•BKA' LA THOGS Dung-dkar 181.

•BKA' LA DON NI DGU YIS BSTAN Dung-dkar 181.

•BKA' LUNG rim pa gong ma nas sprad pa'i yig cha dang bka' shog sogs / sangs rgyas kyi gsung gi lung bstan la yang bka' lung zer. Dung-dkar 181.

•BKA' SHAG = bka' blon shag lhan rgyas. Council of ministers, the office rooms pertaining to it. Petech. Dung-dkar 176-178, 181.

•BKA' SHO dice edict. Dotson, D&L 69. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BKA' SHOG official decree, edict. rim pa gong mas gsham 'og la btang ba'i bka' yig. Dung-dkar 182.

•BKA' SHOD = bka' shag shod drung. Member of a subordinate secretarial section of the Kashag concerned mainly with ecclesiastical affairs. 2 laymen responsible for documents such as travelling passes (lam yig). One was allotted to the monk Kalon as private secretary. Headed by bka' shod dge rgan, an office abolished by Dalai Lama XIII. Petech.

•BKA' SHOD 'GAG Dung-dkar 181.

•BKA' GSUM See bka' rnam pa gsum. Dung-dkar 182.

•BKA' BSRUNGS Dung-dkar 182.

•BKAR RGYA'I LAS 'DZIN PA de snga'i bod sa gnas srid gzhung gis lo re'i ston kha sa gnas so sor khral 'bab bsdu mkhan btang ste / de nas bsdus pa'i 'bru khag gcig sa gnas so so'i rdzong gi 'bru khang nang bkar 'jug byed kyi yod cing / las don de byed mkhan gyi ming la bkar 'bru 'ded pa dang / bkar 'bru 'go pa / bkar rgya yong sdud pa / yong sdud pa / yong bzhes pa zhes zer. Dung-dkar 183.

•BKAR 'JUG PA official government storehouse keeper. Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 12.

•BKAR BTAGS OT = khrims bsgrags pa. Blaṅ 289.3.

•BKAR NAS bkar nas ni logs su bkar ba. Utpal 20.5.

•BKA' YO GAL 'CHOS PA Btsan-lha.

•BKA'S RMAS bka' gnang ba'am gros bsdur gyi gzhi 'don pa gnang ba gnyis kar go chog. Dung-dkar 182.

•BKAR BTAGS = khrims bsgrags pa. Lcang-skya. BR.

•BKAR BTAGS BZHI Or, bka' btags kyi phyag rgya bzhi. Dung-dkar 183.

•BKAR BA logs su bkar ba. Khyung-sprul 14. separated, isolated, with gaps between. Past form of dgar ba.

•BKAR RTSIS gong gsal bkar rgya yong sdud pa'i khral 'bab byung ba dang chad pa'i rtsis bsher byas pa. Dung-dkar 183.

•BKAR RGYA NYIS GSHOR BA Dung-dkar 183.

•BKAR YONG gzhung gi 'bru mdzod du 'jug rgyu'i 'bru khral bsdu mkhan dang lo re'i khral 'bab bsdu mkhan. Dung-dkar 183.

•BKAR YONG RDZONG GSUM GYI DEB 'DON Dung-dkar 183.

•BKAL khral khal srad bu bkal ni dpon pos khral bkal ba dos bkal ba srad bu sgrim pa. Utpal 20.1. khal sogs bkal dang srad bu khral sogs bkal. Khyung-sprul 14.

•BKAS BCAD This term discussed by van der Kuijp in JAOS 123 (2003) 230.

•BKAS PA dum bur bkas pa. Khyung-sprul 14.

•BKAS RMA BA Btsan-lha. DCD 48.

•BKAS RMA BAR CI GNANG bka' dris gnang. Dung-dkar 184.

•BKAS SHING shing bshag pa. Utpal 21.1.

•BKU dri ma bku zhes dri ma tsha'am ngan. Khyung-sprul 14.

•BKU MNYE Khyung-sprul 14.

•BKU BA mchi ma bku ba ni mchi ma bro ba. Rtse-le VIII 430. Btsan-lha. sman bku ni sman gyi khu ba 'byin pa. Utpal 21.2. byug pa bku ni dri dang snum sogs lus la byug pa. Utpal 33.2. sman sogs bku. Khyung-sprul 14.

•BKUM PA Also, gum pa. OT = bsad pa. = shi ba. Blaṅ 299.6. Btsan-lha. BR. srog bkums ni srog bcad pa. Utpal 21.1. bcad pa. Dbus-pa no. 519. = bcad pa. = bsad pa. Lcang-skya. DCD 49.

•BKUR STI CHEN PO DCD 49-50.

•BKUR BSTI Dung-dkar 184.

•BKUR BA Btsan-lha. BR. bsnyen bkur ni bstod bkur sogs mchod pa'i rnam grangs bkur stis gong du bkur ni mchod cing bsnyen te gong ste bla ru bkur ba. Utpal 21.3. DCD 49.

•BKUS TE Khyung-sprul 14.

•BKUS TE BOR BA OT = khu ba bton pa'i snyigs lta bu. Blaṅ 304.6. Btsan-lha. BR. bkus te bor ni sman khu ba phyung zin pa logs su bor ba. Utpal 21.2. DCD 50.

•BKOG rtsa ba bkog ni shing sogs rtsa ba nas bton pa. Utpal 21.3. rtsa ba bkog. Khyung-sprul 14.

•BKOGS KYIS nga rgyal bkogs kyis bcag ni nga rgyal lings kyis bcag pa. Dpe-chos 512.

•BKONG spa bkong ni zil gyis gnon pa. Utpal 23.2. spa bkong [bcom pa]. Khyung-sprul 14.

•BKOD KHYAB Rundherum verziert, 'decorated all around.' Kretsch.

•BKOD RGYA an interdepartmental memo. French, Yoke 267. Dung-dkar 185.

•BKOD 'DOM RIM PA SONG BA Dung-dkar 185.

•BKOD PA bkod pa mdzes dang bder bkod gral sogs bkod. Khyung-sprul 14. 'dun pa. Dbus-pa no. 736. form, formation, shape, pattern, order, arrangement, configuration.

•BKOD PA'I PADMA Dung-dkar 185.

•BKOD PA RDZOGS Dung-dkar 185.

•BKOD MA'I CHU overflowing spring of water. Btsan-lha. BR, suggesting it may be an archaic expression for envy or anger. dper na ri rtse'i bkod ma ni // chu bsil gang zhing khyab pa ltar. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 34.2. Nagy gives the Skt. as prasravaṇodaka. Perhaps wellspring or gushing spring are good ways to translate it. I was thinking it may mean a geyser.

•BKOD LUNG 'GRO MIN RIGS Dung-dkar 185.

•BKOD LEGS bkod legs ni mchod pa sogs bsham lugs sam bzhag lugs legs so byas pa. Utpal 21.4.

•BKON gon bkon ni lus la gos gyon bcug pa. Utpal 34.1.

•BKON PA OT = khro ba. Blaṅ 287.3. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. BR. 'khon du bkon ni 'khon zhe la bzung ste khro ba. Utpal 23.1. 'khon du bkon. Khyung-sprul 14. DCD 50.

•BKOR MGO mang du byed ni grabs gshom mang du byed pa. 367 II 127.5. Btsan-lha.

•BKOL g.yog tu bkol ni g.yog byed du bcug pa. Utpal 21.1. zur du bkol dang bran bkol bkol spyod. Khyung-sprul 14. BR.

•BKOL MKHAS 'JOG SHES Dpa'-ris.

•BKOL SPYOD [1] mistreatment (of animals by humans). Lde'u 411. [2] subservience [in both human and animal].

•BKOL BA brkos pa. Dbus-pa no. = bkar ba. = las bkol. = bskos pa. Lcang-skya. BR. DCD 50.

•BKOL BZOD PA Btsan-lha. DCD 50.

•BKOS CHEN PO Btsan-lha.

•BKYAL BA bkyal ba'i ngag ni 'brel med kyi gtam. Utpal 23.5. ngag bkyal don med 'du 'dzi'i gtam. Khyung-sprul 15.

•BKYI BA Btsan-lha.

•BKYIG PA mi bkyig pa = mi brgyang ba, = myur ba. Blaṅ 305.5. bkyigs te ni thag pa sogs kyis bkyigs pa. Utpal 20.5. bkyig thag bsdom. Khyung-sprul 15.

•BKYIN PO bkyin po ni nor bskyis pa'i lam sprad pa lta bu. Utpal 33.5.

•BKYIL bkyil ni phar ram tshur gyi gnas su bskyal ba. Utpal 33.5.

•BKYIS bkyis ni 'das tshig nor brkyis zin pa'i don. Utpal 33.5.

•BKYE BA Btsan-lha. pho nya ston mo 'od sprul bkye zhes pa ni de rnams 'gyed pa'o. Utpal 20.2. pho nya mngags pa'am ston mo bsham pa dang / 'od zer dang sprul pa 'gyed pa sogs la 'jug go. Dung-dkar 185. sprul pa 'od sbyin bkye. Khyung-sprul 15. spros pa ste 'od zer bkye zer ba lta bu. BR.

•BKYE'I PHYAG RGYA PHOG PA Btsan-lha.

•BKYED PA Btsan-lha. rgya bskyed pa'am 'gyed pa'i 'das par 'jug go. Dung-dkar 185. Jamspal, Treasury 90. BR.

•BKYON scolding [from a superior], blame. bka' bkyon ni bla dpon sogs kyis smad de. Utpal 21.5.

•BKYON PA bkyon pa 'bebs sam bka' bkyon gnang ba'o. Khyung-sprul 15.

•BKYON PHAB PA Btsan-lha. Dung-dkar 185. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BKRA bkra shis bkra mdangs rnam par bkra // bkra gsal. Khyung-sprul 15. Used with evident sense of wood-slips or labels (like khram shing?) in Lde'u 255. Obscure usage, contrasted to bkre'u (two of the four doors to the grave): see Matthew Kapstein, "The Commentaries of the Four Clever Men," East and West, vol. 59, nos. 1-4 (2009), pp. 107-130, at p. 117.

•BKRA BKRAM tshon bkra bkram ni tshon sna tshogs bkra ba. Utpal 19.5.

•BKRA DGU Dung-dkar 185-6.

•BKRA BA'I TSHIG Skt. citrapadā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•BKRA SHIS Skt. maṅgala. EoB VI 600-604. Besides meaning anything auspicious, it may mean more particularly an auspicious occasion (like a ceremony marking a rite of passage).

•BKRA SHIS KHRA RING gos chen tshos gzhi sna lnga re'u mig ltar spel nas khra bsgrigs byas pa'i lda ldi la zer. Dung-dkar 187.

•BKRA SHIS SGO MANG lit., auspicious many-doored. 1. a type of stupa with many apertures, each occupied by a buddha- or bodhisattva-image. 2. a temple shaped externally like such a stupa. MTTP. For an example from Bhutan that belonged to Charles Bell, see Liverpool Museum (no. 54.85.40).

•BKRA SHIS RTAGS BRGYAD Germano, Poetic Thought 869. Dpa'-ris. EoB VI 604-607.

•BKRA SHIS THEM PA YAR SKYOD Dpa'-ris.

•BKRA SHIS BDE LEGS Dpa'-ris.

•BKRA SHIS SNA NAG MA Dung-dkar 195.

•BKRA SHIS PAD SKOR gus zhabs zhu ba'i lag 'khyer gyi 'khrab stangs shig. Dung-dkar 195.

•BKRA SHIS PHUN TSHOGS Dpa'-ris.

•BKRA SHIS BUM RDZAS a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 125. Lag-len 111.2.

•BKRA SHIS BRTSEGS PA Dpa'-ris.

•BKRA SHIS RDZAS BRGYAD me long / gi wam / zho / dur ba / bil ba / dung dkar / li khri / yungs kar rnams so. 600 105. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 58n. Dung-dkar 196.

•BKRA SHIS ZHAL GRO See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, 150.

•BKRA SHIS GSO SBYONG Dung-dkar 197. DCD 50-51.

•BKRAG shining, lustrous, lustre.

•BKRAG MDANGS kha dogs mdangs gsal ba. Utpal 19.5. bkrag dang mdangs, terms used in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 431.

•BKRAG RTSIS See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 149.

•BKRAGS Btsan-lha.

•BKRAB SLANG Dung-dkar 199.

•BKRABS PA to be selected [by a superior?], to be sponsored [by a superior?]. OT = mang po'i nang nas 'dams pa. Blaṅ 302.2. BR. der so chung pas bkrabs pas / khrom thams cad 'ur langs te bkrabs. Zhi-byed Coll. II 312.2. rgyal pos bkrabs ni mang po'i nang nas rgyal pos gdam ste thugs kyis zin pa. Utpal 23.2. mang po'i nang nas bdams pa'i mchog dang gtso bo'i don no. Dung-dkar 199. rgyal pos bkrabs ['dems pa]. Khyung-sprul 15. to be singled out as the best or most important. DCD 50.

•BKRAM me tog bkram. Khyung-sprul 15. pf. of 'grem. spread out, laid out, [evenly] distributed, put on display (ex. items for sale in a shop).

•BKRAMS PA 'dam. BR.

•BKRAL [1] to be released [from fetters, confinement, ropes]. [2] exempted [from taxes or laws]. dgongs pa khral bkral ni rgyal ba'i bka'i dgongs pa bkral ba lta bu dang khral yang byas te. bkral ba dgongs bcings bkrol ni bla dpon sogs kyi dgongs pa khrel ba bshags pa phul te bkrol ba dang thag pa sogs kyis bcings pa bkrol ba. Utpal 20.2. slob dpon ye shes snying po la sogs kyis dbu ma rang rgyud du bkral / zla ba grags pa la sogs kyis thal 'gyur du bkral. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 108.3. dgongs pa dkral dang khral dang khrims sogs bkral // 'grel ba bkral dang mtshams dang mdud sogs bkral. Khyung-sprul 15.

•BKRAL BTAGS ri mo 'gro sa'i gzhi dang ri mo kha phral nas thags su btags pa'i gos chen zhig ste / ming gzhan mkha' 'gro bkral btags kyang zer. Dung-dkar 199.

•BKRAS BTAGS bkra shis rtags brgyad kyi ri mo yod pa'i kha btags a she'i bsdus ming. Dung-dkar 199.

•BKRI BKRI Btsan-lha. Dung-dkar 199.

•BKRI BA [1] to draw, to guide. OT = drang ba. = 'khrid pa. Blaṅ 286.1. BR. bkros nas bkri ni bzang ngan gdam nas gzhan du drangs pa'am 'khrid pa. Utpal 23.3. drang ba dang / khrid pa dang 'gug pa la'ang 'jug. Dung-dkar 199. drang ba. Dbus-pa no. 051. [2] shake (something done to dice in the hand before throwing). Lde'u 229.

•BKRI BA'I DON A rare equivalent of drang ba'i don, noted by Ruegg in BSOAS 58 (1995) 574. See also Verhagen, SIBH4 591.

•BKRI RU BTUB Btsan-lha.

•BKRID DRANG Btsan-lha.

•BKRID PA a ma mthong ba'i bus pa gzhan gyis bkrid du myed. Zhi-byed Coll. I 310.7.

•BKRIS SHIG Btsan-lha. Dung-dkar 199. khrid shog. DCD 52.

•BKRU dri ma bkru ni snod sogs kyi dri 'khru ba bkrus ni 'khru tshar ba. Utpal 20.5. chu yis bkru bya bkrus shes 'das pa'i tshig. Khyung-sprul 15.

•BKRU DAG GI YO GAL BYED kha mchu rgyag mkhan phyogs gnyis phan tshun nag nyes skyon 'dzugs byed res kyi don tshan gnad che ba rnams khungs skyel ra sprod byed du bcug te mgo bkrus nas gdong dag pa lta bu drang po'i yo bsrang bya dgos pa'i don. Dung-dkar 199.

•BKRU SMAN laxative. bshal sman. Dung-dkar 199.

•BKRU SHING In a list of small creatures in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 441.

•BKRUM PA brdungs pa. DCD 52.

•BKRUMS PA Btsan-lha. BR.

•BKRUS PA bag tsam bkrus pa gcig ni bkrud pa zhes kyang 'byung ste cung zad dred pa cig ces pa ste jog pa dred pa lta bu stabs ma legs pa zhig gis zhes pa yin. Dpe-chos 509.

•BKREN bkren la brtse dang ma rungs rnams la brtse // rku 'phrog la brtse bag med pa la brtse. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 56.3. dbul ba'i bkren. Khyung-sprul 15. bkren la dman par lta ba dang. Hahn, IE 20.

•BKREN CING bkren cing ni nor med pa'i dbul po. Utpal 20.5.

•BKREN PA may mean either poor or avaricious. Gser Sbram 360. BR. bkren pa'i byi ba'i ji bzhin du // nor rnams sdug bsngal kho nar zad. Like for the pack rat, possessions bring nothing but suffering. Hahn, TSD 71.

•BKRES bkres ni ltogs pa. Utpal 20.5. ltogs pa'i bkres pa. Khyung-sprul 15.

•BKRES RNGAB Btsan-lha.

•BKRES PA rang gi rgyu rlung khams shas che ba'i dbang gis pho ba'i nang gi zas rnams zad de pho ba kha 'byar ba'i reg bya zhig. Dung-dkar 199.

•BKRONGS bkrongs ni de yang bsad pa. Utpal 21.1. bsad pa'i bkrongs. Khyung-sprul 15.

•BKROL mdud dgongs bcings pa bkrol. Khyung-sprul 15.

•BKROL BYANG treatise, note. Karmay, Treasury.

•BKROS NAS gdams pa'i don. BR.

•BKROS PA Btsan-lha. phan pa'i tshig gis gdams pa. BR.

•BKLAGS mdo bklags ni mdo sde 'don pa. Utpal 23.4.

•BKLAGS BRGYAS MI NGOMS Dpa'-ris.

•RKA ZZ = mkhal ma. kidneys. Bru II 291.5. 1. irrigation channel. chu 'gro'i yur ba. 2. dog sar 'gyel te 'khor ba'i don te. Btsan-lha. chu rka. Khyung-sprul 15. BR.

•RKA MGO rka mgo'i ni yur chu'i mgo. Utpal 24.5.

•RKA PA = rkang pa. 'foot, leg.' Kuijp (1986) 37.

•RKANG A basic unit of land measurement made for assessing taxes. There are various types: phyi rkang. dmag rkang. nang rkang. Goldstein, Taxation 7. Dargyay, TVC 59, 64. Sources.

•RKANG KHRAG RDO Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG KRAB A part of a loom. See Dag-yig 325. Illus in Yisun.

•RKANG RKUNG rkang rkung gi lung pa bkang ni gyag gyog thams cad bkang bar byas nas zer ba e yin dbus par la gi zhes byed tshig mi 'dug. Dpe-chos 513. skung ba'am sbed pa'i don te. Btsan-lha.

•RKANG 'KHYAR rkang 'dren, zhabs 'dren. to fool or disgrace a person in public. See LZ 11.

•RKANG GRANGS list. Karmay, Treasury.

•RKANG GLA a fee paid to a messenger or the like. Yisun. Literally means 'foot fee' (or even maybe 'foot rent'). I think it can also mean a 'fare' (for travel by whatever means). It occurs in couplet no. 20 of the Ding ri brgya rtsa, although some editions replace it with "gang la."

•RKANG BAM elephantiasis (elephantitis?). Yangga's dissert., p. 107.

•RKANG MGO the front part of the foot. Bellezza, D&B 123 (rkang 'go).

•RKANG MGO'I RUS PA DD illus 7, 14.

•RKANG 'GRO General term for corvée service, both human transport ('u lag) and riding animal transport (rta'u) as well as pack animal transport (khal ma). Goldstein, Taxation, 10. Perhaps 'portage' is an okay translation? I notice this term occurs once or twice in the canonical Vinaya texts, but here it might just mean 'going by foot.' Helga Uebach, Donation of Cattle for a Buddhist Monastery? Notes on Tibetan rkang-’gro/’gros, contained in: Jean-Luc Achard, ed., Études tibétaines en l'honneur d'Anne Chayet (Geneva 2010). Lde'u 398.

•RKANG 'GRO LAG 'DON Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG NGE rang gis chos mi yong bar mi spyod par / rkang nge rkang nge ba yang yong bar gda' gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 55.5.

•RKANG CAN the possessor of a tax estate. Sources.

•RKANG CIG RKANG CHAGS See lo btsan 'thong po.

•RKANG LCAGS leg irons, leg shackles (used as legal punishment, since prisons were inadequate to hold more than a few prisoners).

•RKANG RJEN barefoot.

•RKANG RJES LAG BSUBS Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG TON Btsan-lha. to select, conscript or levy. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•RKANG RTEN a portable stool used to aid in dismounting. step-stool. Smith, Philology 41. steng 'jegs them. Dbus-pa no. 719. = steng 'dzeg them. Lcang-skya. BR.

•RKANG THANG those traveling on foot (as for instance infantry soldiers, distinguished from horseback riders or cavalry - rta zhon).

•RKANG THUNG ljon shing. Rtse-le VIII 432.

•RKANG MTHIL Flick, Carrying Enemies 63-4. The sole [of the snake??].

•RKANG MTHIL RUS PA DD illus. 14.

•RKANG 'THUNG for Skt. pādapa, 'drinking [through its] feet,' hence 'tree.' rkang 'thung [shing]. Khyung-sprul 15.

•RKANG 'THENG LAG GYOL Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG 'DRIL combination. Karmay, Treasury.

•RKANG 'DREN Stein.

•RKANG RDUM PA long tshigs man gyi rkang mgo chad pa'i mi. DCD 52.

•RKANG NAD LA MGO SMAN Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG RNAM See rkang snam in Yisun: dor ma'am gos thung. a tsa ra la gos myed / rdo rje phag mo la rkang rnam myed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 312.6.

•RKANG SNE RDO THOGS Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG PA 'Leg,' a measure equivalent to 1/4 of a cha chung OR sor. Jackson. T&BS I 343. BR.

•RKANG PA RGOD PA = rkang pa mgyogs pa. It means gar yang phyin pa. BBNP 482.

•RKANG PA GNYIS 'DZUGS Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG PA 'THENG 'GROS Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG PA PHAR BRKYANGS Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG PA'I BOL RMA Btsan-lha. DCD 52.

•RKANG PA LA GZAN PA rkang pa la gnod po'am rtsub po. BR.

•RKANG PAS LUS MI 'KHYOG Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG PAS SA MA REG PA SPYI BOS GNAM RTOL Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG PRAN Evid. for rkang phran. Here taken to mean serf, on the basis of understanding pran to be bran. OZZ 112.

•RKANG BU Used to mean a 'link' in a chain. See Stearns, King 479.

•RKANG 'BAM SRZT 108. Text 43. See P.V. Bapat, Ślīpada (Elephantiasis) and a Remedy Found in a Pāli Commentary, Bhāratīya Vidyā 20-21 (1960-61) 196-200.

•RKANG SBUBS DD illus. 15.

•RKANG MAR 'marrow.' DD illus. 15. The word is rather mysterious, since it would appear to mean 'foot butter.' I wonder if it might be explained otherwise as a borrowing.

•RKANG TSHUGS PA established. Karmay, Treasury.

•RKANG MDZED ?? iron spikes attached to boots (for mountain climbing). RY.

•RKANG MDZES Aśoka tree. Yisun.

•RKANG RDZA = mchil lham. 'shoe, boot.' Kuijp (1986) 37.

•RKANG BZHI dud 'gro'i ming. Utpal 24.1.

•RKANG GZAR ri sogs kyi ngos sam sne zur thur du gzhol ches pa. BR.

•RKANG 'OG GI RDE'U DBRAL BAR 'PHAR BA Dpa'-ris.

•RKANG YE = rkang pa(?). 'foot, leg.' Kuijp (1986) 37.

•RKANG LA CHU LO See chu rtsa.

•RKANG LAG lus kyi yan lag. Utpal 24.1.

•RKANG LAG 'GYUS PA mngal gyi gnas skabs lnga'i lnga pa. DCD 52.

•RKANG SHING stilts. Nagano in Karmay, New Horizons 583.

•RKANG SHED = rkyang zhig. = rkyang shod. BBNP 475.

•RKANG GSUM See under lha mo'i bzhon pa dre'u rta rkang gsum. BR.

•RKAN rkan ni kha nang gi rkan. Utpal 24.1. [ya] rkan. Khyung-sprul 15.

•RKAN MAR palate butter (given to newborn babies). Discussed in Karmay, Arrow 262, with refs. See under mar.

•RKAN TSA = skas. 'flight of stairs, ladder.' Kuijp (1986) 37.

•RKAM PA See skam pa. having desire or lust [for something] NNV.

•RKU LTO Btsan-lha.

•RKU STO Also spelled sku rdo, rku rdo. rdab dkrugs sam dbyen sbyor phra ma'i ming ste... BR.

•RKU THABS SU Btsan-lha. DCD 52.

•RKU THABS SU GNAS PA Dpa'-ris. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 182 et passim. One who lives in the monastery, pretending to be a monk without taking vows, under false pretenses.

•RKU PHAM DCD 52-53.

•RKU BA to steal.

•RKU BAS LONGS SPYOD PHONGS Dpa'-ris.

•RKU MA DANG LAM DU 'GRO BA'I LTUNG BYED DCD 53.

•RKU SHAS rku shas ni rkus pa'i rdzas kyi cha shas la zer. DCD 53.

•RKU BSHAMS Btsan-lha.

•RKU SEMS DCD 52.

•RKUD See thig rkud. Provisionally translated as 'penalty, fine.' Dotson, D&L 15, 69.

•RKUD PA brjed pa. BR.

•RKUD PHOB SHIG Btsan-lha.

•RKUN DONG robber's pit (place where stolen goods are hidden). Yisun.

•RKUN BU dge ba'i chos la mi dge ba'i dri ma'am / rkun bu byung nyen yod pas. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 389.2 (also, 390.3, 390.5). See skun bu? Pickpocket, a liver disease, rat. Yisun.

•RKUN MA thief (one who steals things surreptitiously, as distinguished from a robber [jag pa] who takes things by force).

•RKUN MA'I SKRA LAS COD PAN See discussion in English, Vajrayoginī 497-498. This seems to be based in a misinterpretation of the Sanskrit of a Hevajra Tantra passage. See Benjamin Bogin, The Dreadlocks Treatise: On Tantric Hairstyles in Tibetan Buddhism, History of Religions, vol. 48, no. 2 (2008), pp. 85-109, at p. 100, note 39.

•RKUN MA NANG LA SGO LCAGS PHYI Dpa'-ris.

•RKUN MA LA DPA' DAR Dpa'-ris.

•RKUN MA'I RGYAB RTSA KHRAM PAS 'TSHOS Dpa'-ris.

•RKUB Stein. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 45n. rkub ni lus kyi 'og sgo. Utpal 24.1.

•RKUB CHUB PO Zhi-byed Coll. II 232.2. Seems to be corrected to rkub chum po.

•RKUB CHUM Halt's Maul! (shut yer butt up!). Kretsch.

•RKUB 'JUM das Maul halten (lit. den Hintern zukneifen). Kretsch.

•RKE BA desiccation of bodily flesh or skin. Btsan-lha. BR. DCD 53-54.

•RKE BO SKYONG SKYONG Dpa'-ris.

•RKE RTSE KP1 150.2. KP3 297.7. = ske tshe?

•RKENG RUS GZHOB PA rus pa zos pa. Gces 586.3.

•RKED Text 34.

•RKED GCOG GI GZU conciliatory judgement, compromise judgment. Cüppers in TEHN 82.

•RKED PA PHRA LDAN Skt. Tanumadhyā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•RKO ZZ = gzugs. Bru II 292.1.

•RKO BA sa rko ni sa tog rtse lta bus rko ba. rkos ni sa lta bu rkos zhes skul tshig yin. Utpal 24.3. rko rko bar byed pa. Khyung-sprul 15.

•RKO MA n. of a bird called ko ma. Das.

•RKO MA MCHU medical implement in the class of 'spoons' (thur ma). = Rko ma'i mchu. JD 278 (item 6).

•RKONG GRANGS Karmay, Treasury.

•RKONG BA rkong ba ni thor ba lta bu pags pa za 'phrug langs pa'i nad cig gi ming. Utpal 24.2. nad rkong pa. Khyung-sprul 15.

•RKONG BU mar me'i rkong bu [kong bu]. Khyung-sprul 15. ZZFC 240. Compare kong bu.

•RKON See bya rkon. Blaṅ 296.5.

•RKON PA bird snare. rkon pa bya rgya. Khyung-sprul 15. BR, also rkon bu. Can be spelled skon pa.

•RKON PA 'DZUGS ri dwags 'dzin byed rgya'am snyi 'dzugs pa. Utpal 24.4.

•RKOM 'dod rkom. Khyung-sprul 15.

•RKYA [1] Coblin in TH&L 78. crop fields. Dotson, D&L 56, 69. A taxable unit of land. Bellezza, L&T 50. arable or cultivated land (subject to taxation). For an article devoted to this OT word, see Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko, vol. 67 (2009), pp. 89-108, which concludes there were two kinds of rkya, "rkya as a tax unit based on households (levying corvée duties and in kind) and as a tax unit based on the size of arable land (levying grains and precious materials)." "basic taxable land unit that could be divided into sub-units (dor)." Dotson, OTA glossary. [2] OT horseman. I would like to see more examples of this usage. Bellezza, L&T 50. Actually, there are more usages, including dialect usage, that Bellezza will discuss further. See also the note by Dotson in JIABR 1 (2013) 212.

•RKYA GCIG PO Btsan-lha. DCD 54.

•RKYA BROS to escape on horseback. Bellezza, L&T 50.

•RKYA ZHING Btsan-lha. See under rkya. It evidently was used in OT to refer to arable land in terms of taxable units (other types of land are called shug zhing, 'juniper land,' and phong zhing, 'poor land'). Iwao, Preliminary 178.

•RKYA LA GTOGS This phrase discussed in the article by Iwao cited in the entry for rkya, at p. 97 ff.

•RKYAG GTAD MED PA Samdo A IV 255v.3.

•RKYAG PA For skyag pa, shit. Btsan-lha.

•RKYANG wild ass. The English word is chigetai, or dziggetai. A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 299. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 112. Equus hemionus. TS6 135 n. 29. rked rky[o]ng ni rke dang rkang ba rkyang pa. Utpal 24.4. ri dwags rkyang ni byang gi ri dwags rkyang. Utpal 24.5. = ri dwags dmar po. JD 233. SS 539.6. ri dwags rkyang dang ldem rkyang ngos lkog ming. Khyung-sprul 15. Bellezza, D&B 30.

•RKYANG KHUG Yisun has the rather glib definition: ya dang cha. This seems to refer to the impossibility that these two letters receive any prefixed (or rather superfixed) letters in the writing system. In the Rgya Bod Yig-tshang (PRC ed.) 6, it seems to be part of a name of a historical source: rgyal rabs rkyang khug blon po'i zhal gdams dang // rba bzhed yar lungs jo bo 'tshal pa dang. Dagyab reads: rkyang pa dang khug pa. BA 179 has it in the name of a teaching: Pha rol tu phyin pa'i lam rkyang khug, interpreted to mean the 'straight' and 'circuit' paths of the Pāramitās. stretched out (rkyang) and bent in (khug).

•RKYANG BCAD Btsan-lha. ska rags. Khyung-sprul 15.

•RKYANG NUL zhal ba. Btsan-lha. DCD 54. See skyang nul, etc.

•RKYANG PA prose. Skt. gadya. Mvy. 1461. Hahn, Striving 136.

•RKYANG PHUL This term describes a Tibetan-language syllable which has a 'simple' root letter (without super- or sub-script consonants) in combination with prefix- and suffix-letters.

•RKYANG MA [1] single one, just one, solitary. [2] solitary channel. Germano in JIABS 17 no. 2 (1994) 318. Achard, L'Essence 130, 134. Skt. lalanā (Hindu iḍā). The left side vein. EoB VI 277.

•RKYANG TSHAN Lde'u 392.

•RKYANG TSHAB Also called grus log, name for a 'bri that calves every year (most calve every 2 years). Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998)

•RKYANG ZHON RKYANG GLU Dpa'-ris.

•RKYANG YU a straight stitch. Other kinds of stitches are callled grib tshug, tshug log and mdud grub (the latter being a knotted stitch). Essen Catalog 401.

•RKYANG SHING (canvas?) stretcher. Jackson

•RKYANG SHOG PA KP3 256.4. KP4 392.4.

•RKYAN As in: zangs rkyan OR dngul rkyan. Illus. in Yisun. See chu ldir, dngul rkyan. rkyan ni snod spyad kyi ming. Utpal 24.1. chang rkyan snod. Khyung-sprul 15.

•RKYAL phye rkyal ni phye'i snod sgro ba. Utpal 24.2. chu la rkyal. Khyung-sprul 15.

•RKYAL GOG MTHIL BRDOL Dpa'-ris.

•RKYAL PA See dbyal, phyal, etc. coracle (?) 4 19A.1. a kind of storage bag made of skin. Spelled skyal pa in Zhi-byed Coll. II 281.7. rlid bu'i [zhes pa'ang sbug shun] rkyal pa. Khyung-sprul 15.

•RKYAL 'BUD 'inflating the bag.' A type of ritual. Todd Gibson's dissertation (1991), p. 171.

•RKYAL RTSED chu nang du rkyal zhing rtse ba. Utpal 24.5. playing in the water, swimming. For illus. of a swimming competition after the completion of the Red Palace, see Po-ta-la (1996) 140. See the entry in Dungkar Rinpoche's dictionary, p. 818 (under chu rkyal).

•RKYED PA Btsan-lha.

•RKYEN [1] secondary or incidental cause or condition, accident. 'peculiarity.' 28 88. Tshad Rig. rgyu rkyen ni rgyu sa bon dang rkyen chu lud lta bu. Utpal 25.1. Skt. pratyaya (Pāli paccaya; EoB VII 238). Sometimes this is a shorthand way of referring to the incidents and accidents of everyday life. [2] OT, with alternative spelling skyen, it seems to mean someone who takes charge of maned animals. Examples in Lde'u 234, 247. I think this is a reduced version of rkyen bu, q.v. In other Old Tibetan contexts, like Lde'u 234, it is clear from context that it means a caretaker (for animals, particularly horses). For this last meaning, see rkyen bu. [3] translated as 'qualities' in context of the OT administration, in Dotson, Dissert. 42. [4] although uncertain in its meaning (in O.T. context), rkyen is used to mean some kind of boon or 'prod' bestowed on people for their good or bad qualities. Perhaps an incentive? For the moment, I translate as entitlement (or prerogative). Lde'u 267, 275. Compare rkyen ris, below. I notice in the Toling Manuscript, it seems to refer to royal luxury goods (the nine 'phrul cha, brought down from the sky with the first king).

•RKYEN KHAB Benares brocade. LW 478.

•RKYEN NGAN accidents.

•RKYEN NGAN GROGS SHAR Dpa'-ris.

•RKYEN NGAN GROGS SU 'GUGS Dpa'-ris.

•RKYEN NGAN BAR CHAD Dpa'-ris.

•RKYEN NGAN RU 'JIB Dpa'-ris.

•RKYEN THEG CC, List 82, 83, 85, where it seems to be translated as "strong" (?).

•RKYEN SNANG Apparent accidents, apparent conditionings, *everyday appearances/occurrences, common occurences in the phenomenal world (Klong-chen-pa, chapter 11). rkyen snang sna tshogs sgyu ma lta bu'i nyams yod pas 'khruld pa la long spyod kyi 'dug kyang / sngon zhen gyi 'khris myed pas chog. Zhi-byed Coll. V 399.6.

•RKYEN BU person in charge of "maned animals." See rkyen, above. Lde'u 247. Apparently this term occurs in Anne-Marie Blondeau's dissertation, as I learned through an internet search. It also occurs twice, once with the meaning of a 'mahout' (which of course does not have to do with a maned animal) in the 11th-century translation of the Bodhisattvayogācāra Catuḥśatakaṭīkā of Candrakīrti.

•RKYEN BRAL GSUM Achard, L'Essence 192 n. 146.

•RKYEN RTSI OT = rkyen sman. Blaṅ 283.1.

•RKYEN BZHI [1] four contributing causes. In religious / philosophical contexts. Thondup, BM 55. Germano, Poetic Thought 887. Tshad Rig. Zhi-byed Coll. I 91.1. Achard, L'Essence 108 n. 30, 159 n. 11, 193 n. 154. Compare A.K. Coomaraswamy, The 'Four Causes' in the Bhagavad Gītā,' JAOS 57 no. 4 (Dec. 1937) 415-6, where the four causes are named as adhiṣṭhāna, kartā, karaṇa & ceṣṭā, which the author claims correspond to the four Aristotelian causes: material, formal, final and efficient causes (these were also basic to the philosophy of the Brethren of Purity in Basra, and quite a few other early Islamic thinkers). The Mdzod phug knows of 'four primary causes' (rgyu bzhi), with 'secondary cause[s]' (rkyen) being the fifth. For the Four Causes in Islam, see for example Abbas Hamdani, Time According to the Brethren of Purity, Alif: J. of Comparative Poetics, no. 9 (1989), pp. 98-104, at pp. 99, 102: material, formal, efficient and complete (or 'final') cause. Mohan Matthen, "The Four Causes in Aristotle's Embryology." They also feature in Liana Saif's article "The Universe and the Womb." See also Wayman & Lessing, The Buddhist Tantras, p. 21; Takakusu, Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy, p. 71. [2] in medical contexts. For the four causes of disease in medicine (season, diet, behaviour and harmful spirits), see Millard in Schrempf, ed., Soundings 270.

•RKYEN RIS reserved provision. Karmay, Great Perfection 7. Btsan-lha. DCD 54. entitlement granted by royalty. Gibson in TJ 23 no. 4 (1998) 73, n. 9. Tucci, Minor Buddhist Texts 366, discussion on p. 369.

•RKYEN RIS BCAD DCD 54.

•RKYEND OT. estates. Dotson, D&L 46.

•RKYONG NGE 367 II 130.6.

•LKAG DKAR A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293.

•LKUG Btsan-lha.

•LKUGS PA ngag lkugs pa ni gtam smra mi shes pa'o. Utpal 25.4.

•LKO CHU dron mo ltar 'jam nyog ge ba. Explained in 367 II 131.2.

•LKO BA Btsan-lha. The lko syllable is translated in OZZ 114 (there is an alternative reading sko).

•LKOG DKAR See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 98n.

•LKOG LKOG SUD SUD Dpa'-ris.

•LKOG GYUR Tshad Rig. rang la mngon sum du mi gyur ba. Utpal 25.1.

•LKOG RNGAN bribe (given without public knowledge).

•LKOG GDONG DKAR A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 295.

•LKOG NA MO In philosophy, covert as distinguished from mdun na mo, meaning overt. See the blog Philologia Tibetica, entry for August 20, 2012.

•LKOG MA 'og ma. Utpal 25.2. gullet, windpipe, the front part of the throat.

•LKOG GI RI SNA Btsan-lha.

•LKOG SHAL lce gting lkog shal ni ba lang gi lkog ma'i pags pa lhab lhab 'phyang ba de. Utpal 25.2. =rgog shal. Skt. sāsnā. The dewlap of an ox. Jamspal, Treasury 41.

•LKOG SHAL CAN See mdzo rgod.

•LKOGS PA Btsan-lha. Khyung-sprul 16.

•LKYE ZZ = lce. Bru 291.2.

•SKA Btsan-lha.

•SKA CIG skad du ska cig skabs su gnas skabs. Khyung-sprul 16.

•SKA BA Btsan-lha.

•SKA MA I believe this ought to be read skam. See Schaik in JIABR 1 (2013) 234.

•SKA RAGS gos kyi ske rags. Utpal 26.2. Used in context of architectural description of the maṇḍala in Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 371.5.

•SKAG [1] lac. Btsan-lha. skags kyi me long de chu la skur. Throw that lacquer mirror in the water. Zhi-byed Coll. II 446.5. [2] Skt. āśleṣā. Mvy. 3193. skar ma skag ni rgyu skar nyer brgyad kyi nang tshan gyi skar ma de'i ming. Utpal 25.4.

•SKAG SKEN Unsinnig (nonsensical, absurd). Kretsch. Here skag should probably be read skyag!

•SKAGS GROGS See zhu mkhan.

•SKANG NUL Btsan-lha. skang nul zhes zhal ba. Khyung-sprul 16. See skyang nul.

•SKANG PARD Nishida, TTDD 145.

•SKAD KYI GDANGS 'DAR Dpa'-ris.

•SKAD 'GAG SRZT 88. hoarseness. Yangga's dissert., p. 211.

•SKAD 'GAGS SHED RDZOGS Dpa'-ris.

•SKAD 'GYUR Kvaerne 221. Generally it would seem to refer to 'translation,' but in some cases must mean something like 'vocal modulation' (Edou, Machig 129).

•SKAD NGAN RJES BZHAG Dpa'-ris.

•SKAD NGAN RLUNG 'KHYER Dpa'-ris.

•SKAD CIG In Abhidharma, a specific time measurement. "A finger snap is supposed to take sixty moments, a thought ninety moments, there are 4,500 moments in a minute, and 3,240,000 in a day. One moment therefore lasts about thirteen milliseconds." Westerhoff, Twelve 119.

•SKAD CIG CHA MED Tshad Rig.

•SKAD CIG MA 'JIG PA GRUB PA Tshad Rig.

•SKAD CIG BZHI Dasgupta, ORC 93.

•SKAD CIG SHES PA "Instantaneous awareness." Norbu, Cycle.

•SKAD GCIG 'OD CAN See phug ron.

•SKAD COR loud noise.

•SKAD GNYIS PA See me tso.

•SKAD GNYIS SMRA BA translator, if literally a bilingual person. DCD 57-60.

•SKAD KYI GTANG RAG Btsan-lha. DCD 57.

•SKAD GTONG BA caller, summoner.

•SKAD PAR voice print, recording.

•SKAD RIGS BZHI legs par sbyar ba lha'i skad / pra kri ta rang bzhin pa'i skad / a ba bhram sha zur chag gi skad / bi sha tsi sha za'i skad rnams so. 600 37.

•SKAD GSANG (poet.) = skad gdangs, tone. MTTP. Roberts, King translates it as 'loud, clear voice.'

•SKAD GSAR BCAD This term discussed by van der Kuijp in JAOS 123 (2003) 230. DCD 60-62.

•SKABS 'state.' Thondup, BM 223. occasion. context.

•SKABS RTOG = gnas skabs. zur Zeit, bei der Gelegenh. Kaschewsky2.

•SKABS DAG Stein.

•SKABS NAS 'BYUNG BA'I BSLAB BYA DCD 62.

•SKABS SU GTOGS PA'I BSLAB BYA DCD 62.

•SKABS GSUM PA deities. See Yisun. Skabs gsum is Tridaśa in Skt., name of a heaven of Indra and so on.

•SKABS GSUM SGO NGA egg of the three times (?) or rather egg of the Tridaśa heaven. A name used in the Sampuṭa Tantra for the 'nave' (lte ba) of the Vajra (the round part at the center). It is identified with Vajrasattva. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 306.1.

•SKAM a clan name. Btsan-lha.

•SKAM SKEM must mean same as kam me kem me, q.v. mun rum gyi glog dang 'dra ste skam skem tsam yin gsungs. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 535.5.

•SKAM KHRAL lit.: dry tax. levied in cash, as opposed to rlon khral, levied in kind. Sources.

•SKAM BCAD Stein.

•SKAM THAG CHOD PA thoroughly dessicated. Yisun.

•SKAM THIG Line laid down with dry chalk line. Jackson.

•SKAM PA Pliars, pinchers, tongs. See types in Schmied. 145. Stein. mgar ba'i lag cha skam pa. Utpal 27.5. byi la 'bar ba nag po ltar // dal gyis skam pa'i mchus bzung nas // tho bas drag tu brdung snyam nas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 469.1. Jamspal, Treasury 102.

•SKAM PA A class of medical implements — 'pinchers, pliers, tongs.' Goldstein. Various kinds pictured in JD 274-275.

•SKAM PHOGS Bu-ston, Works XI 158.1: phyis lo chen gyi gsol thang skam phogs su blang gsungs. See Yisun, where it seems to mean a kind of taxation or government requisition of dry foodstuffs (primarily grain).

•SKAM TSHAG dryness of eyes. Text 27.

•SKAM RE RAN me dang nyi mas skam ran zhes pa lta bu. Utpal 30.5.

•SKAM RLON dry (cash) or wet (food). Sources.

•SKAM SHA 'TSHAL Btsan-lha.

•SKAM SOB (Dbus, Gtsang) lit., dry and spongy. gritty. MTTP.

•SKABS GSUM GRONG sum cu rtsa gsum. Rtse-le VIII 429.

•SKABS GSUM DBANG PO'I PHO BRANG skabs gsum pa ni lha spyi'i ming dang / skabs gsum dbang po ni lha'i dbang po brgya byin no // de'i pho brang ni rnam par rgyal ba'i khang bzang nyid do. Gser sbram 388.

•SKAR KHUNG window. Also spelled dkar khung. Modern Tibetan ge'u chung. In origin it must have been a 'star hole' through which the stars were seen, and therefore a star light. See discussion in Rolf Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 155.

•SKAR MKHAN Simile of the astrologer who is able to calculate the paths of the stars but unable to sense his wife is having an affair. Hahn, TSD 49. Hahn, VG 428.

•SKAR CHU SS 526.3. I saw an explanation of this "star water" on a blog page of Malcolm Smith: http://bhaisajya.blogspot.com, dated January 29, 2008. It does in fact occur in a Tsan Ba shi la ha text, which is interesting.

•SKAR MDA' Sternschruppe. Kaschewsky2. Shooting star. Jinpa, Mind Training 201. a disease of pigs. Bellezza, L&T 60.

•SKAR MDA'I GDONG Skt. ulkāmukha. Mvy. 6900. For the ulkāmukha service for providing food to hungry ghosts, see EoB VIII 396-398.

•SKAR MA KUN DA lit., star jasmine, it is the purest grade of silver. Simioli, AG 55.

•SKAR MA'I BDAG PO lord of the cosmos, in the Kha che Pha lu evidently a term for Allah. See RET XXXIX 70. al Quran 53 [the Star Sūrah]: 49, does call Allah the Lord of [the star] Sirius, with Sirius being the brightest star in the sky. Some neo-fundamentalists are audacious enough to think they can use this to argue that Allah is identifiable with Lucifer (but wait one minute, Sirius may be the brightest star but not the morning star as Venus often is).

•SKAR MA PHAR BSKYAL / NYI MA TSHUR BSU Dpa'-ris.

•SKAR MA ZHWA BYED / BA MO LHAM BYED Dpa'-ris.

•SKAR RTSIS astrology. See TR XIV no. 10 (Oct. 1979) 18a.

•SKAR TSHOD THIG knowing the exact number of stars. MTTP.

•SKAL rang skal ni dbang thang sogs rang gi skal ba thob pa. Utpal 31.2. gnas kyi skal, 'rent on a plot of land (?).' Hahn, TSD 13.

•SKAL CHE skal che dbang thang che. Khyung-sprul 16.

•SKAL MNYAM GYI RGYU Tshad Rig.

•SKAL TO Anteil. Kaschewsky 82.

•SKAL THOB dowry. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 46.

•SKAL LDAN dam pa'i chos kyi skal ba'ang yod pa lta bu. Utpal 25.3.

•SKAL BA DRUG dbang phyug phun sum tshogs pa / gzugs phun sum tshogs pa / dpal phun sum tshogs pa / grags pa phun sum tshogs pa / ye shes phun sum tshogs pa / brtson 'grus phun sum tshogs pa'o. 600 80.

•SKAL BZANG See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 43n, 50.

•SKAL BZANG ME TOG (coll.) the marigold. MTTP.

•SKAS RING "Treppe, Leiter." Kaschewsky 82.

•SKI YA SHI Evid. a Chinese word, a rosary made of this substance was given to the 9th Dalai Lama. L.A. Waddell, Chinese Imperial Edict of 1808 A.D. on the Origin and Transmigrations of the Grand Lamas of Tibet, Separatum from the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, January 1910, pp. 69-86, at p. 85.

•SKIGS BU a hiccup, hiccough. skyigs bu. ig ka rgyag pa. Btsan-lha.

•SKU CHOS SKU: The basic factors behind illusory appearances as if in-corpor-ated. LONGS SPYOD RDZOGS SKU: The common pool of possibilities for social discourse in-corpor-ated. SPRUL PA'I SKU: The protean in-corpor-ation, within the realm of the illusory, of the factors behind those same illusory appearances projected purposefully through the lens of social discourse in order to access those basic factors and thereby transform the dangerously reified classifications of the human mind, thereby aiding in the release of those who would otherwise remain entrapped. See also sku gsum. See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 77 ff.

•SKU RKUB A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 292.

•SKU RKYANG PA Achard, L'Essence 128, 175 n. 69.

•SKU SKA lde'u. khed. Btsan-lha. See Mvy. no. 7351. For Dorji Wangchuk's blog on this word see the one dated

•SKU SKEM Btsan-lha.

•SKU SKYE = sprul sku. Stein.

•SKU MKHAR [imperial] fort. Sørensen in Lungta 16 (2003) 87.

•SKU GAS SU BTSUGS PA OT = rgyal btsugs pa. Blaṅ 306.1-.2.

•SKU 'GAG RGYAN DRUG MA DCD 63-64.

•SKU RGYAL = khrims 'degs. court costs, at least in the later law codes. See for example, see the legal codes in the series Gangs can rig mdzod vol. no. 7, p. 117 (& 119) last line and some other appearances of the word in this volume, such as p. 78: khrims 'degs sam sku rgyal. This entry thanks to Christoph Cüppers. Lde'u 256. Notice the similar word dku rgyal, q.v. JS: It isn't a cost, it's surely a kind of person. Khrims 'degs is the one making the legal decision (the highest person responsible, likely meaning the king himself), and he is also called sku rgyal. See under khrims 'degs.

•SKU NGO TSHAB NGO Dpa'-ris.

•SKU DNGOS Head of a noble family. Petech.

•SKU LNGA ngo bo nyid sku / chos sku / ye shes chos sku / longs sku / sprul sku dang lnga'o. 600 69. Germano, Poetic Thought 837. Achard, L'Essence 179 n. 91.

•SKU 'CHAG (hon.) stroll, walk taken for exercise. Lde'u 149.

•SKU GNYIS gzugs kyi sku dang / chos kyi sku'o. 600 8. Achard, L'Essence 157 n. 1.

•SKU DON "(persönliches) Ziel." Kaschewsky 82.

•SKU DRUNG = dge brkos. monastic prefect. Sources.

•SKU GDUNG CHA BRGYAD DCD 63, 64.

•SKU GDUNG NYAMS PA MED PAR BYIN GYIS RLABS DCD 64.

•SKU GDUNG ZHUGS 'BUL cremation. DCD 64-65.

•SKU GDUNG RIGS LNGA sha ri ram / chu ri ram / ba ri ram / nya ri ram / panydza ri ram rnams so. 600 69.

•SKU BDE RIGS A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 298. A borrowing from Mongol kuderi, meaning 'musk' (gla ba is the usual Tibetan word). Beyer, CT Lang. 139. = gla ba. LW 496.

•SKU 'DONG Btsan-lha. DCD 65.

•SKU 'DOD sgog pa. Dbus-pa no. 703.

•SKU PANG hon., the lap or the bend between legs and abdomen. MTTP.

•SKU PHYED MA Achard, L'Essence 125.

•SKU BER a ceremonial cape, illus. in Reynolds article in Orientations (Mar 1981) 17.

•SKU BYAD Gestalt. Kretsch.

•SKU BLA Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 320. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 164, 200-1. Btsan-lha. Discussed by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 35 note 21. Discussion on whether they are gods or men in Nathan Hill's review of Mike Walter's book, where Hill concludes in favor of them being gods. See also Nathan W. Hill, “The sku bla Rite in Imperial Tibetan Religion,” Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie, vol. 24 (2015), pp. 49-58.

•SKU MYI NGAS Btsan-lha.

•SKU RTSED Spass. Kretsch.

•SKU TSHAB government representative, particularly the drung pa, an official appointed to the control of groups of villages. Sources. Achard, L'Essence 47 n. 104.

•SKU TSHAB TSHO GNYIS MA second class government representatives. Sources.

•SKU MYI NGAS sku khams bzang ba. Btsan-lha.

•SKU MTSHAL [1] sku gdung ngam sku pur. Btsan-lha. [2] This honorific 'body vermillion' generally refers to blood. For Chinese practice of writing holy scriptures using one's own blood in the ink, something also known in Tibet, see Kieschnick, Impact 174 ff. (Also, a blog by Sam van Schaik, and an article by Kieschnick.)

•SKU ZHANG Uray, Narrative 19-20.

•SKU BZHI sprul sku / longs sku / ngo bo nyid sku / ye shes chos sku'o. 600 51.

•SKU YI ZIL BSKYED Dpa'-ris.

•SKU YON TS7 II 737.

•SKU RAGS MKHAN a position in a scriptorium. They made the book straps (acc. to Kurtis Schaeffer, forthcoming work on Bu-ston).

•SKU RU KHA See ku ru kha.

•SKU LONG CHE BA ZAS VII 474.

•SKU GSHEN priests in ancient imperial times who were responsible for the health and wellbeing of the emperor. A tabulation of various lists of these priests was done by Namkhai Norbu (see the ref. in ZZFC 229 n. 72). For an example of an Old Tibetan woodslip text bearing the name of someone who was both zhal ta pa and sku gshen, see IOL Tib N 873.

•SKU SRI Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 200.

•SKU SRUNG Dotson, OTA glossary.

•SKU GSUNG THUGS [Buddha] Body, Speech & Mind. The background for this type of formulation is probably Vedic and Old Iranian; see Witze's essay on Philology, where we find "'thought - speech - action' (manas - vāc - karman), a collocation that is found not only in the Veda but also in the closely related Old Iranian texts (manah - vacas - šiiaoϑna, Yasna 34.1-2)."

•SKU GSUM Masson-Oursel, Les trois corps du Bouddha: JA (1913) 581 ff.

•SKU LHA An OT concept (otherwise well known only in Ge sar epic) perhaps better left untranslated. I think it refers to the godling that protects the body of the Emperor, and formed a ritual focus for the "old religion" (without its help the welfare of the empire would be threatened). Todd Gibson, dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 150 ff. Nathan W. Hill, “The sku bla Rite in Imperial Tibetan Religion,” Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie, vol. 24 (2015), pp. 49-58, has argued that sku bla and the later sku lha are quite distinct ideas that should not be confounded (I'm not entirely sure of this).

•SKUGS rgyal gyi skugs ni shwa sogs su rgyal blta ste skugs bzhag pa. Utpal 29.4. skugs rgyal bzhag. Khyung-sprul 16. Seems to occur as a misspelling for lkogs: skugs myed par lta nyul ma mang, "To one who doesn't conceal secrets, the spies are few." Zhi-byed Coll. II 214.1.

•SKUGS KHONGS SU TSHUD PA sha kho na gnyer ba'am srog lan len pa'i phyir sgug pa'i dgra'i khongs su tshud pa'am dkyil du chud pa'o. Dpe-chos 504. Btsan-lha.

•SKUGS PA Btsan-lha. 'khruld pa gting nas sel ma shes na / bag la nyal gyis skugs myi chor ba yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. III 9.1.

•SKUD smearing [oil for massage]. snum skud [misspelled for bsku?] ni lus la snum byugs pa lta bu. Utpal 25.5.

•SKUD SNE KHAB KHRID The needle leading the thread-end. Dpa'-ris.

•SKUD PA bram ze skud pa mkhal la ltos. Zhi-byed Coll. I 304. For the Brahmin thread metaphor, see Rhoton, CD 248. mdo. Dbus-pa no. 264.

•SKUD PA SKYOGS srad bu 'khol ba ste dmad pa'i don. Utpal 25.5.

•SKUD PO = kyo (wife's brother?) Blaṅ 516.5. chung ma'i ming po. Utpal 28.1. Chandra gives the Skt. as jāmātṛ, devara, śyāla, śvaśura. These Skt. words involve some ambivalence, since some may also mean 'husband,' not just 'brother-in-law.' skud po khyo // chung ma'i spun no. Khyung-sprul 16.

•SKUN NGU [BU?] OT = gzhong bu. Blaṅ 298.6.

•SKUN BU = gzhong bu. Lcang-skya. skong bu'am gzhong ba. Utpal 27.4. skun bu kong bu dang ni slo ma la. Khyung-sprul 16.

•SKUB BSKYOD PA See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 45n.

•SKUR Used in such OT ritual contexts in such terms as lho skur, mon skur and rgya skur. See Bellezza, L&T 58, where he says they appear to be ritual vessels or baskets.

•SKUR 'DEBS belittling, slandering. In certain contexts may be translated 'cynicism' (with the meaning as in the more general English usage, not the Greek philosophers).

•SKUR 'DEBS KYI LHAG MA DCD 65.

•SKUR 'DEBS GNYIS PA DCD 65-66.

•SKUR PA SGROGS Btsan-lha. DCD 66.

•SKUR PA ZAN Btsan-lha. slander. Dotson, D&L 11.

•SKUR BU a type of container. Bellezza, D&B 141.

•SKUL BA to urge on, incite, encourage, admonish, remind. Claus Vogel, Pāli Lexical Studies (Continued), Indo-Iranian Journal XIV (1972) 204-209.

•SKUL BYED skul byed las ni 'di lta bu gyis zhes mngag pa. Utpal 26.5.

•SKUL SHING prod, or lit. 'urging stick.'

•SKE lus kyi ske. Utpal 28.4.

•SKE = mgrin. 'throat, neck.' Treatments for neck wounds said to originate from Khotan, acc. to Yangga's dissert., p. 234.

cham rims SKE SKRANGS SRZT 58.

•SKE'I GA'U A jewellery item illus. in Yisun.

•SKE STONG CHA RA KHUNG DD illus.1.

•SKE PHRENG A jewellery item illus. in Yisun.

•SKE TSHE JD 216. SS 518.5. KP4 474.2. = rke rtse? black mustard. LW 502. See Emmerick in BSOAS 58 no. 2 (1995) 405 (in Siddhasāra translation, used for Skt. bhūstṛṇa, meaning 'geranium grass'). See Mvy. no. 5664, which says that zhe che'i 'bras bu, or, ske tshe 'bru, is equiv. to Skt. rājikā, in the class of grains. Monier-Williams says rājikā is Sinapis ramosa, but it can also mean 'stripe, streak.' ske tshe 'bru rigs. Khyung-sprul 16. Simioli, AG 60.

•SKE YI RMEN BU DD illus. 31.

•SKE LANG Stein.

•SKEG RTSIS TR XIV no. 10 (Oct. 1979) 19B.

•SKED gser sked = sked rags gser khebs. Gold brocade sash. Velm I 140-141.

•SKED KHRA 'striped middle.' A type of woodslip for communicating a judicial decision that the complainant's case is false and his wealth ought to be confiscated. Dotson, D&L 35.

•SKED SMAD below the sash. = sta zur. hips. Skt. śroṇī. skyed smad is a slightly mistaken spelling. Aśvaghoṣa, Buddhacarita, chap. 3, verse 16 (here women's broad hips are compared to chariots).

•SKEM sku lus la sha med pa'i rid pa'i ming. Utpal 25.4. skem byed gdon dang rid pa'i skem // skem po sul mang a ru'i rigs dag go. Khyung-sprul 16. to become thin NNV.

•SKEM PO SS 434.1.

•SKEM BYED gdon skem byed. Utpal 26.5.

•SKO BA 'dun pa. Dbus-pa no. 525.

•SKO 'BRAG sko 'brag gi nang du rgyang dmyig ltos. Zhi-byed Coll. II 228.6.

•SKO LONG Btsan-lha. Scherrer-Schaub in JIABS 25 (2002) 286. DCD 66.

•SKOG RNOGS prob. for lkog rnog, private & concealed. mkhan slob kyis ma tshor bas chog pa tsug tu sdig pa la skog rnogs byed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 279.1.

•SKOGS mar skogs lta bu shun pa'i ming. Utpal 29.5. skogs shun. Khyung-sprul 17. Sbal skogs means turtle shell.

•SKONG thugs dam skong ni thugs mnyes par byed pa. Utpal 31.3.

•SKONG BU It may mean 'paint pot.' lha bzo ba 'gro ba la tshon rtsi'i skong bus dgos pa myed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 230.1. shel gyi skong bu'i mar me 'di la grib ma myed. Ibid. I 310.1. The modern spelling is kong bu or skon bu, but see also skun bu.

•SKONG TSHE skong tshe'i gzeb. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKOD ZZ = so. Bru II 291.1.

•SKON gos skon ni lus la gos gyon bcug pa. Utpal 26.4. bya skon ni bya 'dzin byed kyi bya rgya yin. Utpal 31.3. bya skon bya snyi. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKON BU lcug ma sogs las byas pa'i 'jog snod. Btsan-lha. skon bu zhes pa gzhong pa'i ming. Khyung-sprul 16. gzhong bu. Dbus-pa no. 580. DCD 66.

•SKOBS SU Btsan-lha. skobs su chud ni bya dka'i las byed dgos byung ba lta bu. Utpal 31.2. skobs chud bya [bya dkar tshud kyang 'dug] dka' zin. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKOBS SU CHUD PA Dpa'-ris.

•SKOM = ga tha ya, rtol. JD 243.

•SKOM 'THUNG Btsan-lha.

•SKOM DAD CHE BA SRZT 89.

•SKOM PA CHU 'DOD Dpa'-ris.

•SKOM PA'I PHYI NAS KHRON PA BSNYEGS Dpa'-ris.

•SKOM PO skom po gyon. Gold.Ms. I 3v.3. As n. of an animal, see under rtol.

•SKOM TSHUGS Btsan-lha.

•SKOM ZONG Btsan-lha.

•SKOM SIL See skyu ru ra.

•SKOR 'GO rtsis byed stangs kyi sde tshan. Nomads 232.

•SKOR 'CHAG perhaps more correctly, mkhur lcag, a 'cheek whip' used for lighter legal punishment. French, Yoke 321. For the use on cheeks of a flat bamboo stick as punishment in schools, see Toni Huber's article, "Violence in Tibetan Buddhist Societies." See under ko shag, snyug lcab. This should actually be spelled ko lcag, or ko shag, q.v.

•SKOR 'CHAG PA patrol policemen in old Lhasa. French, Yoke 260 (see also Yisun). See Veronika Ronge, The Corpse Cutters of Sera, Tibet Journal 29 no. 2 (2004), pp. 9-10, which says that at end of 19th century there were 30 regular police officers in Lhasa, helped by 30 assistants. I think 'khur lcag pa is probably the correct spelling ('cheek-whip guys'). For a photo, see Norbu in TTT 248.

•SKOR THIG 'compass' (the tool). Jackson. Schmied 147.

•SKOR DON an on-site report of a crime scene. French, Yoke 259.

•SKOR PA circumambulater, someone who makes rounds.

•SKOR PANG compass board. Jackson.

•SKOR PHOR Name for tsha tsha mold. Samdo A III 183v.2; IV 111r.6; V 115v.5, 141r.2 (but in this last instance spelled skol phor, which I believe to be the more 'official' spelling, since it occurs at least 9 times in the canon, while the other forms are not found there at all when performing a search of the digital version). skor phor la ri mo myed na 'byi 'byi tsha tshar myi 'gyur. Zhi-byed Coll. II 270.3. Yisun knows the spelling brkos phor, which makes more sense to me (carved or engraved cup). The modern term would seem to be tsha par.

•SKOR TSHER Btsan-lha. khol ma'am ba glang gi mig lta bu. Utpal 29.5.

•SKOR BZHI of Man-ngag Sde. Thondup, BM 64.

•SKOR BZHU lantern patrol, a nightly rounds made at the Potala. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 25.

•SKOR G.YENG ZHIB 'JUG Dpa'-ris.

•SKOR LE Samdo A V 124v.5. See kor le.

•SKOL GYI ours. Btsan-lha. DCD 66. It seems like a truncated form of 'o skol.

•SKOL CAG GNYIS we two. nged rang gnyis. Btsan-lha.

•SKOL BA BYED las la dbang med du skol ba byed pa. Utpal 27.1.

•SKOL PHOR See skor phor.

•SKOS CHEN PO Means something along the lines of a royal edict. Lha Lama Bio. 1.

•SKOS THAG CAN weak, worn out. Btsan-lha.

•SKOS MAL Btsan-lha. DCD 66.

•SKYA [1] skya rgyal (skya means 'king'). Khyung-sprul 17 (he doesn't say so, but it probably should be understood as Zhang-zhung). [2] O.T. a problematic word that anyway must mean horse, steed, mount or the like. Often spelled rkya, q.v. [3] as used in the name Lcang-skya and A-kya, and in Amdo monastery names, it is a borrowing of a Chinese word jia for 'family.' As such it is most often spelled kya, but also rgya, ca and skya. Gray Tuttle, An Unknown Tradition of Han Chinese Conversions to Tibetan Buddhism, J. of Tibetology 9 (2014) 274-298, at p. 291.

•SKYA KA See skya ga. magpie. Jamspal, Treasury 85.

•SKYA BKRA skya bkra'i so skos ma bzhag bar la. Zhi-byed Coll. II 161.3.

•SKYA KHRA = skya ka. = skya ga. "Vogelart." Kaschewsky 82. See under kye ka & kya kra.

•SKYA KHRA HOR PA SUM 'GROL a medicinal preparation. BP 278.6. The expression skya khra hor pa occurs in one of the 6th Dalai Lama's lovesongs (no. 62 in Sørensen's enumeration), and it may be same as the rgya khra hor pa of HS V 328.

•SKYA MKHAN the oarsman or the one who steers the boat. Lde'u 332.

•SKYA GA skya ga chu skyar ni chu bya nya gsod mkhan. Utpal 27.4. = mgron bsu, bya khra. JD 227. SS 537.4.

•SKYA GA'I SKAD bya des skad rgyab pa. Utpal 27.4.

•SKYA GA THIGS TSHAGS an annual roof repair done at the beginning of the rains when earth is packed on the roof to prevent leaks. Yisun.

•SKYA 'GAM skya 'gam ni gri'i rtse mo prig sha'i lo ma 'dra. From Namdak, Bzo-rig 112. skya 'gam gri yi ming. Khyung-sprul 17. ZZFC 242.

•SKYA SGOM [to do] meditation as a layman. Karmay, Treasury.

•SKYA CHOS used for books made on light colored paper, distinguished from sngo chos. Vitali, Tho.ling 75. See Essen Catalog 57. H. Uebach, From Red Tally to Yellow Paper, RET (Oct. 2008) 63, n. 18.

•SKYA THAL Aufschäumen, gischen (foam, froth, fizz, lather) Kretsch.

•SKYA THIG SGAR 'GRO n. for a hunt after smaller types of animals, a nomadic term.

•SKYA SNAR =pa ta la. Bignonia suaveolens, the Indian species of bigonia. Roberts, King.

•SKYA POD Btsan-lha.

•SKYA 'PHYING Btsan-lha.

•SKYA 'PHYINGS skya 'phyings / kha dog dkar po la skya zhes zer ba yod de / me tog chun por / ja sogs skol dang kha dog skya / zhes pa lta bu / yang skud pa'i rkang la skya zhes zer ba yod pa las 'dir ni phyi ma de yin la de yang 'byings [60r4] zhes pa skud pa de 'jings pa'i don yin zhes pa lta bu. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SKYA BA oar/sail of a boat (?). Rudder (?). BBNP 467. Oar. Samdo A V 161v.3, 180v.6. Btsan-lha, q.v. skya ba ni gru bas chu dkrugs. Utpal 27.5. Tibetan oars may be forked sticks with leather sewn around the forked part; see Hummel in TJ 25 no. 3 (Autumn 2000) 17 n. 16. skya ba gru dbyug. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYA BAR from 'foot' (rkang) to 'foot' of a thread on a skein (?). BBNP 479. Btsan-lha.

•SKYA BAR NAS THON PA sgra dang tshad ma'i skya bar nas thon pa. I attempt to translate this: something that came out from between the paddles of grammar and logic. Lde'u 135.

•SKYA BO whitish, pale. Jackson.

•SKYA BO RENG Btsan-lha.

•SKYA RBAB swelling of body due to diseases of the don lnga. "mi'i glo snying sogs don lnga la nad byung ba'i rkyen gyis lus skrangs pa'i nad kyi thog ma'i skabs la bod kyi sman gzhung du skya rbab zer. "Tibetan medical texts use this word to describe the initial stages of diseases of the lung and heart (and also liver, spleen and kidneys). Dag-yig. Text 16, 65. Most generally it occurs in connection with lung diseases. Lag-len 276.4. Etiology: The basic causes are the three humours and lymph (chu ser). The contributing factors are: 1) Eating inappropriate foods following a case of diarrhea. 2) Phlebotomy (gtar) or cooling compounds (bsil sbyor) following a fever. 3) Drinking too much water when exhausted. 4) Sleeping in a moist place, etc., where physical heat is weakened. 5) Undigested chyme stagnating in the liver rather than transforming into other physical constituents. 6) Bad blood diffused in the flesh and skin so that they expand. 7) Pus (chu ser) is scattered by air so that it pervades the body. If skya rbab becomes chronic, it turns to 'or nad. Chronic 'or nad turns to dmu chu. Symptoms: The three general symptoms are 1) General swelling of the body. 2) Shortness of breath. 3) Infrequency of urination. In addition to these, 1) Puffiness of the eyes and face. 2) The side of the body facing downward during sleep. These symptoms are easily recognized by all, yet I have only seen a few who were able to treat it. SRZT 35 ff. This is classified as a phlegm (bad kan) disorder. Note: The literal meaning of skya rbab is 'whitish' (skya) 'wave' (rbab, = rba rlab). See also AHT 104. dropsy. Yangga's dissert., p. 190.

bad kan SKYA RBAB SRZT 35. Text 36.

•SKYA SBAB nad bad kan. Utpal 27.3.

•SKYA MIN SER MIN Dpa'-ris.

•SKYA MO ZZFC 234. OZZ 111. Lde'u 244, 269, 367. Perhaps it means 'pale light'? it somehow describes an uninhabited land, as in the phrases thang stong skya mo and byang thang skya notice also its use in a name of the Milky Way: dgu tshigs skya mo). Stearns, SR 29 ('pale').

•SKYA TSHON paints applied in thin washes, giving a pale result. Jackson.

•SKYA RDZAS Tshad Rig.

•SKYA ZAD SNGO RDUGS Dpa'-ris.

•SKYA RING Morgendämmerung. Kaschewsky2.

•SKYA RIS sketch. Jackson.

•SKYA RE SKYO RE (deriv. from skyor, 'to support') = skyar skyor. "supportingly." Soundings 25.

•SKYA RENGS dawn. nyi ma'i kha lo ba nam langs pa. Utpal 32.1. skya [btang dang] rengs. Khyung-sprul 17. Sanskrit aruṇa.

•SKYA RENGS THA MA Skt. tamrāruṇa. Mvy. 9299.

•SKYA RENGS SHAR BA DCD 66.

•SKYA RENGS DANG PO'I SNANG BA DCD 67.

rgyu rims SKYA BSHAL SRZT 53.

•SKYA BSER Btsan-lha.

•SKYAG sku skyag = sku mchings. "Binde, Schärpe, Gürtel." Kaschewsky 82.

•SKYAG SKYAG BYED PA 'shoot the shit,' make fun (of someone).

•SKYAG SKYAG RANG BYED PA ridicule, insult (someone). Kretsch.

•SKYAG BTAD Zoten, Schlüpfrigkeiten (obscenities, dirty joke, lubricity, indelicacy, obscenity). = skyag pa'i gtad so: "schmutzige Absicht" (obscene intent). Kretsch.

•SKYAG THEG Zoten, Schlüpfrigkeiten. = skyag btad.

•SKYAG PA Stein.

•SKYAG PA'I STENG LA 'PHONGS BRDAB Dpa'-ris.

•SKYAGS GTAD MED PA Btsan-lha.

•SKYAGS PA skyags [sa med kyang] pa phyi sa'o. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYANG NUL to plaster. Blaṅ 298.3. zhal ba. Btsan-lha. gyang sogs la zhal ba byugs pa lta bu. Utpal 30.4. Skt. lepa. Mvy. 6671 (where there are a number of Tibetan equivalents for lepa). phyags brdar dang bskyang nul legs par byas te. Zhi-byed Coll. I 115.4. zhal zhal. Dbus-pa no. 561. Lcang-skya. See rkyang nul, etc. See rnyeng.

•SKYANG NUL GRUGS PA Btsan-lha.

•SKYANG PA des dge' sbyor la gnod ma nus na lam skyang pa bya ba yin pas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 334.6.

•SKYAN yang ja 'dren pa dang rang gi skyan cog pa yang go nas 'ong ste. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 109.3.

•SKYABS 'GRO taking Refuge. Nomads 2257-8. For a sceptical view of how early the expression was used in Buddhist history, see Balázs Gaál, King Íibi in the East and the West: Following the Flight of a Suppliant Dove (PDF from internet), p. 15.

•SKYABS 'GRO'I BSLAB BYA DCD 67.

•SKYABS MED BSHES BRAL Dpa'-ris.

•SKYABS ZHU BA Jemanden um Schutz anflehen. Kretsch.

•SKYABS SU 'GRO BA GSUM BRJOD PA DCD 68.

•SKYABS GSUM 'DZIN PA'I DGE BSNYEN DCD 68.

•SKYAR SKYOR See skya re skyo re. phyogs phyogs nas rtsig pa sogs skya re skyo re tsam byed pa. Dpe-chos 507.

•SKYAR MO [s]kyar mo nya myed bya gzhan gyis myi [']tshe. The skyar mo with no fish is not injured by the other birds. Zhi-byed Coll. I 267.6 (also, 459.1, 459.7). = nya khra. = (?) ti tig gu ling. JD 259. SS 538.4. I've noticed the English translation of the Gdams pa brgyad cu pa by Zur chung translates it as 'pelican' (I think this is probably incorrect).

•SKYAL gang gha rgal ba la skyal sbyong dgos par gda' gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 170.7 (prob. equiv. to rkyal, 'swimming'). skyal snum zhal ba. Khyung-sprul 17. See rkyal, which is perhaps the preferable alternative spelling.

•SKYAL SKYIL Samdo A V 219r.2.

•SKYAS See Nine Ways.

•SKYAS CHEN PO 'DEGS PA gzhis rdzogs byas te 'gro ba. BBNP 475-6. gzhi rdzogs byas nas 'gro ba'i don te / slar ldog rgyu med par 'dug sa 'phos nas 'gro ba'i don no. Dpe-chos 507. skyas 'degs. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYAS PA gnas spo ba'i don te 'dir sa rdo skyel ba'i don no. Gser Sbram 45.

•SKYI a clan name. Btsan-lha.

•SKYI DKAR lug lpags kyi skyi mo dkar po. Utpal 31.4. skyi dkar ko ba. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYI GRI = spu gri 367 II 130.4.

•SKYI DNGUL A monastic fund lent to people for interest. TS7 II 983.

•SKYI 'JIGS skyi 'jigs mi mjed. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYI SNYE See snyi nag mo.

•SKYI THOG with common property.

•SKYI 'DANG chu bo. Btsan-lha. Discussion by D. Snellgrove in BSOAS 14 (1952) 397. See skyin 'dang. skyi 'dang chu bo. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYI BA SS 486.5. nor skyi ba, 'borrowing wealth or money.' Schopen in IIJ 44 (2001) 107. skyi ba tsher (?). Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYI BA'I 'BRAS BU = tsher skya, ngang pa gser sgong, ngang pa chig rgyug, ngang pa chig thub, skyi 'brum, gtso 'brum, gcog sla, gtse du. JD 102. DG 209.1.

•SKYI BA PO debtor. Jampel Kaldhen, Interest Rates in Tibet, TJ 1 no. 1 (1975) 109.

•SKYI BUNG bag tsha ba. 'jigs pa. Btsan-lha. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 114.3.

•SKYI 'BRUM See skyi ba'i 'bras bu.

•SKYI G.YA' Skyi g.ya' bya skyibs brag.

•SKYI G.YA'I SKYON 'jigs shing skrag pa de yon tan min pa nyes skyon du gyur pa. Utpal 28.5.

•SKYI SHUS g.yar ba. Gces 584.5. Btsan-lha.

•SKYI BSER wind, breeze. rten myed kyi skye bser gar dgar yan. The non dependent wind freely rambles where it will. Zhi-byed Coll. II 289.6. [s]kyi bser rlung gis bar snang dangs. Ibid. I 304.1.

•SKYIGS BU dbugs mi bde ba ris rtsi ba. Utpal 27.3.

•SKYIGS BU hiccup, hiccough. SRZT 89. Skt. hikkā. Mvy. 4059.

•SKYID KYIS SDUG NYOS / MAR GYIS TSHIL NYOS Dpa'-ris.

•SKYID KHYAG SDUG THEG Dpa'-ris.

•SKYID NGAL BAS 'DREN Dpa'-ris.

•SKYID RTAG A chronological term. The 821-2 Sino-Tibetan treaty pillar mentions the 7th, 8th and 9th skyid rtag. It probably refers to the regnal period of Khri gtsug lde brtsan. Uray, Earliest Evidence 348. Evidently Bka' drin refers to the reign of his predecessor Khri lde srong btsan. Brandon Dotson, "Emperor" Mu rug btsan and the 'Phang thang ma Catalogue, Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, no. 3 (December 2007), pp. 1-25, at p. 10.

•SKYID DAR Stein.

•SKYID 'DOD 'GUL 'TSHER Dpa'-ris.

•SKYID 'DOD SO BSOD Dpa'-ris.

SKYID SDUG Brian C. Shaw, Bhutan: Notes Concerning the Political Role of Kidu, J. of Bhutan Studies 33 (Wint 2015) 1-22.

•SKYID SDUG GAL TA MGO 'BREL Dpa'-ris.

•SKYID SDUG SGANG GSHONG MI SNYOM Dpa'-ris.

•SKYID SDUG MNYAM MYONG Dpa'-ris.

•SKYID SDUG TSHOGS PA "groups [to share] joy and sorrow," voluntary social groups. Dargyay, TVC 49. "skyid mnyam gsog / sdug mnyam 'khur. Nomads 39.

•SKYID SDUG RANG LAG Dpa'-ris.

•SKYID SDUG RES MO / LA THUR MNYAM 'BREL Dpa'-ris.

•SKYID SNA GLUS DRANGS Dpa'-ris.

•SKYID PHRUG title of official interpreter at Lhasa. Tucci, Lhasa 76.

•SKYID YA SDUG GROGS Dpa'-ris.

•SKYIN [1] zhal skyin ni zhal tshab. BBNP 478. skyin tshab. Khyung-sprul 17. Something borrowed that needs to be returned. The word zhal skyin occurs, in context of an image, in Mdo-'dus. [2] A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 297. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 35. Karmay in Lungta, vol. 16 (Spring 2003), p. 9, translates it as ibex. So does Bellezza, D&B 49. Jas. Platt, "Jong," Tibetan Word, Notes & Queries, series 10, no. 1 (June 11, 1904), p. 465: "There are very few Tibetan terms in English, mostly names of animals, such as the kiang, the sakin or skeen (Tibetan skyin), the shapho, the yak, and others." There is a brief entry for Skeen in Hobson-Jobson. See discussion in Btsan po website: www.tsanpo.com/forum/25152.html.

•SKYIN KHRIN punishment of debt. Dotson, D&L 38.

•SKYIN GOR 'glacier frog,' lizard. OT = gangs sbal, = rtsangs pa. Blaṅ 302.3. = rtsangs pa. = gangs sbal. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. gangs sbal lam tshangs pa. Utpal 29.2. skyin gor gangs sbal [da byid] rtsangs. Khyung-sprul 17. rtsang pa. Dbus-pa no. 696.

•SKYIN GOR CAN See rtsangs pa.

•SKYIN THANG CHU chu log. Dpe-chos 515.

•SKYIN 'DANG dkyus na skyin 'dang chu la bying ba med. Ma 36.4. Martin, Mandala Cosmogony 41. Stein in McKay, History of Tibet I 558. Translated as torrent in Bellezza, L&T 75 (a number of references are given). See Bellezza, D&B 69, 70 ('turbulent' [water]).

•SKYIN 'DANGS ser ba. Btsan-lha. Is this ser ba meaning 'hail' or 'wind' (bser ba)?

•SKYIN PA bdag gi skyin pa khyed kyis mdzad par zhu. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 12.2.

•SKYIN PA CHU YIN RUNG SLA BAR MA GTONG Dpa'-ris.

•SKYIB MA See nad ma.

•SKYIBS rock alcove (?). bya skyibs kyi brag ldeng ka'am bug yod pa. Gces 588.1. Samosyuk in TS9 VII 71.

•SKYIBS LUG Haarh, Yar-luṅ 370, 376. A sheep that acts as guide to the deceased? Pastry sheep. Tan, Theses 121 n. 41, 140-142. Helga Uebach, From Red Tally to Yellow Paper, RET (Oct. 2008) 58. ZZFC 115. Bellezza, D&B 9 et passim. See Bellezza, D&B 67. See under dbon lob.

•SKYIL KRUNG DCD 68.

•SKYIL PO Btsan-lha. chu skyil byed. Khyung-sprul 17. skyil po khang chung. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYIL BA to hold back [the flood], stem the tide.

•SKYIS PA Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYU a food item, cooked with small pieces of kneaded dough mixed with potatoes, meats, cheese, butter, garlic & spices. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 56.

•SKYU GANG 367 I 234. skyu gang ni zas shig yin. Utpal 27.2. skyu gang dang // ju gang zhes pa nye 'brel zas ster ba. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYU RDUM tshod ma. Dbus-pa no. 720.

•SKYU RA [1] a clan name. Btsan-lha. [2] hawthorn fruit. CTEV 30.

•SKYU RU = skyu ru ra. Fundamentals 16.2 (item 17). Singh (p. 36): Emblica officinalis. Dutt (p. 226): Phyllanthus emblica. Sanskrit: āmalakī. The āmalaka fruit symbolism originates in an artistic reinterpretation of the inverted water pot, acc. to Vajracharya in Marg 51 no. 2 (Dec 1999) 53-78, at p. 64. Phytolacca esculanta. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. For interesting discussion of the early history of the rather common metaphor in which something is clear as an amalaka fruit held in the palm of the hand, see Walter Liebenthal, Notes on the Vajrasamādhi, T'oung Pao, 2nd series vol. 44, nos. 4-5 (1956), pp. 347-386. Baljit Singh Sekon & Balaji M. Potbhare, Phyllantus Emblica: Its Therapeutic Potential & Acceptance in Sports Medicine, an Analysis, Int'l J. of Health, Sports & Physical Education, vol. 2, no 1 (Jul 2013) 34-38.

•SKYU RU NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 87. Lag-len 62.1. TMC 23 (44). BP 125.2, 133.5, 323.1.

•SKYU RU DRUG PA a medicinal preparation. BT 43r.6.

•SKYU RU RA JD 84. SS 434.3. = ā ma la kī, skom sil, khrag skem. Emblica officinalis. TM I 50. Clifford, list. KP3 341.2. KP4 565.3. DG 189.1. The seeds are used in medicine. DG specifies that the white seeds are better than the red. Emblica officinalis. TDD 71.

•SKYU RU RU BA = yer re ba. BBNP 484.

•SKYU RUM OT = tshod ma. Blaṅ 304.2. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. zas kyi ro gsal ba byed pa'i tshod ma'i ming. Utpal 27.1. skyu rum tshod ma. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYUG PA Stein.

•SKYUG BRO BA ekelhaft (repulsive, loathsome, nauseating, i.e.: pukey). Kretsch.

•SKYUGS NAD SRZT 95.

•SKYUGS SU yun du. Dbus-pa no. 247.

•SKYUNG KA the Jackdaw. MTTP. = lcung ka. Dagyab. Beyer, CT Lang. 146. skyung kas skyung ni bya nag mchu dmar can des skyung zhes brjod pa. Utpal 26.1. The bird known as the chough. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 365. Bellezza, L&T 54 (here spelled skyung kha). TPS 718. JD 224. = dpyid 'bod, bdud bya. skyung ka [lcung ka]. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYUNG BA Stein.

•SKYUNG BU See skyong bu. 'awl.' Goldstein.

•SKYUNGS phyung ba'am ngar bcag pa. Gces 581.6. re ba skyungs. Ibid. III 38.2. bcom skyungs ni skad chung ngus smra ba'am nyams chung byed de kha rog 'dug pa lta bu. Utpal 34.2. bcom bskyungs ni 'jigs nas skad chung ngur smre ba'am kha rog 'dug pa zhes li shi'i gur khang du byung. Eimer, Dbyangs 58. bcom bskyungs. speaking in a low voice. Jamspal, Treasury 219.

•SKYUD brjed pa. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYUD BYANG Btsan-lha. DCD 68.

•SKYUR zho sogs ro skyur ba. Utpal 26.3. rdo skyur. DG 137.6.

•SKYUR GTONG BA werfen, schleudern, loslassen (toss, sling, let loose) Kretsch.

•SKYUR 'THUNG = chang. 'beer' Karmay, Treasury.

•SKYUR 'DRA waxberry. CTEV 30.

•SKYUR PO'I RDO Simioli, AG 58.

•SKYUR MO See da trig.

•SKYUR RTSI Skt. nāgaraṅga (the orange tree). Mvy. 5807.

•SKYUR RTSI CHEN PO Skt. jambīra, jambhīra. A large kind of lime or citron (Citrus acida). Mvy. 5808. MW says jambīra is a citron. The pomelo (some say pomela). CTEV 29.

•SKYUS Stein.

•SKYUS MA de la dge sbyor skyus ma [rabs] la ni bsngo ba dang lngar 'ong bas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 450.5.

•SKYE occurs as a spelling for ske, q.v. Yangga's dissert., p. 288.

•SKYE KA'I TSHOGS KYIS 'UG CHUNG BDA' Dpa'-ris.

•SKYE SKA Btsan-lha.

•SKYE DGU 'dod pa'i khams las tshe 'phos te khams gsum du skye ba gsum / gzugs khams las tshe 'phos te khams gsum du skye ba gsum / gzugs med khams las tshe 'phos te khams gsum du skye ba gsum la bya'o // 'ga' zhig 'di'i dgu ni ra mgo can gyi rgu yin pas grangs kyi dgu la mi byed zer ro. 600 124-125. rin chen phreng ba'i dar tīk tu phung po lnga dang 'byung ba bzhi bcas chos dgu la btags pa'i gang zag la skye dgu zhes gsungs pa dang / pan chen blo bzang chos rgyan gyis 'dod khams nas shi 'phos te 'dod khams dang gzugs khams dang gzugs med khams su skye ba gsum dang / gzugs dang gzugs med khams gnyis la'ang de ltar sbyar bas dgu la skye dgu zhes pa yin par gsungs la / 'ga' zhig gis grangs kyi dgu ma yin pas skye rgu zhes ra mgo can yin zer ba sogs bshad tshul mang ngo. Gser Sbram 165.

•SKYE 'GUL As ex. of an irreg. Old Tantra term, corresponding to skye dgu, see the work of Dge-rtse in Rnying Rgyud 1973 XXXVI 455.

•SKYE RGA NA 'CHI Dpa'-ris.

•SKYE RGU See skye dgu.

•SKYE RGYUN GCOD See pa yag. Is this perhaps supposed to be contraceptive?

•SKYE SGO DD illus. 22.

•SKYE NGAN 'DRE PHRUG Dpa'-ris.

•SKYE MCHED Skt. āyatana. sensory media. 445 III 58.3 ff. 9 60. Germano, Poetic Thought 934. Tshad Rig. Based in subject-object dualism, the particular sensory consciousness would seem to project toward the object, produce and enhance it. The internal-to-external medium in which this apparent projection takes place is the skye mched. mig sogs yul yul can bcu gnyis. Utpal 31.3. skye mched seem to exist in a liminal space between the objective realm and the subjective one: de'i stobs kyis rlung lnga nang du chings pas 'byung ba lnga'i skye mched mthong gsal mdangs phyed pas / rig pa cer bu la sang nge sa le la bkrag chags pas / sa'i rlung zind pa'i rang mdangs su 'od du du ba lta bu gsal... Zhi-byed Coll. V 46.6.

•SKYE MCHED BCU GNYIS mig gi skye mched / rna ba'i skye mched / sna'i skye mched / lce'i skye mched / lus kyi skye mched / yid kyi skye mched de yul can drug / gzugs kyi skye mched / sgra'i skye mched / dri'i skye mched / ro'i skye mched / reg bya'i skye mched / chos kyi skye mched de yul gyi skye mched drug go. 600 154-5. Tshad Rig.

•SKYE THANG PA Btsan-lha.

•SKYE MTHAR Btsan-lha.

•SKYE LDAN See rgya skyags.

•SKYE GNAS BZHI mngal skyes / sgong skyes / drod gsher skyes / brdzus skyes so. 600 29. The womb-born are born through the development of the body from a seed inside of the mother's body, the egg-born are born through the development of the body from a seed inside an egg (and outside the body), the warmth-moisture-born develop bodies from seeds outside a body, but without any egg. Miraculously-born are instantaneously born complete without developing from any seed.

•SKYE BA RGYUN GCOD See gser. See brag spos.

•SKYE BA GCOD PA'I LTUNG BYED DCD 69.

•SKYE BA RNAM BZHI four types of birth. DCD 69.

•SKYE MED unborn, unproduced, unarticulated. Skt. anutpada, ajāti. Sometimes used as epithet of Bodhicitta [Klong-chen-pa 6.1]. Germano, Poetic Thought 952.

•SKYE MED 'CHI MED "Without regard for births & deaths," principle used in assessing taxes on livestock herds. Dargyay, TVC 58.

•SKYE DMAN 'low rebirth' (as an epithet that evolved into a normal word for 'woman'). This may have emerged in usage in Tibet in around 1100 in the circle of Padampa. It is not an O.T. word, absent in O.T. documents (OTDO, where I tried various spellings), and it isn't in Mvy. We see it in ca. 1200 in the Rgyud bzhi (see BHBW 300 for relevant passage).

•SKYE TSHA skye tsha'i 'bru ni ske tshe ste yungs gzhi 'dra ba'i ldum rigs shig yin. Utpal 31.4.

•SKYE TSHE skye tshe tsher nag. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYE 'OL rtogs pa'i skye 'ol mos gus kho na che ba yin / yi dam dang mkha' 'gro gnyis kyi byin brlabs dang nyams kyi skye 'ol chung. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 139.7.

•SKYE YAG (Gtsang) lit., beautiful. n. of a tree. MTTP.

•SKYE RAGS = ska rags. "belt, girdle." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•SKYE LO (Gtsang) = lang tsho, beauty. MTTP.

•SKYE SHI Sinitic vocab. for 'khor ba. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163, 174-5. Ch. shengsi. Teiser, RW 3.

•SKYE SRID DCD 69.

•SKYEG Btsan-lha. rtsis kyi skyeg ni brda rnying yin te skeg [keg kyang]. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYEGS PA = sgregs pa. "to belch." Kuijp (1986) 37. re skyegs ri skeg bya ni gong mo dang // mchu skyegs ya mchu'i g.yas g.yon skyes pa'i spu. Khyung-sprul 17

•SKYENGS skyugs pas skyengs ni zas zos pa kha nas yar skyugs pas ngo tsha ba. Utpal 27.2.

•SKYENGS THABS SU Btsan-lha.

•SKYENGS PA to feel embarrassed. NNV.

•SKYED [1] interest payment. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 110. [2] I've noticed this is in the early Atiśa biographies used instead of skyel (ex. in Eimer, NG 181).

•SKYED GA interest (on a loan). Jampel Kaldhen, Interest Rates in Tibet, TJ 1 no. 1 (1975) 109.

•SKYED THOB See under byin thob.

•SKYED PA [1] = rked pa. "calf of leg." (?) Kuijp (1986) 37. [2] old way of spelling sked pa, 'waist.' Yangga's dissert., p. 336.

•SKYED BYED 1. pha. 2. sa gzhi. Blaṅ 526. Tshad Rig.

•SKYED MA skyed ma a ma. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYED MOS TSHAL park (as in 'garden park' or 'pleasure grove'). The Skt. ought to be upavana or, more likely, udyāna as we find in Mvy. 5614. Often spelled skyed mo'i tshal.

•SKYED TSHAL me tog dang shing sna tshogs skyes pa'i tshal. Utpal 28.3.

•SKYED LA SKYED RGYAG compounded interest (when the loan comes due and isn't paid, the unpaid interest becomes a part of the loan and so is subject to interest). Jampel Kaldhen, Interest Rates in Tibet, TJ 1 no. 1 (1975). Dpa'-ris.

•SKYEN [1] fast and easy (of arrows and speech). mgyogs dang sla ba. Blaṅ 516.4. skyen yang ni mda' dang 'gros sogs 'phang skyen zhes dang 'gros skyen zhes pa lta bu. Utpal 26.4. smra dang mda' skyen. Khyung-sprul 17. [2] See under rkyen.

•SKYEN PAR 'DONG BA Btsan-lha. DCD 69.

•SKYEN PO fast, quick (especially for the velocity of river, wind, arrow and travel). Skt. śīghra.

•SKYEN RTSI bud med. Btsan-lha. skyen rtsi dang // skye dman 'di gnyis bud med skyes bzang ster. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYEMS repeated filling up of a guest's cup. MTTP.

•SKYEMS KYIS SKOM ja chang sogs btung bas skom pa. Thirst that results from drinking, cotton mouth. Utpal 26.3.

•SKYER SKYA kha dog ljang skya. Utpal 26.2.

•SKYER SKYANG skyer skyang ser skya. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYER KHA kha dog skyer kha. Khyung-sprul 17. RJY, evidently following Das, says it means a light yellow color. Yisun says it is the color of the shing skyer pa.

•SKYER KHAṆḌA a medicinal preparation. TMC 33 (69).

•SKYER PA See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 7. JD 120. There are white and black varieties. = gser ldum, pa la ta ka, dhi sha ri, dzi byed ta, ha ri ha, dhā tu, ha lang hā, gser shing, tsher rngon, 'bras skyur, lpags ser, gser shun. DG 239.2. Mdo 42. Indian barberry. Clifford, list. skyer pa gser shing. Khyung-sprul 17. Has been identified as Berberis asiatica. (Perhaps the Greek medicine lykion is somehow identifiable with it. The Greeks considered the Indian variety to be superior. It was especially used as a collyrium for eye diseases. See Erik Sjoqvist, Morgantina: Hellenistic Medicine Bottles, American J. of Archaeology 64 no 1 [Jan 1960] 78-83.)

•SKYER PA DKAR PO Berberis aristata. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. Jaundice berry, Indian barberry, tree turmeric. TDD 23.

•SKYER PA NAG PO Barberry, Maider berry. Berberis vulgaris. TDD 24.

•SKYER PA'I SKAS shing ser po skyer bas gyen du 'dzegs sar rkas btsugs pa. Utpal 28.4.

•SKYER PA'I ME TOG JD 107. DG 219.2. skyer pa'i 'bras bu. JD 100.

•SKYER PAR Nishida, TTDD 145.

•SKYER MA rtsa skyer ma. 367 I 233.

•SKYER SHUN yellow cypress (used to make tumeric-like yellow). Arch. of TB 98. Translated "barberry bark" in Gyurme Dorje's translation of Kong-sprul, p. 264.

•SKYER SHUN BRGYAD PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 38. Lag-len 28.2. TMC 46 (101).

•SKYER SHUN LNGA PA a medicinal preparation. BP 230.3.

•SKYEL SKYEL See bskyed bskyed.

•SKYEL 'GRUL dngos zog 'or 'dren byed pa. Nomads 232.

•SKYEL BDAR OT = skyel gla. Blaṅ 304.1. Btsan-lha.

•SKYEL BA durchbringen. nor mdzas mje yis skyel ba — Reichtümer mit dem Penis durchbringen. Kretsch.

SKYEL BYED skyel byed rta. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYEL MA protective escort. dgra myi thub pa'i skyel ma la dgos pa myi gda' 'o gsung ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. II 14.3. skyel ma ni 'jigs skrag las skyob pa'i skyel ma. Utpal 29.5.

•SKYEL RDZONG dowry. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 46.

•SKYEL SA BRGYAD List in Klong-chen-pa 12.8.

•SKYEL SO bstan bcos rnams kyi skyel so yang / sde snod rin po che thams cad kyi nang nas nyams su blang rgyu lta sgom spyod pa'o // skyel so skad pa'i mi de mthar thug la btags pa yin te / bka' dang bstan bcos kyi don gtan la 'bebs pa lta ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 40.5.

•SKYES [1] a gift sent along with a letter as a sign of good will. tribute. Yisun. Thuken 367. [2] referring to some kind of wild animal that might nevertheless be used to bear a burden. Blondeau in Karmay, New Horizons 261.

•SKYES KHA MO BSGYUR Dpa'-ris.

•SKYES RGYAL DMAN GYI GO BABS skyes pa dang bud med kyi go gnas kyi rim pa. Btsan-lha.

•SKYES CHEN srid pa'i bar dor skyes chen pos 'ded ces pa lta bu las ngan pa mang po dang 'grogs te. Utpal 30.1.

•SKYES THOB DCD 69.

•SKYES SDONG = skyes la sdong. = ke la. banana, plantain. LW 472. Dhongthog.

•SKYES NAS MA NING DCD 69.

•SKYES NAS MYONG BAR 'GYUR BA a type of karma which will have its results after rebirth. Pabongka, Liberation II 266.

•SKYES PA'I GNAS SKABS LNGA the five stages of a human life: 1. byis pa. 2. gzhon nu. 3. dar la bab pa. 4. dar yol. 5. rgan po. DCD 69.

•SKYES PA'I RABS KYI SDE DCD 69.

•SKYES PA LHAS MA TSHOR / SHI BA 'DRES MA TSHOR Dpa'-ris.

•SKYES PHRAN OT = dar la bab pa. Blaṅ 299.2.

•SKYES BU DCD 69.

•SKYES BU'I KHYAD PAR DGU Nine special features of the puruṣa according to Samkhya thought.

•SKYES BU'I MCHOG 1. bla ma. 2. khyab 'jug. Blaṅ 526.

•SKYES BU MCHOG uttamapuruṣa. Although literal meaning is 'last person' it means 'first person.' Mvy. 4736.

•SKYES BU'I MCHOG 1. bla ma. 2. khyab 'jug. Blaṅ 526.

•SKYES BU DANG PO although this literally means 'first person,' it actually means 'third person.' Skt. prathamapuruṣa. Verhagen, HSGL II 22.

•SKYES BU BAR MA Skt. madhyamapuruṣa. Second person (in grammar).

•SKYES BU BYED PA'I 'BRAS BU Tshad Rig.

•SKYES BU 'AM CI Skt. kiṃpuruṣa. A group of beings in the Himalayas, with lion bodies and human heads. Roberts, King.

•SKYES BU GSUM chung ngu dang / 'bring dang / chen po'o. 600 20.

•SKYES RDZONGS tribute. Lde'u 364.

•SKYES BZANG gzhan gyis yig rten bzang po bskur ba lta bu. Utpal 29.3.

•SKYO skyur bas skyo ni lam du grogs kyis rjes su skyur bas sems skyo ba. Utpal 26.5.

•SKYO SKYEN Namdak.

•SKYO SKYON Namdak.

•SKYO GROGS 367 I 238. Lo-ras Rnam-thar 68. It means a friend in bad times, or just a friend who helps you through hard times (or just 'friend').

•SKYO NGAS Namdak.

•SKYO NGOGS 'khrugs longs kyi ming skyo sngogs zer ba brda rnying yin. Utpal 28.1.

•SKYO SNGOGS 'khrug rtsod. Rtse-le VIII 428. Btsan-lha. Khyung-sprul 18. 'khrugs pa. Dbus-pa no. 608. Also spelled skyo rngogs. = 'khrug long. Lcang-skya. DCD 70.

•SKYO SNGOGS BYED PA'I LTUNG BYED DCD 70.

•SKYO LDOG = skyo ma. "porridge, gruel." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•SKYO SDONGS OT = 'khrug pa Blaṅ 299.4.

•SKYO BO = tshod ma. "(cooked) green vegetables." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•SKYO MA OT = phra ma. = phye ba. Blaṅ 304.2. Lcang-skya. See under nyag spyin po'i skyo ma. (BBNP 472). Btsan-lha. skyo ma'i skyags pa ni tsam pa'i lde gu zos pa'i 'bras bu stug pa'am brun te mi gtsang ba bshang ba'am dri chen. Utpal 26.1. nad thams cad skyo mar song bar bsam mo. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 289.1. dough or thick porridge. Skt. tarpaṇa. Mvy. 5753. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 129. skyo ma zan g.yos. Khyung-sprul 17, 18. Mémorial Sylvain Lévi (Delhi 1996), p. 411. skyo ma / srog chags / 'di la li shi'i gur khang du skyo ma ni gra ma ste / mdza' [57v1] ba gnyis mi mthun par 'byed par phra ma zhes pa ltar yin te skyo ma snga btsan zhes mang du 'byung bas / srog chags zhes mchan bkod pa ma dag. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. DCD 70.

•SKYO MA SNGA BTSAN Btsan-lha.

•SKYO MA SNGAN BTSAN dbyen byed nas mdza' ba dbye ba'i ming. Utpal 31.5.

•SKYO TSHAG Btsan-lha.

•SKYO ROGS BLO THUB Dpa'-ris.

•SKYO LA NGAS Namdak.

•SKYO SUN yid skyo skyo sun. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYO BSANG skyo bsang ku re. Khyung-sprul 18. recreation (after work), vacation, holiday. da kyod rang tsho skyo bsang la song zhig gsungs nas. Lde'u 292.

•SKYOG skyog [kyog kyang] ni lus rgur ba. Khyung-sprul 18.

•SKYOGS See nya skyogs, srab skyogs, zho skyogs.

•SKYOGS ladle, dipper. Schmied 201. 1. N. of a clan. 2. thabs tshul. Btsan-lha. skyogs ni chu sogs 'chu byed kyi ming. Utpal 27.5. Khyung-sprul 18. See 'bu skyogs.

•SKYOGS DKAR (coll.) brass ladle. MTTP.

•SKYOGS CHUS SKAMS NUS skyogs chus skams nus ni skyog thum gyis bcus pa'i chus skam nus zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 514.

•SKYONG NUL Btsan-lha.

•SKYONG BA to lengthen. to carry on [doing something]. Jamspal, Treasury 188. to be gone for a long distance NNV.

•SKYONG BAS MI SUN Dpa'-ris.

•SKYONG BU Also, skyung bu. A sharp, shovel-shaped instrument used for cutting hemmorhoids. JD 273 (item 6).

•SKYONG BRAN faithful servant, supporter.

•SKYOD PA [polite] to go, to come. Snellgrove & Skorupski, Cultural History of Ladakh II 84. sgul skyod ni lus kyi g.yo 'gul byed pa. Utpal 31.5.

•SKYON See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 50n. fault.

•SKYON 'GEBS MDZES 'CHOS Dpa'-ris.

•SKYON BRGYAD bsam gtan gyi skyon brgyad ni / rtog dpyod gnyis / bde sdug gnyis /yid bde mi bde gnyis / dbugs dbyung rngub gnyis rnams so. 600 102-103.

•SKYON SNGAR DOGS PA Dpa'-ris.

•SKYON BCU See snyan ngag gi skyon bcu.

•SKYON BCU GSUM Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Wint 1993) 19-22.

•SKYON BRJOD PA'I LTUNG BYED DCD 70.

•SKYON DRUG Bsam gtan gyi skyon drug, listed in Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 428-9; see also 437-8 for the list of 14.

•SKYON PA [1] nyams pa. Dbus-pa no. 599. deteriorated, made faulty. [2] to place astride [a horse, etc.], an impaling stake.

•SKYON MA BYUNG GONG LA ZLOG PA DGOS Dpa'-ris.

•SKYON MED SKYON MED macht nichts (it doesn't matter) Kretsch.

•SKYON MED SKYON 'DZUGS find faults in the faultless, 'fastidious' Soundings 22.

•SKYON MTSHAN Fehler, Sünde. Kretsch.

•SKYON GSUM snod kyi skyon gsum. Three Faults of the Vessel. They are: 1. kha sbub [upside down]. 2. zhabs rdol [leakey]. 3. mi gtsang ba [impure]. Pabongka, Liberation 92 n. 60, says that Haribhadra attributes the simile of the vessel's three defects to Vasubandhu. A rather close parallel is found in the Mishnāh, as cited in J. Duncan M. Derrett, Mishnāh, 'Avôt 5:13 in Early Buddhism, BSOAS 67 (2004) 82: "There are four types among them that sit in the presence of the wise: the sponge, the funnel, the strainer, and the sifter. 'The sponge'—which soaks up everything; 'the funnel—which takes in at this end and lets out at the other; 'the strainer'—which lets out the wine and retains the lees; 'the sifter'—which extracts the coarsely-ground flour and collects the fine flour."

•SKYOB chu skyob ni chu g.yo 'gul byed pa. Utpal 30.2.

•SKYOMS Khyung-sprul 18.

•SKYOR sa skyor logs ni gyang logs. BBNP 466. skyor ni yang nas yang du bskyang skyangs byed pa. Utpal 29.1.

•SKYOR KA skyor ka 'byams par go ba long cig. Zhi-byed Coll. V 130.6.

•SKYOR SKYOR OT = yang yang. Blaṅ 285.1. Dbus-pa no. 004. Lcang-skya.

•SKYOR SKYOR GYI BZI BO THU Dpa'-ris.

•SKYOR KHA Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYOR GONG DD illus. 23.

•SKYOR PA DKAR PO See gser shing ser po.

•SKYOR DPON 'Prefect.' Leader of the class who had to maintain attendance records, selected by classmates. See Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Wint 1993) 34. See Mengele, dGe-'dun-chos-'phel 140, n. 221, which says, 'a student lead reciter of a monastic class.' See Dreyfus, Sound 251.

•SKYOR BA Btsan-lha.

•SKYOR BYANG Btsan-lha.

•SKYOR 'BYIN Btsan-lha. skyor 'byin g.yo sgyu can nam gya gyu can. Khyung-sprul 18.

•SKYOR SBYANG skyor sbyang yang yang bldab. Khyung-sprul 17.

•SKYOS PA OT = nyams pa. Blaṅ 299.2-.3. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. snyan skyos ni rgyal po lta bu'i snyan la skyon yod tshul bshad pa'i ming ngam phra ma yin par bshad. Utpal 28.2. skyos ni skyon de las skyob ces pa. Utpal 28.5. skyos shig gzhan du spo. skyos pa nyam pa. Khyung-sprul 18.

•SKYOS MA 'gro dgos pa'i don skyos ma ni gnas gzhan du song ste sleb pa'i grogs kyis 'bab lta bu. Utpal 30.2. parting token, farewell gift.

•SKRA human head hair as a medicinal, see SS 531.1.

•SKRA DKAR CAN See dbyi mong.

•SKRA MKHAN = skra bzher mkhan. barber. See DeCaroli, Haunting 97-98.

•SKRA SGRA SGRE CAN Btsan-lha. DCD 70.

•SKRA CAN 'TSHONG NA'O DCD 66.

•SKRA STON hair feast, a coming of age ritual done for girls in Amdo. Karma Tso, "Analysis of the Tadon Tradition in Trika," Paper to be given at the 5th International Seminar of Young Tibetologists (St. Petersburg, September 3-7, 2018).

•SKRA SNUM lit., 'hair oil,' but used for the castor plant, source of castor oil.

•SKRA RTSES BLANGS PA'I CHU THIGS Dpa'-ris.

•SKRA TSHAD LAS LHAG PA DCD 70.

•SKRA ZINGS Btsan-lha.

•SKRA BZANG Corydalis. TR XIV #4, p. 16. See wa. See par pa ta. SS 508.4. TDD 55.

•SKRA BZED DCD 70-71.

•SKRA YEGS PA Btsan-lha.

•SKRA RING BLO THUNG Dpa'-ris.

•SKRA LI BA Btsan-lha.

•SKRA LO SKYE BA'I SMAN SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 403.6.

•SKRA SHAD 'DZINGS PA Skt. keśoṇḍuka. See Mvy. 2836.

•SKRAG PA 'jigs shing skrag pa. Utpal 28.3. Usualy means 'scarey,' but may mean also 'brilliantly colored.'

•SKRAG MA DGOS SKYI MA SBRID Dpa'-ris.

•SKRANG Also, skrangs. lus la rmas phog pa'am nad byung nas sha 'bur bo byung ba'i don te: lus skrangs/ rma kha skrangs lta bu. Dag-yig. Text 48. to be swollen NNV.

•SKRANG GNAS Btsan-lha.

•SKRANG 'BUR 'tumor. Dhongthog.

•SKRANGS lus po skrangs pa. Utpal 27.3.

•SKRANGS ZHAL BA'I CHU GRI See under chu gri.

•SKRAN nang sha skran gyi ming. Utpal 27.3. SRZT 33. 'cancer.' Dhongthog. Text 7, 12, 15, 36, 53. Lag-len 275.5. See also khrag skran. mi dang srog chags kyi lus po'i zungs ci rigs tshad las 'das par 'phel ba las gong bur 'dril ba'i nad rigs shig gi ming ste, mang che ba ni sgrim che ba'i spyod lam dang zas rtsub 'gyur can, lus la zhugs pa'i skye ldan gzhan bcas kyis bskyed pa yin. Bod kyi sman gzhung du de la rigs bco brgyad yod par bshad. Dag-yig. Translated as 'spleen' in Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 209. tumors. Yangga's dissert., p. 189.

•SKRAN 'JOMS ZLA BSIL a medicinal preparation. BP 156.6, 330.2.

•SKRAB PA Btsan-lha. bro skrab ni lus kyi rkang pas 'khrab pa. ḍa ru skrog ni da ma ru skrol ba. Utpal 28.1.

•SKRAM PA Cuevas, Travels 60, takes it as a misspelling of bkram pa, displayed.

•SKRAS PA = skas. "stair, ladder." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•SKRI BA Btsan-lha.

•SKRI SHIG OT = thong shig. Blaṅ 306.4. skri shig / thong shig / (bzung ba thong shig lta bu) li shi'i me tog tu zhig yod. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SKRIS Better spelled as: dkris. wrapping, bandage (rma dkris). sha bur ltas na rmen par ma song bar reg na myi bzod / de srid du rma skris 'di gces par gda' gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 169.2.

•SKRU BA Stein. Btsan-lha. DCD 71.

•SKRUD PA Btsan-lha.

•SKRUS PA OT = gcod pa. Blaṅ 302.2. Lcang-skya. shing skrus pa ni shing dum bur gcod pa'i don. Utpal 31.1. skrus pa shing sogs gcod. Khyung-sprul 18.

•SKRE MONG sre mong. Gces 590.1. Btsan-lha.

•SKRONGS PA Btsan-lha.

•SKROD skrod ni 'bab de byin pa lta bu ni lo spar kha'i skeg. Utpal 30.3.

•SKROD PA'I LTUNG BYED DCD 71.

•SKROD BYED DMAR PO Simioli, AG 61.

•BRKA BA OT = gar ba'i ro'i khyad par. Blaṅ 302.3.

•BRKAM CHAGS OT = 'dod chags che ba. Blaṅ 295.4. tshad sor bzhi yod pa yang brkam chags kyis spyad pas de yang nub. 'Gos, Stong-thun 15.2. Jamspal, Treasury 151.

•BRKAM CHAGS CAN the greedy. Jamspal, Treasury 121.

•BRKAM PA OT = 'dod zhen. Blaṅ 295.4; bskam ni 'dod zhen che ba'i ming. Blaṅ 516.5. 'dod la bkram dang brkam chags can gyi mi. Khyung-sprul 16.

•BRKAM SHA 367 I 236. Btsan-lha.

•BRKU THABS SU Btsan-lha.

•BRKUS 'dod la brkams pas brku bya brkus ni 'dod cing chags pas gzhan gyi nor 'jab bus brkus pa. Utpal 32.1.

•BRKYANG lag brkyang ni lag pa brkyang ba. Utpal 32.5. yan lag brkyang dang brkyangs zin sra brkyang zhes // dge 'dun na bza' byin chags pa sogs [gtan pa yang] zer.

•BRKYANGS NA MDA' NYAN / BKUG NA GZHU NYAN Dpa'-ris.

•BRKYANGS SHING This was Jaeschke's preferred translation for the Christian cross, although I believe it refers to a torture implement used for stretching (the rack as a torture implement, and not an execution method...).

•BRKYAR NAS brkyar nas ni thang yang yang bskyar ba.

•BSKA ro bska ni ro drug gi nang nas bska ba a ru ra lta bu. Utpal 35.5.

•BSKA BA a class of medicinals. KB 49.1. This is one of the 'six tastes' (ro drug). to dry or become solid.

•BSKANG RDZAS See Essen & Thingo, Die Götter des Himalaya 248.

•BSKANGS kha bskangs ni ma tshang ba kha gang bcug pa lta bu. thugs dam bskangs sogs bskangs rdzas kyis mnyes par byas pa. Utpal 36.1.

•BSKAR BA Btsan-lha.

•BSKAL bkru. Dbus-pa no. 709.

•BSKAL DON Btsan-lha. bskal don ni bar chod pa'am rgyang ring ba. Utpal 34.5. 'di brda rnying ste tshur mthong gi mig gis brda rnying / gzugs phra ba rdul phra rab mi mthong ba lta bu yul gyis [63r5] bskal pa des mtshon nas dus ring pos bar chod pa dang yul thag ring pos bar chod pa la dus kyis bskal ba dang gnas kyis bskal ba sogs mang. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•BSKAL PA [1] OT derivation from Skt. kalpa. Blaṅ 307.6. See Laufer, LW 450-451, where he says that Tibetans, because of the syllable 'pa' must have taken it for a verb and [therefore?] added the 'bs'. There may be other ways to account for the form this Tibetanization of the Sanskrit takes. I think the Sanskrit word is transcribed this way just because in sound it so much resembles the (previously existing?) Tibetan verb, and they needed to disambiguate. [2] Bon texts frequently use this word in the sense of destruction and negation (Namgyal Nyima). See the next entry.

•BSKAL BA [1] obstructed. OT = bar chod pa. [2] far removed, distant. = rgyang ring ba. Blaṅ 303.5. An example of usage in which it means something like 'distant, absent, removed, cut off [from something]' is found in Lde'u 190. Dorji Wangchuk's blog, entry for Oct. 28, 2012, gives examples from Rong-zom-pa. [3] to cleanse. = bkru. Lcang-skya.

•BSKAL MES MTSHO BSKAMS dus mtha'i mes rgya mtsho sogs bskams pa. Utpal 34.4.

•BSKU SGYU Btsan-lha.

•BSKU MNYE The 'Kumnye' of the Nyingma center in California. Actually means 'massage,' mainly as a form of medical treatment. For a historical foot massage, see BD of T&TB I 269. Zhi-byed Coll. II 344.5.

•BSKU MNYE DRIL PHYI Btsan-lha. DCD 71.

•BSKUNG BA chung ngu. Dbus-pa no. 682.

•BSKUNGS bskungs shing ni mthong thos med pa'i gnas su sbas pa. Utpal 35.1.

•BSKUM lag bskum ni lag pa tshur bskum pa. Utpal 33.2.

•BSKUMS PA Btsan-lha. For the 'crouching' of a lion. Flick, Carrying Enemies 62-3.

•BSKUR BA Btsan-lha. 'phrin 'gan dbang bskur ni gzhan la 'phrin bskur ba dang gzhan la las kyi 'gan bskur ba dang bum chus dbang bskur ba lta bu. Utpal 33.3. lus kyi 'gan bskur dbang dang phrin sogs bskur. Khyung-sprul 18. bskur bar mi byed / khas mi len pa. Dbus-pa no. 080. DCD 71.

•BSKUR BA'I SPANG BA DCD 71-72.

•BSKUL chos la bskul ni gzhan chos lam du bsgyur ba byas pa. Utpal 33.4. Translated as 'beaten' rather than 'urged' in Hahn, TSD 54.

•BSKUS bskus ni byug zin ba'i 'das tshig. Utpal 33.2.

•BSKOR GYIS BSKOR don du bskor gyis bskor na zhes pa / don hril gyis dril na zhes pa'am / don mdor bsdus na. 367 II 129.6.

•BSKOR 'GRUL yul bskor ba'i 'grul bzhud. Nomads 232.

•BSKOR BA For Islamic sinistral circumambulation & discussion of same, see Humanitas Religiosa 36. See discussion in Huber, Pure Crystal 13. EoB VII 252.

•BSKOS As a group of deities, they are the assigned arbiters who distinguish true from false, etc. See Blondeau in Karmay, New Horizons 258.

•BSKOS THOB assignment. Karmay, Treasury.

•BSKOS PA [1] appointed [as king, etc.]. rgyal sar bskos ni rgyal po'i sras khri 'don byas te rgyal sar mnga' gsol ba lta bu. Utpal 35.4. [2] = bskos thang, the orders or influence of former Karma. MTTP.

•BSKYA skyed. Gces 585.5.

•BSKYA BA Btsan-lha.

•BSKYANGS NAS OT = dor nas. 367 II 127.1. bskyangs ni bka' drin dang byams brtses bskyangs pa lta bu. Utpal 35.2.

•BSKYAD DU Namdak. Btsan-lha.

•BSKYAD DU MI TSHUGS PA Btsan-lha. bskyad du mi tshugs bskyad du med gnyis 'dra. Khyung-sprul 18.

•BSKYAD DU MED PA dpag tu med pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSKYAD PA OT = bsad pa'i 'gren pa. Blaṅ 294.6. bsad pa'am 'gran pa Btsan-lha. zad pa. Dbus-pa no. 395. = bsad pa. Lcang-skya.

•BSKYABS 'jigs bskyabs ni 'jigs shing skrag pa'i gnas las bskyabs pa. Utpal 35.1.

•BSKYAMS PA Btsan-lha. DCD 72. bskyams pa ni logs su bskyar ba'am gnas su bskyal ba. Utpal 34.5. ja sogs bskyams grub bskyam. Khyung-sprul 18.

•BSKYAR fut. of skyor. 'rehearsal.' Klong-chen-pa 12.7; Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 322.4.

•BSKYAR ZHUS PA a type of proofreader. Arch. of TB 126.

•BSKYAR GZHI Achard, L'Essence 148.

•BSKYAS 'PHO Btsan-lha. 'pho bskyas ni gnas gcig tu mi sdod pa yul gzhan du 'pho ba. Utpal 35.2. bskyas 'pho shi dang grong pa las sogs 'gro. Khyung-sprul 18.

•BSKYI nor bskyi ni ja dngul sogs kyi nor gzhan las bkyi ba. Utpal 33.4. nor sogs bskyis zin bskyi bya. Khyung-sprul 19.

•BSKYI GNYA' Btsan-lha. g.yar ba. DCD 72.

•BSKYI G.YA' BA to be terrified.

•BSKYINGS PA Btsan-lha.

•BSKYIN PA bskyin pa 'jal.

•BSKYIMS PA Btsan-lha.

•BSKYIL chu bskyil ni chu 'khyil bcug pa. Utpal 34.5. chu sogs bskyil zin bskyil bya bskyil bar bya. Khyung-sprul 19.

•BSKYIS PA loans. Dotson, D&L 52, 69.

•BSKYUNG BA = chung ngu. Lcang-skya.

•BSKYUNGS See bcom bskyungs. Blaṅ 302.4. bskyungs ni 'jig rten gyi bya ba spang ba'am mi byed pa bsdus pa lta bu. Utpal bskyungs dang bskyungs zin bya ba nyung btang brda'. Khyung-sprul 19. DCD 69.

•BSKYUD PA OT = brjed pa. Blaṅ 288.3. Dbus-pa no. 159. Lcang-skya. brjed pa'i bskyud ni sngar shes pa phyis brjed nas ma dran pa. Utpal 36.2. bskyud pa'i brjed pa las 'phro gtor. Khyung-sprul 19.

•BSKYUD BYANG recollective notes. Karmay, Great Perfection 163.

•BSKYUR rkyang bskyur ni rgyang bsring nas bzhag pa'am thag ring du bskyur ba bya ba. Utpal 35.3. lus bskyur. Khyung-sprul 19.

•BSKYEG PA Btsan-lha.

•BSKYED sems bskyed ni byang chub mchog tu sems bskyed pa lta bu rgya bskyed ni rgya che ba bskyed pa'am bcug pa. Utpal 36.1.

•BSKYED BSKYED mi ro la lud bskyed bskyed ni / mi shi ba'i ro 'di zhing la lud skyel skyel ltar mngon sum du skyel bar byed pa... 367 I 242.3.

•BSKYED DU MED PA As ex. of an irreg. Old Tantra term, corresponding to 'gran zla med pa, see the work of Dge-rtse in Rnying Rgyud 1973 XXXVI 455.

•BSKYED PA Stein.

•BSKYED BYA Tshad Rig.

•BSKYED RDZOGS Nomads 258.

•BSKYED RIM sbyang bya'i gzhi dus kyi skye 'chi bar do gsum po sbyong byed sku gsum gyi lam khyer bsgoms pa'i stobs kyis sgo gsum tha mal gyi snang zhen las ldog pa'i gsang sngags kyi lam zhig. Gser Sbram 109.

•BSKYO BA g.yo ba. Dbus-pa no. 607.

•BSKYOD mi bskyod ni mi g.yo ba sgul bskyod med pa. Utpal 35.4. gnas nas bskyod dang zhabs bskyod. Khyung-sprul 19.

•BSKYON PA [1] (Dbus) = byed pa, to do. MTTP. [2] mount (something or someone on a riding animal). bzhon pa. Gces 587.3. rtar bskyon ni rta'i gong du bzhag pa. Utpal 34.1. rta la bskyon. Khyung-sprul 19.

•BSKYOS PA Btsan-lha. 'thab 'dzings. 'khrug pa slong ba. DCD 72.

•BSKRAD bgegs phyir bskrad pa lta bu. Utpal 34.2.

•BSKRAD PA Skt. pravrājanīya (Pāli pabbājanīya). In Vinaya, a formal act of expelling a member from the saṅgha. Mvy. 8644. Generally translated as 'banishment.' gnas nas bskrad. Khyung-sprul 19.

•BSKRAD GZIR Skorupski, TA.

•BSKRU BA OT = gzhan la thabs kyis 'bred pa. Blaṅ 302.2. bskru ni sprangs pos zas slong ba bskyed cing. Utpal 34.3. Occurs as an odd spelling for dku: mchi ma bskru zhing ba spu ldang. Eimer, Testimonia 53. = gzhan la thabs kyis 'brad pa. Lcang-skya.

•BSKRUN PA OT = bskyed pa. = btsugs pa. Blaṅ 302.2. bskrun ni rgyu las 'bras bu bskyed cing bskrun pa'am gsar du bskyed pa'am btsugs pa'ang bskrun pa yin. Utpal 34.3. [bskru] bksrun bskyed dam // btsugs pa'i don dang zas la bskru ba [slong ba dang] bskrus. Khyung-sprul 19.

*KHA*

•KHA [1] mouth [human and animal]. DD illus. 17. Deriv. from Skt. mukha, acc. to Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 9. [2] opening of a vessel [bowl, pitcher, vase, wound]. [3] frontward direction. [4] shore. [5] surface, top [of a table]. [6] statement. [7] age of an animal. [8] [cloth] measurement. It means a 'square' of cloth, which of course varies in side depending on the width of the cloth when it comes from the loom. [9] = kha sang kha'i nyi ma. 'der gestrige Tag' Kaschewsky 82. unmittelbar bevor. Kaschewsky2. [10] a 'secret' way of saying 'five,' used by gamblers. Norbu, Drung 229, n. 65. [11] Skt. vaktra (?). N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37. [12] A type of deer, perhaps the Tibetan red deer. The male, female and fawn are called kha po, kha mo, and khe'u chung respectively. Bellezza, D&B 64.

•KHWA dpya khral. Btsan-lha. fines. Dotson, D&L 50, 51. A type of tax in OT times, its details unknown. Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko 67 (2009) 89-108, at p. 94. Tax (generally of rain). Dotson, OTA glossary.

•KHA'U A kind of stone. Btsan-lha 54.

•KHA DKAR lit.: white mouths, unidentified people of Arunachal Pradesh. Sources.

•KHA SKONG kha ma tshang ba bkang ba. Utpal 30.4.

•KHA SKONG 'OS PA'I 'OS CHOS DCD 73.

•KHA SKYENGS PA embarassment, shame. yang chos shig la zin bris mdzad pas / rjes gzigs nas bka' skyon che ba zhig byung nas / shin tu kha skyengs pa zhig byung gsung. [Once Gtsang pa Rgya ras said about that time with his teacher:] Once I made notes on a teachings and the Lord saw it, and gave me a scolding. This was such a great embarassment. 24 I 409.3.

•KHA SKRANGS See dwa ba.

•KHA BSKONG appendix. Kazi.

•KHA KHA BRGYUD PA kha na kha la brgyud pa. Gces 584.2. kha nas kha la. Btsan-lha.

•KHA KHU SIM PO (sp?) quiet.

•KHA KHYER (architectural, and as part of mandala) veranda, balcony (but with still other meanings, such as things that are walled all around). Beyer 265, 268. Skt. vedikā. Mvy. no. 4358.

•KHA KHRA lit.: striped mouths. unidentified people of Arunachal Pradesh. Sources.

•KHA MKHAS smooth talk. Used in Ding-ri Brgya-rtsa. See Yisun & RY.

•KHA MKHRIS TM IV 105.

•KHA 'KHUN dbugs ring po shor ba. Gces 586.5. Btsan-lha.

•KHA GYON 'GO MTSHAL a vermillion-colored, kaftan-like coat with greenish-blue lining worn over the rgyan bzhi robe by the chang rgyab pa. Velm I 132.

•KHA GRANGS Stein.

•KHA RGYAN [1] the 'stopper' for a ritual vase made with peacock feather etc. used for sprinkling. 'sprinkler.' Gyalzur, Spells. Stearns, SR 90.

•KHA SGOR Aris, Discourse 17.

•KHA NGAG Also, kha dngags. Btsan-lha.

•KHA NGAN GTONG jmdn. schmähen, jmdm. üble, Worte an den Kopf werfen. Kretsch.

•KHA DNGAGS = kha ngag. = kha bshad. BBNP 483.

•KHA RNGO BA opportune, favourable (?). Coblin in TH&L 89.

•KHA CIG some [unnamed persons say...]. Evidently a disguised (meaning Tibetanized) borrowing from Skt. kaścid, which has the same meaning. Synonyms: la la, 'ga' zhig.

•KHA BCAMS PA Btsan-lha.

•KHA BCUD See cu gang.

•KHA BCOL 367 I 235.

•KHA 'CHAM PA kha 'thun pa. Gces 583.3.

•KHA CHU [1] the thin surface layer of paint in a pot. Jackson. [2] lug bal gyi dwangs ma. Nomads 232. [3] spittle, saliva. Hill, Aspirated 485.

•KHA CHU CHUS BYUNG Btsan-lha. It literally means spittle that comes with the water. A kind of boot that supplies protection from snake poison that contaminates water, and then goes into plants (this explains its name). DCD 73.

•KHA CHEN Btsan-lha.

•KHA CHOD 'cover' of tea dish. Hon.: zhal chod. Schmied 205.

•KHA CHOS Mouth Dharma. rgyud la nyams myed myed par kha chos su song. Zhi-byed Coll. II 231.5. chos la kha chos / lta ba 'dod kha / nyams myong yid smon. Zhi-byed Coll. II 316.7.

•KHA MCHU lawsuit, litigation; the broader sense of: quarrel, strife, dispute, is not known in Bhutan. Sources. an official legal case, a dispute. French, Yoke 123.

•KHA 'CHAM agreement, accord.

•KHA RJE See under khar rje.

•KHA NYEN Btsan-lha.

•KHA RNYONGS Btsan-lha.

•KHA TA gsung gros. Gces 581.6. Namdak. = kha brda (?). nyan mid kyi kha ta 'tshang re che. 602 13v.5. bcas bcos kha ta byas ma lang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 515.5. bla ma chos skur ma go na // rang chos skur rtogs pa kha ta yin. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 40.5.

•KHWA TA Stein. See kha da. crow. eternal enemy of the owl. Jamspal, Treasury 4, 99. See also Hahn, TSD 64: "Look how a crow has kindled and burnt a cave filled with many owls!" There is an interesting article in which the old Turkic concept of Qut is related to the crow. See N. Bogenbayev, et al., "Symbolic Image of Kut in the Ancient Turkic's Worldview," Life Science Journal 11 no 10 (2014) 615-619, PDF.

•KHA TA'I rbad kham che ba. 367 I 234.

•Bdud bon KHA TA GRENG YUG Bellezza, L&T 52.

•KHA ṬAṂ GA See ha shig.

•KHA TWAM GA Skt. khatvanga (khaṭvāṅga). This word may be the original for the English word 'cot' (see Hobson Jobson entry). A remarkable damascened example illus. in Essen Catalog 519. David Brick, On the Origins of the Khaṭvāṅga Staff, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol 132, no. 1 (2012), pp. 31-39.

•KHA TI Some kid of fabric that comes in bolts. HS LV 203.1.

•KHA TO MU TO Samdo A V 258v.3.

•KHA TON 'DON PA kha ton klog pa DCD 73.

•KHA TON ZHU BA DCD 73.

•KHA GTAD opponent in a court case. French, Yoke 309.

•KHA GTOGS Btsan-lha.

•KHA BTAGS some types: nang mdzod (of fine silk), a she (of coarse silk), mdzod she (of ordinary cloth). Used for many purposes, including for guiding the souls of the dead; 'way-cloths' used in funerals in many Himalayan communities. Ramble in Mandala & Landscape 220, n. 66. Different types discussed in Precious Deposits V 167 (it places their origin in one that 'Phags-pa brought from his meeting with Khubilai). "sngon rgya gar 'phags pa'i yul du ras kyi kha tshar phul nas sems bskyed pa byung ba mdo sde bskal bzang sogs las gsungs pa / de'i mtshon don nam de'i rgyun da lta'i dus su'ang kha btags zer ba'am mjal dar zer ba zhig dkon mchog la phul ba dang / mi la ster pa'i lugs srol lung pa mang po la yod."

•KHA BTAGS PA to get annihilated, meaning largely or entirely slain. Yisun. Example of usage in Lde'u 69.

•KHA BTAGS LEN n. of a horseback riding feat, in which one picks up a khatag from the ground.

•KHA LTA RKYANG PA 'simply surface view' (prob. = opaque surface view of reality). Phag-mo-gru-pa, Gold Ms. II 276r.6, III 98r.4. See kha lta can. kha lta rkyang pa'i rjes su ma 'brangs par. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 576.1. las rgyu 'bras la nges shes skyes tsam na // chos byar med kyi kha lta yang rdzun por gda' // 'brug char med kyi kha lta rkyang pa la // blo gtad 'dug gam mi 'dug soms. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 309.1.

•KHA LTA CAN People who have superficial philosophies (denying karma and its results). Samdo A III 311v.5. See kha lta rkyang pa, nag po kha 'byams.

•KHA STABS Stein.

•KHA STOMS Btsan-lha.

•KHA BSTAMS PA Btsan-lha. DCD 73.

•KHA THAG nyams thag. Dbus-pa no. 687.

•KHA THAM a 'sealing expression' noticed once in Zhi-byed Coll. Oddly enough, this closely resembles an Arabic word for 'seal,' khitām or khatm (it was borrowed into Persian, which would be a more likely source for an Indic usage).

•KHA THAR GYIS BTSUGS PA Btsan-lha.

•KHA THI DING PHON Essen Catalog 61. A kind of brocade evidently. In Cüppers, Remarks, this is understood to be two different types of luxury textiles, ka thi and ding phon.

•KHA THON Btsan-lha. DCD 74.

•KHA MTHUN PA'I RGYUD See under cha mthun pa'i rgyud.

•KHA 'THON herauskommen, auftauchen, sich erheben. Kretsch.

•KHA DA 4 123B.1. = kha ta. 'Rat.' Kaschewsky2.

•KHA ḌA KA See ka bed.

•KHA DAG nyam thag. Lcang-skya.

•KHA DAR = kha btags, silk presentation scarves. MTTP. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 150.

•KHA DAR BA sich vermehren, sich ausbreiten. Kretsch.

•KHA DIR See sing lding.

•KHA DUM PA OT = 'chams pa. = mthun pa. Blaṅ 306.1. DCD 74.

•KHA DUR srab kyi kha dur ni srab 'thur. Dpe-chos 511.

•KHA DOG 'GRO = khang stod (steng) 'gro. 'I am going upstairs.' Kuijp (1986) 35.

•KHA DONG KHA Also, ga dong kha. An attempt to spell Skt. khatvaṅga. Eleven Deeds 13r.3-4 (spelled kha ṭaṃ at 13r.2).

•KHA DOR Btsan-lha.

•KHA DRAG Stein. 367 I 238. strong mouth, harsh words, haughty [one]. Occurs in Ding ri brgya rtsa with meaning of haughtiness.

•KHA GDANGS GDANGS mit geöffnetem Mund. Kaschewsky 82.

•KHA MDANGS Aris, Discourse 17.

•KHA BDE PO one who is able to persuade in a convincing and clever manner. eloquent, talkative, loquacious.

•KHA MDA' 'PHOG Namdak.

•KHA 'DAM (Gtsang) = gdam ka, choice, election. MTTP.

•KHA 'DA' See khan da. bu ram gyis kha 'da' nyo'am, "Would you buy khanda in place of brown sugar?" Zhi-byed Coll. II 347.1.

•KHA BRDA See kha ta.

•KHA NA MA THO BA Btsan-lha. Interpreted as: kha nas thon mi thub pa. DCD 74. Sins so bad they cannot be spoken about.

•KHA NA MA THO BA GNYIS bcas pa'i kha na ma tho ba dang / rang bzhin gyi kha na ma tho ba'o. 600 5.

•KHA NA MED Stein.

•KHA NA RI YA bye'u, a birdy (but this sure looks like the word 'canary'; the name of the bird derives from the Canary Islands!). Nomads 232.

•KHA NAG lit.: black mouths. the Aka people of Arunachal Pradesh. Sources.

•KHA NAG PA darker (colored). Jackson.

•KHA NAD SRZT 75.

•KHA NE KHO NE (deriv. from khon, to hate). = khan khon. reluctantly, dawdling. Soundings 25.

•KHA PAR telephone. Acc. to Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet," this word had come into use by the time of the 13th Dalai Lama's visit to India, and telephones had been installed in some offices in Lhasa by the early 1920's.

•KHA PO [1] Stein. thabs lam gyi kha po che ba kun. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 483.2. [2] Male of a deer species. Bellezza, D&B 64. [3] See kha pho.

•KHA DPYA Btsan-lha. DCD 74.

•KHA SPU facial hair. Yisun says it is synonym with sma ra.

•KHA SPU CAN Those with facial hair, an epithet for Indians.

•KHA SPUB Btsan-lha.

•KHA SPON Btsan-lha. kha sbon, = kha ton. Lcang-skya.

•KHA SPYA Btsan-lha. DCD 74.

•KHA SPRIS spris ma. Nomads 232.

•KHA SPROD join together two openings in order to close something, as especially a charm box, a treasure casket, but also in one case a copper funerary casket. Lde'u 245, 336.

•KHA PHUNG NGE BA See 'od zer kha phung nge ba.

•KHA PHO boasting. Prahlerei, Geschwältz. Kaschewsky2. kha pho dang sna pho sgrogs shing 'gro. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) III 497.3 (also, 498.5). False boast. An angry expression in which the upper teeth bite into the lower lip. Yisun.

•KHA PHO CAN kha skyag pa. Gces 584.4

•KHA PHO ZLO kha pho zlo ste ni kha shom byed pa'o. Dpe-chos 511.

•KHA PHOR Trinkschale. ZAS VII 474. Stein.

•KHA PHYIN PA OT = gros mthun pa. Blaṅ 305.6.

•KHA PHYIR LTAS external orientation (or superficial view). Dreyfus, Sound 273.

•KHA PHRU the spray (of water from the mouth), a kind of ritual spitting used for blessing objects and persons. Samdo A V 225v.6. The practice is well known in Daoist ritual, but can be observed here and there in Tibet as well.

•KHA 'PHYID to feed oneself NNV.

•KHA BA [1] snow. [2] bitter. [3] coffee. See tig ta. That the meanings of 'snow' and 'bitter' may cause confusion, see Hahn, VG 408.

•KHA BA'I PHYE MA DG 146.3.

•KHA BA SRAM A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293.

•KHA BAG Btsan-lha.

•KHA BANG See khal bang.

•KHA BABS somewhat old (down in the mouth?). TS7 I 192.

•KHA BON Btsan-lha. = kha spon.

•KHA BYA (obs.) old oral report (used by a historian). See Yisun.

•KHA BYANG guide. Karmay, Treasury. Stein. a ledger or listing (of books and the like). Lde'u 327.

•KHA BYAD facial appearance, facial proportions. Lde'u 294, 295. But note that the parallel in Bka' chems ka khol ma [ed. 1989], p. 299, has cha byad, not kha byad.

•KHA BRID lured by food (fishing term). Jamspal, Treasury 80.

•KHA BROD Btsan-lha.

•KHA BLAN TE kha blan te ni khe 'then te zhes par 'jug. Eimer, Dbyangs 58.

•KHA 'BAR BA See se rgod.

•KHA 'BUB adv. face down [on a pillow]. C&LT 167.

•KHA 'BYAMS dry thinking about the infinity of words. Germano in JIABS 17 no. 2 (1994) 300. See also Yisun. bag of hot air. Ehrhard in TS5 56-58 (he says this phrase is not in the Sba-bzhed). In the phrase: nag po kha 'byams bdud kyi lta ba. Seems to be similar in meaning to kha lta can, etc. rtog pa kha 'byam gyis sgro 'dogs myi chod pa yin te. Zhi-byed Coll. II 238.4. rtogs pa kha 'byams myi rten pa. Ibid. II 390.7. de kho na nyid shes rab go yul du shor ba rtogs pa kha 'byam gyi bar chod. Zhi-byed Coll. V 381.6. stong stong po gcig kho na bsgoms pas gol sa che la rgyu 'bras khyad du gsod la nag po kha 'jam du song nas ngan song du 'gro ba'i nyen yang che la. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 394.5. I think the etymology suggests "opaque superficiality" or a worldview limited to the opaque surfaces of things without depth perceptions.

•KHA RBAD CHE Btsan-lha.

•KHA RBU kha lbu? mouth froth? bla ma ba dzra kro ta'i kyi khu la sdig 'dzub phyar bas kha rbu lhad la shi. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 159.6. A parallel text reads kha sbub, 'turned upside down.'

•KHA SBON kha ton. Dbus-pa no. 451.

•KHA SBYOR as in: rlung kha sbyar, it means to hold the breath.

•KHA SBYOR joining of two rims or 'mouths,' as for example the two halves of a reliquary box.

•KHA SBYOR YAN LAG BDUN LDAN longs spyod rdzogs sku kha sbyor yan lag bdun ldan ni / longs spyod rdzogs pa'i yan lag / kha sbyor gyi yan lag / bde ba chen po'i yan lag / rang bzhin med pa'i yan lag / snying rjes yongs su gang ba'i yan lag / rgyun mi 'chad pa'i yan lag / 'gog pa med pa'i yan lag rnams so // bdun tshan las brtsams pa'i rab tu byed pa ste drug pa'o. 600 99. Stearns, TRP 264.

•KHA MA BSGYUR BA'I GOS GYON PA'I LTUNG BYED DCD 74.

•KHA MA DAN PA Btsan-lha.

•KHA MA BUD BLO GDENG MI KHEL BA Btsan-lha.

•KHA DMAR [1] 'red mouth.' Sticking skewers through the cheeks. Nagano in Karmay, New Horizons 585. [2] to explain the results of the calculations. rtsis kyi 'bras bshad. Nomads 232. [3] A different explanation, 'prognosis/diagnosis' is offered in Ferdinand Meyer, Théorie et pratique de l'examen des pouls dans un chapitre du rGyud-bzhi, contained in: T. Skorupski, ed., Indo‑Tibetan Studies, The Institute of Buddhist Studies (Tring 1990), pp. 209-256, p. 211. Yoeli-Tlalim, TMA 235. 'definitive pronouncement' [of a doctor], in BHBW 385. prognosis. Yangga's dissert., p. 375. [4] 'red notch.' A type of woodslip for communicating a judicial decision (one that is not a simple yes-no decision, but has special discussions attached to it). Dotson, D&L 35.

•KHA TSAR =kha tshar. (cloth) fringing. Btsan-lha. DCD 74-75.

•KHWA TSI This has something to do with making oil from mustard seed. Samdo A V 23r.4.

•KHA RTSE trident. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 227.

•KHA TSHA BA See dwa ba.

•KHA TSHANG name of a stage in yak's life (7th year). Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 38.

•KHA TSHAR [1] = rim bzhin gdags pa. additional. Karmay, Treasury. [2] fringe [on a cloth]. 'fringe.' Goldstein. The ras kyi kha tshar frequently occurs in sūtras as a [relatively low-price, but not insignificant] offering item. [3] 'minor ingredients in a medicinal mixture.' I.e., all the medicines in a compound other than the main ones contained in the medical prescription books. These may be added in specific circumstances at the discretion of the doctor, of course. snam bu thags zin pa'i kha tshar 'go rtsom pa'i phun tshar gnyis. Chödag. Text 8. Gerke, SLT 125.

•KHA TSHAS Btsan-lha.

•KHA TSHO Btsan-lha, with synonyms kha shob & 'ud gtam, meaning empty boasting or exaggerations, swagger. kha tsho sna tsho ci 'dra yang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 250.5.

•KHA 'TSHOS Btsan-lha.

•KHA 'DZIN Bevormundung (tutelage, patronizing treatment). Kretsch. overseer. Karmay, Treasury. Stein. Hilfe. Kaschewsky2. blandishment, partisanship, overlordship? advocacy? bdag 'dzin gyi kha 'dzin thong. Zhi-byed Coll. II 160.7. myi chos kyi kha 'dzin thong. Zhi-byed Coll. II 443.7. ngo bo rgyud la skye ba dang kha 'dzin dang bral ba dus mnyam. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 42.3. Said to mean 'respond to the wishes' by Holler in TS9 II 214.

•KHA ZHAG foam (of a lake). Norbu, Drung 110.

•KHA ZHAN gtam ngan. Gces 584.5.

•KHA ZHABS Stein.

•KHA ZHING For: kha zheng. Bereich, Ausdehnung. Kaschewsky2.

•KHA ZHE bsod nams, 'byor pa. Nomads 233.

•KHA ZHEN che chung ngam kha shas. Gces 584.1. Btsan-lha.

•KHA ZUNGS See under rwa rnyi.

•KHA ZUR LW 456.

•KHA ZLUM sgom pa kha zlum: 'aimless meditation.' Thondup, BM 352 n. 103.

dpyi'i KHA GZAR DD illus.6.

•KHA BZANG — Bellezza, L&T 89.

•KHA YA [1] thought. Borrowing from Urdu. Francke, Antiquities II 146. [2] a reply, response. [3] close attention (to a guest), hospitality, entertaining [a guest]. [4] pair, rival.

•KHA YAN MU YAN kha ral sna ral te bag yangs ci dgar btang ba'i don no. Dpe-chos 509. Btsan-lha. DCD 74.

•KHA YAR = kha yar ba. few, scattered. each, one by one. Karmay, Treasury. Zhi-byed Coll. II 212.1. bsrubs mdo' lung du las can kha yar la gdam ngag gleng slangs su gsungs pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. II 396.7.

•KHA YEL open spout (a level of the sky in an archaic cosmology). See under steng mer.

•KHA G.YAR BA mouth borrowing. Giving the name of someone else to deflect blame for one's own actions (ex.: to write a book under someone else's name). False attribution of authorship, as in pseudepigraphy.

•KHA G.YER Btsan-lha.

•KHA G.YOGS to be blamed for something that is not one's fault. Epstein, Dissertation 124.

•KHA RA Btsan-lha.

•KHA RAG kha legs pa. Gces 582.4. Btsan-lha.

•KHA RAN Skt. vedikā. Mvy. no. 4358.

•KHA RAL SNA RAL See under kha yan mu yan.

•KHA RING Btsan-lha. kha sang. DCD 75.

•KHA RU TSHWA a mineral salt. JD 65. SS 431.1. TM I 51; IV 63. See Clifford, list. Halitum violaceum. =ma lo ṇa, smin tshwa. Rin 150.

•KHA RU MUS Aris, Discourse 31.

•KHA RUB PA mang po gros kha mthun pa.

•KHA RE MED PA Stein.

KHA ROG kha kha sdad pa. Gces 581.6. T&BS I 342. kha rog sdod pa, to stay quiet. Samdo A III 108r.2. dam pa'i zhal nas / kha rog myi tshugs par bdud tsi myi la gter ba'i [~ster ba'i] myi la skyid myed gsung [seems to be a small mistake in this sentence...]. Zhi-byed Coll. II 8.6.

•KHA LA KHYER Stein.

•KHA LAG food, meal. It is very unlikely that the modern Lhasa meaning of kha lag (hon. zhal lag) as food existed in Classical Tibetan. I think in those times it meant [deportment/behavior of] mouth and hand or even just verbal and bodily performance. Some think modern word kha lag is influenced by Indic khana that does mean food. I searched both TBRC and OTDO. In OTDO I located only one use of kha lag, and it appears from context to mean that mouth and hand (statement and deed) are to be in agreement, which is to say: not to say one thing and do another. An example was noticed in the Gling grags history of Bon. Note also Stein.

byis pa KHA LANG BA SRZT 121.

•KHA LAN Stein. answer, negative response to a negative statement, thanks [for things received].

•KHA LAS bya ba lam du 'gro ba. Nomads 233.

•KHA LAS CHE kha'i bya ba che ste dka' las sam. Gces 588.3.

•KHA LUNG Skt. bījapūraka. Citrus medica. See H.W. Bailey in BSOAS 20 (1957) 51.

•KHA LE 367 I 237.

•KHA LE KHO LE (deriv. from khol, to boil). hurriedly. Soundings 25.

•KHA LE crooked mouth. A type of heart disease is called snying nad kha le nag po. Yangga's dissert., p. 203.

•KHA LE BA Btsan-lha. grimey and dangling?

•KHA LO SGYUR BA helmsman, charioteer.

•KHA LO BSGYUR MI ruler. Sources.

•KHA LO BA a kind of grazing scout, who first drives the animals up into the mountains. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 37.

•KHA LONGS PA a problematic phrase used by Rong-zom-pa in Almogi, MA thesis 213 n. 453.

•KHA SHA [1] snow deer (this being the literal translation of the two syllables). Velm I 64. Norbu, Drung 263, n. 76. = sgra sgrogs pa. JD 231. SS 497.4. Ramble in RET XV 499 translates it as "sambar deer (?)." [2] A kind of fine cotton cloth. See Aris, Discourse 25.

•KHA SHWA Dagyab.

•KHA SHOG PA See thang phrom dkar po g.yung ba.

•KHA BSHAGS kha brda' 'am lan. Gces 583.5. Btsan-lha.

•KHA BSHAL Mouthwashing. Samdo A IV 245r.4.

•KHA SA KON NE bya kha sa kon ne lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 272.2.

•KHA SANG [1] yesterday. [2] awhile back, not long ago.

•KHA SAR Stearns, TRP 299.

•KHA SI Kashmiri word for doctor. Gerke, PT 14.

•KHA SING "yesterday." Kuijp (1986) 35.

•KHA SUG (Dbus) = skabs shig, for a while, for a moment. MTTP.

•KHA SUR date (the tree fruit). Dhongthog 96. Same meaning in Lonely Planet Phrasebook.

•KHA SO 367 I 239.

•KHA SRAN CHUNG NGU Also, kha sral chung ngu. Skt. valla. Mvy. no. 5668. Dolichos lablab, the climbing bean. Another Skt. name is niṣpāva. It is grown in gardens, and is not a regular field crop. See Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 170 (no. 4). Monier-Williams says valla is a kind of wheat or 'winnowing corn,' while vallī is a creeping plant.

•KHA GSAG rnyed pa'i phyir gzhan nor la bsngags pa. Btsan-lha 154. bram no kha gsag che yang lkog mi thub. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 186.1. Hahn, EI 15.

•KHA GSAR a degree of newness, 'very new.' TS7 I 191.

•KHA GSAL BA brighter (color). Jackson.

•KHA GSUM TM IV 105.

•KHA GSOG GI GOS DCD 75.

•KHA BSO See discussion in Dotson, D&L 5, where he says it literally means 'to nourish mouths,' and therefore 'welfare,' although it may also relate to khab so in OTA etc., where it is usually understood broadly to mean 'revenue office.' Or, it may be an error for kha bsod, 'good fortune.' revenue office, revenue officer. Dotson, OTA glossary. This may well be the original spelling, but a search of OTDO reveals only one instance, but 10 instances of the spelling khab so.

•KHA BSOD See under kha bso.

•KHA BSRE BA one with whom one mixes one's mouth (people who may be trusted). Epstein, Dissertation 164.

•KHA HI RA See sing lding.

•KHA HRAG Btsan-lha. = kha dbrag.

•KHAG don dag. Gces 590.1. lug spyang gis bsad nas khag wa mo la byung ba (After the sheep is killed by the wolf, responsibility is sought with the fox). Ehrhard in Steinkellner Festschrift 129.

•KHAG KHUR khag dang khur. duties and burdens. Hence, responsibilities.

•KHWAG ZZ= kha. 'mouth' Bru II 291.1.

•KHWAGS shes pa tha mal la khwags bkog la dar chu zi cig blud de. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 9.7.

•KHANG [1] ZZ = 'jing ba. 'neck' or 'center'. Bru II 291.2. [2] a clan name. Btsan-lha.

•KHANG SKYONG *vihārapāla. Silk, Dissert. 237. Gatekeeper & janitor in the monastery. Silk, Dissert. 237.

•KHANG KHUNG rtsa ris dang khang khung gi sgo nas dngos grub kyi 'byung lugs dang. Zhi-byed Coll. I 188.5.

•KHANG CHEN 'great households' (meaning taxpaying land owners).

•KHANG CHEN GYI DGE 'DUN LHAG MA DCD 75-76.

•KHANG GNYER a kind of drafted labor tax, requiring that a village maintain a person at district headquarters to serve as district messenger. Goldstein, Taxation 12. khang pa'i ltag gnya' la. BBNP 482.

•KHANG TOG khang thog. Btsan-lha. DCD 75.

•KHANG LTAG (Khams) = khang rgyab, behind the house; uphill from the house. MTTP.

•KHANG STONG empty house. khang stong nang gi khyi kun 'di ni ltad mor che. Zhi-byed Coll. I 310.2. khang stong khyi'i spyod pa ltos. Zhi-byed Coll. I 325.6.

•KHANG PA'I DGE 'DUN LHAG MA DCD 75.

•KHANG PA BRTSEGS PA LNGA BRGYA PA DCD 75.

•KHANG BU = khang chung. BBNP 482.

•KHANG MING 'house names' referring to natal houses that took the place of clan names (moving from descent to residence as definitive). Dotson, Naming 3.

•KHANG ZHABS (Khams) = khang 'og, in front of the house, downhill from the house. MTTP.

•KHANGS SE KHANGS Berounsky in FBTB 102.

•KHAD [following the verb] Ex.: sleb la khad, 'ist beinahe angelangt') beinahe, fast. Kaschewsky 82. Bellezza, L&T 82.

•KHAD KYI OT = dal bu. Blaṅ 288.3. = rim gyis. 367 I 243.3. cf. khad kyis in Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 304.6. = dal bu. Lcang-skya.

•KHAD KYIS khad kyis btsugs nas zug pa ni kha gtad de zug pa'o. Dpe-chos 514. dal bus. Dbus-pa no. 160. = dal bu. Lcang-skya. adv. gradually, by degrees. C&LT 167.

•KHAD DE BA Btsan-lha.

•KHAN a kind of pith between bark and wood. Evidently derived from khan da.

•KHAN DA sman gyi khu ba gdus nas sbyin ltar dkag pa'i ming, "khan ṭa" zhes pa'i 'bri tshul gzhan zhig yin te. Skyer ba'i khan da / seng ldeng gi khan da zhes pa lta bu. Dag-yig. 'The boiled down pith between wood and bark.' See Kha 'da'. LW 456. concentrated decoction. Yangga's dissert., p. 250.

•KHAN 'DE khag po'am dka' las. Dpe-chos 516.

•KHAB [1] needle. For needles made to symbolize sword of Manjusri, see Havnevik, Dissertation 149. [2] palace, residence for royalty. [3] wife, bride, marriage.

•KHAB KHA point of the needle.

•KHAB KHOB = khab be khob be.

•KHAB GONG GZER attaching the needle to the lapel. See Goldstein, Taxation 24. bor zags med pa'i dpe. Yisun.

rtag dpyad KHAB MGO 'needle tipped.' a surgical probe. JD 272 (item 1). An instrument for checking if the cranium is cracked or not. Yisun.

•KHAB SGO Btsan-lha. outer gate, palace gate. DCD 76. There is an instance of usage in Bellezza, L&T 60.

•KHAB CHUN MA a young bride. Yisun.

•KHAB CHEN MA an elderly bride. Yisun.

•KHAB GTSAG RI MO This seems to be the current term for tattoo.

•KHAB RTSE GNYIS two-pointed needle, a metaphor used in Zhi-byed Coll. II 466.5, III 20.2.

•KHAB BZHES PA take [a royal] wife. Evidently the khab element is related to rgyal khab and not the word for 'needle'!

•KHAB RAN PA Btsan-lha.

•KHAB RAL khab snod. Dbus-pa no. 721. DCD 76. Lcang-skya. needle holder. See Mvy. 8972, where the Skt. is sūcīgṛhaka. See Kieschnick, Impact 141, where it is forbidden to make ivory needle holders for monks.

•KHAB RAL 'CHOS PA'I LTUNG BYED DCD 76.

•KHAB RIS Btsan-lha. DCD 77.

•KHAB LEN khab len rdo yis lcags rnams dbang du sdud. Zhi-byed Coll. I 272.3. rdo khab len de sa 'og tu sbed dgos. Ibid. I 460.4. lcags 'gug byed kyi rdo'i ming yin. Eimer, Dbyangs 55. = akni sta. JD 56. SS 403.5. DG 113.6. Jamspal, Treasury 3. bismuth. Simioli, AG 57. Gerke, SLT 127. Rin 70.

•KHAB SO [1] royal treasury. Yisun. [2] civil servants who had to levy taxes for the central government in imperial times. Helga Uebach, From Red Tally to Yellow Paper, RET (Oct. 2008) 58. Dotson, D&L 47. Lde'u 270. See under kha bso.

•KHAB SO GNANG CHE CAN Michael Willis's article "From World Religion to World Dominion," p. 250.

•KHAB SO 'O CHOG GI BLA Btsan-lha.

•KHABS [1] gdong sogs la chags pa'i gro thig. Yisun. [2] canopy [as part of a tent]. Bellezza, D&B 26.

•KHAM [1] a mouthful of food, a morsel (in context of giving food to a dog). Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 10, points out that, in Bengali, kham means a 'piece.' Samdo A V 139r.3. bod kyi chos pa 'di tsho la snying kham 'dug gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 308.1. sangs rgyas snying kham la res pas dgos dus su stabs gcog par 'ong ngo gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 309.4. [2] Prefixed to color terms, I'm tempted to translate it as "tawny" [colored]. [3] a volume-numbering mark (perhaps based on Chinese words for the fingers of the hand?). BKC 55. [4] Name of one of the eight trigrams, as transcribed from Chinese.

•KHAM BKONG Btsan-lha.

•KHAM CAN In the phrase log rtog kham can, 'very weird misconception.' Similar to ham can.

•KHAM CHE Used a number of times in Zhi-byed Coll. V 169.1 ff. Compare the negative form of this, kham ma che.

•KHAM CHEN Also, kham po che, kham che, and kham chung. Stein.

•KHAM PA clay, kaolin. LW 520. Sørensen, TBH 248. tawny colored, brownish red.

•KHAM PA'I STENG DU NGAD the fragrance of the roof (said to mean soot). Simioli, AG 60.

•KHAM PO CHE Btsan-lha.

•KHAM PHOR = rdza phor. Yisun. srang ka'i kham phor bya ba zin nas 'dug. Zhi-byed Coll. I 276.1. a sipping (mouthful) bowl.

•KHAM BU JD 101. SS 524.4. kham 'bu. KP1 169.2. = a shu. Two types: ri kham, klung kham. DG 211.3. KP3 306.3. KP4 489.5. Mdo 51. Apricot. Prunus armeniaca. TDD 149. =rgya kham. peach. CTEV 28.

•KHAM BU RAG SHA Mdo 53.

•KHAM MA CHE Evans-Wentz, in polishing the translation of the Ding-ri Brgya-rtsa, translates this as 'the worst hypocrisy.' PD says it means 'don't exaggerate, don't overrate, don't be arrogant.' Very literally, it means don't take too big bites (or mouthfuls).

•KHAM TSHIG apricot pit. Also used as a unit of measure, in which 6 of them are equivalent to one walnut.

•KHAM SHING cherry. Dhongthog 64.

•KHAM SHIS Btsan-lha.

•KHAM SA clay. Karmay, Treasury.

•KHAMS Tshad Rig.

•KHAMS BRGYAD eight mineral elements used in btso thal recipe. Gerke, SLT 127, with listing.

•KHAMS BCO BRGYAD Tshad Rig.

•KHAMS 'DUS khong khro ba. Btsan-lha.

•KHAMS 'DRI (Wohl)befinden. Kaschewsky2.

•KHAM 'BRAS (coll.) = kham bu, apricot. MTTP.

•KHAM MI KHUM MI (deriv. from khum pa, crumple). in a crumpled shape. Soundings 27.

•KHAMS DRUG sa'i khams / chu'i khams / me'i khams / rlung gi khams / nam mkha'i khams / rnam par shes pa'i khams so. 600 71. mngal skyes khams drug ni / rus pa / rkang / khu ba / sha / khrag / pags pa'o. 600 81.

•KHAMS 'DREN SBU GU = khams dkar 'dren pa'i sbu gu? DD illus 21. Literally this means the 'tube which conveys the white element (semen). The seminal vescicle.

•KHAMS PA dran med du brgyal ba. Btsan-lha.

•KHAMS MYOG PA Btsan-lha. DCD 77.

•KHAMS RMYA BA Btsan-lha.

•KHAMS TSHAN DCD 77.

•KHAMS KYI ZAS First of the four types of food in Abhidharma. Mvy. 2284. To follow the the Sanskrit the khams here ought to mean 'mouthfuls,' and therefore correctly spelled kham (A. Wayman, Untying the Knots, p. 362, note 9 makes this point) although apparently this correct spelling never occurs.

•KHAMS G.YAR Btsan-lha.

•KHAMS SAS Stein.

•KHAMS SENG LA 'GRO Stein.

•KHAMS GSUM three realms. The three realms (Desire, Form and Formless) of Buddhist cosmology. Klong-chen-pa 5.13. 'dod khams / gzugs khams / gzugs med kyi khams so. 600 10.

•KHAMS GSUM SA DGU See sa dgu. DCD 77.

•KHAR GO SOL word for 'stag.' Skt. eṇa. See Velm I 61 ff.

•KHAR RJE A cultural concept that is difficult to translate exactly, although I suggest 'honor' as one good option. It seems to carry with it the senses of strength and integrity, but also having what is one's due, social standing, merit etc. chos kyi khar rje ma log pas // gdam ngag je zab je zab song. Samdo A V 104r.3. For kha rje. Samdo A V 104r.3. Term listed in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 430. khar rje 'am ste dbang men de las khyad par can sngon du song bar thag bad kyis chod do. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 112.5. khar rje dang ste bang las byung ba ma yin te. Zhi-byed Coll. V 234.3. kha rjer mi gtad skyes bus rtsol ba 'bad. Flick, Carrying Enemies 39 (verse 1.10), where it is not recognized as a proper word. kha rje dang dbang thang bde legs ji snyed cig yod pa thams cad... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 102.3. dal ba 'byor pa 'phags lam bsgrub pa'i mi lus 'di mkhar rjes thob pa men no. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 51.1. khar rje 'am ste dbang men de las khyad par can sngon du song bar thag bad kyis chod do. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 112.5.

•KHAR TOR CHES BYUNG BA Btsan-lha.

•KHAR THUG straight.

•KHAR PHOG SNAR PHOG Lit., hit the mouth, hit the nose. Translated as 'harsh truths' in Thuken 159. See Yisun.

•KHAR TSANG "yesterday." Kuijp (1986) 35. Btsan-lha. DCD 77.

•KHAR TSAN O.T. Isn't this just meaning mkhar btsan, 'mighty fort'? But see Schaik, M&T 163. In OT texts used to describe Leng cu (Lanzhou), which was in fact a fortified walled city.

•KHAR ZAGS ? bla ma'i gdam ngag khar zags su myi gzhug pa'i brda' ru / zas zhim po zos nas myi skyug gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 170.2. See under zags.

•KHAR ṢHA PA ṆI See 'gron bu.

•KHAL Stein. a measure. Stearns, King 498 n. 359, says it's equivalent to about 25 to 30 pounds. See under phul. Cuevas, Travels 152 n 33: "Generally, a khal of barley weighs somewhere between 27 and 30 pounds and a khal of butter between 7 and 8 pounds."

•KHAL KHA GZUGS Costume worn by high-ranking officials. See Velm I 132. Illus. in Yisun.

•KHAL KHOL See under bya blo khal khol. bla ma'i byin brlabs ma zhugs na / nyams myong khal khol skyes kyang / sprin mthongs kyi nyi ma dang 'dra ste. Zhi-byed Coll. II 466.2.

•KHAL CA LE 367 I 235.

•KHAL BANG hat of black fox fur with red colored top worn by lower ranking officials. Velm I 132.

•KHAL BAN Stein.

•KHAS CHAD gtam pa. Nomads 233.

•KHAS 'CHES PA khas len pa. Btsan-lha. DCD 77.

•KHAS 'CHES PA'I DGE SLONG DCD 77.

•KHAS NYEN the poor and/or the powerless. Btsan-lha. DCD 77. Examples of usage in Lde'u 205, 223.

•KHAS MDAN Btsan-lha.

•KHAS BLANGS premise. In Vinaya, a part of monastic disciplinary procedures. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 227.

•KHAS BLANGS KYIS BSAL BA Tshad Rig.

•KHAS BLANGS PAS ZHI BA rtsod pa zhi byed kyi chos bdun gyi gras... DCD 77.

•KHAS MA HROL a kind of loin cover. Namdak, Bzo-rig 74.

•KHAS LEN CAN boastful. Jamspal, Treasury 42.

•KHAS RLABS Btsan-lha.

•KHING LOG Btsan-lha. Correct spelling should be kheng log.

•KHIN Chinese 5-stringed lute. Thuken 338. Guillaume Jacques has written to me that this must be a recent borrowing of the Ming or Qing dynasties, as it was gim in middle Chinese.

•KHU [1] g.yang. [2] a clan name. Btsan-lha. Yisun.

•KHU DKAR See ha shig.

•KHU KHU Perhaps a regional western Tibetan or endearing version of "a khu," or uncle? HS V 430.4.

•KHU 'KHRIG Btsan-lha. dogs pa. rnam rtog. DCD 77.

•KHU GUN "possibly a pronoun for the third person." Kuijp (1986) 35.

•KHU CO Btsan-lha.

•KHU CHAR Btsan-lha.

•KHU CHUNG Stein.

•KHU CHEN Although it literally means great uncle, it seems to be a rank of minister or the like. They could even be buried in the royal burial ground. Lde'u 377 et passim.

•KHU 'JO BA Btsan-lha.

•KHU LJO Btsan-lha. Problematic term in OTC, it is suggested it is equiv. to khul zho, 'cradle,' although it may mean a child-carrying basket.

•KHU RDUL Btsan-lha.

•KHU PA 'chag pa. Dbus-pa no. 041.

•KHU PHRIG Btsan-lha.

•KHU 'PHANG Stein. Stein says it means 'wet snow,' but Yisun says it is a kind of snow with a round shape (not hail, exactly).

•KHU 'PHRIG rnam rtog za ba'am brtag dpyad byed pa / khu 'phrig za ba. Chödag. sems kyi khu 'phrig de sel dgos. Zhi-byed Coll. II 22.2. sems la khu 'phrig ma sol ba'i myis the tsom gyi sgrog myi khrol. Ibid. II 237.6. bden pa res 'jog ma byed par sems la khu 'phrig zad du chug gsung. Ibid. II 197.6. sems la khu 'phrig zad pas lha myed 'dre myed du 'gro ba'i dus dang bzhi. Ibid. II 362.5. khu 'brig ni nyes pa'i rtsa ba yin pas. Zhi-byed Coll. V 148.4. Nine Ways 292.

•KHU BA [1] decoction, soup. [2] = 'chags pa. Lcang-skya. See khu pa.

•KHU BA'I SNYING PO See nye shing.

•KHU BA 'BYIN PA'I DGE 'DUN LHAG MA DCD 78.

•KHU BO Uncle on father's side (uncle on mother's side called a zhang or zhang po).

•KHU BYA YE BYA 476 IV 216.6, 300.4.

•KHU BYUG cuckoo. It uses the nests of other birds. Zhi-byed Coll. I 442.6. = dpyid kyi pho nya, dpyid kyi rgyal mo. JD 226. N. of a grass; see rtsa khu byug. Skt. kokilaka. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•KHU BYUG ME TOG DG 271.1.

•KHU BYUG RTSA BA cuckoo root. Simioli, AG 61.

•KHU TSHAN Btsan-lha. vegetable or meat broth. DCD 78.

•KHU TSHUR fist. Skt. muṣṭi. Mvy. 3983.

•KHU TSHUR PA boxer? Skt. muṣṭikā. The Skt. could also mean thief, perhaps explaining the Tib. rendering zol pa found in an alternative translation. See Hahn in Dorji Wangchuk, Cross-Cultural Transmission of Buddhist Texts (Hamburg 2016) 82. In context, it is a type of person with which the king's man must not make friends.

•KHU TSHUR TSHAD 'fist test.' A game in which the smash their fists against each others' until one of them gives up. Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964) 132.

•KHU YUG (Amdo, Khams; but also Lhasa pronunciation) = khu byug, cuckoo. MTTP.

•KHU YE g.yang khu ye. An invocation for calling phywa g.yang. See also Yisun. Samdo A IV 217r.6.

•KHU RA Disks of fried bread. Ramble in Karmay, New Horizons 308.

•KHU RU khu ru myed na 'jigs dang bral. Zhi-byed Coll. I 308.6.

•KHU LI RI MO srang thur ram srang mda'i tshad kyi thig le'am ri mo'i ming. 367 II 131.6.

•KHU LU soft underwool (inner wool) of yak and 'bri. Dargyay, TVC 68. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 50. http://factsreports.revues.org/1339.

•KHU LONG pheasant. Bellezza, L&T 41. Bellezza, D&B 47.

•KHU RLANGS Btsan-lha.

•KHU SHA OT = sha khu. Blaṅ 298.4. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. DCD 78.

•KHUG to come [voluntarily], to fall asleep, to get interest [again], to have worth. NNV.

•KHUG KHRA A small bag worn hanging from the waist. Illus. in Yisun.

•KHUG CHOS KP3 276.7. There are two types, white and red. See ug chos.

•KHUG CHOS DAR LO A type of crocus, perhaps saffron? Kapstein, Dialectic 270.

•KHUG MCHOG See sram.

•KHUG NYAL See sbrul.

•KHUG RTA khug sta'i (i.e., khug rta'i) sgum bu (i.e. rgum bu) sa la nams kyang min. Zhi-byed Coll. I 270.5 (also, I 296.3). = 'dab khra. = char sdod byi'u. JD 229. SS 500.2. This is the bird known in Skt. as the cātaka (Mvy. 4906), a kind of cuckoo that supposedly lives only on the raindrops it catches in mid-air.

•KHUG RNA morning mist (or something like that). nam mkha' sprin dang khug rna bral na nyi ma gsal. Phag-mo-gru-pa, Gold Ms. I 204r.5. Spelled khug sna, here translated as 'mist.' Zurchungpa, Testament, p. 168.

•KHUGS [a remote] corner.

•KHUNG BU [1] a small hole or cavity, made by piercing or boring, like those made by burrowing insects or snakes. [2] In Lde'u 385, I chose to translate it as 'vacant.'

•KHUNGS BCAD have been substantiated. Sources.

•KHUNGS...DPYAD have examined...the grounds (of oral traditions). Sources.

•KHUNGS BYED PA imitieren, vorgeben, so tun als ob. Perhaps also to be understood as khud byed pa. Kretsch.

•KHUNGS PHYUNG See comments of Dorji Wangchuk in TS9 X 270. He says it means 'undermining,' but also possibly to 'challenge' or 'question.'

•KHUNGS MA CHOD PA unfounded, groundless, unproved. Sources.

•KHUD See under phyar po che. The 'dip' or pouch or holding part of the cloth of a litter or hammock (or the 'cup' made of leaves for holding liquid).

•KHUD DU BYAS PA See Blaṅ 305.3-.4. Btsan-lha.

•KHUD NA nang du. Btsan-lha.

•KHUD PA gift. PD. OT = skyas. = rdzongs. Blaṅ 288.5. = skyes, = rdzongs. BBNP 480. Btsan-lha. = skyes. = rdzongs. Lcang-skya. side glance [of a drunken woman] (?). Hahn, TSD 67.

•KHUM 'PHRIG Btsan-lha. dogs pa. rnam rtog. DCD 79. See khu 'khrig, khu 'phrig.

•KHUM ZHIG Btsan-lha. sod cig. DCD 79.

•KHUMS [1] 'appropriately done, responsibly carried out.' Coblin in TH&L 90. [2] Used in the meaning of 'slaying.' Btsan-lha. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 430.4. [3] with reference to posture of the legs: crooked, contracted.

•KHUR SKYA Btsan-lha.

•KHUR KHUR In this phrase: gzhan gyi khur khur 'tsho ba sla. I imagine this ought to read like this: gzhan gyis khur 'khur 'tsho ba sla. It's easier to lead your life when others bear the burdens. But see Hahn, TSD, where there is a different understanding.

•KHUR 'KHRI Btsan-lha.

•KHUR CHUNG See rtsa mkhris.

•KHUR DU DRAGS PA Btsan-lha. khur po bsdams pa. DCD 79.

•KHUR DROGS Btsan-lha.

•KHUR PO khur po stod du bsig byas nas sha bo ngal zhes pa ni / khur bo khur nas lam du ngal gso long med par 'gro ba'i tshe thang chad pa na sa la 'dug long med kyang khur po stod la bkyag nas yud tsam re bsdad pas shin tu ngal ba la chung zhig phan pas de la sha bo ngal zer. Dpe-chos 506.

•KHUR BA Btsan-lha. Tóth no. 128.

•KHUR BOR BA Btsan-lha.

•KHUR MANG Spelled khur mangs, Das says it is the dandelion; Pha Dam-pa ate it. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 352.4. BA 294. KP1 75.5. There are white, black, chinese (rgya khur) and 'fox' (wa khur) varieties. KP4 418.4.

•KHUR MONG Dandelion, the ubiquitous yellow-flowered lawn weed. JD 209. SS 520.3. Taraxacum officinalis. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27. TDD 183.

•KHUR TSA BA load bearer, porter.

•KHUR TSHA = khur po. BBNP 469. burden, load (another spelling for khur tsa).

•KHUR BZHI phung po'i khur / brtson 'grus kyi khur / nyon mongs pa'i khur / dam bca'i khur ro. 600 35.

•KHUR BZOD PA See under rgya theg.

•KHUR RA (sp?) Lhasa: 'bread.' T&BS I 355.

•KHUR SHING Carrying frame, as in backpacks. Illus. in Yisun.

•KHUR BSLANG Btsan-lha. Used for rngod slang.

•KHUL [1] This term originally indicated a district, but was later replaced by rdzong. It is still used with a less well defined meaning. Petech. [2] The soft inner fur of an animal. =khu lu. See under gra. [3] manner, way. =tshul. [4] region. As in: sa khul.

•KHUS See rung khus za ba. 'repeating, persistence.' Karmay, Treasury.

•KHUS 'DEBS PA ngu skad kyi cho nge 'debs pa. Yisun. Example of usage in Lde'u 60 (line 6). shouting (done to scare up game animals). Dotson, Princess 65.

•KHE khyim bdag khe mthong las la ngal ba myed. Zhi-byed Coll. I 296.2.

•KHE KHE "onomat." Kretsch.

•KHE KHYE Said to be herpes in Y. Nagano, ed., Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics, National Museum of Ethnology (Osaka 2009) 162.

•KHE NYEN Risiko. Kaschewsky2.

•KHE BEL Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 272.4.

•KHE'U SKYUNGS mkhas pas khe'u skyungs na 'gro ba la phan che ba yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. II 310.2. The form khe'u skyung ba is found in Lde'u 4.

•KHE'U KHA Btsan-lha.

•KHE'U GANG Btsan-lha.

•KHE RU MA allein. ZAS VII 474.

•KHE LA ZZ = rogs. Bru 291.4.

•KHE'U SUS a fine food not ordinarily eaten. Yisun.

•KHEGS See under khed. 'it is negated, it is prevented, blocked, refuted.'

•KHENG [1] ? ko kheng ltar du rengs pa. Stiff like full or stuffed[?] leather. 24 I 400.4. [2] civilian work corps. g.yung gi mi sde kheng dang yang kheng 'byed. The human communities of the civilians were divided into kheng and yang kheng. Uray, Narrative 18.

•KHENG LDOG PA Btsan-lha.

•KHENG PO Btsan-lha, with a quote from the Mkhas pa'i dga' ston, in which it would seem to refer to 'common' people. Perhaps we could translate it as 'underclass' or 'underlings.' At the moment it would seem to me that kheng designated a class of people liable to be called up for work on civil projects, for corvée labor. This class of civilians may be more restricted than gyung, a broader term for civilians.

•KHENG BA to get filled [with].

•KHENG LOG revolt. Karmay, Great Perfection 9 ("general discontent of the people"). See under khing log. Many today understand the syllable kheng to mean 'peasantry,' but Roberto Vitali interprets it as meaning 'subjects' (i.e., the clans). See his article in Christoph Cüppers, ed., The Relationship between Religion & State (chos srid zung 'brel) in Traditional Tibet, Lumbini Int'l Res. Inst. (Lumbini 2004). I am not certain yet, but I think Vitali might be right. Dotson's dissertation translates it as 'servants' (and yang kheng is translated servants' servants, and even further subordinated are the nying kheng). Generally, I think we can say that it is equiv. to 'bangs, subjects, meaning everyone below the Emperor (although it might more specifically mean the subject clans), but this is unsure. At the moment, I call it 'revolt of the civil works corps.'

•KHENGS PA [1] be full, complete. rdzogs pa. 367 II 129.3. thugs kyang khengs pa ni thugs kyang zin pa. BBNP 466. [2] expecting [something]. Jamspal, Treasury 142. [3] to be frozen. [4] be stuffed up [with pride]. This meaning frequent in Nyang-ral's history.

•KHED also, khegs. riddles. Norbu, Drung 22.

•KHEBS CHE Btsan-lha.

•KHEBS PA to be covered. NNV.

•KHEM BU Btsan-lha.

•KHEMS Btsan-lha.

•KHER RKYANG all alone. TS9 II 463.

•KHES Btsan-lha.

•KHO 3rd person pronoun. He (but see also kho bo), she (but see also kho mo). Example of usage on line 2 of Lde'u 154. Some sources say it can be a first-person pronoun, but I believe this is based on a misreading of the relevant entries in Yisun.

•KHO TI = khog ldir.

•KHO THAG khong [khod?] thag bcad. Gces 588.2.

•KHO THAG GCOD PA Stein.

•KHO THO See mdzo mo shing.

•KHO DE Btsan-lha.

•KHO BO I (first person pronoun).

•KHO BO CAG we (first person plural pronoun).

•KHO MA DRIL CHEN a type of large bell. ZZFC 240.

•KHO MA BYUNG I read this to mean something like mkho ma bzod, which has this meaning: It's no use. It's no help. Lde'u 327.

•KHO'I TSE chopstick. Acc. to Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet," a borrowing from Chinese.

•KHO RANG that same person.

•KHO RAS For: kho rang. ZAS VII 474.

•KHO RE (Khams) Hey you! (addressing a man).

•KHO RE CHUNG BA Subj. of an entry in Philologia Tibetica, Jan. 25, 2014.

•KHO LAG OT = zheng. = sboms. Blaṅ 303.2. chu zheng. Dbus-pa no. 172. = mchu zheng. Lcang-skya.

•KHO LU Occurs as an interesting spelling of khol bu, servant, in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 345.2.

•KHOG In one place clearly used as equivalent of kog, 'cover, outer husk,' etc., or in this instance clearly '[egg] peelings,' since the eggs have already hatched. Lde'u 211.

•KHOG KHOG PO Btsan-lha.

•KHOG LDIR Hon.: gsol ldir. = kho ti. 'tea jug' Schmied 156. BLKC I 393 (spelled khog ltir).

•KHOG PA [1] abdominal cavity. [2] internal thoughts. Note the obscure phrase khog pa par la 'debs pa in Kapstein's contribution to J. of Tibetology 9 (2014) 77.

•KHOG PA CHE BA Stein.

•KHOG 'BUBS The most usual genre term for medical history texts. Yangga's dissert., p. 28 interprets as "pitching (building) a framework."

•KHOG MA See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 50n. For a stone cooking utensil, said to have been used by Srong-btsan-sgam-po in his retreat cave, see illus. in Po-ta-la (1996) 178.

•KHOG RTSE 1. ZZ = drod pa. 'belly' Bru II 291.6. 2. tshe 'di'i rtsel ba tsam sdug bsngal gyi rgyu yin pa sha ba khog rtse las 'bros pa lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 472.1. In this case, = kog tse, 'trap.'

•KHOG YANGS broad attitude. Thondup, BM 124.

•KHOG BRLAM trance, possession. See Todd Gibson's dissertation (1991) 207.

•KHONG he, she. 3rd person pronoun.

•KHONG KHRO Tshad Rig.

•KHONG KHRO 'spleen.' Dhongthog. In ordinary language, just means 'anger.' Skt. pratigha. Mvy. 1945. EoB VII 354. This should be distinguished from 'hatred' or zhe sdang, q.v.

•KHONG 'KHYING OT = khong 'byin. Blaṅ 296.2. Dbus-pa no. 458.

•KHONG 'KHYID = khong 'byin. Lcang-skya.

•KHONG 'KHYIL Btsan-lha.

•KHONG SNYING 'dod gdung. Dpe-chos 510.

•KHONG SNYOM Btsan-lha.

•KHONG SNYOM PA = sgyid lug pa. Lcang-skya.

•KHONG TA A form of 3rd-person pronoun. They. TS5 781. Btsan-lha. Hill, Aspirated 478.

•KHONG STONG empty interior, empty space.

•KHONG DU CHUD PA Gser Sbram 360.

•KHONG NAD internal diseases.

•KHONG NAS Stein.

•KHONG MO 'brong. Btsan-lha.

•KHONG MO 'BRONG a pregnant 'brong? T.N. says it is synonymous with 'brong. Norbu, Drung 262, n. 71.

•KHONG RTSI Btsan-lha.

•KHONG MDZANGS Btsan-lha. khong mdzangs zhes pa'i mdzangs pa ni / ya rabs dang / mkhas pa dang bzang po'i don du bshad do. Eimer, Dbyangs 55.

•KHONG YUS phan btags drin ngoms. charity for show[?] Yisun. Gold Ms. III 151r.5. khong yus kyi mde'u ma phyin na / mnyam bzhag gi sha 'ur rgyas kyang / mtha' bral gyi smen pa myi ltas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 463.2. khong yus dbyung ba ni. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 234.2, 239.4. skyes bu khong yus dang ma bral na nga rgyal gyi bdud myi choms. Zhi-byed Coll. II 306.1. rtogs tshad nyams dang ldan pa'i khong yus kyis brgyal nas gang zag gzhan la phyag rgya rtag cog smra ba de. Zhi-byed Coll. V 432.4 (also, 432.5).

•KHONG YANGS broad minded, open minded. Lde'u 390.

•KHONG SA a kind of containment area for wild game animals. Dotson, Princess 74.

•KHONG GSENG See BA 732.

•KHONG LOG 'cholera.' Dhongthog.

•KHONG LHOG Btsan-lha.

•KHONGS GZO BA Btsan-lha.

•KHOD See khos.

•KHOD BCA' BA Btsan-lha.

•KHOD SNYOMS PA OT = yid mi dga' ba. = sgyid lug pa. Blaṅ 293.2. Btsan-lha. even leveled. khod ma snyoms pa'i lam du shing rta myi 'gro bar gda' gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 176.6.

•KHOD SPUNGS bla chen khod spungs / khod ni 'dul ba'i don dang / spungs ni ston pa ste gdul bya 'dul ba'i ston pa zhes pa'o. 506A 338.

•KHOD SHOM Btsan-lha.

•KHON GCUGS Btsan-lha.

•KHOB CHE mkho che Btsan-lha.

•KHOB CHER 'kho che. Gces 585.5.

•KHOB SHAG Btsan-lha.

•KHOM PA OT = dal ba. Blaṅ 299.5. Stein. Dbus-pa no. 616. = ngal ba. Lcang-skya.

•KHOR PA Btsan-lha.

•KHOR ZUG OT = khor yug. Blaṅ 290.1. Dbus-pa no. 227. Lcang-skya.

•KHOR YUG See under 'khor yug. an enclosure for the perimeters of something.

•KHOL This is impv. form for several verbs, including bkol ba, 'gel ba and 'khol ba.

•KHOL JO slave master. See chug khol. Sources.

•KHOL DU PHYUNG BA Btsan-lha. DCD 79.

•KHOL PO btsad po'i khol po ni rgyal po'am dpon po'i g.yog po'i ming. Dpe-chos 504. Servant. Perhaps to be connected with Turkic qul, with same meaning. Hill, Review 178.

•KHOL BU [1] a lesser servant. [2] bellows. [3] some, branch, scattered bit[s]. Yisun. See kho lu.

•KHOL MA OT = skar khung. Blaṅ 291.1. = skar khung. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. a khol mar brus la. Zhi-byed Coll. III 77.5. See also: ba glang mig.

•KHOL MO gshang. dril bu. Btsan-lha.

•KHOL TSHAB substitute slave (delivered to a slave owner by a community which failed to capture and return to him his runaway slave when the latter had stopped in their territory). See khral tshab. Sources.

•KHOL YUL bran g.yog khyim tshang gi ming. Btsan-lha. service tenure lands. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•KHOL G.YOG TSHONG MI slave traders. Cuevas, Travels 148.

•KHOS Institutions is the translation I am favoring (following Dotson). = mkhos. = khod. Institution[s], administration, settlement of the state. Much discussion in Uray, Narrative 18-19 ("institutions"). 'dun ma. Dbus-pa no. 155. Lcang-skya. Helga Uebach, in her paper given at St. Andrews (2001), says that it means extention of Tibetan state power over her imperial possessions, often concluded ceremonially following a matrimonial alliance. She also discusses the related forms skos, 'khos, khod, etc. Chris Beckwith, in his book, interprets the term variously as 'gather, mobilize, levy.' Refs. are supplied in Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko 67 (2009) 89-108, at p. 102, n. 7.

•KHOS impv. of 'gas. khos shig. Split! Gash!

•KHOS KA rang la khos ka myed pa nga gzhan la zhal ta gtong ba de myi bden. Zhi-byed Coll. II 455.3 (also, V 67.5). rang la khos ka myed par gzhan la zhal ta mkhas. Ibid. II 183.4. While you yourself are not up to the task, you are good at advice for others. myis chos par bzung rang khos ka myed. While people take you for a follower of Dharma, you yourself have no initiative (are not up to the task?)." Zhi-byed Coll. II 436.2. Also, Ibid. V 74.6-7. bdag gi lus la blo ltos med yang nas yang du na ba 'di'i 'khos kas na ma cig gsob gog dgyel bar thag chod pas da res sos na. Zhi-byed Coll. V 466.6.

•KHOS PA OT = 'dun pa. Blaṅ 289.1. = 'dun pa. Lcang-skya.

•KHOS DPON =khod dpon. chief administrator. In a phrase like bod kyi khos dpon, it must mean prime minister. Uray, Narrative 32-33. administratie chief, Dotson, OTA glossary.

•KHOS RANG Btsan-lha.

•KHOS RANG CHAB MI 'TSHAL BA OT = mdun ma chud mi za ba. Blaṅ 288.3.

•KHYA GE KHYO GE (deriv. from khyog, to be crooked) = khyag khyog. crookedly. Soundings 25.

mkhris pa KHYA YA SRZT 17.

•KHYA RE KHYO RE (deriv. from khyor, unstable). = khyar khyor. topsy-turvy. Soundings 25.

•KHYAG to be able to lift, to bear. mi rnams skyid la khyag chung// sdug la khyag che. People can bear great suffering, but only a little happiness (Phadampa). Thondup, EL 126. rngog ring la nag pos bal yul nas glang po che'i phru gu khur bas khyag. Rngog Ring-la-nag-po was able to withstand carrying a baby elephant from Nepal.

•KHYAD Stein.

•KHYAD CHOS BCU DRUG Thondup, BM 4.

•KHYAD CHOS DRUG six special qualities of Samantabhadra. See Yeshi & Dalton in RET 43 (Jan. 2018) 256-273, at p. 267.

•KHYAD DU Btsan-lha.

•KHYAD DU 'GUMS Btsan-lha. DCD 79.

•KHYAD DU GSAD PA 'depreciate' (etc.). Stein. have contempt? The Sanskrit for khyad du gsod pa ought to be vimānana or atimānana, acc. to Mvy. 6959, but vitaṇḍana acc. to 8429. Perhaps a kind of cavil or unnecessarily carping argument in philosophical contexts... It seems to correspond to Pāli omāna, which is the subject of Maria Heim, The Conceit of Self-Loathing, JIP 37 (2009) 61-74, where it is translated as 'conceit of inferiority' or 'self-loathing.' Disdaining is probably a good translation at times.

•KHYAD DU GSOD PA mi rtsi ba dang / brnyas bcos byed pa'am / 'dzems bag med pa / dka' ngal khyad du gsod pa / nga rgyal dbang gis gzhan khyad du gsod pa / sger gyi phan gnod khyad du bsad pa. DCD 80.

•KHYAD DU GSOD PA'I LTUNG BYED DCD 80.

•KHYAD NOR specific richnesses. Jean-Luc Achard's translation. Seems quite similar to khyad chos, which means teachings special or even exclusive to one's own school.

•KHYAD PAR always, constantly. OT = rgyun par. Blaṅ 287.5. = rtag tu. = rgyun du. Lcang-skya.

•KHYAD PAR LTOS PA BA'I RTAGS Tshad Rig.

•KHYAD PAR DU 'GRO BA Skt. viśeṣagāmitā/tva. Silk, Dissert. 345.

•KHYAD PAR DAG PA BA'I RTAGS Tshad Rig.

•KHYAD PAR GYI DUS CHEN BZHI DCD 80.

•KHYAD PAR GYI SPYOD PA LNGA DCD 80.

•KHYAD PAR 'PHAGS BSTOD DCD 80.

•KHYAD PAR GZHAN SPONG GI SGRA Tshad Rig.

•KHYAD PAR GZHAN MI SPONG BA'I SGRA Tshad Rig.

•KHYAD PAR RAB TU GRAGS PA MA YIN PA Tshad Rig.

•KHYAD GZHUGS PA some distinction emerging.

•KHYAB 'JUG GI 'JUG PA BCU nya / rus sbal / phag rgod / mi'i seng ge / mi'u thung / rā ma ṇa / nag po / shākya thub pa / rigs ldan / kīrti tsi rnams so // de la 'jug pa dang po ni / sngon rig byed bzhi rgya mtsho'i nang du nub pa khyab 'jug gis nya ru sprul te bton pa dang gnyis pa ni / rus sbal gyi gzugs kyis 'jig rten btegs nas rgyun du gnas pa dang / gsum pa ni phag rgod kyi gzugs kyis tshangs pa'i 'jig rten man chad mnan pa dang / bzhi pa ni smad mi la stod seng ge'i gzugs kyis lha min gyi dbang po 'gro skyob gser can lto dral nas bsad pa dang / lnga pa ni / mi'u thung du sprul nas lha min stobs ldan gom pa gsum gyi sa bslang zhes bslus pa dang / drug pa ni / dza mād agna'i bu dgra sta rā mar sprul te rgyal rigs srid sgrub la sogs pa bsad nas rgyal srid med par byas pa dang / bdun pa ni / rgyal po shing rta bcu pa'i bu rā ma ṇar sprul nas rang gi chung ma srin po lingka mgrim bcus phrogs pas spre'u ha lu manydzu la grogs bcol te srin po btul ba dang / brgyad pa ni / nag la rtsod pa'i dus su sems can gyi don byas pa dang / dgu pa ni / sangs rgyas shākya thub tu sprul nas sngon rgyal rigs bsad pa'i sdig pa sbyangs pa dang / bcu pa ni / rigs ldan bram ze'i bu kīrti tsi ces bya ba ma 'ongs pa na 'byung bas sems can mang po btul ba'i mthar dus ldog pa rtogs par 'gyur ba'o. 600 137-140.

•KHYAB 'JUG RIL MA See rgya skyags.

•KHYAB MNYAM Tshad Rig.

•KHYAB MTHA' Tshad Rig.

•KHYAB GDAL khyab ces pa nam mkha' la nyi 'od kyis khyab pa lta bu dang / tshig grogs gdal zhes pa'ang thams cad la khod [59r3] snyoms par gdal ba'i don yin pas / des na chos thams cad la khyab pa'i stong nyid dang chos nyid la yang khyab gdal gyi sgra 'jug pa yod. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•KHYAB GDAL CHEN PO 4 316B.3.

•KHYAB BRDAL CHEN PO 91 I 584.2-.3.

•KHYAB PA penetration, interpenetration, concomitance, invariable concomitance (Thurman), disseminate. Or, just simply, 'extent, range of coverage.' Skt. vyapti. Stein. For khyab che, see Sopa in JIABS III, no. 1, pp. 70 ff. pervasion (the usual translation). Dreyfus, Rationality 48.

•KHYAB PA 'DU BYED KYI SDUG BSNGAL DCD 81.

•KHYAB DBANG an official title? Das, JTL&CT 41.

•KHYAB 'BREL relationship of entailment. Jinpa.

•KHYAB RIG an unusual term used in Dzogchen discussions. It has been remarked upon by Jean-Luc Achard in his blog (http://khyungmkhar.blogspot.co.il/) dated June 22, 2012.

•KHYAM MI KHYOM MI (deriv. from khyom, wobble) = khyam khyom. wobblingly. Soundings 27.

•KHYAMS In architecture, an area open to the sky, whether a courtyard or veranda or roof terrace. Rolf Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 156.

•KHYAMS KHANG Btsan-lha.

•KHYAMS MTHONGS skylight. Alexander, Temples 320. The interior court, whether covered or opened to the sky. Rolf Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 156.

•KHYAR KHYER Samdo A V 244r.4.

•KHYAR KHYOR See khya re khyo re. 'gro rang mi nus sam snyam tsa na rlung skyes nas shes pa zi thon me byas khyar khyor 'gro nus tsam byung. 64 I 33.6.

•KHYI [1] dog. Pha-dam-pa and some others use it in a derogatory metaphorical sense. 'khor ba las blo myi ldog pa'i thos bsam bsgom gsum khyi yin. The learning, reflection & meditation of one who has not turned the mind from sangsara is a dog! Zhi-byed Coll. II 267.1 (other examples follow). Pa-tshab also uses it (Zhi-byed Coll. IV 42.5 ff.). Six good qualities that can be learned from the dog. Flick, Carrying Enemies 49. Simile of the hungry dog cracking a bone in its mouth who, even though his mouth is bleeding, thinks he's happy (compared to thinking one is happy with a woman). Flick, Carrying Enemies 111. = ku ku ra tsa, gzhan la zug, nor skyong, padma. JD 246. SS 500.1. A propos du chien au Tibet, by Corneille Jest, in Ethnozootechnie, no. 25, pp. 33-37. [2] Alternative spelling for khri. "throne." Kuijp (1986) 35. [3] as a unit of measure, the distance between the tips of the thumb and the little finger spread out. Vitali, Tho.ling 61.

•KHYI GU rtog pas rtog pa spong ba khyi gus khyi gu 'byin pa lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 474.5. Generally, khyi gu seems to be a diminutive meaning 'puppy,' although I'm not certain that is the exact intended meaning here. It may mean something you cough up, like phlegm (see khyi phrug).

•KHYI RGAN as an insult, occuring in songs of D.L. VI, and other places, discussed by H. Decleer in a review article.

•KHYI RNGA SPYANG CHER See mdzo mo shing.

•KHYI RNGO A disease term used in Vinaya texts. Skt. kacchu. Mvy. 9497.

•KHYI LCE dog tongue. Although that is the literal meaning, I've seen it used as a description of the size of a text (a 'notebook' recording secret precepts).

•KHYI RTA In origin, a transcription of Skt. kīṭa, 'insect,' but misinterpreted for obvious reasons to mean dog and horse. Emmerick in G. Meulenbeld & D. Wujastyk, Studies on Indian Medical History, Motilal (Delhi 2001) 61.

•KHYI THOR leavings for the dogs. de dang ngas khyi thor cig zhag gsum mchan du bcug na. Zhi-byed Coll. II 145.7.

•KHYI DAM 'dog brand,' having the word 'dog' branded on the forehead as a legal punishment. French, Yoke 323. See also Havnevik, Dissertation 66, 251. Ahmad Shah, Four Years in Tibet 38.

•KHYI DUG SRZT 137.

•KHYI DUG SMAN MING CAN BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 121. Lag-len 97.2.

•KHYI SNA n. for an artistic motif. Vitali, Tho.ling 74.

•KHYI PHRUG 'puppies,' dough-like lumps that the oracle spits into the water to show that the cause of the disease has been extracted. Epstein, Dissertation 209.

•KHYI 'TSHED dog cooker. Roesler in Facets 167.

•KHYI GZHOB ash made from burnt dog hair. Btsan-lha.

•KHYI SHIG 'dog louse' or rather 'flea.' Roesler in Facets 179.

•KHYI SHING Mdo 58. DG 214.3.

•KHYID A measurement of the span of the knuckles but including the outstretched thumb. See Heather Stoddard, Thang stong Rgyal po, Jesus and the Fifth Dalai Lama, Archiv Orientalni, vol. 71, no. 3 (2003), p. 434. Yisun prefers the spelling mkhyid, and says there are two different kinds, one with pinky extended (brkyangs mkhyid), the other with the fingers (not the thumb) made into a fist (bskums mkhyid). lag pa'i mdzub mo dang gung mo srin lag mthe'u chung rnams brtsegs mar byas pa'i steng mthe bong gi ne'u le'i ri mo mngon tsam sbyar ba'i tshad la zer te, de dang sor lnga gzhal ba gnyis don gcig. Yisun.

•KHYIM house. bower (when it is a question of plants, like Skt. gṛhaka). It seems this is a reflex of PIE (t)k(e)ym, which means 'home' and is related to Germanic heim, etc.

•KHYIM BCU GNYIS lug gi / glang gi / 'khrig pa'i / karka ta'i / seng ge'i / bu mo'i / srang gi / sdig pa'i / gzhu'i / chu srin gyi / bum pa'i / nya'i. 600 155.

•KHYIM DU 'GRO BA NYI SHU DCD 81.

•KHYIM DU 'DUG TSHUL DGU DCD 81.

•KHYIM DU BSHOS GSOL DCD 81.

•KHYIM DRAL homeless. Btsan-lha. khyim dral / (khyim zhes pa deng sang khang pa la khyim zhes zer ba de yin) 'di brda rnying yin / brda gsar la [59r1] ming po dang bcom pa dang zhig pa dang ral pa sogs la 'jug. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•KHYIM BDAG householder. See discussion in EoB, vol. 5, pp. 287-288. Sometimes it may be used to cover everyone but the monks, the king and the brahmins (and sometimes kshatriyas are also omitted).

•KHYIM BYA lit. house bird, domestic fowl. [1] There are four things the domesticated cock has to teach. Flick, Carrying Enemies 47. Darma pyā, Chaudangsi napyā, & Byangsi nipe, all mean 'chicken.' [2] Here it is not the domestic cock, but rather the bird depicted under the feet of Bhairava; it is a type of black parrot, able to talk human speech, which comes from Nepal. = sha lu ka. JD 228.

•KHYIM ZHAG zodiacal day, equivalent to 1/30th of a zodiacal month. See Schuh in ZAS 37 (2008) 215.

•KHYIM YIG household register. Dotson, D&L 49. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•KHYIM LHA See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 149n, 190.

•KHYIM SO bud myed chos grub pa de khyim so ma zin pas 'tshengs. Zhi-byed Coll. II 249.6.

•KHYIMS encircled [by something, such as light].

•KHYIMS SO 'DZIN Familie gründen, Hausstand gründen. Kretsch.

•KHYU pack, crowd. For early Zhi-byed, to enter the packs of good [family] people is not a good thing. bzang po'i khyur zhugs nyams len mi byed snyan brgyud zas nor gnyis su 'chor. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 84.6

•KHYU GCIG phyogs gcig pa dang / khyur longs pa ni / tshogs longs pa la bya'o. Eimer, Dbyangs 55.

•KHYU MCHOG 1. glang po. 2. rta. 3. khrag sman ba sha ka. Blaṅ 526. Refers to khyung bird in Zhi-byed Coll. I 435.5. a fine bull. Jamspal, Treasury 74.

•KHYU TSHAN = rgyu tshabs chen. = rgyu stobs chen. BBNP 481.

•KHYU RDZIB Namdak.

•KHYU RIS Lde'u 392.

•KHYU RU RU khrag dang chu ser khyu ru ru song bar bsams la yan lag sprug go. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 289.4 (perhaps identical with phyu ru ru, which occurs on preceding page).

•KHYUG KHYUG Zhi-byed Coll. IV 257.7.

•KHYUG GIS rbad kyis. lhan gyis. Btsan-lha.

•KHYUG GE BA glitter, shine.

•KHYUG BDE BA agile. Sources.

•KHYUNG Germano, Poetic Thought 898. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 187. sgong rgya bral ba'i khyung phrug nam mkha' gcod. Zhi-byed Coll. I 288.4. Rnying ma literary sources of khyung symbolism are explored in Gregory Hillis, The Rhetoric of Naturalness: A Critical Study of the Gnas lugs mdzod, doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia (2002), pp. 170-171, 216-230. EoB, vol. 5, pp. 311-312. Schaik, Sweet 18, 37. Bellezza in RET 42 (2017) 26 ff. See bya khyung.

•KHYUNG SKYUGS garuda vomit. JD 33. DG 88.4. = dza ha ra mu ra. Identified as Laspis (Jasper) in Rin 30 (with photo), with alternative names given as ga ru ṭa o, oṭḍa (?). Acc. to Rin 31, it may also refer to a type of jade called plum blossom jade, used for carving ornaments.

•KHYUNG RGOD DRAG PO a medicinal preparation. BT 46r.2.

•KHYUNG GI RGYAL MTSHAN kun la myed pa ngo mtshar che ba khyung gi rgyal mtshan lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II (lost page no.). khyung gi rgyal mtshan kun la yod na / ngo mtshar mi thub pa bzhin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 243.6.

•KHYUNG LNGA = bya khyung lnga pa. RR 77. TMC 50 (110). BT 38r.1. DG 532.3. SBTD I 134. Prescriptions 25. Lag-len 20.4. TM IV 65.

•KHYUNG SNGON DGU PA a medicinal preparation. TMC 30 (63). BP 177.4.

•KHYUNG CHEN NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 193.6.

•KHYUNG DOR KE RU ZZFC 241.

•KHYUNG DRUG a medicinal preparation. BP 248.6.

•KHYUNG LDING Skt. dola. Sedan chair. Lit. hovering garuḍa. N. of a sexual position, evidently with the woman on top and somehow involving swaying and swinging. Hmm.

•KHYUNG SDER JD 143. SS 439.3. There are white and dark (smug po) varieties. DG 266.5.

•KHYUNG PO 'KHOR MA Chayet in TH&L 31.

•KHYUNG PHRUG = chag pa'i kha chu. YTTM 293.21.

•KHYUNG DMAR RDO RJE GUR CHEN a medicinal preparation. BP 374.3.

•KHYUNG GSHOG garuḍa wing, as an artistic motif that appears on the side flaps of Si tu incarnates' hats, see Jackson, Patron 30. It looks more like a trailing cloud motif.

•KHYUNG BSHAL a medicinal preparation. BP 197.3.

•KHYUD KOR for the entire course [of a year]. Hahn, VG 403.

•KHYUD 'KHOR LO Btsan-lha.

•KHYUD PO hril po. Btsan-lha.

•KHYUD MO used to mean 'link' in an iron chain. See Stearns, King 479 note 144. The spelling mkhyud mo also occurs.

•KHYUR nan dhar chos byed na myi kh[y?]ur ma tshud pa cig dgos pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 119.3.

•KHYUR KHYUR GYIS 'GRO BA "the motion resembles that of a fish gliding in water or a snake slithering through grass." Togden 241.

•KHYUR GYIS Samdo A IV 78[2]v.2.

•KHYE impv. of 'gyed pa. zang zing bdud ky[i] slu ba yin yo byad phyir khye. Zhi-byed Coll. II 451.2. nags la gnas pa'i ri dags 'di ni yan bar khye. Ibid. I 314.5. de la khyed rnams kyis rgyags khye rgyags khye gsungs pa la / rgyags la 'gyed rgyu... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 127.1.

•KHYE'U [1] child. It may literally mean 'doggy,' in origins a diminutive of khyi, 'dog'. It seems it may have to do with a Mongolian word that means 'boy' or 'son,' küü or keü, and a very similar word in Khitan (noted in an article by Rona-Tas on the Khitan ethnonym), however the form khye'u does in fact exist in O.T. texts, so the matter requires study. [2] Also called lcags sag, it is usually used by shoemakers as a chopper to cut leather, but the ldab ldob use it as a throwing weapon. See Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964) 128. [3] Skt. māṇavaka. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•KHYE PO khye po lta sgom nyams su myong na lto them zan byed na yang byed. Zhi-byed Coll. V 206.5.

•KHYE BOGS khe bzang gi brda rnying. Gser Sbram 23.

•KHYE'U SUS Btsan-lha.

•KHYED [1] you. Evidently this is originally and more properly a verb than it is an honorific form (although nowadays it most certainly is honorific). Hill, Review 180. Originally it was the plural form of khyod. Hill in NTFC II 249 ff. [2] "to halt, stop." <<re shig khyed la sdod cig>>, "halt and remain awhile!" Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 319.

•KHYED BYA See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 110n.

•KHYED RAS = khyed rang gis. "You." Kaschewsky 82. (dbus) = khyad rang gis. MTTP.

•KHYEN TE See khun ti.

•KHYEN HUN LW 520.

•KHYEM BU Btsan-lha.

•KHYER khang thog. Dbus-pa no. 735. = khang thog. Lcang-skya.

•KHYER KA phag gi lus la khyer ka myed kyang / zas dang / skom dang / gnas phyogs ris med pa'i stobs kyis... Zhi-byed Coll. II 103.1.

•KHYER SO GSUM "Three carry-over practices." Stearns, King 500, n. 372.

•KHYEL BZHUGS to sit upright. NNV.

•KHYO CAG = khyed cag. "you." Kuijp (1986) 35.

•KHYO 'DA' Tsugu in Soundings 138.

•KHYO MO wife, secondary wife. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•KHYO SHUG OT = bza' tsho. Blaṅ 287.3, 516.5.

•KHYO SHUNG bza' tsho. Dbus-pa no. 697. Lcang-skya.

•KHYOGS Also, khyogs dpyang, khyogs khri, 'gyogs byams, 'byogs khri 'do li, do le, etc. Spelled khyog in Lde'u 205. sedan-chair, litter. Called shing-chyam in Das, JTL&CT 130, which contains a discussion on why in Tibet they were used for only the Dalai Lama, Panchen Lama, Amban and Regent. Several illus. in Precious Deposits V 99-100. rgya nag skad la kyo'o zer ba bod kyis 'gyogs kyang zhes pa de / ja mar 'degs byed kyi srang gi mthil la yang 'jug pas 'dir phyi ma'o zhes a lag sha bstan dar gsungs. Gser Sbram 398. Hobson-Jobson under "Dhooly" and "Dandy" [part c]. khyongs la / khri la. Dbus-pa no. 679.

•KHYONG khyung. Btsan-lha.

•KHYOD [1] you. Originally this was the singular form with the plural khyed. Until the 11th century it could be used to address the Buddha, but thereafter it became necessary to address Buddha with (what was then considered honorific, when actually it was a plural) khyed. Hill in NTFC II 254. [2] "This pronoun, which usually means 'you,' has a technical sense in the Collected Topics (and in debating language in general): it refers to whatever phenomenon is being introduced in the logical operations." Dreyfus, Sound 199. The variable (Onoda discusses this in his book at some length).

•KHYOBS PA skyobs pa. Btsan-lha.

•KHYOR unstable. Soundings 25.

•KHYOR PA lag pa'i khyor pa means the flat of the hand.

•KHYOS PO Btsan-lha.

•KHRA [1] terms (of a treaty, chings dan gyi :::). deriv. from khra ma, = judicial decree. Sources. See khra ma below. [2] many colored, variegated, striped. [3] I think it can mean the lines scratched into woodslips for record keeping. In this case certainly related to bkra... and also khram, as in khram shing. [4] hawk. dgos pa'i dus las khra'i rtsal ni gzhan du myin. Zhi-byed Coll. I 270.1. On the hawk, see skya ga. See SS 537.4.

•KHRA KYAG covered tea dish. Hon.: zhal kyag OR khra sdeg. Schmied 205.

•KHRA KLAG See klag pa.

•KHRA RKANG See ser po khra rkang.

•KHRA KHRO CAN OT = spro thung ba. Blaṅ 286.3. Lcang-skya.

•KHRA GLAG SPYANG GSUM Nomads 259: sems can 'di gsum ni gling ge sar gyi dgra lha'i wer ma bcu gsum gyi nang nas gtso bo gsum yin pa ltar... If they follow you in your travel, it's a good sign. For the combination of hawk and wolf, see Cantwell in FBTB 154 ff.

•KHRA RGYAB PA einlegen (z.B. Edelstein wird in Ring oder Goldplatte 'eingelegt'). Kaschewsky 82.

•KHRA CHE LE OR khrog chi li. "bunt schillernd, durcheinander." Kaschewsky 82.

•KHRA THER tent. Karmay, Treasury. cog pu. ras gur chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•KHRA 'DRUD Pulling out the glossiest (hairs), a term for fine dry shading (in painting). Jackson.

•KHRA SDEG See khra kyag.

•KHRA NAR RE buntschillernd, iridescent, opalescent. Kretsch.

•KHRA PA falconer. According to Toni Huber's article, Violence in Tibetan Buddhist Societies, note 6, this form of hunting was not practiced by Tibetans even though they knew about it.

•KHRA PHUNG NGE bunt zusammengewürfelt. Kaschewsky 82.

•KHRA PHUNG PHUNG stark leuchtend, rundherum leuchtend. Kretsch.

•KHRA BO [1] varicolored, multicolored. [2] According to Toni Huber's article, Violence in Tibetan Buddhist Societies, note 6, this word is used in songs & dialects of N and NE Tibet to mean 'sharpness' or 'accuracy' and also 'hunter.'

•KHRA BO'I SHA Stein.

•KHRA MA [1] JD 213. [2] A legal term. for 'judicial settlement.' Also spelled phra ma, q.v. See discussion in H. Uebach, From Red Tally to Yellow Paper, RET (Oct. 2008) 59.

•KHRA MAN agate. Rin 32, with photo of a mostly white stone. It would seem to be an alternative spelling of phra men (?).

•KHRA MER BA See Chödag. = khra lam me. = khra lham me.

•KHRA RTSE TS7 I 192.

•KHRA RIS (Amdo, Khams) = khra dang ri mo, the pattern of the 'grain' in wood, to which great attention is paid when making bowls, drums, etc. MTTP.

•KHRA SHIG GE BA nub cig rmi lam na grong khyer chen po khra shig ge ba cig 'dug pas. 64 I 42.5.

•KHRA SHOG PA See thang phrom nag po.

•KHRAG blood. For blood as an occasional 4th humour that probably derives from the late Graeco-sphere, see for example BHBW 289, 313.

•KHRAG RKANG See ser po khrag rkang.

•KHRAG SKEM See skyu ru ra. See ba sha ka.

•KHRAG SKRAN Text 49.

•KHRAG KHRUG 'thab 'khrug. 'dzing ba. Btsan-lha.

•KHRAG GI KHRUG GI (deriv. from 'khrug pa, to disorder) = khrag khrug. disorderly. Soundings 27.

•KHRAG KHROG Descurainia. Lepidium apetalum. TDD 106.

•KHRAG MKHRIS SRZT 14. Text 6, 13, 70.

•KHRAG 'KRUGS KUN SEL a medicinal preparation. BT 33r.2.

•KHRAG 'GYUNG See ba sha ka.

•KHRAG NGAN BABS PA fallen bad blood (explained as internal bleeding). Yangga's dissert., p. 345.

•KHRAG GCOD See kon pa gab skye.

•KHRAG CHEN 'JOMS PA'I SBYAR BA a medicinal preparation. BT 43r.1.

•KHRAG RNYING Text 11.

•KHRAG 'THUNG See ba sha ka.

•KHRAG RNAG RUL SKEM PA'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BT 46v.1.

•KHRAG SBYOR Aris, Discourse 45.

•KHRAG SBYOR NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 260.2.

•KHRAG RTSA'I GTSAGS BU medical implement. JD 276 (item 2).

•KHRAG RLUNG 'blood pressure. SRZT 7. Text 2, 3, 53. Lag-len 254.2.

•KHRAG RLUNG STOD 'TSHANG See Mengele, dGe-'dun-chos-'phel 62.

•KHRAG RLUNG DUD PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 85. Lag-len 60.5. TMC 9 (8).

•KHRAG LONG DD illus. 2, 17. The section of large intestine on the right side. Yangga's dissert., p. 290.

•KHRAG SHED 'blood pressure.' Text 82.

•KHRAG SHOG PA See thang phrom nag po.

•KHRAG SHOR BA Blood loss, hemmorhage. SRZT 130.

•KHRAG BSHIGS PHA LAM a medicinal preparation. TMC 63 (139).

•KHRANG THANG BA sra brtan rgyun chags pa. 367 II 132.6. Btsan-lha.

•KHRANG ZHI A borrowing from Ch. Jingxi, it refers to Beijing opera. See the footnote 11 in Elliot Sperling's paper "Awe & Submission."

•KHRAB [1] body armor. [2] reins (?). rta khrab zung cig tu sbrel nas / bla ma la gtong mi nus. Zhi-byed Coll. V 308.2.

•KHRAB KHRAB [1] In 4 114B.1, it is something in the body. Chang says 'cartilege.' [2] Das says it means a weeper, one who sheds tears for every occasion.

•KHRAB BRGYA BYANG BU go cha'i steng gi lcags leb lta bu la go dgos / brgya ni mang po ston pa'i tshig. Gser Sbram 23.

•KHRAB MA Held, Recke. Kaschewsky2.

•KHRAB GSAR MA 'proverbial' expression explained in BBNP 468.

•KHRAM Namdak. Todeszeichen, Zeichen des Yama. Kaschewsky2. dgra la khram byas nas mi thams cad shi skad ni dbus par la dgra la kham byas nas mi thams cad bsad skad ces 'byung bas gam nyug byas te thams cad bsad zer zhes pa yin snyam. Dpe-chos 517. gzhan la khram 'debs kyang ma myong snyam bas. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 155.3 (also, 155.1, 155.4). Dotson, OTA glossary. tallies. Arch. of TB 179.

•KHRAM SKYA Discussed in H. Uebach, From Red Tally to Yellow Paper, RET (Oct. 2008) 62. She believes it refers to 'tallies' kept on paper rather than wood. pale tally. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•KHRAM NAG RER 'CHA' BA g.yo khram gyi khram yin pas khram nag seng bar 'gro. 367 I 241.2.

•KHRAM PA 'hustler, deceiver.' See Dagyab.

•KHRAM BAM "a corpse with an X cut across it." Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 223.

•KHRAM BYANG woodslips. BYNP 23-27.

•KHRAM MA RY has 'deceitful woman.' I couldn't find many examples, although I did find it used to characterize Milarepa's mother. Compare khram pa, above.

•KHRAM DMAR PO H. Uebach, From Red Tally to Yellow Paper, RET (Oct. 2008) 59. I think she is right that the 'red' refers to flesh bodies, and that the phrase means a kind of military/public labor conscription of young and able-bodied males. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•KHRAM TSHAN H. Uebach, From Red Tally to Yellow Paper, RET (Oct. 2008) 59. Dotson, D&L 55, 57.

•KHRAM SHING Although lit. meaning is 'notched wood,' it means the tally-stick (woodslip for keeping records). Yisun says this is a reduced form of khram kha'i shing. See the recent studies by Tsuguhito Takeuchi. SKC 120.1. Norbu, Drung 81. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 226, 342, 348. There is a considerable discussion in TPS 592 and footnote. Strickmann, CPP 136. See now especially Helga Uebach, From Red Tally to Yellow Paper, RET (Oct. 2008).

•KHRAL Stein. Tax (as a general term, since it may include not only taxes paid in kind, but services as well). Dotson, OTA glossary. Kamil Selácek, The Chinese Tax Term Ch'ai-fa a Tibetan Loan Word? Monumenta Serica 28 (1969) 215-229.

•KHRAL BSKOS PA urging to contribute. Jamspal, Treasury 54.

•KHRAL SKYOR substitutes. Dargyay, TVC 65.

•KHRAL 'KHUL BA Btsan-lha.

•KHRAL RGYUG taxation, administration of taxes. Sources.

•KHRAL RTEN the landholdings that were the basis for assessing taxes.

•KHRAL THUD additional tax. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•KHRAL PA taxpayer. The highest sort of (the 3 kinds) of mi ser. They were tied to the agricultural land which they held hereditarily. So long as they kept certain obligations to their lord, they could not be evicted. They had the heaviest tax burdens, including corvée service. Goldstein, Taxation 4.

•KHRAL PA taxpayer. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•KHRAL PO or, khral dpon. tax official. Dotson, D&L 57.

•KHRAL MA KHROL undefining (perceptions) or undefining (appearances). Thondup, BM 309. bar du rigs pa khral ma khrol du bzhag pa'o. Rgya-ras-pa in Gling-ras-pa, Bka'-'bum II 531.2.

•KHRAL TSHAB 'substitute taxpayer' settled in a district by the authorities in order to provide a replacement for a previous taxpayer who had died without issue, but whose obligation to render taxes is still borne by the community (see khol tshab). Sources.

•KHRAL ZHING KHRAL KHYIM 'taxable fields, taxable houses' forming part of a single tax estate. Sources.

•KHRAL ROGS a type of spyi mi employed by a khral pa. Goldstein, Taxation 23.

•KHRI [1] throne, or the high platform on which the chief of an assembly is seated. [2] ten thousand. [3] a Zhangzhung word that often means 'mind.' [4] On the basis of T-B cognates, Ziesler in Anthony Aris volume decides its forgotten meaning in Old Tibetan is 'star.' (It may even connect to a Skt. root 'to scatter.')

•KHRI SKOR BCU GSUM the 13 myriarchies. la stod lho ba'i khri skor / la stod byang ba'i khri skor / chu mig khri skor / zha lu khri skor / byang 'brog khri skor / yar 'brog khri skor / 'bri gung khri skor / tshal pa khri skor / phag gru khri skor / g.ya' bzang khri skor / rgya ma khri skor / stag lung khri skor / bya yul khri skor rnams so. 600 175-176.

•KHRI KHA khri kha nas dud lings kyis mthong zhes par dbus par la khri kha nas ming cig ma thogs zhes 'byung la / khri kha nas dud lings kyis mthong zhes pa ltar na khri steng nas mar 'dud de gzengs bstod cig ma byas zhes pa yin snyam. Dpe-chos 517.

•KHRI GLING PA Btsan-lha.

•KHRI RGYAB DRUG 'GYOGS Part of the back of throne for a Buddha image, with 6 figures depicted. Illus. in Yisun.

•KHRI SNYAN May be spelled khri gnyan. See Yisun, which says khri snyan is simply an abbr. form of khri snyan sa le, in turn a Tibetanization of kṛṣṇasāra, the black speckled antelope. khri snyan myig sgyu la chu'i gdung pa ma chod na. Zhi-byed Coll. II 159.3. 'phar spyang dred la khri snyan zhe myi sdang. Zhi-byed Coll. I 289.2. myig rgyu la chu myed par ma go ba'i khri snyan sa le snying rje. Zhi-byed Coll. II 160.6. khri snyan bu la brtse ba myi gtong ba lta bu thugs rje'i gdung ba dang ldan pa dang drug. Zhi-byed Coll. V 248.4.

•KHRI TI SHING See spang rtsi.

•KHRI DRUG 'GYOG seng ge / glang chen / rta mchog / rma bya / shang shang / gyad kyi mi rnams so. 600 78.

•KHRI GDUGS throne umbrella. For some reason this means 'sun.' Example of usage in HS L 1.

•KHRI SDE Kazushi Iwao, On the Old Tibetan Khri sde [in Japanese], Report of the Japanese Association of Tibetan Studies, no. 50 (May 2004), pp. 3-16. Kazushi Iwao, On the Old Tibetan Khri-sde, contained in: Shen Weirong, ed., Historical and Philological Studies of China's Western Regions, Science Press (Beijing 2007) 209-226. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•KHRI SDE STONG DBON See nas zan.

•KHRI PA Only exceptionally, used for lay patrons, with reference to their high seating. It usually would refer to a 'chairholder' or abbot of a monastery. Schrempf in Karmay, New Horizons 331.

•KHRI 'PHANG the height of the chair. A raised seat (khri 'phangs) of stacked cushions. In deity visualizations the seat is stacked with various items including sun and moon.

•KHRI BAR I notice that the phrase khri bar gyi bdun tshigs [perhaps a proper name] found in Lde'u 231 is paralleled in an OT document, Pt 1038 (lines 13-14): khri bar la bdun tshig / shes bgyi // gnam gi lha las / sa gdog drug du // 'greng 'go nag gi rje myed gi rje // dud rngog chag ... OTDO. For another possible usage of khri ba[r], see Lde'u 189: thugs ngan slad kyi khri bar zhu 'o um bya'o, which I tentatively (even dubiously) translated as "We pray your ill spirits will once again become involved in life."

•KHRI BER Does this mean 'throne cloak'? Discussion in Singer, PCT 115.

•KHRI MON dungeon. btson gra. Gces 588.2. Yisun (also spelled khri mun). Bu-ston, Works VII 764.1: khri mon las thar byed pa. Zhi-byed Coll. II 245.7: btson ra'i khri mon la bde' skyid kyi gnas su mthong nas. I've noticed, in Bu ston's biography, the spelling khrim mon, which would seem to be a later attempt to 'regularize' an unusual spelling. Uray, Narrative 38, gives example from a Bon text: thugs rje che bas khri mun dong nas bton. Example in HS V 325.3. The Tang Annals seem to portray Tibetan prisons as simple holes in the ground from which they were not released for a few years.

•KHRI MONG different spelling for khri mon? gzhan snang yid la myi 'gyu ba khri mong du tshud pa'i rtson bu lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 475.7.

•KHRI RTSE ZZ = lag ngar. Bru 291.3.

•KHRI ZHIG Btsan-lha.

•KHRI RAB TU LAN PA Btsan-lha.

•KHRI BRLING BA Btsan-lha.

•KHRI LA BKOD PA Namdak.

•KHRI LO a small type of gshang bell. Helffer in Karmay, Habitants 347, 348.

•KHRI SHING rang stobs kyis gyen du skye mi nus par ljon shing sogs gzhan la brten na gyen du 'gro nus pa'i shing zhig yin. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. Should be spelled 'khri shing.

•KHRIG KHRIG A sound that might be made by shoes, forbidden in vinaya. There are still other meanings. May be switched with phrig phrig.

•KHRIG GER dicht absperrend. Kaschewsky2.

•KHRID For nag khrid and dmar khrid, see BA 927.

•KHRID PA Stein.

•KHRIN OT fault, judicial punishment. skyon. Dbus-pa no. 462. Subject of a paper by Brandon Dotson, On the Old Tibetan Term Khrin in the Legal and Ritual Lexicons, contained in: Mark Turin, ed., Himalayan Languages & Linguistics, Brill (Leiden 2011), 77-98 (PDF). Dotson, D&L 49. judicial punishment. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•KHRIN BA Tan, Theses 111.

•KHRIMS law. Li Anche, "Tibetan Folk Law" in JRAS (1950) 126‑48.

•KHRIMS KYI KHRAM khrims kyi khram / ngag sgron du khrims kyi khral zhes pa 'dug pas ma yig nor dang / ling [57v2] mtha' byas na khral 'ul gyi khral yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•KHRIMS GROGS in Vinaya language, this is the chaperone. Spending a night in the same house with a woman, and without a chaparone, is a serious infraction of the rules.

•KHRIMS THO See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 116.

•KHRIMS 'DEGS RE'U MIG a scale of fines for various crimes. Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 13. See under sku rgyal.

•KHRIMS BU CHUNG Btsan-lha.

•KHRIMS BTSUN BBNP 484.

•KHRIMS TSHIG legal statutes. Dotson, Dissert. 41.

•KHRIMS RA court of justice. Sources.

•KHRIL LE naturally, freely. Thondup, BM 364.

•KHRIL LE BA 4 270.3.

•KHRU cubit (distance from elbow to fingertip).

•KHRU GANG 'OG SA SS 533.1. earth from a cubit deep (evid. for medicinal purposes?).

•KHRU GCOD GTSO BO See ka bed.

•KHRU TOG (bum gzugs) the golden bum pa attached to the top of the wa sgor & other hats on whose bya lag a precious stone is fixed indicating the rank of the wearer. See Velm I 132-3.

•KHRU LAN SHUNG LW 517-518.

•KHRUG GE Btsan-lha.

•KHRUNG See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 43n.

•KHRUNG KHRUNG JD 258. = bya mgrin ring. SS 546.1. Julia Leslie, A Bird Bereaved: The Identity and Significance of Vālmīki's Krauñca, Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 26 (1998), pp. 455-487 (this article proves that the Vālmīki's krauñca was the Indian Sarus Crane).

•KHRUNG KHRUNG RKANG PA Skt. krauñcapadā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•KHRUNG ZHU MA Two maids of honor assisting the rgyan bzang ma. Below them are two maidservants called khrung g.yog. See Velm I 133. On beer serving women known as Khrung zhu ma, see the article in Chö Yang, no. 7.

•KHRUNG RA chang. chang khang. Btsan-lha.

•KHRUNGS rtags. Dbus-pa no. 124.

•KHRUD MA dirty washwater.

•KHRUN SNAR See Bellezza, D&B 100.

•KHRUN RING OT = mchu ring. = dkyus ring. Blaṅ 299.6-300.1. Dbus-pa no. 627.

•KHRUM KHRUM crunching of a pestle. Beyer, CT Lang. 147.

•KHRUS MKHAN washer [person]. used in the sense of a laundry person in Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 157, where we find the Skt. rajaka, 'washerman.'

•KHRUS CHU Holy water made by washing Buddha's tooth relic. Chag 71.

•KHRUS CHOG See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 67n.

•KHRUS BUM A pitcher used in ritual, with peacock-feather stopper. Illus. in Yisun.

•KHRUS GSOL See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 191.

•KHRE JD 213. Skt. priyaṅgu (a sort of grain resembling millet; panic seed). Mvy. no. 5661. See Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 169 (no. 10), which says it is Panicum italicum (Italian millet), in India also called kaṅgu, cīna and rāḷā (although cīna properly belongs to P. miliaceum). millet. CTEV 31.

•KHRE KHRE CAN translation unsure, although it would seem mean something like variegation in color. Lde'u 237.

•KHRE RGOD JD 213. LW 502. =ci he rgod, ci tshe rgod. Skt. śyāmāka, Panicum frumentaceum, poor-man's millet, considered the coarsest and cheapest kind of panic. Mvy. no. 5667. It can ripen only 6 weeks after sowing. See Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 171. Appears as a famine-time food source in Lokaprajñapti (Derge version, p. 103).

•KHRE GAN train station.

•KHRE'U khra bo. Dpe-chos 517. Btsan-lha.

•KHREGS CHOD Breakthrough. 'Cut the obdurate, dissolve the insoluble.' (Klong-chen-pa 8.9 comm.). a special practice of Rdzogs-chen. 91 I 642.2. Padma-gling-pa, Works XIII 401.4. Tucci, Religions 131, etc. Ruegg 312. Germano, Poetic Thought 841. Nomads 269-70. For a Gelugpa rejection, see Thuken 297.

•KHREB Btsan-lha.

•KHREM ME lhang lhang ba. 367 II 129.3. Btsan-lha.

•KHREL Acc. to Namgyal Nyima, this word is different from ngo tsha, which means shame (on account of the perceptions of others), but means something more like English [bad] 'conscience,' which doesn't depend on the perceptions of others.

•KHREL GAD Also, khrel bgad, khrel rgod, khrel dgod. a scornful or ridiculing laugh. lha ye shes spyan can gyis khrel gad byas par rtsi ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 249.4.

•KHREL GYIS = 'ba' zhig. BBNP 483.

•KHRAL 'DA' surpassing shame, shameless. Jamspal, Treasury 84.

•'KHRAB GZHUNG performance book, text for Lha mo performance.

•'KHRAL 'DAS people beyond shame, shameless ones. Jamspal, Treasury 85.

•KHREL MED khrel med pa'i ngo bo ni / dmigs yul nyes spyod la dmigs nas rnam pa gzhan rgyu mtshan du byas nas rang stobs kyis 'dzems pa med pa'i rnam pa can byed las nyes spyod 'phel bar byed pa'i sems byung ste / kun btus las / khrel med pa gang zhe na / 'dod chags dang zhe sdang dang gti mug gi char gtogs pa kha na ma tho bas gzhan la mi 'dzems pa ste nyon mongs pa dang nye ba'i nyon mongs pa thams cad kyi grogs byed pa'i las can no zhes gsungs la / nyes spyod la gzhan rgyu mtshan du byas nas rang stobs kyis 'dzems pa med pa'i sems byung zhes kyang bya'o. Gser Sbram 238.

•KHREL YOD decorum.

•KHRES KYIS BOR BA = lings kyis bor ba. BBNP 483.

•KHRES PO a package (carried on the back). Lasten, Bürde. Kaschewsky2. khres po sgres gsol cig la dbus par du khres po khur la rgyug cig ces 'byung la khres po ni khur bo'i ming yin. Dpe-chos 512.

•KHRO CHU [1] quicksilver, mercury. 4 76A.4. See dngul chu. [2] Tr. as 'molten bronze' by Templeman in TJ 26 no. 3/4 (Autumn/Winter 2001) 200. Used as brick mortar in the building of the Lha sa Gtsug lag khang (here also translated 'molten bronze'). Alexander, Temples 30. I think it might refer to any kind of molten liquified stuff, not necessarily bronze (which, anyway, I think wouldn't be very practical for brick masonry, would it?). For the vajralepa, a superior kind of cement/mortar (or just a sealant) used in India, see Raghavan, Yantras 26.

•KHRO TIG kha myig khro tig bzhin du 'gyu ba'i dus 'dir nyams su blangs pa dga'. Zhi-byed Coll. II 451.5.

•KHRO NAG JD 44. I believe it may mean pig iron. Rin 58. See 'khro nag.

•KHRO BA The preferred translation may be 'belligerence,' since it is a continual intention to harm beings directly visible in one's immediate environment (not beings in the past or future).

•KHRO BO BCU GCIG gnod mdzes / gshin rje gshed / gzhan gyis mi thub pa / rta mgrin / bdud rtsi 'khyil ba / 'dod rgyal / dbyug sngon can / stobs po che / mi g.yo ba / gtsug tor 'khor bsgyur / rdo rje sa 'og rnams so. 600 151-2.

•KHRO MO MIN See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 63n.

•KHRO GZER brass (or medium grade bronze) nails.

•KHRO LO [1] A small bell used by a medium. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 63. [2] A special variety of turnip that grows in high altitudes. ZZFC 151.

•KHROG n. for the ear tassle given to animals who are tshe thar. Holler in TS9 II 216.

•KHROG KHROG Btsan-lha.

•KHROG CHI LI See khra che le.

•KHROG CHUNG JD 171. KP1 164.2. KP3 304.2. KP4 485.5. khron chung.

•KHROG CHEN See kon pa gab skye.

•KHROG SMAN medicinal herbs in their raw unprocessed state. Not sure how old this usage is, but we find it in 20th century works at least.

•KHROGS KYIS 'GRO BBNP 484.

•KHRONG NGER aufrecht, stehend. Kaschewsky2.

•KHRON CHUNG See khron bu.

•KHRON CHEN See thar nu.

•KHRON PA well (in the sense of an excavated shaft from which water may be drawn with a bucket on a rope). Yisun gives synonyms as kun brkos, chu nyal, chu yi ka ba, brus chu.

•KHRON BU [1] diminutive of khron pa, meaning small well. [2] a botanical. = thar chung. JD 149. = zhib shing. YTMM 293.1. SS 493.3. = khron chung, 'dren byed rgyal po, rgyug byed chu bo. DG 275.3. Mdo 65. Emmerick, On Ravigupta's Gaṇas, BSOAS 34 no. 2 (1971) 374. Oreosolen wattii. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26.

•KHRON SBOS Btsan-lha.

•KHROM KHA I chose to translate as occupied front in Lde'u 264.

•KHROM GYI BRANG Btsan-lha.

•KHROM CHEN PO Btsan-lha.

•KHROM GTER Gyatso, Apparitions 75.

•KHROM ME verschieden, schillernd, ungeordnet. Kaschewsky 82.

•KHROL KHROL sound of clanging metal. Beyer, CT Lang. 147.

•KHROL BA shes pa. Dbus-pa no. 552. Lcang-skya.

•KHROL TSHAGS a sieve for blood used as ritual implement (?). Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 196.

•KHROL LE openness. Thondup, BM 364.

•KHROL LO LO trommeln (Lautmalerei). Kaschewsky 82.

•KHROS 'KHRUGS RNGAM PA Btsan-lha.

•MKHAN This has a special meaning in OT, as a type of title/name. See Richardson in HP,PE 17. Acc. to Geza Uray, 'Greng, the Alleged Old Tibetan Equivalent of the Ethnic Name Ch'iang, AOH XIX (1966) 245-256, at p. 249, the three parts of an Old Tibetan name are 1. rus (the clan name), 2. mkhan, and 3. mying (the given name), and in that order, while the entirety of such a name was called mying rus.

•MKHAN CHUNG SS 522.1.

•MKHAN CHE (also, MKHAN CHUNG) See under mkhan drung.

•MKHAN DRUNG = mkhan po drung yig. Monk members of the yig tshang. 1. mkhan che (= mkhan drung che ba), senior chairman. 2. mkhan chung (= mkhan drung chung ba), 3 junior monks. Petech.

•MKHAN NAG Fleabane, mugwort. Artemisia vulgaris. TDD 20.

•MKHAN PA TR XIV #4, p. 16. Norbu, Drung 261. JD 156. Varieties: mkhan skya, mkhan dkar, mkhan dmar. SS 476.3. Mdo 68. Tanacetum nubigenum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27 (here spelled khan pa dkar po). RY gives khan pa in the meaning of wormwood, but it also gives khen pa with this meaning. Bialek, SM 394.

•MKHAN PO [1] monastic ordinator. Skt. upādhyāya. Mvy. 8727. See entry for upajjhāya in EoB VIII 418-420. [2] abbot of a monastery.

•MKHAN PO GNYIS rab byung gi mkhan po dang / bsnyen rdzogs kyi mkhan po'o. 600 6.

•MKHAN PO BUG TOG PHABS SBYAR CHU LUMS a medicinal preparation. BT 14v.5.

•MKHAN 'BRU = seng phrom su. YTTM 291.27.

•MKHAN SLOB CHOS GSUM mkhan po bo dhi sa twa / slob dpon padma 'byung gnas / chos rgyal khri srong lde btsan no. 600 25.

•MKHA' sky (rare in O.T., although it does occur). Deriv. from Skt. kha, acc. to Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 9.

•MKHA' KLONG DBYINGS This triadic term is discussed in the introduction to Namgyal Nyima's ZZ dictionary. mkha' klong dbyings gsum du spyi rgya rlabs kyis bcad.

•MKHA' 'GYING KHA mkha' ni thugs nyid skye med zhi ba'i ngang tshul nas mkha' ltar rnam par dag pas mkha' / 'gying ni skye ba ye shes kyi cho 'phrul du thugs rje khros pa'i tshul gyis 'gying ba'i // kha zhes pa ni de ltar bstan pa yang gzhan snang tsam du ma yin gyi rang snang thugs nyid skye med nam mkha' ltar las skad cig kyang ma g.yos pa la kha zhes bya'o. 506A 337.

•MKHA' 'GRO This is often a very problematic term, which certainly shouldn't be (although it generally is) automatically translated back into Skt. ḍāka or ḍākinī (mkha' 'gro ma, although under some circumstances the last syllable might be left off). Since it very literally means 'travelling [in the] sky,' it may poetically refer to a bird, birds in general, the sun, devas, clouds and arrows.

•MKHA' 'GRO BCU YI SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 151.1.

•MKHA' 'GRO GDONG Seems to be a specialized yoga term for the lower end of the avadhūti in the female body. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 307.4. In one context, I've seen it identified by one modern writer as the clitoris, or bya le, q.v. See http://www.khabdha.org/?p=4529.

•MKHA' 'GRO'I DBANG PHYUG 1. bya khyung. 2. ḍā ki'i gtso mo. Blaṅ 526.

•MKHA' 'GRO MA Synonyms: pho nya. bang chen. bya ma rta. Jacob Dalton says, in Buswell's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, p. 192, that the Yogaratnamālā commentary on the Hevajra says the term ḍākinī derives from the Sanskrit root dai, which means 'to fly.'

•MKHA' 'GRO LA PHUG a kind of rhubarb. Huber, Pure Crystal 99.

•MKHA' LDING 56 36.

•MKHA' SGONG rdo a dkar. dkar gong. Btsan-lha.

•MKHA' SPYOD Skt. khecarī. Coursing in space, n. of a yogic practice of turning the tongue back behind the soft palate.

•MKHA' SPYOD SKOR GSUM sa skya ba'i mkha' spyod skor gsum ni / nā ro mkha' spyod / indra mkha' spyod / mai tri mkha' spyod do. 600 19.

•MKHA' 'PHRING = phor shubs. Lcang-skya.

•MKHA' ME Since 'space' stands for zero, and 'fire' for three, and since verbally coded numbers like this have to be read from right to left, this translates into the number 30.

•MKHA' LA 'GRO 1. lha rnams. 2. 'dab chags bya. 3. mda'. Blaṅ 526.

•MKHAR [1] mkhar dpe ni khang brtsegs la byed snyam. Dpe-chos 508. [2] as a part of the vertebrae, meaning the main body of the vertebra bone, with two other parts named: mkhar mtshams and bya 'dabs. Yangga's dissert., p. 276.

•MKHAR GONG = dkar gong, dkar yol rgyu. JD 54.

•MKHAR RNGA Skt. paṇava, pāṇava. An hourglass shaped drum made of bellmetal. Discussion by Roberts, King.

•MKHAR NYAL 1. lha. 2. bya. Blaṅ 526.

•MKHAR GONG See dkar gong.

•MKHAR SGONG Btsan-lha.

•MKHAR RJE kha rje bsod nams che zer ba'i kha rje de'o. Dpe-chos 508.

•MKHAR THOG a place name. sa cha'am gnas kyi ming. Dpe-chos 503.

•MKHAR DPE Btsan-lha.

•MKHAR BA [1] superior alloy with brass, higher grade than khro. Btsan-lha. [2] a staff, as emblem of Ma-ni Bla-mas, see Havnevik, Dissertation 167. = kan ba. YTTM 291.10.

•MKHAR BA OM BTSUG lag rten dbyug pa la 'og ko brten pa'am btsug pa. Dpe-chos 503.

•MKHAR RTSE LHA See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 149n.

•MKHAR MTSHAMS See under mkhar.

•MKHAR GZHONG mkhar gzhong nang gi rul rbal (rus sbal) nyi ma'i 'od la dga'. Zhi-byed Coll. I 268.7. 'khar zhong gi nang du 'thigs pa ltar. Zhi-byed Coll. I 256.7. 'gro bar mi nus mkhar zhong nang gi rul rbal tshi chad 'gyur. Zhi-byed Coll. I 219.4.

•MKHAR RU = 'bo. = bstan 'dzin mkhar ru. A standardized measure, about 27-33 lbs., but actually a volume measure. Goldstein, Taxation 8.

•MKHAR LAN khang pa gsar rgyag byas pa. BBNP 472. obs. for mkhar las. construction work. Samdo A VI 264v.5. Btsan-lha. BD of T&TB VII 93. ngal sar mkhar lan byed pa'i skyes bu blun. Zhi-byed Coll. I 295.7. bde ba dang skyid pa'i dus su mkhar lan dang rtsed 'dzings dang ri ltad la sogs pa ye mi bya. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 457.5. 'bri gung gi mkhar lan 'di shin tu legs pa zhig byung bas de la rgyu gnyis yin. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 243.2.

•MKHAR LAS See under mkhar lan. Occurs in the title Mkhar las byas pa'i gnam sgo, in Bodleian Catalogue 136.

•MKHAR SLE mkhar spo. Gces 586.5.

•MKHAR GSIL Khakkhara. Rattle staff. See Kieschnick, Impact 113. Also spelled 'khar gsil, 'khar bsil, mkhar bsil.

•MKHAR LHAN khang pa gsar rgyag. Dpe-chos 511. Btsan-lha.

•MKHAL RKED Text 37. Lag-len 258.1.

•MKHAL RKYED Btsan-lha.

•MKHAL GRUM kidney arthritis. Yangga's dissert., p. 207.

•MKHAL NAD SRZT 82.

•MKHAL BRE phor shubs. Dbus-pa no. 603.

•MKHAL MA DD illus. 21. Snellgrove (in his review of F. Meyer's book on Tibetan medicine) says Tibetans did not know that urine passed through the kidneys. He is mistaken to judge from DD 59 60, 114.

•MKHAL MA'I RMEN BU DD illus. 31.

•MKHAL MA ZHO SHA See zho sha. Erythrina arborescens. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•MKHAL RTSA Text 34, 44, 74.

•MKHAL RLUNG Text 74.

•MKHAS PA MI GSUM g.yo dge ba'i 'byung gnas / gtsang rab gsal / dmar shākya mu ne'o. 600 25.

•MKHAS PA'I BYA BA GSUM 'chad pa dang / rtsod pa dang / rtsom pa'o. 600 17.

•MKHAS MA See kaṇṭa ka ri.

•MKHU BA = ldog pa. Lcang-skya.

•MKHUN BU skrag pa. Dbus-pa no. 368, 371.

•MKHUR BA unleavened bread. Yangga's dissert., p. 280.

•MKHUR RTSI kusumbha (safflower). N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39. 'Cheek dye'?

•MKHUR TSHOGS RUS PA DD illus. 9, 10.

•MKHUS PA Btsan-lha.

•MKHO 'JEBS CHE BA Btsan-lha.

•MKHO BSTOBS PA Btsan-lha.

•MKHO MTHUN Namdak.

•MKHO SHAM Btsan-lha. Dotson, D&L 7.

•MKHON See thab mkhon. Btsan-lha.

•MKHOB BAL Btsan-lha.

•MKHOS See under khos. administration, to administrate. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•MKHOS KA da lta'i mkhos ka [~dgos don] che chung zhes. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 307.2.

•MKHOS KHA CHUNG BA Btsan-lha.

•MKHOS BGYIS PA Btsan-lha.

•MKHOS SHOG Btsan-lha.

•MKHOS SU logs su. Dbus-pa no. 668.

•MKHOS SU PHAB PA Btsan-lha. mkhos su bab / mdun gnas pa. Dbus-pa no. 752.

•MKHYID OT form of mkhyud. Both forms occur in Haarh, Yar-luṅ 358. In Yisun, mkhyud pa seems to mean 'to secret away, to occultate [something or someone].' Bialek, SM 393.

•MKHYUD GANG = mkhyid gang. Btsan-lha. A measurement. Das says it is the measurement of the fist plus the extended thumb, or about 6 inches. chos mkhyid gang ma. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 201.

•MKHYUD PA hidden, concealed. sbas pa. Dbus-pa no. 263.

•MKHYUD DPYAD Explained in forthcoming article by Mike Walter: where he determines it to mean an examination of hidden connections. (Yisun agrees.) Occurs in title of a work by Mi pham, in turn having to do with a terma work attributed to Pha dam pa. See the spelling mkhyud spyad.

•MKHYUD SPYAD [1] OT man ngag phran bu sbas te 'chad pa. Blaṅ 291.3-.4. N. for minor precept. BBNP 476. [2] A name for the medicine bag equipped with a drawstring that is carried by Tibetan physicians.

•MKHYUN BU mkhyun bu mkhyun bur rgyu ba. Silk, Dissert. 311.

•MKHYEN GNYIS 1. ji lta ba mkhyen pa. 2. ji snyed pa mkhyen pa. Germano, Poetic Thought 952.

•MKHYEN PA GNYIS ji lta ba mkhyen pa dang / ji snyed pa mkhyen pa'o. 600 8.

•MKHYEN PA GSUM gzhi shes / lam shes / rnam mkhyen no. 600 27. Gser Sbram 362.

•MKHYEN PHO mkhan po. Btsan-lha.

•MKHYEN RAB Stein.

•MKHRANG GYUR 'solidified, made hard.' In Buddhist embryology, the phase in fetal development just before the limbs begin to protrude. See 'khrang gyur.

•MKHRANG CHA TM IV 111.

•MKHRIG MA wrist (ankle?). DD illus. 1, 13.

•MKHRIG MA'I CHU BA DD illus. 29, 30.

•MKHRIG MA'I NYWA SNYING DD illus. 29.

•MKHRIG MA'I RUS PA 'BUR PO DD illus. 13.

•MKHRIS See rdo mkhris. See rtsa mkhris.

snod MKHRIS gall bladder. Text 58.

snod kyi MKHRIS SKRAN SRZT 34. Text 6.

•MKHRIS NAD SRZT 13.

•MKHRIS SNA'I LDE GU a medicinal preparation. RR 79.

•MKHRIS PA SRZT 86. Lag-len 270.4. DD illus. 2, 17. 1) mi phyugs kyi mkhris pa ste, mchin pa'i logs g.yas pa'i 'og na yod pa'i khug ma'i dbyibs can zhig yin zhing nang na gsher khu mdog ljang ser ro kha ba zhig yod pa la mkhris khu zer. de ni zas 'ju ba dang, nad 'bu phra mo 'joms pa, rul ba 'gog pa bcas la nus pa yod pa zhig yin. sman gzhung du de la snod kyi mkhris pa zer. tshig bsdus na mkhris zhes 'bri chog ste: mkhris khu zhes pa lta bu. 2) sman gzhung du bshad pa'i rlung mkhris bad kan gsum gyi nang tshan gyi mkhris pa ste, rang bab tu gnas tshe lus kyi drod bskyed pa sogs la phan pa zhig dang, tshad las 'das na mkhris nad du 'gyur ba yin. de la mkhris pa 'ju byed, mkhris pa mdangs sgyur, mkhris pa sgrub byed, mkhris pa mthong byed, mkhris pa mdog gsal bcas lnga phye 'dug. Dag-yig.

•MKHRIS PA SPYI SMAN a medicinal preparation. BP 127.2.

•MKHRIS PA RTSAR RGYUG SRZT 59.

•MKHRIS PA GSHA' RINGS DD illus. 23.

•MKHRIS PHYE NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 180.5.

•MKHRIS PHYE BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. TMC 15 (24). BT 36v.4. BP 128.2.

•MKHRIS TSHAD Text 4.

•MKHRIS RIMS SRZT 52.

•MKHRIS RLUNG Text 5.

•MKHRIS LAS RNAM RGYAL a medicinal preparation. BT 31.3. BP 123.5.

•MKHRIS SRIN SRZT 15. Text 6.

•MKHREGS PA obdurate.

•'KHANG to recriminate, complain. Denwood in TH&L 136. kha rje phya la mi 'khang / bsod nams lha la mi smon. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 142.5. to be vindictive. Jamspal, Treasury 55. to dislike. NNV.

•'KHANG BA Stein.

•'KHANG RA 'khar 'khum mam gdungs pa. Gces 587.6. 367 I 239. an angry or displeasured aspect? Samdo A V 120r.1. char la 'khang ra btang bas bab lo. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 1179.1. See under gnyen la 'khang.

•'KHAD DU MED khengs su med pa. Gces 588.4.

•'KHAN KHA Btsan-lha.

•'KHAN NE 'KHON NE (deriv. from 'khon, indignant) = 'khan 'khon. indignantly. Soundings 27.

•'KHAMS BZANG 'DANGS LDAN = khams bde ba dang mdangs bzang. "good health and robust." Kuijp (1986) 32.

•'KHAMS PA = brgyal ba. Lcang-skya.

•'KHAMS BA OT = brgyal ba. Blaṅ 300.2.

•'KHAR GONG SS 533.2.

•'KHAR RNGA gong (the flat bell-like instrument).

•'KHAR RJE Stein. For mkhar rje. Samdo A IV 238r.3.

•'KHAR GTAN Something used for securing doors. In a vinaya illustration text, it looks rather like a snake-like spiral.

•'KHAR PHOR Jonathan A. Silk, Dressed for Success: The Monk Kāśyapa and Strategies of Legitimation in Earlier Mahāyāna Buddhist Scriptures, Journal Asiatique, vol. 291, nos. 1-2 (2003) 173-219, at p. 193.

•'KHAR BA bronze. Rin 63. a metal. DG 110.6. JD 43. bell metal. BLKC I 341.

•'KHAR RE CHE thugs re che. Gces 585.5. Btsan-lha.

•'KHAR LAN gla. Gces 587.5. Btsan-lha. 'gron po 'tshogs pa yin gyis / ngal so ba'i sar 'khar lan ma byed ang. Zhi-byed Coll. III 15.6. See under khar lan.

•'KHU Also, 'khus. Denwood in TH&L 131.

•'KHU BA OT = zhe sdang ba. Blaṅ 286.5. Btsan-lha. sku'i zhabs nas ma thegs na thugs kyi gsang myi 'khu bar bstand pa 'di lags. Zhi-byed Coll. V 453.7 (also, 454.1). Gser Sbram 405. log pa. Dbus-pa no. 084. to have a malicious attitude. NNV. = zhe sdang. = log pa. Lcang-skya.

•'KHU ZLOG Btsan-lha. blo'i snyems zhig pa dang / gnod sbyin gyi 'khu ldog sangs pa dus mnyam. Zhi-byed Coll. II 345.4. Refers to some type of malice, generally that of spirits.

•'KHUN See kha 'khun. [1] groaning or sighing. Yisun. Gces 586.5. yas ci la 'khun ni nyid dam khyed ci'i phyir 'khun zhes pa ste / 'khun pa ni sems sdug nas 'khun bu brtags pa. Dpe-chos 510. myi mo'i phyag rgya dang 'grogs pa shin 'khun gnan pa las dgos pa myed gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 22.2. 'khun 'chor ba. groaning. Jamspal, Treasury 57. [2] to must (as in a bovine in heat). NNV. An example of usage in MKB 378, in these phrases: glang po che de 'khun bu byed pa, and 'khun bu ding ding ba lan gsum byas nas...

glo 'KHUN SRZT 120. TM IV 105.

•'KHUM PA [1] learning, knowing. OT = thos pa. = shes pa. Blaṅ 303.5. [2] dper na shog dril rkyangs kyang slar 'khums pa bzhin no (like a scroll which, when stretched, curls up again?). Zhi-byed Coll. V 505.7. 'jur ba. Dbus-pa no. 222. to get curled up. to be shrunken. to be cowardly (shrink back). NNV. to close (a fist). [3] to be able to see (meet).

•'KHUM BU groaning. Yangga's dissert., p. 356.

•'KHUM BU CAN "an enigmatic term." Heller in JIABR 1 (2013) 264.

•'KHUMS LUS Btsan-lha.

•'KHUR BA [1] carrying, bearing [a load]. [2] Stein. An alternative spelling for mkhur ba, meaning 'cheek.' [3] a kind of pastry made from wheat dough (PD: same as khabtse, just a regional way of saying it).

•'KHUR BA CHU BLUG a simile used in 91 I 596.1.

•'KHUR BA MI SBO not bulging out the cheeks [while eating?]. Skt. gallāpahāraka. Mvy. 8584.

•'KHUL BA Stein. Btsan-lha.

•'KHUS to be treacherous, preamble. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•'KHUS PA Btsan-lha.

•'KHUS LAN BTAB PA to return an insult. Sources.

•'KHEL BA [1] to fall on [the same date]. [2] to be blamed. [3] to be finalized. [4] to be trusted. [5] to hit, strike. For the transitive form, see 'gel ba. NNV.

•'KHONG to satiate. to huddle up [in cold weather]. NNV.

•'KHOD DEB inventory of assets. Vitali, Tho.ling 139.

•'KHOD PA 'dug pa. Dbus-pa no. 663. Lcang-skya. to attend. to be recorded [in writing]. NNV.

•'KHON 'DZIN resentment, vindictiveness, feuding.

•'KHOB PA OT = ngan pa. = mtha'. Blaṅ 299.6. ngan pa. Dbus-pa no. 624. = ngan pa. Lcang-skya. to become stiff (due to cold or age). NNV.

•'KHOBS See under mi 'khobs. (BBNP 485).

•'KHOR [1] to get turned, to circle. to get [the head] turned (i.e., to be confused). to gather (at some attraction). to come to mind, to get a memory. to elapse. to return [from a journey abroad]. NNV. yid shes 'khor gyi tshor ba: feelings that accompany the mental consciousness. dbang shes 'khor gyi tshor ba: feelings that accompany the sense consciousness. Lati Rinbochay, Death 35, 36. It is surely cognate to choro[s], Greek for 'circle dance' (or singing group). [2] retinue, courtier[s]. Associates [of the Buddha], members of the [preaching] assembly.

•'KHOR GYI 'KHYAMS Btsan-lha.

•'KHOR LNGA SDE BZANG PO kun shes kau di nya dang / rta thul / rlangs pa / ming chen / bzang ldan no. 600 54.

•'KHOR CHA Achard, L'Essence 178 n. 86, 184 n. 112.

•'KHOR 'DAS (= 'khor ba dang mya ngan las 'das pa) saṃsāra and nirvāṇa. In Rdzogs-chen thought, they are indistinguishable in terms of the substantiality of their respective dharmas. This basic identity is labelled 'Realm of Dharmas,' etc.

•'KHOR RNAM PA BZHI dge slong dang / dge slong ma dang / dge bsnyen dang / dge bsnyen ma'o. 600 32. Pabongka, Liberation II 76.

•'KHOR PA families dependent on the monasteries ('serfs'). Epstein, Dissertation 43.

•'KHOR BA [1] saṃsāra, vicious circle. Klong-chen-pa 9.11. [2] 'to take one's turn.' to come back to something again and again. [3] rounds [of a rosary]. Lde'u 348.

•'KHOR BA'I LAM GSUM nyon mongs pa'i lam / las kyi lam / sdug bsngal gyi lam mo.

•'KHOR MA Stein. rounded (spiraling?). so yang dung so 'khor mar yod. You have teeth that are rounded conch teeth. Lde'u 347.

•'KHOR MA SKYABS CHEN A type of armor worn by generals. ZZFC 241.

•'KHOR MIG A part of a door. See Dag-yig 167.

dpyi yi 'KHOR MIG DD illus. 16. Socket.

•'KHOR MO rgyun chad med pa. Btsan-lha.

•'KHOR BZHI The four retinues are male and female monks and male and female householders (catuparisa in Pāli).

•'KHOR ZUG TU 'khor yug tu. Btsan-lha.

•'KHOR YUG In older Tibetan, usually without the initial prescript letter, it just means the surroundings or the neighborhood. This may be used in Modern Tibetan to mean 'environment' in the modern sense of the word. Skt. cakravāla, cakravāḍa. Discussion in Roberts, King.

•'KHOR YUG CHEN PO "The whole dimension of one's life." Norbu, Cycle.

•'KHOR LO [1] Skt. cakra. wheel. On the history of the wheel (cartwheel, wheel for lifting well water, spinning wheel [charkha]), see Habib, Pursuing. For discussion of linguistic developments, see Beckwith, OC Loans 168-170. The PIE for 'turning point, wheel,' has been reconstructed to kwekwlo. On the rationale for the absence of wheeled vehicles in Tibet, see Li Gotami, Pictures 36. [2] oriental throw-star (a sharp-edged disk used as a weapon). Note the entry 'Chucker' in Hobson-Jobson. [3] As part of a loom, the 'spool.' See Dag-yig 325. [4] (rotary) mill, grinding stone.

•'KHOR LO'I MGRIN CAN See rnga mong.

•'KHOR LO RGYUN continuous wheel. Dalton, Crisis 142.

•'KHOR LO BSGYUR BA For the seven 'jewels' of the universal monarch in an early frieze, see Peter Skilling, New Discoveries from South India: The Life of the Buddha at Phanigiri, Andhra Pradesh, Arts Asiatiques, vol. 63 (2008) 96-118, at p. 114 and fig. 23 on p. 111 — gem, elephant, wheel, horse, queen, treasurer and compander in chief.

•'KHOR LO CHEN PO BZHI mthun par gyur pa'i yul na gnas pa / skyes bu dam pa la bsten pa / smon lam btab pa / bsod nams bsags pa'o.

•'KHOR LO DRUG spyi bo bde chen gyi 'khor lo / mgrin pa longs spyod kyi 'khor lo / snying ga chos kyi khor lo / lte ba sprul pa'i 'khor lo / gsang gnas bde skyong gi 'khor lo / nor bu'i dbus kyi 'khor lo dang drug go. 600 81-82.

•'KHOR LO MTSHUN Btsan-lha.

•'KHOR LO BZHI 1. mthun par gyur pa'i yul. 2. dam pa la bsten pa. 3. legs par smon pa. 4. sngon ma yang bsod nams. See Jinpa, Mind Training 322 (& note).

•'KHOR LO GSUM Stein. klog pa thos bsam gyi 'khor lo / spong ba bsam gtan gyi 'khor lo / bya ba las kyi 'khor lo'o. 600 18.

•'KHOR LOS BSGYUR BA'I RGYAL PO BZHI gser gyi 'khor los bsgyur ba / dngul gyi 'khor los bsgyur ba / zangs kyi 'khor los bsgyur ba / lcags kyi 'khor los bsgyur ba rnams so. 600 30-31.

•'KHOR GSUM [1] 1. rdor gong. 2. ang dar. 3. mda' gzhu. Kretsch. armour, weapons and helmet (lit.: three wheels). Sources. 1. mda'. 2. mdung (lance). 3. gri. Wylie 151, n. 340. BA 252. Jinpa, Mind Training 37 (& footnote). [2] man, horse, and cow. [3] In grammar: deed, agent, action. bya byed las gsum. Stein. [4] As a debate term: An exclamation uttered when an opponent in debate says something against scripture and reasoning. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 7. It is nicely explained in Sobisch, Dissert. where it means not being able to give three kinds of answers — i.e., statements ending in (1) rtags ma grub, reasoning insufficient; (2) 'dod, begging the question; (3) khyab pa ma byung, not giving full coverage. See also Dreyfus, Sound 217. The exclamation 'di 'khor gsum is accompanied by a gesture in which the questioner uses his right hand (perhaps with a hat in hand) to make three circles around the defender's head. Dreyfus, Rationality 50. [5] When used to describe biographies: 1. klogs pa thos bsam gyi 'khor lo. 2. spong ba bsam gtan gyi 'khor lo. 3. bya ba las kyi 'khor lo. See Smith, Catalogue 212. [6] In vinaya terminology, this refers to the 2 knees and the middle of the back, all of which should be covered by the robe when seated crosslegged (Dalai Lama XIV, Advice from Buddha Shakyamuni, p. 67, n. 29).

•'KHOR GSUM YONGS DAG Skt. trimaṇḍalapariśuddha. The Tibetan phrase has been misinterpreted by Tibetans according to Sa paṇ. See discussion in Rhoton, CD 170.

•'KHOL KHONG Btsan-lha.

•'KHOL SHES know how to use (or regard). Jamspal, Treasury 217.

•'KHOS Stein. zhar la 'khos gcig yang gi ni zhar byung du gang mkho ba zhig yong mod. Dpe-chos 508. Btsan-lha.

•'KHOS MED unimportant, inexperienced.

•'KHOS SU BAB = 'dun pa. Lcang-skya.

•'KHOS SU BAB PA = logs su bzhag pa. Lcang-skya.

•'KHYAG 'KHYOG = kyog kyog .

•'KHYAG GE 'KHYOG GE (deriv. from 'khyog po, crooked) = 'khyag 'khyog. crookedly. Soundings 27.

•'KHYAGS PA ice. For metaphorical usage, about how ice may be water, but you have to melt it before it will act like water.

•'KHYAM 'khyam grwa. Gces 590.1. to roam.

•'KHYAM PA n. of a disease. Jaeschke. 'khyams po in Das. Text 24.

•'KHYAM PO be bum 'khyam po rnams sgrugs nas. Zhi-byed Coll. V 71.5.

•'KHYAMS RGYUG PA Btsan-lha.

•'KHYAR to be spread about, to get leaked [a secret]. NNV.

•'KHYAR RE 'KHYOR RE (deriv. from 'khyor po, shakey) = 'khyar 'khyor. shakily. Soundings 28.

•'KHYAL to go beyond [the correct and good]. to become not straight. NNV.

•'KHYIG PA Namdak. 267 I 238.

•'KHYIGS PA Btsan-lha. 'gro ba'i rkang pa khyigs. Zhi-byed Coll. II 292.4.

•'KHYING See khong 'khying. Blaṅ 296.2.

•'KHYID PA Btsan-lha.

•'KHYIL BA Stein. to form a puddle, to coil.

•'KHYU GU (Amdo) = me lce. undulating tongues of fire. MTTP.

•'KHYUG PA 'chug pa. Dbus-pa no. 422. Lcang-skya. to zigzag (fish, lightning). NNV.

•'KHYUG POR 'KHYUS 'khyug por 'khyus / 'di 'chi [57v3] med mdzod du / bros dang / zhogs dang / 'ur ba dang / kun bros / rnam bros / 'khyug pa'o / zhes bros pa'i ming mi 'dra ba drug gsungs pa'i gcig yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'KHYUG YIG Ordinary cursive handwriting (like that used in letters). Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 12.

•'KHYUR BA Btsan-lha.

•'KHYUL Namdak.

•'KHYUS See under dza lnga nge.

•'KHYUS PA Btsan-lha.

•'KHYOG to limp, be twisted. NNV.

•'KHYOG 'GRO 1. me. 2. sprul (sbrul??). Blaṅ 526. See sbrul.

•'KHYOGS = khri. Lcang-skya.

•'KHYOGS PA bent, stooped (with age).

•'KHYONGS to achieve. NNV. Lde'u 391. To continue on and bring a project to completion, or to a good outcome.

•'KHYON MA slut, prostitute. Btsan-lha. = 'phyon ma.

•'KHYOM to move, be shaken, sway.

•'KHYOR See g.yas 'khyor g.yon 'khyor. to totter. NNV.

•'KHYOR DU shor ram 'gyog tu. Gces 586.6.

•'KHYOL to fulfil. NNV. arrive at, reach, make it to.

•'KHYOS PA Btsan-lha.

•'KHRA BA gdon dang nad la sogs pa thams cad gnyid la 'khra [~brten pa] ba yin pas gnyid spang gsungs. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 222.4.

•'KHRANG 'GYUR solidifying. This is one of the phases of early fetal development.

•'KHRANG BA Btsan-lha.

•'KHRAN PA zhen pa. chags pa. Btsan-lha.

•'KHRAM SHON BYED PA to dance. Karmay, Treasury.

•'KHRAL 'KHRUL Gold Ms. I 21v.3. Btsan-lha. = 'khral le 'khrul le.

•'KHRAS Btsan-lha.

•'KHRI blo gtang. Gces 581.5.

•'KHRI SNYAM SA LE See gnyan.

•'KHRI MA CHOD rib ma chod. Gces 584.3. re ba ma chod. Btsan-lha.

•'KHRI SHING See dbyi mong.

•'KHRI SHING BCU GNYIS a medicinal preparation. BP 279.

•'KHRIG MA for mkhrig ma, 'wrist joints'.

•'KHRIGS be overcast [with clouds]. NNV.

•'KHRID CHUD PA Btsan-lha.

•'KHRIMS SHING 'KHRUNGS 'khrim shing 'khrungs / ngag sgron du 'khri shing 'khrungs zhes pa las mi 'dug pas ma yig nor yin 'dug cing 'khri shing zhes pa ljon shing gi ming yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'KHRIMS be scared, intimidated. NNV.

•'KHRIS KHA Stein.

tshad 'KHRU SRZT 99.

byis pa 'KHRU SKYUGS SRZT 120.

•'KHRU GCOD See mon char.

•'KHRU NAD SRZT 96.

•'KHRU YAD thabs de zab kyang gang zag chags zhen can thog ma nas 'khru yad pa la goms pa'i stobs kyis. Zhi-byed Coll. V 429.2.

•'KHRUG to get upset, get disturbed, get out of order. NNV.

•'KHRUG GLO KUN SEL a medicinal preparation. TMC 38 (82).

•'KHRUGS 'agitated.' a stage of fever disorders. Text 44.

•'KHRUGS GLO KUN SEL a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 33. Lag-len 25.4. BP 203.6. BP 215.2.

•'KHRUD PA Stein. zol po tsho rna can lo ma 'khrud ni g.yo can rnams gzhan gyi skyon 'tshang 'bru zhes pa'o // dbus par la zog po zhes 'byung ba ltar na brdzu ma zhes par 'jug go. Dpe-chos 515.

•'KHRUD MA Btsan-lha.

•'KHRUN OT = 'phang. = srid. Blaṅ 303.2. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha.

•'KHRUN RING = dkyus ring. =mchu ring. Lcang-skya.

•'KHRUL 'KHOR Tummelplatz (exercise ground, playground). Kretsch. I think it means rather the exercises themselves. Stein. 4 172A.6. Usually means hatha-yoga-like exercises. For a Bon text on yogic postures with illustrations, 'Khrul-'khor Dpe-ris, see Everding's Bon catalog, no. JS 2738. This practice is described along with stong ra, in C.A. Muses, Esoteric Teachings of the Tibetan Tantra, chap. 4, "The Steps of Practice in the Path." See Toh, Ming 146, where it is found in the Chinese expression yanshe'er, formerly translated as "great happiness." Notice the extended analogy here, which might explain how hatha yoga could be called yantra: The human body is like a puppet, with the breath flow in the body like the puppet string, and the mind that controls the breath is like the hands of the puppet master.

•'KHRUL 'KHOR GYI SGYU 'PHRUL Evidently this is for yantrakalā, the art of devices, or simply mechanics. A master of this art — 'khrul 'khor gyi sgyu rtsal gyi slob dpon — would be a mechanic, as mentioned in a story in the Vinayavastu.

•'KHRUL 'KHOR BCU GNYIS dus 'khor nas bshad pa'i 'khrul 'khor bcu gnyis ni / sgyogs kyi 'khrul 'khor / glu / gri gug / gur / lcags mda' / ral gri / me'i 'khrul 'khor / rlung gi 'khrul 'khor / shing rta'i tshad / khang bzang / khyogs kyi mtshan nyid / chu gyen du 'dren pa'i 'khrul 'khor rnams so. 600 157.

•'KHRUL PA Error. Whatever it is that went wrong with saṃsāra. Skt. saṃbhrānti, bhrānti. wandering, confusion, perplexity, mistake. Germano, Poetic Thought 866, 939, translates 'distortion, straying.'

•'KHRUL PA DRUG legs pa'i gdams ngag mi tshol bar don med tha snyad slob pa 'di yang 'khrul / ri khrod dgon pa mi 'grims par 'khor ba'i mun khang brtsigs pa 'di yang 'khrul / gcig pur don nyid mi sems par 'khor mang nang du chos byed 'khrul / bdag med bsam gtan mi bsgoms par / longs spyod 'du 'dzi byed pa 'khrul / sbyin pa chags med mi gtong bar / ser snas zas nor gsog pa 'khrul / de chos tshul bzhin mi spyod par / mi chos sems 'dzin byed pa 'khrul lo. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 40v.5.

•'KHRUL ZHIG Stein.

•'KHRENG to get attached [to]. NNV.

•'KHREN to fit in, have enough room, to feel a strong desire or craving. T&BS II 278. khyim 'khren gyi sgrib pa. Zhi-byed Coll. I 205.7.

•'KHREN PA rjes su chags shing gdungs pa'i sems shor ba. zhen pa dang chags pa che ba. Btsan-lha.

•'KHRES SHING 'KHAR 'khres shing 'khar / ngag sgron bar mar / ('di glog 'khyugs pa zhes pa ltar myur ba'i don yin) [57v4] par 'khren pa 'khres shing 'khar / zhes yod kyang dper dag par 'khras shing 'khar zhes 'khor bar zhen chags kyis blos mi gtong pa'i don yin / des mtshon nas btsan rdzong blos ma btang ba la yang rdzong la 'khras zhes pa lta bu mang du [57v5] yong. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'KHRO NAG See khro nag. DG 113.3.

•'KHROL THAM a 'seal of release' from the landlord to permit a son to go to the monastery.


*GA*

•GA SKYA TM I 50.

•GA GA gang. Lcang-skya.

•GA GA TSIL = skyi g.ya' ba. Lcang-skya.

•GA GA TSHIL BYED PA mdzub mos ga ga tshil byed pa. Skt. Aṅguli prabodhana, tickling with one's finger. Mvy. no. 8488.

•GWA GWA mdzo gwa gwa means a multicolored mdzo, while g.yag gwa gwa means a multicolored yak. Naga in TJ 24 no. 3 (1999) 70.

•GA GE yul. Dbus-pa no. 396. Lcang-skya.

•GA GON OT = zha nye. Also, tshon mo steng. Blaṅ 305.2. melon. Aris, Discourse 31. = nyung ma. Lcang-skya. zha nye nag po. Lcang-skya.

•GA DGU LA 'BYON PA Stein.

•GA CA go cha. Btsan-lha.

•GA CHAD Btsan-lha, according to which it means happiness (grinning, laughter). Also, total exhaustion (perhaps even depression). to be exhausted (with loss of motivation). NNV. Listless.

•GA TA LA See nye shing.

•GA ṬA LI See 'om bu.

•GA TU some kind of vase. Shastri in TS9 I 139.

•GA THA YA See skom.

•GA THAG Btsan-lha. = gang dag. Lcang-skya.

•GA THO MU THER (?) 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 197.5.

•GA DA RA See gze ma.

•GA DAR housecleaning, = gad bdar. Btsan-lha. yang nas yang du ga dar byas pa'i sems 'di la ci yang bcos su btub pa yin gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 433.4. Defined as 'perfect' in Nine Ways 292. I've noticed this in the title of an esoteric text attributed to Marpa: Ga dar gyi don bsdu ba'i man ngag (check this in TBRC), and again in a title from the Dran pa gser gdams (Adriano Clemente's book Visionary Encounters, p. 83).

•GA DIR See ser lding.

•GA DUR Fundamentals 15.3 (item 16). an astringent medicinal root. Das. = lig dur, stod li. JD 165. SS 443.2. Mdo 71. Nepalese cranesbill, Nepal geranium. Geranium nepalense. TDD 83. Cranesbill. Geranium wallichianum. TDD 84.

•GA DO MU DO ? Samdo A III 101r.5.

•GWA DOR Btsan-lha.

•GA DHI See lca ba.

•GA NAS GA NAS Lit.: where from where from? How would I presume? Soundings 21.

•GA NAS YONG Wie käme ich dazu? Kretsch.

•GA PA Occurs once in Lde'u 221, where from context it might seem to mean the 'hump' of a camel: 'gel ba'i khal du rnga mong ga par 'gel. Could also be same as gwa pa, meaning the white spot found in center of an animal's (horse, mule, yak) face.

•GA PHUR brag skyes ga phur. mineral camphor? KP1 30.3 = yu mo mdil 'byin. KP3 251.1. KP4 384.5. = gnam lcags zil pa.

•GA BA Namdak.

•GWA BA dre'u gwa ba means a bald headed baby mule. Naga in TJ 24 no. 3 (1999) 70.

•GA BU ga'u. Btsan-lha. nang rtsi phyi ru gsal ba shel gyi ga bu lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 482.5.

•GA BUR camphor (clearly, the Tibetan word is a foreign borrowing). Also spelled ga pur, ga phur. gzhi' las gnyis su myed pas ga phur gyi ngo bo la sman dug myed pa lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 471.6. drang ba'i (i.e., grang ba'i) nad la ga pur rten myi bya. Ibid. I 278.2. R.A. Donkin, Dragon's Brain Perfume: An Historical Geography of Camphor, Indological Library vol. 14 (Leiden 1999), 307 pp. The word is Indic (Sanskrit karpūra) or perhaps Javanese in origin, although it could have come into Tibetan via Arabic (kāfūr). See Hobson-Jobson. Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo 664-670. JD 72-73. LW 457. = he ma. YTTM 291.13. DG 145.4. Jamspal, Treasury 148. Stearns, TRP 634 n. 47. Levey, Aromatic 402. Camphor is sometimes used as a metaphor for secrecy, since when it is left out in the open it very quickly dissipates (losing all its virtues). There is a discussion of cognates/ borrowings in R. Yoeli-Tlalim's article "Central Asian Mélange." Discussion in ATPP 66.

•GA BUR SNGON PO See g.ya' gyim.

•GA BUR BCU BZHI a medicinal preparation. BP 177.5.

•GA BUR BCU GSUM SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BT 36v.1.

•GA BUR NYI SHU RTSA LNGA'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 95. Lag-len 68.4. BP 174.6.

•GA BUR TI LO = seng ge spar mo. JD 202.

•GA BUR DRAG PO NYI SHU RTSA GSUM a medicinal preparation. BT 34v.2.

•GA BUR DRI LDAN See ba li ka.

•GA BUR BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. RR 75.

•GA BUR NAG PO See phag ril thal ba.

•GA BUR SMUG PO See gla rtsi.

•GA BUR ZIL GNON See hong len.

•GA BUR GSUM SBYOR a medicinal preparation. RR 74.

•GA BYIN See dug mo nyungs.

•GA BRA = bri ha ti, stag tsher, kaṇṭa ka ri smug po, JD 117. SS 422.1. = chu sho ba. KP1 94.3. YTTM 291.18. DG 235.5. Raspberry. Rubus ellipticus. TDD 165.

•GA MA See go ga ma.

•GA MA KA "That which makes things clear for someone." JTS II 85.

•GA MUG Namdak.

•GA MO LI See shu dag.

•GA DZA DANTA = glang po'i so, ba glang gi so, ba so. ivory. DG 98.1.

•GA ZHA bzhad gad kyi sgra. An example in Toh. no. 217 (Śrīgupta Sūtra), p. 551: hi hi zhes bya ba dang / ca co dang ga zha 'thon to. It also occurs in Khyi-thang-pa's biography of Rin-chen-bzang-po. bzhad gad. Lcang-skya. Other examples may be found in the Tib. translations of the Abhiniṣkramaṇa and Lalitavistara.

•GA ZHAN bzhad gad. Btsan-lha. Perhaps the correct spelling is ga zha?

•GWA ZHIR a mare with a white lining on its back. Naga in TJ 24 no. 3 (1999) 70.

•GA'U Thondup, BM 58. See also ske'i ga'u & ga bu. The term is used frequently in descriptions of the final burial of the emperor. See Haarh, Yar-luṅ, 213, and chap. 15.

•GA'U GSUM SGROM A jewellery item illus. in Yisun.

•GĀ YA TRI Skt. Gāyatrī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•GA YONG NAS For: gang nas yong na. ZAS VII 474.

•GA RE 'ga' re. Gces 586.4. Btsan-lha. As an interrogative (as in modern language), this doesn't seem to be in use in C.T., but I have noticed it used at beginnings of clauses (in Mani Bka'-'bum, other examples in Yisun), as a particle (or exclamation) expressing reflection and doubt, perhaps to be translated 'What to do?'

•GA LA SHA Btsan-lha.

•GA'A LA OK Karaoke. TS9 II 457.

•GA SHA Btsan-lha. phrag pa dang mchan khung phan tshun bsnol mar 'ching ba'i thag pa la zer. Gser Sbram 108. sha ba ri dbang phyug phyag na mda' dang gzhu 'dzin pa sbrul gyi ga sha can. 121 II 115. The 'sacred thread' of Hindus. As used in Sba bzhed, it is translated 'harness' in Kapstein, Assimilation 71. Sba 7. Translated shoulder belt. Bashey4 197 (the footnote says it indicates all the bone raiments, not just the shoulder belt).

•GA SHAR Blumenkranz. Kaschewsky2.

•GA SHED tha chad. Gces 582.1. Btsan-lha. unspecified place/yul, 'in some place or another.' Gold Ms. I 24v.5. Las-chen, Chos-'byung I 15.3, II 228.5. Bka'-gdams Glegs-bam Pha-chos (PRC) 327.17. This word is much used in alphabetic poems.

•GA SHES Btsan-lha. kha zer. Dbus-pa no. 672. Lcang-skya.

•GA SA GA LA (coll.) all over, everywhich way, here there and everywhere.

•GA SRA See lca ba.

•GAG OT = gang. Blaṅ 285.1. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 002. In his Bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi me tog (fol. 6r of the published version), Rig-ral gives this as an example of something that should have been fixed in the 'new language regulations' under Sad-na-legs (evidently). It actually occurs many times in the Avatamsaka section of the Kanjur, which is surely one sign that this sūtra never underwent corrections under the new language reform. I wonder, though if it might be spelled gag because of assimilation to the following ending. Ought to check if it only occurs in forms like gag gi, or gag gis, and not in forms like gag la (this needs testing, and it's true I did find one instance of gag la in OTDO, in a work that ought to date to time of Sad-na-legs).

•GAG GCOD 'CHI MED DGU SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BT 52v.7.

•GAG THAG gang dag. Dbus-pa no. 466.

•GAG NAD SRZT 65. Text 21.

•GAG PA gag lhog pa zhes pa'i gag pa ni gre phugs su 'thor ba 'dra ba byung ste mgrin pa dgag pa'i rma'o. Dpe-chos 510. Czaja in Schrempf, ed., Soundings 360. diphtheria. Yangga's dissert., p. 73.

•GAG SPANG translated as 'door lintel' in Alexander, Temples 46.

•GAG LHOG See gag nad and lhog pa. Text 12, 24, 25. Czaja in Schrempf, ed., Soundings 360. diphtheria and anthrax. Yangga's dissert., p. 198.

•GAGS Btsan-lha. stoppage, stop-up.

•GANG [1] OT = gag. Blaṅ 282.3. [2] In Classical, this can stand for most of the interrogatives, like 'when,' 'where,' and 'who,' which in Modern would be, respectively, ga dus, ga par & su. It can also mean 'what,' but in Classical, 'what' is usually ci/ji, which is in any case more impersonal. [3] Forming 2nd element of a measurement term, meaning 'one full.'

•GANG GA For the metaphor of the one who digs a well at the side of the Ganges, see Hahn, TSD 65-66.

•GANG GA CHUNG gentiana. TR XIV #4, p. 16. JD 178. SS 453.1. KP1 83.5. KP4 425.3. Mdo 74. Gentiana urnula. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•GANG GI TSHE an expression of relative time. The pair of gang gi tshe and de'i tshe, or nam zhig and de'i tshe (corresponding to Skt. yadā... tadā), are said not to exist in scriptural translations from Chinese, so their occurrence would seem to show that they are not translations from Chinese according to Tenshô Miyazaki, Discerning the Original Language of the Tibetan Versions of Mahāyāna Sūtras: From a Simple Mistake in the Ldem kar ma Regarding the Ajātaśatrukaukṛtya-vinodanāsūtra, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, vol. 55, no. 3 (March 2007), pp. 1101‑1105.

[RNAM PAR SNANG MDZAD] GANG CHEN MTSHO Apparently a Sambhogakāya form of Vairocana. 445 III 5.6, 11.1, 12.6, 26.1.

•GANG TIG Btsan-lha.

•GANG LTAR RUNG Wie dem auch sei. ZAS VII 474.

•GANG 'THAD Was man auch antrifft, was man auch tut. ZAS VII 474.

•GANG BDE BDE BYED DU CHUG lasst ihn machen, was ihm beliebt! Kretsch.

•GANG 'DRA BA LA zu welcher Zeit? Kretsch.

•GANG 'DRA YONG Wie soll das gehen? Kretsch.

•GANG PO gcig po. 367 II 129.5.

•GANG BA CAN arrow sheath. Btsan-lha.

•GANG BYA GANG LA Btsan-lha.

•GANG BYAS (coll.) = ji ltar byas kyang, however, although it may have been so.

•GANG BYUNG MA BYUNG Unsinnig.

•GANG BYUNG MA BYUNG BYED PA allen möglichen Unsinn machen. Kretsch.

•GANG BYUNG MANG BYUNG (coll.) every (possible) thing. every which way. all kinds of things.

•GANG BYO Btsan-lha.

•GANG MANG MANG so viel als möglich. Kretsch.

•GANG MING Stein.

•GANG TSUG Btsan-lha.

•GANG ZHIG This phrase is used in debate-style language, at the end of the first clause of an argument. It divides the first part of the argument from the part that follows; in English it is not necessary to translate it. Of course, it usually just means 'a certain someone, somebody who...'

•GANG ZAG [1] person. Skt. pudgala. See the entry "Puggala" in EoB. [2] tobacco (etc.) pipe. A loan word from Chinese by way of Mongolian. T&BS I 354.

•GANGS DKAR (poet.) lit., white snow, pure mind. MTTP.

•GANGS TIG BCU DRUG a medicinal preparation. BP 143.1.

•GANGS THIG Although lit. means 'snow drop,' it is used for a type of white or whitish stone. = shel dkar thig pa, lha zho. JD 45. DG 119.6. gangs khrigs in YTTM 293.15. a stone. SS 403.4. Superior, middling and inferior types illustrated and described in Rin 88-90.

•GANGS THIG SER PO See gser rdo.

•GANGS LDAN 'having snow.' 1. N. of Tibet. bod. 2. [A] glacier mountain. gangs ri. 3. shu dag dkar po. Blaṅ 526. See shu dag dkar po.

•GANGS SBAL 'snow frog,' lizard. = da byid, sro ma seng ge, stobs skyed, mu tig gos can, phu'i rgyal po. JD 250. An important aphrodiac. Yangga's dissert., p. 239.

•GANGS RI'I RDOR 'DZIN the official deputed to control the Bhutanese enclave in the Kailash area of W. Tibet, also known as the Gangs ri Bla ma. Sources.

•GANGS KYI RUS PA See bse ru.

•GANGS SHAM PA See bdud rtsi gangs sham pa.

•GANGS SENG GE See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 68, 93. The snow lion seems to be alluded to in Zhi-byed Coll. II 169.7: seng ge gangs dang bral bar myi bya gsung. See the discussion by Dge-'dun-chos-'phel in TJ 26 no. 2 (Summer 2001) 92-4, where he finally argues that gangs seng is an abbr. of gangs can nags kyi seng ge ('lion of Himalayan forests'), and that the Tibetan snow lion is no better than a myth. An interesting occurrence of gangs kyi seng ge is found in Lde'u 56, in the words of Śākyamuni.

•GANGS LHA ME TOG Saussurea medusa. A flower used in Tibetan and Chinese medicine ('snow lotus'). A photo may be seen in: http://mushroaming.com/Medicinal_Plants.

•GANYDZI RA See ZAS XII (1978) 524-5.

•GAD Stein.

•GAD GUD gad gud na nyams drod skams pa'i mi mang po yod nas smras pa yin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 262.3.

•GAD PA [1] sweepers. TS7 I 191. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 25. [2] gorge, or rather, cliff. gad pa gser gyi bya skyibs can la klu'i rgyal po ma dros pa bzhugs pa. 64 I 17.5.

•GAD MO [ordinary or mild] laughter.

•GAD MO BRGYAD dpa' bo'i gad mo brgyad ni / ha ha bsdigs pa'i gad mo / hi hi dgyes pa'i gad mo / he he sgeg pa'i gad mo / ho ho zil gyis gnon pa'i gad mo rnams so.

•GAD MO BCU GNYIS listed in Klong-chen-pa 12.9 comm.

•GAN [1] 'heads' of a coin. Choix, P. tib. 1055 (note). [2] treasury. bang mdzod. Btsan-lha. [3] This syllable may preface the name of an article that is considered a treasure (ex., gan dril, 'treasured bell,' or gan dkar, 'treasured porcelain'). [4] Tibetan transcription of [Mongol] Qan. See Kuijp, KPTB 50.

•GAN RKYAL bde 'gro. Btsan-lha. gan rkyal ni / lus kyi rgyab sar dbab ste gan rkyal du log pa. Utpal 24.4. gan rkyal phyi gan 'gyel. Khyung-sprul 15.

•GAN GOS Btsan-lha.

•GAN RGYA dngul bun gan rgya, means a cash loan agreement or an IOU (the gan rgya means 'agreement'). Jampel Kaldhen, Interest Rates in Tibet, TJ 1 no. 1 (1975) 109.

•GAN CHEN PO Great Qan. Kuijp, KPTB 50.

•GAN JI RA The metal-work finial on the roof of a temple. Illus. in Yisun.

•GAN TA Perhaps same meaning as gal ta, q.v. gan ta gcig dang sha rkyal gcig kyang 'bul. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 523.5.

•GAṆḌI wooden gong. It is analogous in form and function with the Greek semantron, dating back to the 6th century, although the semantron is sometimes made of a flat piece of metal, and not always of wood.

•GAN DU 'GRO = gang du 'gro. "where are you going?" Kuijp (1986) 34.

•GANDHA KĀṢṬAṂ See a ka ru.

•GANDHA PA TRA = pa la sha. YTTM 292.13. Clifford, list.

•GANDHA BHA TRA = dri bzang. JD 200. SS 512.5. Cudweed. Gnaphalium hypoleucum. TDD 86.

•GANDHA SĀ RA See tsandan.

•GAN DHAR BHA BA HASTA See dan khra.

•GAN DHI See su gan dhi.

•GANDHI Rose quartz. Apparently a shortened form of the Indic rakta su gandhi. Rin 24.

•GAN DHO LA incense house, temple. In Tibetan, dri 'dzin; n. for dri gtsang khang, = lha khang. BBNP 477.

•GAN PA Btsan-lha.

•GAN SPOS BRGYAB PA A redrawn loan contract (done by mutual consent). Jampel Kaldhen, Interest Rates in Tibet, TJ 1 no. 1 (1975) 110.

•GAN BUB gan rgyal kha bub. Gces 589.4. Btsan-lha.

•GAN 'BYAR under-robes (for images). Vitali, Tho.ling 60.

•GAN SBYAR undershirt. Vitali, Tho.ling 66.

•GAN MDZOD = bang mdzod. Btsan-lha.

•GAN SHOG There were superior grades of paper called dga' ldan gan shog & rab brtan gan shog. See Cüppers, Remarks.

•GAB brjod pa'i gab, = brjod pa'i tha snyad. BBNP 481. Perhaps connected to PIE [s]keu, with similar meaning.

•GAB KHUNG Btsan-lha.

•GAB GAB PO Btsan-lha.

•GAB 'DRE hidden ghost (in the machinery of samsara), metaphor for errant conceptualization. Samdo A V 59r.1.

•GAB PA PHRUM See thar nu.

•GAB BE GOB BE (from gob lob, to be perfunctory) = gab gob. languidlin. Soundings 28.

•GAB TSE [1] In astrology, 'a chart.' Karmay, Treasury. A chart for astrological purposes, associated with Chinese 'elemental' astrology ('byung rtsi). calculation table. a table for doing divinations. See the Btsan-lha dictionary, pp. 76-77. Translated as 'astrological chart' in Schaik, Sweet 34 (also, text in 46 line 156), although I'm thinking that the 'basket' meaning makes more sense here. See Das, which has a reasonable entry for this word. [2] a kind of basket. Mvy., no. 5911, tells us that gab tse is the Tibetan word for a kind of basket or box known in Sanskrit as cañca (also spelled cañcu) or samudga. See Poussin, Abhidharmakośa, vol. 2, p. 489 (chap. 3, verse 99) and note 558 on p. 549. At the end of the kalpa, when human lifespan is only 10 years, the daily ration of grain will be spooned out from this type of basket. Compare Lokaprajñapti (Derge version, p. 102).

•GAB RTSE also spelled gab tshe. Btsan-lha. See discussion in Shen-yu Lin, The Tibetan Image of Confucius, Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines 12 (March 2007) 105-129, at p. 113. gtsug lag gi gab tshe sum brgya drug cu. Sba 2 (the same phrase is in the Toling Manuscript). Stoddard, Early 4.

•GAB TSHANG In architecture, the woodpieces between the crossbeams lying on top of the main beam. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, figs. 3 & 4.

•GAB TSHAD SRZT 47. Text 12.

•GAB LE apparently means 'custom,' 'tradition.'

•GAB SA Deckung, Versteck. Kaschewsky2.

•GAM GOL nye 'khor. Dbus-pa no. 021.

•GAM PHYE DMAR PO man ngag gam phye dmar po a medicinal preparation. BP 183.4, 229.1, 384.2.

•GAM YO OT = nye 'khor. Blaṅ 285.3. Btsan-lha. Yisun says drung ngam nye 'gram. = nye 'khor. Lcang-skya.

•GAMS PA Eimer, Testimonia 44.

•GAR Btsan-lha.

•GAR CIG gang zhig. Dbus-pa no. 272.

•GAR GYI CHA BYAD DGU 1. sgeg pa. 2. dpa' ba. 3. mi sdug pa. 4. drag shul. 5. bzhad gad. 6. 'jigs rung. 7. snying rje. 8. rngams pa. 9. zhi ba. Bod Mkhas-pa, Snyan-ngag-gi Bstan-bcos 6v.3.

•GAR GYI NYAMS DGU sgeg pa / dpa' ba / mi sdug pa / drag shul / bzhad gad / 'jigs rung / snying rje / rngams pa / zhi ba'i nyams so. 600 124.

•GAR CIG OT = gang zhig. Blaṅ 291.6. Lcang-skya.

•GAR CHANG strong beer, stout (?). gar chang phor gang 'thungs pa lta bu'i nyams dang ma bral bar bya'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 268.2.

•GAR THABS See nyams brgyad.

•GAR THOD gar phrad. Gces 588.3. Btsan-lha.

•GAR MDUNG a spear used in a particular dance. Karmay, Treasury.

•GAR NAG BCU GCIG a medicinal preparation. BP 157.3.

•GAR NAG BCU PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 7. Lag-len 10.1. TMC 14 (23). BT 31v.1. BP 128.6, 236.6.

•GARBA OT Skt. = nga rgyal. Blaṅ 307.4.

•GAR BU [1] ball, globe. Used in an architectural description of the maṇḍala in Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 371.5. [2] a food eaten by deities. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 215. [3] tongue. = ljags. Lcang-skya.

•GAR BLUGS Btsan-lha.

•GARBHA TSAṆṬA LI See 'ol mo se.

•GAR ZHIG gang zhig. Btsan-lha.

•GAR GZHAL Skt. hemātra. Mvy. 7755.

•GAR GZIGS "the appearance of the eyes of a painted figure seeming to follow the observer." Jackson.

•GAR YANG gang yang. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 120. Lcang-skya.

•GAR SHA See mtheb mdzub bar gyi gar sha.

•GAL a kind of trap or snare. Btsan-lha. gal nang zas la rgyug pa'i sems can de ni snying rje'i yul. Zhi-byed Coll. I 218.2.

•GAL GA Btsan-lha.

•GAL GYIS OT = nan gyis. = rgyal gyis. Blaṅ 290.5. Btsan-lha. nan gyis. Dbus-pa no. 375. = nan gyis. = rgyal gyis. Lcang-skya. nan gyis / bya [62v2] bzhag gang la yang / 'ol ci hol rgyugs la ma song ba'i nan chen po byed pa la nan gyis zhes sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•GAL TA Namdak. diminutive form: gal te'u. a provisions bag made of yak hair. Samdo A III 153r.1. It is probably the same as gan ta, q.v.

•GAL TE a kind of food container. Btsan-lha. chos 'byung ba'i rgyur rkyen du sna tshogs 'gro ba'i brda ru / rten 'brel gyi gal te phyag na 'dzin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 140.3. 'khor ba la rang bzhin myed pa'i brda' ru / rten 'brel gyi gal te'i grib ma la bzhad. Ibid. II 167.1 (also, 296.4). Misunderstood by the translators as 'cloth' in Thuken 365.

•GAL BA 'gal ba. Dbus-pa no.

•GAL YA one of a pair of saddle bags.

•GAL LA See hwags.

•GAL GZUGS Btsan-lha.

•GAL BZUNG Btsan-lha. = sun 'byin. Lcang-skya.

•GAL LA Btsan-lha.

•GAS to be cracked, split. NNV.

•GAS LCAGS ZAN Tapir. LW 445. Evidently the Chinese for tapir is mo. See Kieschnick, Impact 47.

•GAS GZONG A flat engraving tool. Man LXI no. 102 (p. 83b).

•GI GU SHA enamel. LW 473.

•GI WANG Beyer 284, 291, 308, 309. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 58. Derived from Chinese, acc. to Beyer, CT Lang. 141. ghi hang (gi wang?) zad pa'i glang po sgrog las thar. Zhi-byed Coll. I 278.3. ghi hang. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 244.3; V 296.3. = gi bam, gi'u, gi waṃ, dud 'gro'i me, sing ka la, go ro tsa na, glang chen mkhris pa. JD 78. a tree. SS 415.6. bezoar. LW 508. DG 160.1. On bezoar, a word of Persian origin, see Hobson-Jobson. The Skt. is gorocanā, acc. to Mvy. 5789. In the western world, the bezoar was most esteemed as antidote to poison.

•GI WANG DGU PA a medicinal preparation. RR 76. See ghi waṃ dgu pa.

•GI WAṂ BCU GCIG a medicinal preparation. BP 142.6, 164.1.

•GI WAṂ BCO LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 271.5.

•GI LIN LW 508.

•GING OT Skt. from Kingka ra, q.v. Blaṅ 307.4. This word may also stand for gying, most probably a borrowing from Arabic Jinn, although Tucci didn't think so. "The Gin are the fiends of Bon mythology, which Lamaism however has accepted like all the rest. Grünwedel supposed them to be the same as the Jinn of the Arabs, but there is no foundation for such a view." Tucci, TPS 617 n. 294.

•GING CHEN Btsan-lha.

•GING PHO GING MO g.yog po dang g.yog mo. Btsan-lha.

•GING BA ging ba'i las byas sgyu ma'i dge slong la ni ltung bas gos myi 'gyur. Zhi-byed Coll. I 217.4. ging ba srog la mkhas pa'i sgyu ma'i skyes bu sdig mi sog. Zhi-byed Coll. I 220.7. I'm guessing it means executioner, or imprisoner.

•GU As in gyur cig gu, in OT, "smon pa'i tshig" [optative suffix?]. Blaṅ 285.5. mi gu. OT = mi zhum. Blaṅ 294.4.

•GU KHU LA See gu gul.

•GU GU LA See gu gul.

•GU GU SHA enamel (?). Precious Deposits IV 41-3. LW 473.

•GU GU SHA MO morel mushrooms, here interpreted as "cuckoo mushroom." Daniel Winkler, in an article in his webpage on the internet.

•GU GUL [1] frankincense (bdellium?). OT derived from gu ghu la. Blaṅ 308.4. Beyer 263, 283, 416, 461. TS7 II 1074. Daniel Potts & A. Parpola, et al., Guhlu & Guggulu, WZKM 86 (1996) 291-305, which suggests that Skt. word comes from Akkadian. = 'dre 'jigs thang chu, bgegs skrad, 'dra 'dul klu dug (sp?). JD 126. LW 453. SS 429.4 (here it is a tree, apparently the tree that produces the aromatic resin). DG 243.1. = khum bha na, bum pa can, u lu kha la, kau shi ka, ku ra, gug gul, gu khu la, bha yi sha, gu bu lu, 'dre bdud klu dug, 'dre gsod, gza' gsod, gza' dug, ljon pa'i bcud, gsod byed spyang nag, rdzas kyi phyag rdor. Indian bdellium (frankincense). Clifford, list. Anna Akasoy & Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim, Along the Musk Routes, Asian Medicine, vol. 3 (2007), pp. 217-240, at p. 233. [2] Said to be the high altitude plant Amyris agallocha, in I. Riaboff, Rituals for the Local Gods among the Bod of Paldar, Études mongoles et sibériennes, centralasiatiques et tibétaines no. 35 (2004) 184-201. [3] M.T. Google.

•GU GUL DKAR PO See spos dkar.

•GU GUL BCU GCIG a medicinal preparation. BP 192.2.

•GU GUL GNYIS YTTM 291.2.

•GU DU SPAGS Btsan-lha.

•GU PA = lkugs pa. 5 76.

•GU PU See smug stag.

•GU MA rab rib dang gu ma smra chos pa'i lugs myen no. Zhi-byed Coll. III 71.2.

•GU MI GU zhum mi zhum Btsan-lha.

•GU ZU ? Bellezza, D&B 139.

•GU YA gcin snyigs. Btsan-lha.

•GU YANGS rang 'dod dang mthun pa. Nomads 233.

•GU YANGS PA Stein.

•GU YU NYER BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 35. Lag-len 26.3. TMC 43 (94).

•GU RAM Perhaps a misreading for gur ma? (no, doesn't seem so!). Perhaps a contraction of gu gul & ram? pho bong gi gud na gu ram gyi chu myig gda' ste 'thung nus pa'i myi yod de myi mchi gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 126.7. gu ram gyi 'dag cha la btab pa'i chus lus dag par dkrus la. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 246.3.

•GU RAS Btsan-lha.

•GU RI TSI See sle tres.

•GU RU See a ka ru. See gu rub.

•GU RU KHA See sku ru kha.

•GU RUB [1] horse. Also spelled gu ru and go ru. Btsan-lha (there is a different entry for go ru). With spelling gu rug, it is said to be an ass, or the foal of an ass. S. Hummel, On Zhang-zhung, LTWA (Dharamsala 2000), pp. 105, 108 n. 7, with alternative spellings gu ru, gu rub, gu rug, gu rum, go ru, mgo ro, gong ru, gu rug. The spelling gong ru appears in Lde'u 188, where it clearly is referring to a horse of some kind or another. [2] This appears in the name of one of the very early legendary Tibetan emperors, which is variously spelled, but here, too, it may very well mean 'steed.' In this context, the only spelling I could find in a Dunhuang text was the one in Pt 1286: Go-ru-legs Btsan-po. However, the usual spelling in the Sba-bzhed is gu ru, although go ru occurs once.

•GU LANG GSER a type of superior grade gold found at the gold field of Gu lang. Roberto Vitali has discussed it in a footnote to his paper "A Tentative Classification of the Bya ru can Kings of Zhang zhung."

•GU LING evid. a type of silk. BA 850. The Tibetan reads here "dar gu ling yug gcig." NTSP section NGA 122r.2 (here spelled 'gu ling; 'gu ling gi chos gos).

•GU LU de nas nub cig gi mnal lam na sbrul ser po cig dang / nag po cig gnyis sngun na tshur gu lu byung. 64 I 43.3.

•GU LU GU LU Verhagen, HSGL II 11. Supposedly onomatopoeic, imitating the sound of a fish gulping fruit.

•GU LU LU byed snying gu lu lu 'dod pa ni byed 'dod sha sha ra byung ba'o. Dpe-chos 509. Btsan-lha. directly.

•GU SE LANG LING n. of deity from whom the gdung families claim descent. Sources. See Toni Huber, An Obscure Word for 'Ancestral Deity' in Some East Bodish and Neighbouring Himalayan Languages & Qiang Ethnographic Records towards a Hypothesis. IN: Mark W. Post, et al., eds., Language & Culture in Northeast India & Beyond (Canberra 2015), at p. 165.

•GUG GUL See gu gul.

•GUNG [1] = dbus. BBNP 481. [2] The heavens, or the apex of the heavens. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 221. [3] the sky hole of a felt tent. sbra'i gnam khung. Nomads 233. [4] a kind of wild cat. = nags khyi. JD 237. = caracal. Karmay, Treasury. A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293. Aris, Discourse 25 (where he thinks it is a 'jackal'). Btsan-lha. [5] duke (evidently a borrowing from Chinese, and mostly used for Chinese personages). See Thuken 333. See dgung.

•GUNG BKROS Btsan-lha.

•GUNG SKYEMS Haarh, Yar-luṅ 369. Uebach, Three 102.

•GUNG THAG sbra'i gnam khung sum byed kyi thag pa. Nomads 233.

•GUNG THUN Btsan-lha.

•GUNG PA'I PRA THANG a medicinal preparation. BP 194.5.

•GUNG BLON Called 'State Chancellor" in Precious Deposits I 90. In account of imperial times, it seems they were concerned with external affairs. ZZFC 244.

•GUNG TSHIGS See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 152.

•GUNG LA dkyil. dbus. Btsan-lha.

•GUNG LA PHUG = gung dmar la phug, se rag dur sman, lca ba. Dhongthog 58. LW 503.

•GUNG LANG evid. Shiva. tshangs pa gung lang khyab 'jug dang // brgya byin dbang phyug chen po rnams... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 65.4. I believe gu lang is the more correct spelling. See Rhoton, CD 134.

•GUNG LHA gnam gyi lha. Nomads 233.

•GUNYDZA See ma ru rtse.

•GUD DU 'DONG Btsan-lha.

•GUD DU BYA Btsan-lha.

•GUD NA "apart from." bsgom bya chos nyid gud na med. Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 682.2. gud nas zhes pa logs zhig gam gzhan zhig nas. 367 II 127.3. rgud na med ni gzhan na med dang logs na med ces pa yin.

•GUD NA MED Btsan-lha. are none other than, are nothing but. Jamspal, Treasury 198.

•GUM PA Btsan-lha. shi ba. Dbus-pa no. 685. Lcang-skya.

•GUR [1] Abbreviated n. of a tantra. 75 13. T&BS I 344. [2] tent. For a discussion of varieties of Tibetan tents, see Dung-dkar 17-18, where he lists lding gur rta gzugs ma, lcog gur, dmag gur, sbra gur. It is rather puzzling, and needs explanation, that in some contexts gur is used to translate Skt. pañjara (as in Vajrapañjara, Pañjaramahākala), which should mean 'cage, aviary, skeleton' etc. M-W. Edgerton. See Lo Bue in Skorupski, ed., Indo-Tibetan Studies (Tring 1990), p. 179. Dorje Wangchuk has speculated that the Tibetan may relate to Mongolian ger. For use of the tent in funerary rituals, see discussion in Bellezza, D&B 26.

•GUR KHYUGS (coll.) outer canopy (of a tent).

•GUR KHYUNG a medicinal preparation. BP 127.2, 378.4.

•GUR KHYUNG PHYAG RDOR CAN a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 116. Lag-len 86.1. TMC 37 (78).

•GUR KHRA a variegated colored yak-hair tent, which is more portable than the sbra gur. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 44.

•GUR GUM saffron. OT derivative from Skt. kunku ma. Blaṅ 308.4. See Hobson-Jobson. True saffron & turmeric are often confused. JD 77. = kung ku maṃ, ku sumbha, dhā raṃ, (spang gi me tog) chos gos ngur smrig. YTTM 291.14. SS 416.3. LW 453, 474. saffron. TM I 50, 51. DG 155.2. TM IV 101. Clifford, list. Singh (p. 100): Skt. kuṅkuman. Crocus sativus, saffron. Fundamentals 15.3 (item 16). JD (p. 77) distinguishes five types: 1) 'birdfoot' (bya rkang ma) coming from the Vindhya range of India; slightly bluish colored. 2) Kashmiri (kha che ba), the most highly regarded for use in medicine. 3) leb rgan ma, a type of Indian gur gum which is not so fragrant, but of a very clear yellow color. 4) Nepalese, of a vermilion (li khri) color. 5) Tibetan, the least used in medicine. Dag-yig: The best comes from Spain, but Tibetan tradition calls it Kashmiri gur gum. Otherwise there is a 'herb' (rtsa gur gum) that grows in India, Nepal & Tibet which is used in medicine as a substitute for gur gum. Mdo (pp. 351-2): describes the Tibetan substitute called rtsa gur gum. For 'flower gur gum' (me tog gur gum), see under (me tog) a byag. Sylvain Lévi, Le nom chinois du safran, Journal Asiatique (March 1917), p. 358. Levey, Aromatic 402-403. There is a discussion of cognates/ borrowings in R. Yoeli-Tlalim's article "Central Asian Mélange." Discussion in ATPP 55.

•GUR GUM BRGYAD PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 52 (actually, 51). Lag-len 35.1. TMC 63 (140). BT 46v.3.

•GUR GUM BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 30. Lag-len 23.5. TMC 42 (91). BT 48r.6. BP 179.5, 189.3, 276.6. Das, JTL&CT 134.

•GUR GUM BCO LNGA a medicinal preparation. byang lugs gur gum bco lnga. BP 368.2.

•GUR GUM CHU 'BEBS a medicinal preparation. BP 252.4.

•GUR GUM NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 205.4.

•GUR GUM MCHOG BDUN a medicinal preparation. BP 219.3.

•GUR GUM THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 8v.1.

•GUR GUM BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. RR 75, 76. TMC 51 (111). BT 26v.2. BP 161.6, 179.1. TM IV 60.

•GUR GUM GSUM YTTM 290.21.

•GUR TIG DG 247.4.

•GUR PO DANG GOR PO Btsan-lha.

•GUR BU OT = gru bzhi. Blaṅ 288.4. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•GUR MA = bu ram. "sugar cane, molasses, treacle." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•GUL GUL Btsan-lha.

•GUL NAG myrrh. LW 448. Das. Note that the gul is short for gu gul.

•GUL BA Btsan-lha.

•GUS = gus pa. a humble replacement for the first person pronoun.

•GUS GUS 'DUD 'DUD respectfully. Soundings 21.

•GUS RTAG BRTSON PA Btsan-lha.

•GE'U unknown medical ingredient mentioned in Lobsang Yongdan, "The Introduction of Edward Jenner's Smallpox Vaccination to Tibet in the Early 19th Century," Archiv Orientalni, vol. 84 (2016), pp. 577-593, at p. 584.

•GE KHOD Bonpo gods. 56 38. ge ni bdud dang / khod ni 'dul zhes pa ste don du bdud 'dul zhes pa'o. 506A 336. Btsan-lha.

•GE GE MO See che ge mo.

•GE COG thams cad. Dbus-pa no. 478.

•GE 'PHAN a clan name. Btsan-lha.

•GAI RI KA See btsag rdo.

•GE LEB shing ge leb. shing phran phan phung ngam tshang tshing. 367 II 127.2.

•GE SHAN a creature like srin po. ST. 274 I 599.4. Nine Ways 293.

•GE SAR [1] long hairs (of the flower [the anthers], or of a person). Tib. loan of Skt. ke sa ra. Blaṅ 308.5-.6. Laufer, LW 454. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 56, 67, 91. JD 105. DG 216.3. [2] plant name. Czaja in NTFC I 109-110.

•GE SAR RNAM PA GSUM YTTM 290.15.

•GE HĀ RDO RJE NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BT 56v.6.

•GEN DU gam du. mdun du. Btsan-lha.

•GEN PO stobs rtsal can. Btsan-lha.

•GER MA OT = rag ma. Blaṅ 290.3. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•GER LING Btsan-lha. Also spelled gyi ling. Ge ling in the following quotes: ge ling sgrog tu bcug pa srol. Zhi-byed Coll. I 304.4. ge ling sgrog dang bral nas kun tu rgyug par rigs. Zhi-byed Coll. I 314.7.

•GEL PA OT = yal ga. Blaṅ 294.2. sdong po. Dbus-pa no. 369.

•GEL PO Btsan-lha.

•GO [1] [Skt. for] cow. On the 9 meanings of the Skt. word, see Almogi in Dorji Wangchuk, ed., Cross-Cultural Transmission of Buddhist Texts (Hamburg 2016) 13. [2] On the game of go, see Dralha Dawa Sangpo, A Survey Report on a Carved Stone Tibetan "Go" Board: Newly Found evidence of the Tibetan Culture of "Go", contained in: Erberto Lo Bue, ed., Art in Tibet, Brill (Leiden 2011), pp. 139-150.

•GO KHA thab kyi sgo. Nomads 233. Door of the oven. See illus. in Nomads 269.

•GO KHYI a lammergeier (go bo) dog, a bird believed to be found in the vulture's nest.

•GO KHRAB coat of mail, body armor.

•GO GA MA 'hearth lady.' unmarried lay religious nomad women. = go ma (Anne Klein).

•GO GAR Btsan-lha.

•GO GE PA native to Gu-ge.

•GO GYI LA See ko byi la.

•GO GRE BCU BDUN a medicinal preparation. BP 152.5.

•GO GRE BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. BP 152.6.

•GO BGOS PA go cha gyon pa. Gser Sbram 365.

•GO BGYIS Btsan-lha.

•GO RGYA BKRAMS PA Btsan-lha.

•GO RGYU Verständnis, Gehalt. Kretsch.

•GO BRGYA BKRAM PA mi mang po phyogs phyogs su bgo bsha' byas te bkram nas tshol du bchug ces pa'o. Dpe-chos 505.

•GO NGAN Tan, Theses 105.

•GO CA OT = go cha. Blaṅ 283.3. Btsan-lha.

•GO COG [1] all. tshang ma, thams cad. Btsan-lha. = thams cad. Lcang-skya. [2] peaked headdress Bellezza in RET 42 (2017) 20.

•GO CHA Namdak. armor. go cha 'jig rten pa gon pas chos 'das pa rgyud la myi skye. Zhi-byed Coll. II 317.5. 'bras bu 'das pa 'dod pa la go cha 'jig rten pa dang 'bral dgos pa yin te. Ibid. II 321.1. This is very probably a direct borrowing of Skt. kavaca, meaning 'armor, coat of mail.'

•GO CHA'I DPA' MO DRUG English, Vajrayoginī 164.

•GO CHA GSUM (in fact 4 are listed). bzlog pa'i go cha, shes rab kyi go cha, lta ba'i go cha, 'jug pa'i go cha. Zhi-byed Coll. III 104.3 ff.

•GO CHOD qualify, have the authority. See RY. See negative form go mi chod pa.

•GO 'JO ZAS VII 474.

•GO SNYOD JD 187. SS 489.2. KP1 187.6. KP3 313.2. KP4 504.4. caraway. Dhongthog. = nyi li. YTTM 292.18. Carum carvi. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. Caraway said to be good for eyes, but bad for knees. TDD 40.

•GO SNYOD BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. BT 50v.4.

•GO SNYOD MA See a gar dmar po.

•GO SNYOD ZUR BRGYAD See under sha sman 'khor lo.

•GO SNYOD A GAR See a gar dmar po.

•GO TAM PA'I RAS koṭambaka. A type of cloth, too fine for use in monastic robes. Silk, Dissert. 378.

•GO THAL Btsan-lha.

•GO THAL BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. BP 254.1.

•GO 'THUN Btsan-lha. = sna tshogs. Lcang-skya.

•GO DOR = ra to 'du ru. YTTM 292.2.

•GO DOR GSUM YTTM 290.22.

•GO 'DUN OT = tshogs shing 'du ba, = sna tshogs. = gang mos. Blaṅ 289.2, 290.2. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 230. = gang mos. = tshogs shing 'du ba. Lcang-skya. Discussion of this in Philologia Tibetica, December 22, 2016.

•GO 'DED Btsan-lha.

•GO BRDĀL A Tibetan spelling for the Persian word Khodā, 'god,' used in Kha che Pha lu's famous work.

•GO PAN rol mo. gri leb thung ba. Btsan-lha. Translated as 'hangings' in ZZFC 239. Ear level lines to ribbons (?). Bellezza in RET 42 (2017) 22.

•GO PUL CHE go ba che ba. nus stobs che ba. Btsan-lha.

•GO BA [1] a mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 297. [2] cause to understand, explain, convince, give an accounting. Schopen in IIJ 44 (2001) 111.

•GAU BĀ NĪ See rgun 'brum.

•GO BA LHANG BA Btsan-lha.

rtsib ma'i GO BAR DD illus. 7.

•GO BI cabbage. LW 531.

•GO BER phu rung med pa'i gos zla gam. Btsan-lha.

•GO BO lammergeier. = thang dkar. = nam mkhar ring 'phur. JD 240. SS 536.6.

•GO BYI BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. BT 49r.6.

•GO BYI LA = ma nu khrag can, ma nu bse shing, bse 'bras. JD 90. LW 457. Note go bye in YTTM 291.21. gi bye in SS 429.1 (here it is a tree). = ldum stag. SS 458.6. = pa ta la ka, bhal lā ta ka, bhai la ba. DG 198.4. For an article on bhallātaka, balādhur, or 'Marking Nut,' used as a drug against forgetfulness, see Gerrit Bos in BSOAS 59 (1996) 229-236. Despite the similar sounding name, I very much doubt this has anything to do with the "goji berries" sold as a health supplement these days, but should look into it more (they are marketed as 'Tibetan' but don't actually come from Tibet).

•GO BYED 'khar gsil dang shes par byed.

•GO 'BYED nam mkha' ste gzugs gzhan go bar 'byed pa'i phyir ro go skabs 'byed po. Example of usage in Lde'u 111, but here the emphasis seems to be on the space that divides things from each other (and not on 'openness' per se).

•GO MAG See Stearns, King 96, where it is translated "adoptive bridegroom." See under mag pa.

•GO MI CHOD PA incapable, incapacitated, indecisive.

•GO MO DA DG 83.2.

•GO MTSHON armourer. Sources.

•GO MTSHON SNA DGU Namdak.

•GO ZHUB Btsan-lha.

•GO ZU a black silk dress. Norbu, Drung 94.

•GO BZLOG PA A 'law-reversal' that occurs every 12 years in Mustang when the village constitutions are reviewed and changed through mutual agreement (Charles Ramble).

•GO YU betel nut, areca nut. Aris, Discourse 31. = go 'bras, [shing] pa ṭha. JD 99. LW 457. DG 210.4. Areca palm, betel. Dhongthog. See under rwa rnyi. Areca catechu. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24.

•GO YU DGU SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 224.2, 369.5.

•GO YU BDE BA'I DPAG BSAM a medicinal preparation. BP 293.1.

•GO YUL (Dbus, Gtsang) = sa cha, place, space. MTTP. Btsan-lha.

•GO YO go 'o. Btsan-lha.

•GO RA enclosure, fenced-in area, prison, etc. [1] OT deriv. from Skt. go la. = zlum po. Blaṅ 309.3. OT = btson ra. Skt. bhandhagara. Blaṅ 294.2. btson ra. Dbus-pa no. 363. Lcang-skya. ra ba. Gces 587.3. Btsan-lha. [2] (Amdo) = sha bag leb, small wheat loaf filled with meat. MTTP. [3] Also called go kha, it is a kind of low-walled area in front of the lower opening of the stove proper (it's meant to hold the ashes scraped out of the oven). See Nomads 269. rtsis dang go rar mi chud pa. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 250.4.

•GO RA BA Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 113. See Hahn in Archiv Orientalni LXXXI (2003) 529, where it is understood as standing for the proper name Kaurava (?).

•GO RU See gu ru, gung ru, gu rub, etc.

•GO RE OT = rdzogs pa. Skt. purna. Blaṅ 292.6. Btsan-lha. (In Amdo) 'bread, cake.' T&BS I 355. rdzogs par. Dbus-pa no. 311. = rdzogs pa. Lcang-skya.

•GO RE LONG OT = gad byed pa. Blaṅ 305.3. Btsan-lha. lag g.yog. Dbus-pa no. 728. = lag g.yog. = gad byed pa. Lcang-skya.

•GO RO TSA NA See gi wang. Part of a brief pill recipe. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 31.1.

•GO ROG = bya rog. "crow, raven." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•GO LA [1] Generally, a globe or anything globular. "Globe," from Sanskrit guda ('globe, ball'), and of course Skt. gola ('ball, globe'). See Vai.Dkar. 437 I 28.1. Discussion in Decleer, Tragkar verse 7. See Gavin Kilty's translation, Mirror of Beryl, p. 64, and n. 136. [2] Betel nut. Chag 84, 97. Mentioned in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 160.2 among food items not known in Tibet. See discussion in Cantwell & Mayer in Anthony Aris vol., p. 112. [3] In Namdak, Bzo-rig 90 ff., it is a general term for armor, including helmet, body armor and iron fortified boots.

•GO LAB Btsan-lha.

•GO LE SOS DAL ga le sos dal mo zhes pa yin. Dpe-chos 503. Btsan-lha.

•GO LEB See under rwa rnyi.

•GO LO (Gtsang) = lang tsho, beauty. MTTP.

•GO LOB Btsan-lha. kha zer tsam. Dbus-pa no. 749.

•GO LOR Btsan-lha.

•GO LOS = kha zer tsam. Lcang-skya. Compare go lob.

•GO SHIR ṢA See tsan dan dkar po.

•GO SA position. Besides the usual meaning, which is 'rank,' it may also refer to a position in space, an occupied space (of something).

•GO GSAL PHYED PA Btsan-lha.

•GOG [1] to crawl. to fall down, peel off (from the wall). [2] to fall out (teeth, box bottoms, handles). [3] to cough up (phlegm). NNV.

•GOG PO Stein. 367 I 236. bla ma'i chags gog po cig spyi bor blangs pa bsod nams che ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 63.3.

•GOG TSAM phru gu bsgur nas 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•GONG DKAR G.YU BYA See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 51.

•GONG NGA = gong ba. 'collar.'

•GONG NGE GONG ? Lde'u 236. Perhaps this has to do with lgong nge, which is supposed to mean perfectly white [said of marble stone].

•GONG RJES (Wohl für; gong ma'i rjes su). dem Herrscher folgend oder: oberster Herr. Kaschewsky2.

•GONG THAG Brustriemen, Umriemen (beim Pferd). Kretsch.

•GONG DU PHUD verbindlich, unabdingbar, unumgänglich. Kretsch.

•GONG NAS GONG DU more and more.

•GONG NON gong non zhes pa dbyibs gru bzhi mtha' rgyan dang dkyil du dga' 'khyil gyi ri mo sogs yod pa che rab cig zur ltebs byas te gos kyi phyi yi thog nas bgos te bsdams pa zhig yod pa la 'dod do snyam. Namdak, Bzo-rig 78.

•GONG 'PHEL SNANG BA See snang bzhi.

•GONG BA Stein. collars (not allowed for monastics). Rhoton, CD 71.

•GONG BA 'DZIN PA See brag skya ha bo.

•GONG MA Stein.

•GONG MA BKUN PA OT = the tshom med pa. Blaṅ 289.3.

•GONG MA SREG partridge. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 234.

•GONG MED don med. Gces 585.4.

•GONG MO 367 I 233. grouse (the bird). Norbu, Drung 113, 262, n. 55. A red-beaked meadow bird. Samdo A V 52v.3. white grouse. Huber, Pure Crystal 256 n. 57. In a list of wild carnivores in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 438. JD 224. SS 538.2. The English version of Yisun says it's the Tibetan snowcock (Tetragallus tibetanus).

•GONG 'DZIN See gong ba 'dzin pa.

•GONG LAG collar. Karmay, Treasury.

•GONG SA See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 45n. Supposed to be a calque of a Chinese term; see Laufer, LW 446.

•GOD god du ma chud pas. Would not be used up elsewhere. Here it seems god is just an OT spelling for gud. Dotson, D&L 56.

•GOD KHA loss (e.g. sudden loss of cattle). Skorupski, TA.

•GOD DU CHUD PA steal from a house or treasury (burglery?). grong du chud pa. Btsan-lha.

•GOD 'DU SHA phrase occurring in Dunhuang version of a sūtra, in place of the later version's ras bcos bu. Silk, Dissert. 378.

•GOD PA [1] exhaust, waste away, bring to low point, make to dwindle (resources, especially livestock). = 'phri ba. 367 II 127.3. [2] ma god pa (in the negative), = ris med. Namdak.

•GOD MA Btsan-lha.

•GOD TSHABS CHE BA god tshabs che ba ni shor god che ba'o. Dpe-chos 514.

•GOD LAN Btsan-lha. OZZ 116.

•GON clothes, gown (a word of Middle English roots). I believe both this and gos ('cloth, clothing') are related to the verb 'go ba, with meaning to stick all over, to envelope.

•GON KHA (Dbus, Gtsang) = gon 'dog, wearing with reluctance. MTTP.

•GOB 'bur gyi ldog cha ste (added drawing). The opposite of protruding relief (groove, engraving?). Nomads 233.

•GOB LON bya sla ba le lo byas pa. Btsan-lha. = bya sla. Lcang-skya.

•GOB LOB See gab be gob be. Btsan-lha.

•GOM PA step, stride. As in: gom pa bor ba, to take strides (usually bor ba means to abandon, leave behind or throw away).

•GOMS PA to habituate oneself to something, to apply oneself, to get used to something, to practice something, to get acclimatized.

•GOR BU Btsan-lha. gla bzhi. stan zlum. zlum po. Dbus-pa nos. 170, 638, 741. = gru bzhi. = stan zlum. Lcang-skya. Diemberger, dBa' bzhed 52 (here they guess it means 'horse'). Bellezza, L&T 37 note 15, translates it as 'magical equid' (i.e., horse).

•GOR MA Hon. for rdo. stone. Blaṅ 312.2, 516.3. Btsan-lha, with still other meanings. rdo ba. Dbus-pa no. 626. = rdo ba. = rdo. Lcang-skya. rag ma / rag dang zangs zhes pa'i rag gam / dpe 'gar rags ma yod pas / rags kyi phyi mo lta bur rags ma zer ba sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. Bellezza, D&B 136 (smra gor, smra gor rdo).

•GOR MA BKUM PA Btsan-lha. = the tshom med pa. Lcang-skya.

•GOR MA CHAG PA without doubt. OT = the tshom med pa. Blaṅ 289.2. Dbus-pa no. 196. = the tshom med pa. Lcang-skya.

•GOR MO OT = sdang sems. Skt. krodha. Blaṅ 293.3. Btsan-lha. = stang sems. Lcang-skya.

•GOR TSAN DAN See shug pa. See sgron shing.

•GOR RTSE Btsan-lha.

•GOR BRTSAMS Glossed as brtsogs 'grus in Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 166.3.

•GOR SHI SHA Skt. gośīrṣa. = ba glang mgo (ox head), a particular type of white sandalwood. BBNP 469. tsan dan gyi nags bzangs na / gor shi sha bya ba yod de / de'i mtha' ma na de bas zhan pa'i tsan dan gyis skor nas yod skad. Zhi-byed Coll. I 436.5.

•GOL see gol sa.

•GOL MA Btsan-lha.

•GOL SHOR Stein.

•GOL SA "turnoffs" on the road to Enlightenment, "side-tracks." = lam gol (Skt. unmārga), taking the wrong way. Perhaps = Skt. vivarta, to turn away, go astray. Or, utpatha or vipatha, wrong route.

•GOL SA NYI SHU RTSA GSUM Almogi, MA thesis 167.

•GOL SA DRUG Explained in comm. to Klong-chen-pa 5.7.

•GOL SA BZHI Bka'-ma Rgyas-pa XVII 432.4. gzung 'dzin ma spangs na kha lta yin pas gol / nyon mongs ma spangs na ming gi sgom chen yin pas gol / phyogs ris ma spangs na spyod pa tshul 'chos yin pas gol / bya ba ma thongs na skye bo tha mal yin pas gol lo. Bka'-gdams Glegs-bam 38v.4.

•GOL SA GSUM Listed in Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 437.4.

•GOL SGRIB SUM CU Almogi, MA thesis 167.

•GOS [1] robe, clothing. Skt. vastra. Mvy. 5846. This word is probably borrowed from Persian, although possibly borrowed indirectly, through Uighur or Chinese. At the same time, I'm sure it is related to the verb 'go ba. [2] cloth, or sometimes more specifically silk.

•GOS SKU thang kas made with cloth. There are 4 types, according to the art history by Dkon-mchog-bstan-'dzin, Bzo-gnas 134-5. The first, dras drub kyi gos sku, is a thang ka made by sewing cloth pieces onto a paper backing, on which the design has been placed. This is also called lhan drug gos sku. The second is like the first only it has stuffing inside the cloth pieces like a quilt. It is called gos sku 'bur ma. For the third, see under 'tshem thang (also called by some gtsags sku). The fourth, 'thag thang, is one in which the picture is entirely pre-woven into the cloth (like those mass-produced ones nowadays, which are not highly esteemed).

•GOS KHYUD dhoti. Vitali, Tho.ling 71.

•GOS KHRUMS PA Btsan-lha.

•GOS SNGON CAN 1. Phyag rdor. 2. stobs bzang. 3. gza' spen pa. Blaṅ 527.

•GOS CAN See tsandan.

•GOS PO Btsan-lha.

•GOS BOR BLANGS Btsan-lha.

•GOS RAL GA Btsan-lha. See under ral ga.

•GOS RIS (gold) brocade designs. Jackson.

•GYA GYU Flick, Carrying Enemies 78.

•GYA GYUR 'GRO 1. du bu. 2. sbrul. 3. chu. Blaṅ 527.

•GYA CAN spu gra can. Nomads 233.

•GYA GCIG TU Btsan-lha.

•GYA NYES Namdak. Btsan-lha.

•GYA STON [1] Short for Brgyad cu gya ston (?). A celebration of the 80th birthday (important in eastern Tibet).

•GYA THO OT = rna rgyan. Blaṅ 294.5. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya. Have seen it spelled gya do.

•GYA NOM PA OT = phun sum tshogs pa. Blaṅ 287.4. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 127. Lcang-skya. Skt. praṇīta. Negi. Edgerton defines the Skt. as meaning (of food or Dharma) excellent, superior, distinguished, first-class.

•GYA NOM SNANG BA OT = yod pa. = legs pa. Blaṅ 287.4.

•GYA PA Btsan-lha.

•GYA BA OT = nyams pa. Blaṅ 285.2. Dbus-pa no. 014. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. rgyal pos lung bu'i spyod pa byas na gya ba bzhin no. Zhi-byed Coll. V 135.6. bzod pa'i pha rol tu phyin pa dang gya ba ngan chung nye. Zhi-byed Coll. V 507.1.

•GYA MA GYU onomat. for sound of crashing thunder. Noble Mountaineer 267.

•GYA MA DO Stein. Btsan-lha.

•GYA TSOM OT = ma brtags pa. Blaṅ 286.5. Btsan-lha.

•GYA TSHOM Btsan-lha.

•GYA TSHOM PA = ma brtags pa. Lcang-skya.

•GYA YA Btsan-lha.

•GYA LOG Btsan-lha, where it seems to be a kind of skilful method involving saying (or doing) the opposite of what you mean to (or ought to mean). I think it means something like 'reverse psychology.' skam thag chu nang du gcod pa 'khor 'das gya log gi gnad 'di cha myed. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 129.6 (similar, V 396.7). gya log gnad kyi skor (title in Zhi-byed Coll. III 72.1). skam thag chu nang du gcod par byed pa gya log gi gnad 'di ltos cig ces bstan no. Zhi-byed Coll. II 72.7. bya log gi gdams pa 'di grub pa'i mtha' gzhan la cha med pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. V 264.2. 'khor 'das gya log gdams pa'i gnad. Zhi-byed Coll. V 286.2. 'dir tshogs mi 'grub pa'i dus su bsags na che ba gya log gi mtshang bla ma'i man ngag go. Zhi-byed Coll. V 467.7. It's possible this is related (or the 'same' as) the rare term ja log, found in Rnying-ma works. As it occurs in some titles of medical works it is sometimes spelled bya log and ja log, also.

•GYAG PA OT = brlag pa. Blaṅ 285.2. Dbus-pa no. 016. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•GYANG A part of a house construction. The walls. See Dag-yig 67. Rammed-earth/shuttered-earth walls (walls made by packing wet earth, clay and stone between wooden forms, as in modern cement construction). ZZFC 47. I imagine this is an interchangeable spelling for rgyang, q.v. BLKC I 40 ff.

•GYANG SKOR circumvallation, surrounding wall. Yisun says it means a wall surrounding a house or town. Perhaps the gyang 'khor of Lde'u 348 is a mistaken spelling for this? (you can see khu sgra in place of the normally spelled ku sgra on the very same page). Per Sørensen, in his Tibetan Buddhist Historiography: The Mirror Illuminating the Royal Genealogies, Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden 1994), p. 210 translates it as pisé-wall, which I guess means a rammed-earth wall (or does it mean adobe?).

•GYANG NGE GYONG NGE (deriv. from gyong po, obstinate) = gyang gyong, obstinately. Soundings 28.

•GYANG CHAGS PA gesegnet, gedeihlich. Kaschewsky 82.

•GYANG TO Haarh, Yar-luṅ 381.

•GYANG RDO kho bos cig las ma mthong ste / bsam yas kyi gyang rdo tsam cig snang. Zhi-byed Coll. V 226.5.

•GYANG RA Stein. 367 I 234.3.

•GYAD [1] hero. The same word with same meaning exists in Old Chinese. Coblin, Sinologist's 93. According to Guillaume Jacques, in an email, the Chinese word would have been pronounced gjet. [2] stobs. Dbus-pa no. 212.

•GYAD GYID Btsan-lha.

•GYAD DO sna brgyan. Dbus-pa no. 385.

•GYAM PA See under gram kha.

•GYAM SHING [1] OT = rol mo. Blaṅ 297.1. [2] = rgyam shing, a type of horse. TS7 II 614.

•GYAR (to be away from station, as they say in India) "to be at" (a place other than your usual one).

•GYAL BA Btsan-lha. gdangs pa. Dbus-pa no. 221.

•GYAS = byas. "made." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•GYI GRAN ZZ 'enemy, impediments' Bru 155.2.

•GYI LCE See kyi lce.

•GYI 'DA' "so ma lhug pa gyi 'da' tsam//" Rnying Rgyud I 668.2.

•GYI NA mean, vulgar, ordinary. dman pa. tha shal pa. Dagyab. ma brtar. dman pa. Dbus-pa nos. 087, 171. dman pa. Lcang-skya. ma chad tsam ngan ngon tsam. Rtse-le VIII 428. go cha dang po gyi na tsam la bslab / dngos po gyi na tsam la bslabs pas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 13.4. gyi na dngos po bden myed du 'khyer bar bya'o. Ibid. II 24.3. brtson 'grus gyi na nas slongs. Ibid. II 430. bla ma'i bka' stsald gyi na la gdam ngag tu mthong nas nges shes skye zhes pa ni. Ibid. V 62.6 (also, 63.2). tshe 'dir rang don 'ba' zhig las gzhan don gyi na cig kyang mi byed pas / rab byung gi dgos pa stor ba'o. Zhi-byed Coll. V 83.6. dngos po gyi na las med kyang yongs su gtong ba'i blo yod pa de 'byor ldan yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 270.2. Schaeffer, Dissert. 233 (Schaeffer, Dreaming 107) notes a line in a Dohā: gyi na rig byed bzhi dag 'don. He says gyi na renders eva hi, and translates [They] vainly recite the four Vedas. brda' gyi na cig bstand pa 'di yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 414.2. sngo rngad la sogs pa gyi na tsam gyis 'tshor bar bya zhing... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 103.4, 353.1. There is an interesting, but difficult, relationship between this term gyi na and the term of similar meaning na ya (sometimes one even counters gyi na ya, which makes it confusing!).

•GYI NA BA tha mal pa. Dagyab. See Yisun.

•GYI NAR See Chandra.

•GYI NAR BOR BA Btsan-lha. For an example of usage, see Hahn, IE lxxxi, at note 46.

•GYI NAS Prob. just instrumental case of gyi na, q.v. Chandra gives the sentence from the Spyod-'jug: bdag ni kha zas gyi nas kyang / nyams dang ldan zhing 'tsho bar shog.

•GYI LING See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 116. Have seen this spelled kyi ling. A type of horse. TS7 II 614. bye thang la gyi ling gi sgrog khrol. Zhi-byed Coll. II 229.5. Although surely meant to indicate a superior type of horse, it is still interesting to consider, as Berounsky does (in his article "Wind-Horse Galloping," p. 194) that it is related to the Chinese 'unicorn' called Qi-lin. B. Laufer, Loan-words in Tibetan, p. 508: "222. gi-liṅ, listed by Jäschke as 'a fabulous animal' after Klaproth's Description du Tubet (p. 157). We further have the transcriptions gi-liṅ ("strong-bodied, durable horse") and gyi-liṅ mentioned in rGyal-rabs as an excellent breed of horses. In the Pol.D. the names of the eight famous steeds of Mu Wang and other designations of horses are rendered into Tibetan by means of the word gyi-liṅ. The French Dict. (p. 152) notes also a variant ger-liṅ. Transcription of Chinese *gi-lin (k'i-lin) X X. In the Hua i yi yü, Tibetan gi-lin is identified with this Chinese term."

•GYING 208 I 310.1. See Shākya-mchog-ldan, Works VII 213.3. See under ging.

•GYING GONG zhi pa [zhi ba?]. Dbus-pa no. 748. = zhi ba. Lcang-skya.

•GYIN GONG Btsan-lha.

•GYIN Also, gyin 'dar. OT = dman pa. = don med. = rang bzhin pa. Blaṅ 288.4-.5.

•GYIN TA rgyus med. rgyu rkyen med pa. Btsan-lha. = rgyu med. Lcang-skya.

•GYIN DA rgyu med. Dbus-pa no. 448.

•GYIN 'DA' rang bzhin. Dbus-pa no. 192.

•GYIN 'DAR Btsan-lha.

•GYIN 'DAS = rang bzhin. Lcang-skya.

•GYIB SHING See sngon bu.

•GYIM PO Btsan-lha.

•GYIM SHING Btsan-lha. = rol mo. Lcang-skya.

•GYIM SHIR rol mo. Dbus-pa no. 498.

•GYU GOD god kha. Nomads 233.

•GYU BA OT = bkur ba. Blaṅ 296.3. Btsan-lha. bkru ba. Dbus-pa no. 460. = bkru ba. = skabs la lar nga rgyal can la zer. Lcang-skya.

•GYU RU LUGS Btsan-lha.

•GYUR [1] srog chags bye brag pa zhig. [2] when used as a substantive, 'penalty, interest' (talk by Tsuguhito Takeuchi, Paris 2008). interest (on an overdue loan). Dotson, D&L 28, 69. [3] used to qualify the actions of the otter, interpreted as 'lively' or 'winding himself,' 'clumsy maneuvering.' OZZ 115, 117.

•GYUR TA RE = gyur 'ong. BBNP 475. Btsan-lha. gyur par nges zhes pa'i don. Gser Sbram 359. Example of usage in Lde'u 57.

•GYUR DUG SRZT 133.

•GYUR 'DED PA the one pursuing the interest, the lender. Dotson, D&L 69.

•GYUR MO NYA a fish. 4 225.3.

•GYUR BU Btsan-lha.

•GYUR MID khyur mid. Btsan-lha.

•GYE gye / bod sgra kye dang don gcig. Gser Sbram 11.

•GYE GED ancestral clan gods of western Tibet. KWT 82.

•GYE NING gzhes ning. Btsan-lha.

•GYED = byed. "make." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•GYED 'GYUR = byed par 'gyur. "will make." Kuijp (1986) 35.

•GYEN RGYU 1. me. 2. rtsa ba'i rlung lnga'i bye brag. Blaṅ 527.

•GYEN LDOG 'revolting, uprising. Goldstein. Text 3.

•GYEN PO Btsan-lha.

•GYEN BZLOGS PA 'to vomit.' Das.

•GYEN LOG [1] [modern] rebels, overthrowers (of the power holders in Cultural Revolution times). Tsering Shakya, Dragon 327. An early Red Guard movement in Tibet took this name, with its main support from Red Guards from China and lower to middle ranking cadres. [2] [classical] = gyen ldog. dma' sa nas mtho sar g.yo 'gul byed pa'i don te: rlung gyen ldog / rba rlabs gyen ldog / dbugs gyen ldog lta bu / Dag-yig. Any kind of upward agitation from a low to a high place, as in the rising of wind, waves or breath.

•GYEN SLONG Btsan-lha.

•GYER SGOM See discussion in Stein's article on Zhang-zhung, at p. 241 (he also discusses gyer). Jinpa, Mind Training 356 (& note).

•GYER SPUNGS zhang skad de / gyer ni bon spungs ni ston pa ste bon gyi ston pa zhes pa'o. 506A 338.

•GYER PO Skt. paṭu. dexterous, clever, skilful. Mvy. no. 2909.

•GYER MO apparently means 'song' in 73 420.6, 421.1.

•GYER TSE ZZ = bon log. See dun-tse.

•GYER LING rta mchog. Btsan-lha.

•GYES MDO dividing point[s]. Lde'u 380.

•GYO DUM (ceramic) shards. rin chen gling na gram sag gyo dum myed. Zhi-byed Coll. I 276.3. dper na sgyu ma'i gzhi shing bu dang sde'u gyo dum dang spre bzhug la sogs pa la mi'i dngos po cung zad kyang ma grub. Zhi-byed Coll. V 412.7.

•GYO MO shards of pottery. IN Pabongka, Liberation I 171. rin po che'i do shal bkrol nas lus kyi brgyan du gyo mo'i 'phang lo 'degs pa cig mthong. Zhi-byed Coll. II 254.1. JD 63. SS 533.3. When people only live 10 years, they will see even these as weapons, acc. to Lokaprajñapti (Derge version, p. 94). Blue Annals 850.

•GYO RAL Btsan-lha. sa zhag. Dbus-pa no. 589.

•GYOG Btsan-lha.

•GYOG GE Btsan-lha.

•GYOG CHEN Btsan-lha.

•GYONG khe gyong. Gces 584.5. [acting] tough. BHBW 352.

•GYONG BSKUR We also find gyong bkur & gyong la bskur. to pare down to the bare necessities. gyong lto gos la bkur nas ched du myi 'chal. he pared down his food and clothing to the bare necessities and didn't deliberately look for them. Zhi-byed Coll. II 143.4.

•GYONG KHEB Stein.

•GYONG KHYENGS gyong khyengs nang du langs pa'i mi la phyin gnod byed... Zhi-byed Coll. V 506.6.

•GYONG GRUGS Btsan-lha.

•GYONG BO rod bu. Gces 589.6.

•GYONG RAL OT = sa zhag. Blaṅ 299.1. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya. sa zhag / shed bu dang [63v3] shed las kyis sa zhag zos zhes pa lta bu yin la li shi'i gur khang bris ma 'gar gyo ral zhes yod shing thag ni cog / ras gur rang shong la cog pu dang shing sogs kyi gsol stegs la cog tse dang / yod do cog sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•GYOD BTAB Namdak.

•GYOD BDAL Btsan-lha.

•GYOD LA BSGRIN PA Btsan-lha.

•GYOD SA BKRI Btsan-lha.

•GYON PO rtsal 'gran pa zer ba 'dra. Dpe-chos 515.

•GYON RLAN LNGA THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 6v.3.

•GYON SLONG BDUN THANG a medicinal preparation. 'bam sel gyon slong bdun thang. BT (recipe on p. inserted after 32r).

•GYOL to get lame.

•GYOL POR GYUR Btsan-lha.

•GYOS PO father-in-law. Skt. śvaśura, śvacūra. Mvy. 3893. Example of usage in Lde'u 300.

•GYOS MO mother-in-law.

•GRA [1] a clan name. Btsan-lha. [2] corner, piece. [3] the tips of animal hairs, distinguished from the part of the fur called the khul.

•GRWA an alternative spelling for gru, 'corner.'

•GRWA SKOR a monk tour. This was a practice generally done by a monk who has completed most or his training. He would go to learn about other monastic courses of study besides his own, perhaps debate with members of other monasteries and receive teachings from them.

•GRWA BSKOR DAM BCA' 'defense during a scholastic tour.' Dreyfus, Sound 140.

•GRA KHANG variant reading for brang khang. BBNP 478.

•GRA GRU Btsan-lha.

•GRWA RGYUN monk flow. Havnevik, Dissertation 285. new [monastic] recruit. Dreyfus, Sound 56.

•GRWA CHUNG tr. as 'pouch' in Stearns, SR 33.

•GRA THOG PA = tsam pa ka. YTTM 291.26.

•GRWA DAG PA Btsan-lha.

•GRWA SPYI Vitali, Tho.ling 139.

•GRWA PHUD tr. as 'sack' in Stearns, SR 33.

•GRWA PHOR monk's tea-bowl. Illus. in Yisun.

•GRA BA supposed to be an equivalent to ra ba, q.v. Btsan-lha.

•GRA MA name for pigs and fish during the year after their birth. T&BS II 278. Good, noble. A type of thorn tree. Btsan-lha. SS 481.2.

•GRA MA BCAG N. of a horseback riding feat. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 58, "breaking the wild awn plant."

•GRA TSHA ? TS7 I 182.

•GRA 'DZUM Stein.

•GRWA ZHING a monk field (a field of sufficent size to finance the upkeep of a monk).

•GRAG MGO STAN See drag mgo bstan.

•GRAGS PA [1] known. [2] Skt. yaṣas. fame. EoB VIII 783-784. [3] credible. Thuken 335.

•GRAGS 'OS MA Btsan-lha.

•GRAGS G.YER snyan grags. Nomads 234.

•GRANG rung. Btsan-lha. dri ba'am the tshom ston byed kyi tshig grogs brda rnying zhig. Gser Sbram 225. Examples of usage in Toh. no. 217 (Śrīgupta Sūtra), p. 547.5 ff. In same work (p. 559.4 etc.) we see that this has an interesting usage with the negative. Here mi bsnyad grang must mean 'would be likely (or liable) to tell,' and mi bsad grang, 'would be likely to be killed.'

•GRANG MKHRIS SRZT 16. Text 7. Lag-len 271.4.

•GRANG CHAL Btsan-lha.

•GRANG CHU Lag-len 278.2.

•GRANG RNYOGS unstable cold disorders. Text.

•GRANG NAD Text 36.

•GRANG BA Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 11, suggests a connection with Indic vernacular terms like ṭhaṇḍa.

•GRANG SEL NYI MA'I DKYIL 'KHOR a medicinal preparation. BT 52r.6.

•GRANG SRIN Text 36, 65.

•GRANGS CHU Lag-len (text no. 11, item 17), says: One of the two categories of dmu chu [q.v.]. The symptoms are as for general phlegm disorders (bad kan). The urine is a bluish color and soft foam gradually fills the container. The swelling itself, tender and peeling, generally increases gradually from the lower part of the body.

•GRANGS MED This is the number '1' with 59 zeros after it, making 60 'places.' This precisely corresponds to novemdecillion, as a writer for "lotsawaschool" blog pointed out. Perhaps the most elegant English version I can come up with is 'inestimable' [eons]. In translating Lde'u, I translated it as eons without numbering, although I guess more intelligible in English would be eons of incalculable duration.

•GRANGS MED GSUM the three eons beyond numbering, three inestimable eons. This is most generally regarded as the length of time it takes to traverse the Mahāyāna Path to Enlightenment

•GRANGS YIG PA a position in a scriptorium, charged with numbering the pages (acc. to Kurtis Schaeffer, forthcoming work on Bu-ston).

•GRAN = dgra. enemy, opponent, antagonist. Karmay, Treasury.

•GRAB In architecture, the cross-wood over the rafters. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3.

•GRAB RGYAGS Btsan-lha.

•GRABS "fast" (auf Deutsch). ZAS VII 474.

•GRABS BYAS PA chu lud sogs grabs byas nas 'debs pa'i don no. Dpe-chos 513.

•GRABS YUL sta gon (preparatory stage of rituals, etc.).

•GRAM jag ma. Gces 586.2.

•GRAM KHA thog mar blo sbyong gi mchan du gtam rgyud 'di'i skabs la gram kha zhes 'byung ba ni gzhung chu 'gro sa yul skad la gyam pa zer ba de'o. Dpe-chos 506.

•GRAM GRUM Nishida, TTDD 145.

•GRAM PA skabs 'dir chu 'gram gyi gad pa. Dpe-chos 507.

•GRAM RUNGS Nishida, TTDD 145.

•GRAM SAG water smoothed shore pebbles. rin chen gling na gram sag gya dum myed. Zhi-byed Coll. I 276.3.

•GRAL THABS order of rank. Dotson, D&L 57.

•GRAL DPON See BA 440. Perhaps this is khral dpon?

•GRAS MKHAN a job in a scriptorium. collator (acc. to Kurtis Schaeffer, forthcoming work on Bu-ston).

•GRAS PA lan kan. gcun pa. Btsan-lha.

•GRI [1] knife, dagger. Surely related to Tangut khji (related to Tangut verb to cut), meaning 'dagger' (the gri/gyi alternation occurs in O.T. texts). [2] as 2nd element in a two-syllable compound, "death by" [whatever]. Used for any kind of untimely death, such as 'death by horse,' or rta gri, q.v.

•GRI SKOR dper na rgya gar gyi gri skor mkhan po des. Zhi-byed Coll. I 444.2.

•GRI KHUG Btsan-lha.

•GRI'I 'KHOR LO The gate to the cavern called Śantapuri is guarded by a 'wheel of swords.' See Ehrhard, Old & New 112.

•GRI GU It ought to be a word for 'small knife,' but not in this example: yang rdo rje gdan gyi gri gu na bud med cig gis... HS V 409.5.

•GRI GUG hooked knife. I suppose the word for 'hook' could actually be related to the English word 'hook' (kôg in Indo-European). See Tsung-tung Chang, Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese, Sino-Platonic Papers (Jan. 1988) 25.

•GRI'I DNGO Btsan-lha.

•GRI GCONG Essen Catalog 61.

•GRI LCAGS Säbel. Kaschewsky 82.

•GRI'I LCUGS Btsan-lha.

•GRI CHAD knife penalty (fine for unsheathing a knife or sword). Sources.

•GRI THO =dri tho. A ritual construction. Bellezza, D&B 139, 152 (dri do).

•GRI 'DUR (with verb) to perform the posthumous evocation ritual of the killed. Karmay, Treasury.

•GRI BO NGAS Btsan-lha.

•GRI BSHAD a genre of literature celebrating the sword and its parts. See Charles Ramble's essay "The Victory Song of Porong."

•GRI SEG 4 76A.2. This probably means a whetstone (seg brdar / se gdar, seg dar) for knives (gri).

•GRIB See discussion in Epstein, Dissertation 90 ff.

•GRIB SBYANG (or grib spyang) see under 'jib spyang. These 'spirit helpers' may be therio- or anthropomorphic.

•GRIB SMYO 'pollution madness.' A morbid fear of polluting objects, characterized by paralysis and/or chronic illness. May result in bla 'khyer. Epstein, Dissertation 139.

•GRIB TSHOD This might be the Tibetan corresponding to chāyā in the sense of sundial. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 167.

•GRIB SO shadow.

•GRIMS PA Skt. catura, caturasra (lit., four-cornered). ingenious, clever. Mvy. 2910.

•GRU [1] corner. [2] boat (both river crossing raft and sea sailing vessel). There is a possibility that this word is derived from or otherwise related to Arabic gurāb or a similar word in yet another language (see Hobson-Jobson 391, entry for grab). In Daṇḍin, verse 1.12, the corresp. Skt. is nau. [3] river crossing, fording place, ferrying raft. For a very funny folksy story of the origin of the first ferries in Tibet, involving a weasel paddling across the river on a dung pattie, see Stearns, King 33.

•GRU SKAS Lde'u 351 has 'phrul skas, while the small Lde'u has dru skas, but the parallel descriptions of Bsam-yas in other texts have this spelling, gru skas. I think it means sets of stairs between floors located in the corners.

•GRU GU [1] Turks. yu gur gyi yul, li yul. Nomads 234. [2] a thread ball, ball of yarn. [3] some kind of weapon, especially one of the weapons associated with Dpal-ldan Lha-mo. [4] a place in Khams. Garnknäuel. Kaschewsky2. clan name. Btsan-lha. [5] gru gu'i g.yu 'bigs na zhe la zhog.

•GRU RGYONGS 'di'i rgyongs zhes pa rdzongs kyi yul skad yin pas gru'i nang du chas dngos sogs kyis 'geng ba'i gru rdzongs byed pa'i don yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•GRU LCAGS — boat landing (at a ferry crossing point). Stearns, SR 111.

•GRU CHAD Achard, L'Essence 134.

•GRU CHAR gentle rain. char 'jam po. Yisun. Appears in Zhi-byed Coll.

•GRU PA Skt. nāvika. Mvy. 3850. This may mean a boatman, mariner or sailor in general (add the word 'great' for the sea captain), but it could also mean the operator of a ferry boat or raft for river crossings.

•GRU PHUGS BYED PA Btsan-lha. making signals with the elbows...

•GRU MO a cubit, the distance from the elbow to the knuckles of a closed fist, equal to 2 cha chen. Jackson. 'elbow.'

•GRU MO DD illus. 1, 5, 6, 13.

•GRU MO'I CHU BA DD illus. 30.

•GRU MO'I NYWA SNYING DD illus. 29.

•GRU BTSAS PA OT = gru tshugs pa. Blaṅ 304.3. A la btsas built on a plain or riverside. Karmay in Karmay, New Horizons 390.

•GRU BZHI [1] N. of a mineral. JD 49. = [rdo] pho rog, grub bzhi. SS 405.4. Identified as Limonite. Also called cho lung pa, pho rog sho rdo, 'dre mo rdo sho. Rin 107. [2] square (shape). bstan pa gru bzhi; "[upholding] all four corners of the doctrine." Jinpa, Mind Training 365. Similar usage in Thuken 105.

•GRU GSUM in magic. 124 498.1. On triangular gtor mas and the argument that they aren't taught in [Indian] mantra texts, see Rhoton, CD 125.

•GRUG to get rough, chafed. NNV.

•GRUNG PO 367 I 234. dge ba'i rtsa ba sa bon grub po dang 'dra ba... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 84.5.

•GRUNG RU SHI LW 519-520.

•GRUNGS BYED Btsan-lha.

•GRUB CHU water produced by stabbing a rock with a phur pa. Ramble in Mandala & Landscape 221, n. 84. Probably should not be confused with sgrub chu, 'mantraized water,' meaning water readied for ritual use.

•GRUB CHEN BRGYAD sa 'og bgrod dang ral gri dang // tshar bcad phan 'dogs gnyis ka dang // ril bu mig sman gter rnams dang // rkang mgyogs dag dang bcud kyis len. 120 185.1 ff.

•GRUB THOB RIL DKAR a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 88. Lag-len 62.5. TMC 16 (27). BP 125.2, 327.1. This pill, originally against joint problems, now popular for digestive disorders, is subject of Nianggajia, The White Pill: Perceptions & Experiences of Efficacy of a Popular Tibetan Medicine in Multiethnic Rebgong, Asian Medicine 10 (2015) 221-248.

•GRUB PA BRGYAD sgrol bo / legs sgrol / sgrol mthar phyin / mgu gyur / nyams dga' / rab dga' / dga' ba / mchog dga' rnams so. 600 116.

•GRUB PA DANG BDE BA Skt. yogakṣema. See discussion by Wayman in JAOS 105 (1985) 582.

•GRUB PA BZHI 397 V 4.

•GRUB PA'I RIG 'DZIN thun mong gi dngos grub mig sman dang / ral gri dang / sngags kyi dngos grub sogs la grug pa'i rig pa zhes bya zhing dngos grub de thob pa la grub pa'i rig pa 'dzin pa zhes bya'o. Eimer, Dbyangs 54.

•GRUB BZHI = gru bzhi. DG 127.6.

•GRUM [1] with missing parts. Vitali, Tho.ling 68. [2] pha bong grum nas bstul shul du lha khang brtsigs. Sba 7.

•GRUM PA A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 294. grum pa ni zhig pa dang gas pa sogs la 'jug. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. One is pictured in 'Jam-dpal-rdo-rje's materia medica, where it says it's simply a marmot, but similar in type to both dog and pig, grey colored (nag skya), hibernates in the winter. JD 247. Translated as 'badger' in Schaik, Sweet 37. Huber in N-L I 277 says the only badger in the vicinity of Tibet is the Asian badger or sand badger. Bellezza, D&B 74. Holding the wind to no purpose is something even the marmots and badgers know how to do. don med rlung 'dzin pa phyi ba dang grum pas kyang shes gsung. HS V 439.7. Langelaar, Chasing 21.

•GRUM PO phyag tu rta thams cad zher 'theng grum por song ba yong. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 56.2.

•GRUM BU SRZT 100. Text 1, 41, 43, 44, 46, 48, 77, 84. arthritis. Yangga's dissert., p. 67.

•GRUM BU'I NAD 'rheumatism.' Sometimes translated as arthritis. TM IV 22. Dhongthog. Lag-len 266.3. rus tshigs na ba'i nad bye brag pa zhig gi ming te. Dag-yig.

•GRUM RTSE From Chinese. See Blaṅ 311.1. See brum tshe.

•GRUMS PA khang pa'i yang thog grums pa (uppermost roof of a house falling apart, ruined...). Jamspal, Treasury 89. to be broken, shattered. NNV.

•GRUL See nyid grul. Blaṅ 296.6.

•GRUL BUM Beyer 342. Blondeau in Karmay, New Horizons 261. EoB III 58, says that the demon called kumbhāṇḍa is so called because it has testicles like pots. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 137. See also EoB VI 257-258. Prithvi Kumar Agrawala, The Kumbhāṇḍa Figures in Sanchi Sculpture, East and West, vol. 37 nos 1-4 (1987) 179-189.

•GRUS PO See sum grus.

•GRUS MA n. for a yak calf in its first year of life. A yearling yak. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 38. Equiv. to drus ma, 'hulled'.

•GRUS LOG See under rkyang tshab.

•GRE GU GSER THIG See bri gu gser thig.

•GRE GRE Nishida, TTDD 145.

•GRE 'GYUR Stein.

•GRE NAD larynx diseases. Yangga's dissert., p. 107.

•GRE BA OT deriv. from Skt. gri ba (griva). = mgrin pa. throat, [bird] gullet. Blaṅ 309.4. DD illus. 17, 18.

•GRE BA'I THEM BU medical instrument pictured in JD 281 (item 3).

•GRE BA TSHA sore throat. Text 59. Lag-len 282.2.

•GRE BA SHING = sgro puṣpa, sgro bu. JD 124.

•GRE BO [1] "barren, bare, bereft of" Kuijp in JAOS 111, p. 100. [2] In the line so bya ni gre bo chung, I guess it must be sgre bo, q.v. OZZ 115, 122.

•GRE WA TSHA 'sore throat.' Text 59. Lag-len 282.2.

•GREGS PA ? gregs pas myos par myi 'gyur rigs ngan bu. Zhi-byed Coll. I 290.3.

•GRED PA Btsan-lha.

•GRES PA lan kan. Btsan-lha.

•GRES MA See dres ma.

•GRO JD 213. roadfood (also, gro kha). Skt. godhūma (wheat). Mvy. no. 5660. See Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 168, no. 4. Wheat. Triticum aestivum. TDD 195.

•GRO DKAR palm-sized flat bread. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 68.

•GRO KHUR a brief way of saying what Pha-dam-pa's two foods were, gro mo and khur ma (dandelion). Zhi-byed Coll. IV 154.4.

•GRO GA 4 128B.2. birch bark (or the birch itself). gro ga theb mo gang la nyi ma cig la rdzogs par bris te. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 244.6. As a writing material for magic spells, see Zhi-byed Coll. V 142.7. Birchbark was very commonly used for writing material in Kashmir (as was the palm leaf in much of the rest of India); see Hartzell, Dissert. 550. An amazing Islamic-style bound birchbark book in Sanskrit illus. in Precious Deposits 113-116. The Skt. word būrjja/bhurja is obviously related to 'birch' (this fact was noticed and utilized by Klaproth already in 1830 CE). See BYNP 26-28.

•GRO GCUD "Kabtse" or Tibetan pretzels. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 10.

•GRO THIG freckles, moles. Lit., wheat spots. Goldstein.

•GRO 'DEBS PA lam du zhag bab byed pa. Dpe-chos 507.

•GRO BA Btsan-lha. strawberry colored horse.

•GRO BO "reddish grey color (of horses), swarthy, dappled." etc. See Kuijp in JAOS 111, p. 100.

•GRO MA a particular Tibetan root vegetable, a 'wild sweet potato.' Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 41. Spelled dro ma, it was eaten by Pha Dam-pa. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 352.3 (also, BA 912, where it is mistakenly translated 'peas'). Evidently marmots horde them (see gro mdzod). = 'gro los 'dzin, tsi tsis 'dzin. JD 167. KP1 93.4. SS 510.6. A potato-like wild root eaten by Tibetans (but not by surrounding peoples). Das, JTL&CT 123. Potentilla peduncularis. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. There is a photo and a short essay about this food plant on the internet here: http://www.danielwinkler.com (or try looking here: http://mushroaming.com/Medicinal_Plants, at the end of the page). Here gro lo sa 'dzin is given as an alternative name. Winkler identifies it as Potentilla pacifica.

•GRO MA ZA MKHAN A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibetan 302.

•GRO MO feminine form of the strawberry colored horse denoted by gro ba, q.v.

•GRO TSHIG black pigment made from burnt wheat. Anyetsang in TSB 15 (1980) 6.

•GRO MDZOD a sbras bsags pa'i gro phung. Nomads 234. A pile of gro ma roots collected by the marmots.

•GRO ZHIG Pause, Rast mit Mahlzeit. Kaschewsky2.

•GRO ZHIB "fine flour" used in book-making. Man LXI no. 102 (p. 84A).

•GRO ZHO a dish made with gro ma and yoghurt. gro ma dang zho bsres pa. Nomads 234.

•GRO LO evidently something edible. gro lo la zas byas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 301.5. Acc. to Yisun, the leaves of the gro ma (q.v.): gro ma'i lo ma. This makes sense, and seems to be correct.

•GRO LO SA 'DZIN Mdo 80. = 'bol lo. SS 510.6.

•GRO SO PHYE MAR The wooden vessel of flour used in New Year ceremonies (and weddings). It literally means the parched wheat (gro so) and roasted barley (phye mar) flour contained in its two halves Illus. in Yisun. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 73.

•GROG = rnyed pa. 367 130.1. An sign (of something good; see Yisun under grog skad).

•GROG RKED lit., 'ant waist,' name of a channel. Yangga's dissert., p. 299.

•GROG MKHAR anthill. Skt. valmīka. Mvy. 7093. As a metaphor for saving up wealth little by little, see Hahn, STD 24-25.

•GROG SBUR Samdo A V 121v.1. a type of insect, apparently one similar to the common ant. Perhaps an 'armored' ant, or an ant-shaped beetle.

•GROG MA For other words for 'ant' in related languages, see Beyer, CT Lang 9-10. khyed rang grog ma'i spyod pa bor la sdom gyi brgyud pa zung gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 174.4. = rakṣa mig med, rgyur rgyur, gshin rje'i bu. JD 257. SS 530.4. A Bon text on benefits of food offerings to ants, see Katen no. 041-30d.

•GROG MA'I GZUGS CAN See pi pi ling.

•GROG MED gyog med de rnyed pa med ces pa'o. Dpe-chos 511.

•GROG RMIS (regionalism), = gyog. A word for rnyed pa. BBNP 478. Btsan-lha.

•GROG SMAN PI PI LING [grog ma, ant] n. for pepper explained in Blaṅ 310.2. = drod sman pi pi ling.

•GROG ZHING Btsan-lha. SS 537.4.

•GROG SHING DG 143.2. Haircaps. Polytrichum sp. TDD 145.

•GROGS MED Btsan-lha.

•GRONG Tucci, Lhasa 49. mi rigs bzhi yod pa ni grong dang / bzo rigs bco brgyad yod pa grong khyer dang / grong khyer du ma yod pa grong brdal dang / grong brdal du ma yod pa yul ljongs dang / yul ljongs du ma yod pa yul 'khor zhes kong sprul yon tan rgya mtshos gsungs la / brgyad stong 'grel chen las / bzo'i bye brag bco brgyad tshang ba la grong khyer dang / de ma tshang ba'i khyim gcig gnyis sogs la grong dang / tshong ba mang po yod pa'i gnas la grong rdal dang / mi rigs bzhi tshang ba'i yul phyogs la ljongs zhes gsungs / mngon brjod 'ga' zhig tu / bye ba'i grong gis nges bcings yul // 'bum phrag grong gis yul 'khor dang // brgyad brgya'i grong gis grong khyer te // zhes bshad do. Gser Sbram 297. Similar explanation in Zhi-byed Coll. V 103.6 ff. Grong corresponds to Skt. grāma (just as grong khyer corresponds to Skt. nagara). An interesting attempt at etymology is found at 'Gos, Stong-thun 17.1. These town, city and district names are also defined in Sum-pa Mkhan-po's work 'Dzam gling spyi bshad, fol. 6r.

•GRONG KHA One may see two instances in Lde'u 87, 393, where it must mean 'moment of death.' I suppose grongs kha might be considered a more correct spelling for this, but it isn't sure.

•GRONG KHYER BZHI lha ma yin gyi grong khyer bzhi ni / 'od ldan / skar phreng / zab pa / gser ldan no. 600 30.

•GRONG CHOG General word for rituals, etc. for which monks might be called into the villages. Very popular with Tibetan people, but often criticised for seeming to violate the monastic ideals.

•GRONG CHOS grong pa'i chos. village dharma (euphemism for sexual relations). Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 144. Kramer, rNgog 91.

•GRONG 'JUG For a possible reason why it might be called such, see Hartzell, Dissert. 717: "[The Trika system.] This is a further step in the type-identity hierarchy whereby the group of cosmic principles or planes intersecting with the individual bio-psyche (tattvas) is called a grāma or village— since the tattvas refer to both the constituent elements of the individual and those of the cosmos." White, Alchemical Body 378, n. 73, mentions an Ayurvedic rejuvenation technique called kuṭī-praveśa, 'entering the hut,' and notes that there is a close Taoist parallel. There is an entry in Dungkar Rinpoche's dictionary, mentioning Stong 'khor Rin po che Bsod nams rgya mtsho as an example. Rngog Chos kyi rdo rje (1036-1102) demonstrated his abilities to perform this four times (Blue Annals 404).

•GRONG LTAG DGON PA Stein.

•GRONG BRDAL a town with a large population, a city. Sga 332.

•GRONG MO CHE GSUM Has a metaphorical usage in the mouth of Pha dam pa, although I don't yet understand to what it refers. yid smon gyis grong mo che gsum dang myi 'bral. Zhi-byed Coll. II 231.5.

•GRONG BSHUL the personal property left by a dead person. Sources.

•GROD PA gsus pa'i nang gi grod pa. Dpe-chos 515.

•GROD LING mar tshud grod ling tsho la stug pa dang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 523.4.

•GRON Btsan-lha.

•GRON PA Stein.

•GROL KHANG ? khyod rang gdams ngag grol khang du nyon gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 298.1.

•GROL PHUG 'original.' Karmay, Treasury. source. Karmay, Arrow 264 etc.

•GROL BA Skt. muktaka. In poetics (as in Daṇḍin), a single verse, complete in itself.

•GROL BA CAN 1. mu tig. 2. na le sham. Blaṅ 527.

•GROL BA BZHI Holly Gayley, Soteriology of the Senses in Tibetan Buddhism, Numen 54 no 4 (2007) 459-499, at p. 463.

•GROL BYED LAM Stein.

•GROL MA pho ba dang rgyu ma'i nang gi zhar skyes srin bu zhig ste, kha skad du rgyu 'bu yang zer. Dag-yig. Text 66.

•GROL GZHI Karmay, Great Perfection 183, 189.

•GROL LUGS LNGA Klong-chen-pa 10.26 comm.

•GROS counsel, consultation, advice, course of action.

•GROS GCOM PA Btsan-lha.

•GROS CHANG conversation beer (i.e., engagement confirmation negotiation). Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 68.

•GROS THAG GCOD PA to decide on a course of action, come to agreement on what to do. A couplet from the Ding ri brgya rtsa reads: yengs ma lam la mdun ma 'chal mar 'chor // gros thag da lta chod cig ding ri ba.

•GROS MI (village) counsellors. Sources.

•GROS RA Versammlungsplatz. Kaschewsky2.

•GROS SHOMS Stein.

•GROS SU BLUG Namdak.

•GLA RKANG a tree. KP1 205.1. KP3 319.7. KP4 518.2.

•GLA GOR Haarh, Yar-luṅ 354, a type of wood.

•GLA GOR ZHO SHA See zho sha.

•GLA SGANG TR XIV #4, p. 16. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 369. = mon lug, mon dug. JD 165. YTTM 291.20. SS 522.2. KP3 341.4. gla lgang. KP4 398.4, 566.1. Mdo 83. Emmerick, On Ravigupta's Gaṇas, BSOAS 34 no. 2 (1971) 365. 'bras gang, 'bra gang, 'bras khang, or gla skang, is in Skt. musta, muthā, mothā, mustā. A sort of grass [Cyperus rotundus or Cyperus rotandus]. It may also refer to a poison derived from that grass used in making poisoned arrows. Mvy. 5817, 5818. Geranium spp. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. See glas gangs.

•GLA DA ? gla da rang brtod. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 215.

•GLA DOS SHIG Btsan-lha.

•GLA LDAN GSA' A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293.

•GLA NE GLE NE See glan glen.

•GLA PHO A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 298.

•GLA BA [1] A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 298. Musk of the musk deer. For early medieval Eurasian trade in Tibetan musk, see Beckwith in CAJ 22 no. 2 (1977) 96, 100-101. See also Hobson-Jobson. BA 850. gnyen po mthu' dang ldan pa bla ba (i.e. gla ba) rtsi gnod byed pa lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II (lost page ref.). Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo 742. According to Sa paṇ, animal substances, including musk in incense, are forbidden for use in offerings (although of course musk is very commonly used in Tibetan incense to this day). Rhoton, CD 134. Anna Akasoy & Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim, Along the Musk Routes, Asian Medicine, vol. 3 (2007), pp. 217-240. Levey, Aromatic 398-399.་The Skt. muṣka (little mouse, scrotum) is likely source of the English word musk. [2] N. of a plant or tree. Acc. to CFMS 83, it is a plant. = dri bzang, rtsi ldan. JD 233. LW 496. SS 539.1. Translated as trees of the Hippophae rhamnoides species by Sørensen, TBH 249. For shing gla ba, see star bu.

•GLA BA SDAD MA KP1 216.5. Spelled gla ba srad ma in KP3 324.3. Thermopsis barbata. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27 (here spelled gla ba sran ma).

•GLA BA TSHER MA See star bu.

•GLA BO gleng mo. Dpe-chos 513. Btsan-lha.

•GLA BO DRIN DU BCAGS PA = gleng mo bka' drin bskyangs pa. BBNP 483. Btsan-lha. Pabongka, Liberation II 28.

•GLA MI Term used in Vinaya texts for day laborers. See Schopen, Menial 228.

•GLA RTSI musk. = kaspu ri (sp? prob. kastu ri), rtsi'i ma gi ta, ga bur smug po, dri can lte ba, rtsi'i rgyal po, ri dwags lte ba, sbrul dug. JD 78. KP1 12.1. = mri ga ma, ka du ri. DG 161.2. = mar rdza ri. YTTM 292.14. = phre chen lte ba. YTTM 292.23. Jamspal, Treasury 17. Skt. kastūrīkāṇḍa, mṛgamada. Mvy. 5832, 5833. By the way, it is no accident that Skt. kastūrī resembles the English word 'castration.' See A. Rao & J. Mattelaer, The Etymology of 'Castration' and Its Association with the Self-Castrating Beaver, European Urology Supplements, vol. 7, no. 3 (March 2008), p. 72. See discussion in Anya King's dissertation (I.U. 2007), p. 28.

•GLA RTSI LNGA SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 238.4.

•GLA RTSI BYU LONG A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 296.

•GLA YI rung. chog. Btsan-lha.

•GLA'I RIN DU GCAGS PA gla'i rin 'jal ba. Gces 583.3.

•GLA SHING a kind of wood used in the construction of the foundation of the Jo khang. Guessed to be the wood of the full-grown sea buckthorn bush. Alexander, Temples 320.

•GLA SRAN MA KP4 528.2.

•GLAG PA OT = lhag pa. Blaṅ 283.1. ltag pa. Btsan-lha.

•GLAGS Btsan-lha. <<brgyad stong 'grel chen>> las / glags zhes bya ba ni / nyes pa dang bu ga zhes bya ba yin no zhes pa ltar go dgos so. Gser Sbram 400.

•GLAGS BCAD Btsan-lha.

•GLAGS PA OT = 'jug pa. = 'gro 'tshams. Blaṅ 295.5-.6. Btsan-lha. = 'khebs pa. Lcang-skya.

•GLAGS BAG TSAM = long skabs cung zad. BBNP 483. Btsan-lha.

•GLANG "bull" An official position, originally an "advocate" for tenants of gzhung rgyugs pa villages. Goldstein, Taxation 25. SS 501.4.

•GLANG KLAD elephant brain? Acc. to Rockhill in Das, JTL&CT 100, it is a name for soap. I suppose it could be a brand name, and hesitate to speculate on the reasoning for this.

•GLANG GI DUS Zeit nach Mitternacht. Kaschewsky2.

•GLANG RNGA asparagus lettuce. CTEV 25.

•GLANG CHEN elephant. A pair of remarkable ritual stands in elephant shape illus. in Precious Deposits V 71. A number of languages like old Scandinavian languages & Hebrew have words descending from Persian pīl. Oldest use of the word that resembles 'elephant' is in Homer.

•GLANG CHEN KHRI 'PHANG See thar nu.

•GLANG CHEN MKHRIS PA See gi wang.

•GLANG CHEN GANGGĀ CHU BSGYUR a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 90. Lag-len 64.1. TMC 27 (53). BP 381.2. BP 160.4.

•GLANG CHEN CIG THUB See (glang chen) cig thub.

•GLANG CHEN BCU GCIG a medicinal preparation. BP 142.6.

•GLANG CHEN BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. BP 142.4.

•GLANG CHEN BCO BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. TMC 56 (123). BP 140.6, 251.1, 380.4. RR 27.

•GLANG CHEN CHUR ZHUGS N. of a Mahāyoga tantra and a simile: ci spyad stong 'gyur 'ching med pas // glang chen chur zhugs man ngag bshad. Rnying Rgyud 1982 II 23.3.

•GLANG CHEN DBANG PO'I RNAM PAR ROL PA ṛṣabhagajavilasita. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•GLANG CHEN ME TOG BCO BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 61. Lag-len 42.3. BP 141.3, 320.1. BT 50r.6.

•GLANG CHEN SMYO CHU a medicinal preparation. Goldstein, History 208.

•GLANG CHEN SMYON PA See thang phrom dkar po. This medicine/poison is the one said to have been used to kill the Dalai Lama's father, according to Noodle Maker of Kalimpong, p. 66 (Shakabpa's history, English version, p. 480, note 32 has an explanation).

•GLANG CHEN SUM 'GROL a medicinal preparation. BP 279.1.

•GLANG THABS 'colic.' SRZT 90. Text 12, 14, 16, 38, 49, 65, 66, 75. Lag-len (text 11, no. 16). SRZT 90: Contributing causes are 'hot' and 'cold' classified disorders due to 'worms' (srin bu) and disagreeable diet. Although there are many types, they may all be placed in the categories of 'hot,' 'cold,' 'worm,' and 'infectious' glang thabs. Whenever there is pain below the upper opening of the stomach (lhen sne), it is "stomach glang thabs." If below the navel, it is "intestinal glang thabs." If in the vicinity of the navel, it is "abdominal glang thabs." If on the right side, it is "blood glang thabs." If on the left side, it is "worm glang thabs." If in the middle it is called "tsampa (parched barley flour) glang thabs." If there is jumpiness, lethargy and sweating, it is "hot glang thabs (caused by 'heat disorders'). Without the jumpiness and lethargy, it is "cold glang thabs (from 'cold disorders'). When it is caused by too much milk or sweet foods, the pains are like a hot piercing or as if wound up in a ball. When there is much jumpiness and lethargy, and one cannot bear to stand up, it is 'worm glang thabs." When it feels like a knife is stirring around in the stomach and intestines, it is 'infectious lhan thabs. See Glang thabs (Acute Diseases of the Organs of the Abdominal Cavity) and their Correction in Tibetan Medicine, ed. by B.V. Semichov, in TM IV (1981).

•GLANG THABS RIL BU TSHA GRANG a medicinal preparation. Prescription 75. Lag-len 37.2.

•GLANG SNA [1] 'Elephant snout,' an architectural detail found in the capitals of pillars (see illus. in Pho-brang Po-ta-la [1988], illus. no. 14 following p. 29). See also Po-ta-la (1996) 49. [2] Pedicularis. Lousewort (there are many varieties). Also n. of a flower, me tog glang sna. JD 181: Grows from a single root. The leaves are hard, dark green and notched. The middle of the dark, mottled flower is shaped like an elephant's trunk, hence the name. Fundamentals 16.2 (item 17). KP1 48.3. Sde-srid/2 531.5: It grows in sunlight and shade. It grows from a single root and stalk. It has a hundred tiny flowers. Pedicularis flagellaris. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. TDD 129. See me tog glang sna.

•GLANG PO Skt. vṛṣabha. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•GLANG PO BRGYAD phyogs kyi glang po brgyad ni / sa srung bu / padma dkar po / g.yon phyogs / mig sman / sa la dga' / me tog so can / sa kun la grags pa / cha mdzes rnams so. 600 106.

•GLANG PO CHE elephant. = thal dkar, so gnyis pa, gnyis 'thung. JD 236. On the tracks of the elephant in the forest being a metaphor for the way shown by the Buddha (both being unmistakably marked), see D.R. Shackleton Bailey, The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge 1951), p. 204. Attaching swords to the elephant's trunk. NTSP section NGA 153r.6.

•GLANG PO CHE'I RJES elephant's footprint. Also, glang chen zhabs rjes. Dominik Wujastyk, "The Elephant's Footprint: An Ancient Indian Logic Diagram," Studia Orientalia Electronica, vol. 6 (2018), pp. 56-61. For the parable of the woodsman following the footprints of the bull elephant (the real faith in Buddhahood is found only in actually becoming a Buddha), see EoB VII 604.

•GLANG PO CHE'I YAN LAG BDUN rkang lag bzhi / mjug ma ma zeg pa dang / rling pa 'doms kyi bar na 'dug pa dang / sna legs par gnas pa ste bdun no. 600 87-88.

•GLANG PO'I SO See ga dza danta.

•GLANG MA JD 122. Two types: glang dkar & glang nag. DG 241.3. Jackson, MB 108 says glang ma or blang ma means the himalayan willow. See under glang shing. For example of wall made with woven glang ma, see BLKC I 48.

•GLANG MA NAG PO Salix calyculata. TDD 171.

•GLANG MIG See (gla gor) zho sha.

•GLANG MU ZI bon po mu stegs. Gces 589.1. Btsan-lha.

•GLANG MO BRGYAD Wives of the glang po brgyad. sprin grol / dmar ser / ser skya / dpe med ma / zangs sna / so legs / yan lag mdzes pa / gsal ldan ma'o. 60 106.

•GLANG RDZI mahout. Jamspal, Treasury 110.

•GLANG SHING the wood of the glang (or glang ma, willow?) tree. See mdzo mo shing.

•GLANG HRANG glang thug. Dpe-chos 512.

•GLANG HRAN Btsan-lha.

•GLAD often for klad. Tr. as 'forehead' in Hahn, VG 417.

•GLAN n. of a clan. Btsan-lha.

•GLAN KA OT. censure, blame. Hill, Aspirated 476.

•GLAN GLEN glan glen nyi tshe ni gla ne gle ne kha re kho re'am phyogs re ba'o. Dpe-chos 509.

•GLAN PA Stein. mi sha glan pa, 367 I 234. Btsan-lha. Example of usage in Tôh. 236, fol. 275.

•GLAN 'DZING einfältig kämpfend. Kaschewsky2.

•GLAB PA lab pa. Dbus-pa no. 327.

•GLAM glam zhes pa / ba dag byung. Dbus-pa no. 740.

•GLAM GYIS KHYER Btsan-lha.

•GLAM PA OT = snam bu 'thug po. Blaṅ 286.3. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•GLA'O ZUR PA Btsan-lha.

•GLAL 1. ngu. 2. kha gdangs. Blaṅ 527.

•GLAL BA OT = kha gdangs. = rnam par bsgyings pa. Blaṅ 289.6. Lcang-skya. to yawn. NNV.

•GLAS a vessel for measuring grain etc. Btsan-lha.

GLAS GANGS odd spelling for gla sgang, a medicinal root. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 190. Bellezza, D&B 122 (mon lug glas gang).

•GLAS PA Btsan-lha. phun sum tshogs pa ma glas [gnas spos pa] te. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 432.1. To move, change dwellings.

•GLING [1] In the specialized language of spirit mediums, used to refer to the mirror, which may be divided into three areas themselves called gling. They are arranged concentrically, starting from the outer parts of the mirror: phyi gling, nang gling, bar gling. They may also be three separate mirrors. See Bellezza's Calling Down the Gods. [2] island, continent. [3] park, garden. See gling ka, which especially has this meaning. [4] sector [of a painting, of a map]. Lde'u 290.

•GLING KA See under gling, above.

•GLING CHEN a herb discussed in Huber, Pure Crystal (index under 'lingchen').

•GLING DON The aimed-for island (i.e., the island of jewels that is the object of the sea captain's quest). gling don bud med khar mi gtang. Zhi-byed Coll. V 276.7.

•GLING DRUG dus 'khor las bshad pa'i gling drug ni / zla ba dang / 'od dkar dang / rab mchog ku sha dang / mi'am ci dang / khrung khrung dang / drag po'i gling rnams so. 600 70.

•GLING BDUN dus 'khor nas bshad pa'i khor yug gi gling bdun ni / zla ba / 'od dkar / ku sha / mi'am ci / khrung khrung / drag po'i gling / 'dzam gling chen po rnams so. 600 86.

•GLING SDUG übles Land, schlechter Volksstamm. Kaschewsky2.

•GLING ME all-night funerary lamp. TS5 742 n. 2.

•GLING BZHI shar lus 'phags gling / lho 'dzam bu gling / nub ba lang spyod / byang sgra mi snyan no. 600 35.

•GLING BSRE As a monastic dge-bshes title, it originated with Chos-rje Ye-shes-bzang-po (1415-1498), the Dga'-ldan Khri-pa X. Dreyfus, Sound 144.

•GLINGS PA Btsan-lha.

•GLU Sa paṇ makes fun of Tibetans who explain the word with reference to slu ba. Rhoton, CD 169.

•GLU DBYANGS [1] Singing or reciting together. Skt. saṃgīti. Mvy. 5022. See EoB VII 720-728. [2] Skt. madraka. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•GLU DBYANGS KYI NGES PA BDUN 1. bar ma. 2. drang srong. 3. sa 'dzin. 4. drug ldan. 5. lnga pa. 6. blo gsal. 7. 'khor nyan. Bod Mkhas-pa, Snyan-ngag-gi Bstan-bcos 6v.2. Rin spungs pa'i snyan 'grel 510.3 ff.

•GLUGS PA Btsan-lha.

•GLUD 87 LXIX. Discussed in Karmay, Arrow 246, 339 ff. Best described as a 'ransoming' ritual (not as a scapegoat). See also Yoeli-Tlalim in Anthony Aris volume, p. 751 ff.

•GLUM The grain that remains as a byproduct of beer making. Das says it's the fresh fermented grain used instead of malt in brewing beer. Ardussi, Drinking 119. lta bsgom bsnyen bsgrub tu bskyal bas / nyams myong glum langs pa bzhin du 'ong. Zhi-byed Coll. II 333.7. This word, of possible IE origins, is discussed by Bielmeier in the Schuh Festschrift.

•GLE See under chu gle.

•GLE 'DAMS MA A sexually neuter female whose female organ has become one with the anus. Btsan-lha. Skt. sambhinnavyañjana. See J. Gyatso in History of Religions 43 (2003) 95 et passim. With spelling variant sle gdams pa, see Mvy. 8927.

•GLE BA Btsan-lha. sel po. Dbus-pa no. 707. Lcang-skya.

•GLE BO Btsan-lha.

•GLE TSHER See star bu.

•GLEG GLEG [give a] whipping. RET XXXIX 128.

•GLEGS THAG book strap. See BYNP 47-53.

•GLEGS PA Btsan-lha.

•GLEGS BAM Skt. pustaka. glegs bam gyi ni bshad pa la / glegs shing glegs thag 'chad pa dang. Rhoton, CD 169. Dorji Wangchuk discusses this in his Philologia Tibetica blog dated July 3, 2016.

•GLEGS BU sometimes this seems to be a measurement for cloth, as for example a square cloth used for monastic garments. Sometimes seems to have to do with locking mechanisms. And sometimes seems to mean a flat document or tablet of some kind. My guess is that originally it meant a [quadrangular] measurement of cloth and paper (and possibly also copper and gold plates). Freshly made paper sheets (perhaps called glegs; see under glegs tshad, below) needed to be cut down into smaller pieces that were called with a diminutive, glegs bu. Yisun says it's a way of calling the book label, but I doubt this. Negi has interesting Sanskrit equivalents paṭṭa, patra, maṇḍala, khaṇḍa.

•GLEGS BU'I GRWA Btsan-lha.

•GLEGS TSHAD Also, glegs tshas. A large size of paper (that needed to be cut down to the standard book size). These large sheets were sometimes used for the scribblings of scribes, bits of contracts, verses, phrases, jokes, calligraphy practice (lecture by Tsuguhito Takeuchi, Paris 2008). An example (Pelliot tibetain 1164) in Sam van Schaik's blog "Early Tibet," October 7, 2009, in which the word glegs tshas is actually found written on the page. See now Tsuguhito Takeuchi, Glegs tshas: Writing Boards of Chinese Scribes in Tibetan-Ruled Dunhuang, contained in: Brandon Dotson, Kazushi Iwao and Tsuguhito Takeuchi, eds., Scribes, Texts, and Rituals in Early Tibet and Dunhuang, Reichert Verlag (Wiesbaden 2012) 101-109, 150-153.

•GLEGS SHING bookbinding boards. See BYNP 32-47.

•GLENG BA In Vinaya, the codana, announcement of the offence, as part of monastic disciplinary procedures. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 226.

•GLENG GZHI 445 III 157.6 ff. Skt. nidāna. Mvy. 1272.

•GLENG LANGS PA Btsan-lha. Example of usage in Lde'u 100.

•GLENGS SHING SKROGS KYIS 'ONG BA Seems to mean "'jigs shg skrag pa 'ong ba." BBNP 475.

•GLEN PA DRUG sdug bsngal gyi rtsa bar gyur ba'i 'khor 'dam la dga' zhing brtse gdung byed pa 'di yang glen / phung po mi rtag brnyan po lta bu la lhag par bkur sti byed pa 'di yang glen / dbul yang lhag ma las pa'i nor rdzas la sdig dang brdos nas gsog pa 'di yang glen / sdug bsngal chen po nam 'od cha med par tshe 'di 'ba' zhig gi zhal ta byed pa 'di yang glen / da lta'i sdug bsngal phran tshegs mi bzod par shi nas ngan song du sdug bsngal bzod du re ba 'di yang glen / zab la rgya che ba'i chos la mi spyod par rang gis rang sdug shom pa 'di yang glen no. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 40r.5.

•GLEBS PA OT = mnan pa. Blaṅ 290.4. Dbus-pa no. 249. Lcang-skya.

•GLE'O Btsan-lha.

•GLES POR stag snod. Gces 589.4.

•GLES BOR dang du mi len pa. Btsan-lha.

•GLO [1] (coll.) strap or girth (of saddle). MTTP. [2] In contexts of describing the body, or the maṇḍala, or mudrās, this may simply mean 'side.' Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 369.6.

•GLO KHA lung color. Jackson.

•GLO GRI Knife illus. in Yisun.

•GLO GCONG CHEN PO ZAD BYED pulmonary tuberculosis. Yangga's dissert., p. 106.

•GLO GNYEN See shing mngar.

•GLO YI BDUN THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 12r.2.

•GLO RDEG See under blo rdeg.

•GLO RDOL glo nad khrag skyugs pa. mthil lam lto bar bu ga yod pa. Btsan-lha. Todd Gibson, dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 154.

•GLO NA YOD PA Btsan-lha.

•GLO DPON = slob dpon. "teacher, preceptor." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•GLO BA lung. Note possibly related term in Skt. kloman (the right lung). For the ZZ term, see lung. It is interesting to see this word used as a cultural translation of Skt. hṛd, 'heart.' See D.R. Shackleton Bailey, The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge 1951), p. 147. Especially in older Tibetan texts it is indeed more fitting to translate it as 'heart' when it is used outside medical contexts.

•GLO BA DGA' BA = sems dga'. 367 I 230. Btsan-lha.

•GLO BA NYE to be loyal, pledge allegiance to. Takata Tokio, A Note on the Lijiang Tibetan Inscription, Asia Major 19 nos 1-2 (2006) 161-170, at p. 163. to have the ruler's ear, to be in favor. See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 88. Dotson, OTA glossary. I think the nearly literal meaning is 'close to the heart.'

•GLO BA NYER BA Btsan-lha.

•GLO BA THAG PA Btsan-lha.

•GLO BA 'DRING Btsan-lha.

•GLO BA BU anterior lobes of the lungs. Yangga's dissert., pp. 280, 286.

•GLO BA MA posterior lobes of the lungs. Yangga's dissert., pp. 280, 286.

•GLO BA RINGS Dotson, OTA glossary.

•GLO BAS BAS PA Btsan-lha.

•GLO BUR sudden, incidental, adventious. Sometimes misspelled blo bur.

•GLO BUR BA coincidental. Skt. āgantuka. Thurman.

•GLO 'BUR [1] incidental (not appointed by some higher power). Tibetan royal dynasty was not appointed by the sky (or something), but descended directly down from it all of a sudden. [2] Apparently this means some kind of wall of a house that protrudes further out than the wall proper... a projecting wall, an extending wall. Instance of usage in Lde'u 291.

•GLO SMAN BDUD RTSI 'CHI GSOS a medicinal preparation. BP 365.1. BT 28v.2.

•GLO RTSA BLANGS PA sems dkrugs pa'i don. 367 II 130.1.

•GLO TSHAD KUN SEL a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 32. Lag-len 24.5. TMC 37 (80). BT 50r.7. BP 191.1.

•GLO SHO RGOD rig pa sbyang ba. Dpe-chos 512. Btsan-lha.

•GLOG See tsi tra ka.

•GLOG PHRENG Skt. vidyunmālā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•GLONG THANG appears in a list of offerings (note, too, that this appears in the name of a temple founded by Srong-btsan-sgam-po). glong thang ze tse rdo rje sgur chung 'bul. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 523.5.

•GLONG BA OT = rmugs shing song ba. Blaṅ 296.5.

•GLONGS dkrugs pa'am bsrub pa. Dagyab.

•GLONGS TE Btsan-lha.

•GLONGS PA Btsan-lha.

•GLOD CIG brjod cing. Dbus-pa no. 444.

•GLON PA Btsan-lha.

•GLOS PA OT = rmongs pa. Blaṅ 292.3. Dbus-pa no. 291. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•GLOS PHAB Btsan-lha.

•GLOS GZHOGS Btsan-lha.

•GHA sometimes this spelling is used as an abbreviation for 'ga' ('a few') in cursive manuscripts (it saves horizontal space that way).

•GHA TI TSHAG In a Bon text, a name for the rkang gling. Helffer in Karmay, Habitants 344. (Note Skt. ghāti, wound, execution, murder.)

•GHI GU KHYUNG NAG a medicinal preparation. TMC 31 (65).

•GHI WAṂ DGU PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 29. Lag-len 23.3. TMC 41 (89). See gi wang dgu pa.

•GHI LO YA See sle tres.

•GHING = sing ga la. YTTM 291.13.

•GHU BHI TA a metal or mineral. Namdak, Bzo-rig 89.

•GHU RA TSA YA See sle tres.

•GHO KṢU RI See gze ma.

•GHO KHU RA See gze ma.

•DGAG SGRUB accomplishment / hindrance, accomplishing / hindering, refutation / proof. Klong-chen-pa 9.15, 11.3. Skt. pratiṣedha, prohibition, obstruction, refutation. (Roerich's Dictionary).

•DGAG SGRUB GNANG GSUM In Vinaya, means abstinence, observances and authorizations (a way of categorizing rules of conduct). Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 8.

•DGAG SGRUB MED PA Neither preventing nyon-rmongs, nor striving for ye shes. Rnying Rgyud 1982 XI 337.1.

•DGAG PA refute, negate. Skt. pratiṣedha. Thurman. 'dugs. Dbus-pa no. 114.

•DGAG BYA NGOS 'DZIN At the core of Tsong-kha-pa's view of Emptiness, the idea that the object of negation must be thoroughly identified. Dreyfus, Sound 284.

•DGAG BYA'I MTHA' BZHI yod pa'i mtha' / med pa'i mtha' / gnis ka'i mtha' / gnyis ka ma yin pa'i mtha'o. 600 38.

•DGANG CAN = ma lus. "each and every." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DGAB PA Btsan-lha.

•DGA' N. of a clan. Btsan-lha.

•DGA' 'KHYIL 1. g.yung drung. 2. rgyal po'i pho brang. Blaṅ 527. See also Nomads. A swirling design resembling the yin-yang symbol, only often having 3, rather than 2, swirling 'drops.' Illus. in Yisun.

•DGA' 'KHYER BA Stein.

•DGA' DGA' SPRO SPRO happily. Soundings 21.

•DGA' MGU sensual pleasures (a Vinaya euphemism for sexual relations). See Mvy. 4564.

•DGA' DRAG (Dbus) = yag gi red, better. MTTP.

•DGA' 'DUN OT = skyes pa'am bud med rkyang pa dga' spro la tshogs pa. Blaṅ 305.4. Btsan-lha.

•DGA' LDAN MKHAN PA See phur mong.

•DGA' LDAN LHA BRGYA Gser Sbram 396.

•DGA' SPRO DGE BSKOS 'fun disciplinarian.' A kind of clown who performs at rituals for the phar phyin class at Sera Monastery. In Tibet his performances lasted 14 days, in exile 7. I witnessed some performances.

•DGA' BA comfort, contentment.

•DGA' BA BZHI sngags kyi dga' ba bzhi ni / dga' ba / mchog dga' / dga' bral / lhan skyes kyi dga' ba'o. 600 47.

•DGA' BA ZA BA Btsan-lha.

•DGA' BYED Skt. praharṣiṇī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•DGA' BROD elation. One of the 4 types of demons in Gcod demonology. I notice one use of the word in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 183.3 (compare IV 211.5): dga' brod kyi blo de bdud kyi byin brlabs 'jug pa'i dus yin pa'i phyir ro.

•DGA' MO Stein.

•DGA' RAB DBANG PHYUG GI ME TOG GI MDA' LNGA dregs par byed pa dang / rmongs par byed pa dang / kun tu rmongs par byed pa dang / brgyal bar byed pa dang / sems med par byed pa'i me tog gi mda' rnams so. 600 57.

•DGA' RU RE Btsan-lha. dga' ru re la ched myed kyi sdig pa ma sog.

•DGA' SA YAG SA circle of friends. Dargyay, TVC 49.

•DGAR BA to pen up (men, cattle). Beckwith in TS7 II 1046. separate, isolate, divide off

•DGU besides the usual meaning 'nine,' it also often means 'many.' A special expression using ma and dgu: rtog ges ma brtags dgu brtags kyang // zhen pa'i 'ching las grol mi srid. Samdo A III 185r.2. myi rig dgu rig / myi dran dgu dran / myi shes dgu shes / myi mkhyen dgu mkhyen / mi gsal dgu gsal / myi 'gyu dgu 'gyu ba 'di yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 258.1.

•DGU KHRA dgu khra ma thug pa lhag lhag rtse ba ni / rtsed mo'i rnam pa rde'u dkar nag dgu dgu lta bu bzhag ste rtses pas phan tshun rgyal pham de bsnyon med du go ba zhig yin nam slar zhib tu rtsad bcad mdzod. Dpe-chos 516.

•DGU 'GYUR See under snang ba dgu 'gyur, a name for the white dhatura plant. sngo dgu' 'gyur gyi rtsa ba phyogs cig tu gtan la myi phebs gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 170.7.

•DGU STE Btsan-lha. = lhag ste. Lcang-skya. [63v1] lhag sta / gsol ba'i lhag ste sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•DGU THUG A soup served at new years (29th day of the last month) with dumplings containing 'omens.' The dumplings may be in various symbolic shapes, and contain symbolic objects. The person getting a dumpling containing paper will be learned and virtuous (or a victim of theft); wood indicates life as a poor man walking with a stick; a pebble indicates life as durable as a diamond rock; salt suggests cleverness and reknown; wool is for disease; and cayenne pepper for a temperamental personality (sharp tongue). charcoal of course means one has 'dark thoughts.' onion means you will have body odor. Chab-spel Tshe-brtan-phun-tshogs has written an article on the subject (included in his volume of collected works). Other explanations of the objects found in Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 63.

•DGU THUB SS 458.3.

•DGU DRUS (sp?) KP3 325.6. See rgu drus.

•DGU NA MED Btsan-lha.

•DGU SNA KYOG lit., nine crooked nose, a combination of 3 and 6 on the [two] dice.

•DGU PHRUGS dgu tshan. Gces 586.5.

•DGU MO describes a winning situation in sho gambling, in which all 9 coins are in the shell field. Murakami Daisuke, Aspects of the Traditional Gambling Game known as Sho in Modern Lhasa, RET 29 (Apr 2014) 245-270, at p. 253.

•DGU TSHIGS Milky Way. Karmay in JIABR 1 (2013) 25, 30, where it is spelled rgu tshigs. dgu tshigs skya mo gtod la mnan. "The pale /nebulous Milky Way is forced into surrender." Snellgrove in BSOAS 14 (1952) 397. Some understand this "pale Milky Way" to mean simply "Milky Way." One still wonders why it is understood to have nine joints! And why did the father of the first Tibetan Emperor, in some accounts, have to do with seven joints (and later there were seven kings called "mighty in joints").

•DGU ZI a kind of knife. Btsan-lha.

•DGU ZLA multiplication table. Travers, BPPI 122.

•DGU GTOR [2]9th [day] torma. Torma rite held on the 29th (hence the dgu) of the month.

•DGU GZHUR = dgu bzhur. a game using 9 black & 9 white pebbles. BBNP 477, 480.

•DGUGS Btsan-lha.

•DGUNG [1] OT = gnam. sky. Blaṅ 303.1. mkha'. Blaṅ 527. Lcang-skya. [2] mtshon dus. night time. Blaṅ 527. mtshan mo. night. Blaṅ 303.1. [3] zhag thig. drop of fat. Dbus-pa no. 621. I speculate: In old Chinese astronomy, as far back as the Han Dynasty, there were five major parts of the night sky that were called palaces (Ch. gong), with the most important one being the circum-polar circle in the north called the [Forbidden] Purple Palace.

•DGUNG THUS BGOS Btsan-lha.

•DGUNG DU GSHEGS O.T. For examples of usage, mainly in cases of the death of a Tibetan emperor, see Nathan Hill's article "Verba moriendi in The Old Tibetan Annals."

•DGUN DUNG CAN Btsan-lha.

•DGUN GDUNG Btsan-lha. = tshad gdung. Lcang-skya.

•DGUN 'DUN winter assembly. Btsan-lha. Compare dbyar 'dun.

•DGUN MTSHER dgun sa. Nomads 234.

•DGUN SLA Btsan-lha.

•DGUM DU = bcad du. Lcang-skya.

•DGUM PA OT = gsod pa. Blaṅ 299.5. bsad pa. Dbus-pa no. 619. Lcang-skya. to carry out, execute. Past tense: khums. Dotson, D&L 69.

•DGUR SDOD Stein.

•DGUL DU gcad du. Dbus-pa no. 531.

•DGUS PA Btsan-lha.

•DGE Btsan-lha. dge'o / skam po. Dbus-pa no. 347.

•DGE SKOS dge 'dun pa'i chos khrims. Utpal 27.5.

•DGE RGAN = dge bskos rgan pa. Chief disciplinarian of a monastery. Petech.

•DGE RGYAS Śubhakṛstna. N. of a god.

•DGE BCU Good qualities of a habitable place. TS7 I 269.

•DGE BSNYEN a lay disciple, one who has taken the five basic precepts. Skt. upāsaka. Mvy. 8724. See entry in EoB VIII 431-435.

•DGE 'DUN Skt. saṅgha. Expl. in Gser Sbram 44. EoB VII 699-704.

•DGE 'DUN SKYES See ri sho.

•DGE 'DUN LHAG MA Mvy. 8368. 13 grounds for suspension from the saṅgha.

•DGE BA SBYONG Stein.

•DGE BA'I GNAS Sinitic vocab. for mtho ris. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•DGE BA'I RTSA BA GSUM 'dod chags med pa / zhe sdang med pa / gti mug med pa'o. 600 15. Samdo A II 319v.2.

•DGE BA'I BSHES GNYEN Francesco Sferra, Teaching & Spiritual Counselling in Indian Buddhist Traditions: Some Considerations on the Role of the Kalyāṇamitra, contained in: A. Rigopoulos, Guru, the Spiritual Master in Eastern and Western Traditions: Authority & Charisma (Venice 2004).

•DGE BA'I BSHES GNYEN GYI MTSHAN NYID BCU See under mtshan nyid bcu.

•DGE BA'I BSHES GNYEN BSTEN PA'I SKABS KYI SEMS DGU See under sems dgu.

•DGE SBYONG virtue cultivator (virtuous cleanser?), general term for renunciate monks and nuns. Skt. śramaṇa. Mvy. 3329, 8716. sgra bshad ni / sha ni po shadha zhes pa gso zhing sbyong ba ste / rang gzhan gyi nad dang sdug bsngal gso zhing sbyong bar byed pa'i don no // zhes tā ra nā tha'i byams smon 'grel par gsungs la / spyir so thar gyi sdom khrims lhur len gyis sbyong bar byed mkhan thar 'dod rab byung dge tshul slong pho mo spyi'i ming. Gser Sbram 129.

•DGE SBYONG GI CHOS BZHI gshe yang slar mi gshe / khros kyang slar mi khro / brdegs kyang slar mi brdeg / mtshang brus kyang slar mtshang mi 'bru ba'o. 600 41 (translation in Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 139).

•DGE SBYOR virtuous practice; word for religious or spiritual activities in general. One wonders if it might be a Tibetan-based deformation of dge sbyong, which is the real translation for Skt. śramaṇa.

•DGE RTSAM A tax for feeding monks. See Goldstein, Taxation 11.

•DGE TSHUL Skt. śramaṇera. Mvy. 8719. EoB VII 658-661. Novice monk.

•DGE TSHUL GYI SPANG BYA YAN LAG BCU rtsa ltung bzhi / chang 'thung ba / gar sogs / 'phreng sogs / mal stan che mtho / dus ma yin pa'i kha zas za ba / gser dngul len pa rnams so. 600 136.

•DGE 'OS Btsan-lha.

•DGE G.YOG Short form of dge skos g.yog po. In sense of monastic police at Lhasa festivals, headed by one with the title zhal ngo. Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964) 136.

•DGE LA 'dug gnas. Dbus-pa no. 367.

•DGE BSHES GTONG SGO Offerings dge bshes are required to make to their Khang tshan and Grwa tshang before entering their examinations. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 46.

•DGE SLONG LNGA slong ba'i dge slong / ming gi dge slong khas 'che ba'i dge slong / gsol bzhi'i las kyi dge slong / nyon mongs bral ba'i dge slong ngo. 600 54.

•DGES PA dgyes pa/ dang ka zo spro ba. Gces 586.6. Btsan-lha.

•DGO DGO See pha bong dgo dgo.

•DGO BA stag or antelope. See Velm I 63. T&BS I 333. See rgo ba. "...including the small white-rumped gowa (Tibetan gazelle)." Allen, Search 64. = byin legs pa. JD 233. SS 497.6.

•DGOG TU GYUR PA Btsan-lha.

•DGONG KHA evening, [this] evening, [that same] evening.

•DGONG BA Btsan-lha. = smad pa. Lcang-skya.

•DGONGS CAN BZHI Dung-dkar 153.

•DGONGS DON underlying purpose or intention.

•DGONGS PA [1] Buddhathought. The continuing state of meditation of a Buddha. [2] When preceded by genitive — intended meaning (of)..., the meaning behind..., intention. [3] Underlying meaning/purpose. Skt. sandhi—conjunction, transition; abhisandhi—purpose, intention; aśa—wish, desire prospect. Intimation, implication, intention. Thurman. Sometimes, 'permission.' Germano, Poetic Thought 959.

[SANGS RGYAS KYI] DGONGS PA LNGA 129 V 136.1.

•DGONGS PA BZHI See Mvy. 1666 ff. This is not the same as the ldem por dgongs pa bzhi, the four flexibly intentioned types of statements.

•DGONGS PA LON BYUNG Stein.

•DGOD PA [1] Generally, like rgod pa, it is used for wildness or laughter. [2] Used to translate Skt. nyāsa, in the sense of 'placement' of the seed syllables (bījanyāsa) of the deities on one's own body in the body maṇḍala practice (Mdor-byas).

•DGON DUNG OT = chu med pa. Skt. jaṅgala. Jaṅgala means arid land, desert, quite the opposite of the English usage of 'jungle,' which has to be lush with vegetation; see Hobson-Jobson. Blaṅ 295.1. Btsan-lha. Mvy. 5299.

•DGON GDUNG tshad gdungs. Dbus-pa no. 400.

•DGON PA [1] monastery, more originally it meant retreat place. [2] in translations from Skt. it may stand for araṇya, and simply mean 'forest.'

•DGON PA BA one who dwells in solitude (or in wilderness, i.e., away from the villages).

•DGON BU = dgon chung. BBNP 482.

•DGON LAG branch monasteries. Sources.

•DGOS BDAG BYED PA To act as lords over [their own] interests. Elliot Sperling, Hülegü and Tibet, AOH 44 (1990) 145-157, at p. 149.

•DGOS PA BZHI dge ba'i bshes gnyen sdig pa'i grogs por ma song ba zhig dgos / yi dam gyi lha bdud du ma song ba zhig dgos / stong nyid bsgom pa nyon mongs pa'i gnyen por ma song ba zhig dgos so. (There only seem to be 3 necessities listed here!) Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 39r.1.

•DGOS PA'I PHYIR because this would entail... Jinpa.

•DGOS DBANG zwingende Notwendigkeit. Kaschewsky2.

•DGOS 'BREL necessities-connections. Usually counted as five in number, the four are the text (the expressor), the topic (the thing to be expressed), the necessity and the [inter] connections. In order to make five, one needs to add the "necessity of the necessity" as the penultimate in the list. These terms have been discussed by Michael Broido, A Note on Dgos-'brel, Journal of the Tibet Society 3 (1983) 5-20.

•DGOS GSUM dang po 'chi bas 'jigs pa zhig dgos / bar du shi yang mi 'gyod pa zhig dgos / tha ma shi bas mi 'jigs pa zhig dgos so. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 38r.1.

•DGYIGS OT. dispatched. Dotson, D&L 32, 42, 69.

•DGYE [1] n. of a clan. Btsan-lha. [2] to hold upright (the head). NNV.

•DGYE DGU CAN kyog po. Btsan-lha.

•DGYE 'DUN = dge 'dun. "spiritual community, sangha." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DGYE BA [1] = dge ba. "wholesome, good, happy." Kuijp (1986) 34. [2] mtshon dgye ba, filling with colors (when making maṇḍala), also spelled bkye ba (Jinpa).

•DGYE'O dgye'o ni khang pa'am gyang skor e yin snyam. Dpe-chos 508.

•DGYE LEGS = dge legs. Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DGYER BA 4 110A.5. Stein.

•DGYES SNANG Btsan-lha.

•DGYES PA [1] entertainment. [2] to be pleased, delighted.

•DGYES SHA ? gsung nas shin tu mnyes te dgyes sha mdzad. Samdo A III 193v.2.

•DGRA RGYAG STONG LEN dgra las rgyal kha len pa. Nomads 234.

•DGRA 'GO RGOD PO dmag 'thab la dga' bo. Nomads 234.

•DGRA CA go cha. mtshon cha. Btsan-lha.

•DGRA BCOM PA For a detailed defense of the 'Foe Destroyer' translation, see J. Hopkin's book Tantric Techniques, footnote on pp. 101-102.

•DGRA BCOM PA GNYIS lhag bcas dgra bcom dang / lhag med dgra bcom pa'o.

•DGRA BCOM PA DRUG nyams pa'i chos can gyi dgra bcom pa / 'chi bar sems pa'i chos can gyi dgra bcom pa / gnas pa las mi bskyod pa'i dgra bcom pa / rtogs pa'i skal ba can gyi dgra bcom pa / mi g.yo ba'i chos can gyi dgra bcom pa rnams so. 600 77.

•DGRA LCE lit. enemy tongue. anterior pulmonary lobe of the lungs. Yangga's dissert., p. 286.

•DGRA CHAS military equipment including weapons, armor, etc.

•DGRA THABS strategy for defeating the enemy. Lde'u 262. See OTDO.

•DGRA THUN dgra gnyen Gces 581.4

•DGRA DPA' Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 172.

•DGRA PHAR 'DUL dmag phar 'gel. Nomads 234.

•DGRA BO BYAMS KYANG 'KHU MI BYA yid brtan mi bya zhes pa yin par sems. Eimer, Dbyangs 57.

•DGRA BLA Feind-Gott (für -lha). Kaschewsky2.

•DGRA BZHER Btsan-lha. military barracks. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•DGRA ZIN Btsan-lha.

•DGRA ZUN Namdak. = dgra zin, = dgra gnyen. BBNP 476. dgra gnyen. Dpe-chos 506.

•DGRA SRI a ritual. 19 45.

•DGRA LHA Bellezza, Divine Dyads 39. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 171. Todd Gibson's dissertation (1991) 262, argues for the original spelling being the one prefered in Bon sources, Sgra bla. I wonder that the Ronglo speakers of Rungmung peoples in western Nepal have a god called Gabla, sometimes called a Hindu god or a weather god (I wish I knew more about this).

•DGRE SBYONG = dge sbyong. 'monk, man of the cloth.' Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DGRE BSHES = dge bshes. Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DGRE SLONG = dge slong. 'monk.' Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DGROG GIS SONG BA dgrog gis song ba ni rbad chad de song ba. Dpe-chos 508.

•BGAB See 'gebs pa. See Bellezza, D&B 99.

•BGAM PA OT = nyams sad pa. Blaṅ 289.4. = nyams sad pa. Lcang-skya. bgam pa yin. tshod bltas pa yin. 'to try, test.' Chhodag.

•BGAM YUG BYA rkang pa'i 'og tu tshud pa. Btsan-lha.

•BGAS See under bags (?).

•BGEGS There is a set of personified bgegs known from such texts as the Subāhu and Gdugs dkar. They take various opportunities to enter into ritual and other activities. For discussion of the symptoms of their entry, see for example Pan-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 324.6 ff.

•BGEGS SKRAD See gu gul.

•BGO RE 1. spen bad. 2. khang pa gru bzhi'i ming. Btsan-lha.

•BGOD zad pa. Btsan-lha.

•BGOM PA OT = 'gro ba. Blaṅ 283.4. 'gro bzhin. Dbus-pa no. 252.

•BGOM LA 'gro la. Dbus-pa no. 399.

•BGOR NAS 'gor du 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BGOS PA rgyal bu pha bgos bzang po 'di la rtsol ba myed. Zhi-byed Coll. I 311.2. For the meaning 'inheritance,' see Schopen in IIJ 44 (2001) 109.

•BGYER BA skad chen pos gdangs 'then pa'i ming. Btsan-lha.

•BGRANG ignited. Bellezza, D&B 149.

•BGRANG BYA 1. lo. 2. dus. Blaṅ 527.

•BGRAD PA [a peacock] spreads out [its 'eyes'].

•BGRUNGS CHU DG 142.1.

•BGRE BA g.yo ba. Dbus-pa no. 321.

•BGRES CHES 17 II 430.5.

•BGRO BA OT = gleng ba. Blaṅ 286.1. Stein. In some canonical scripture titles, seems to mean 'song,' and in this meaning, see Mvy. 1416, where it corresponds to Skt. saṃgīti.

•BGROD PA to traverse (transitive verb), take the trip to. May at times have a sexual meaning.

•BGROD BYA 1. bud med. 2. lam. Blaṅ 527.

•BGROL LAM 1. lam. 2. mo mtshan. Blaṅ 527.

•BGROS PA glengs pa. Dbus-pa no. 680. = glengs pa. Lcang-skya.

•MGAR BA smith. Dargyay, TVC 50. H. Rauber-Schweizer, Der Schmied und sein Handwerk im traditionellen Tibet (Rikon 1976). A treatise on smithing called Mgar gyi bstan bcos was authored by Bkra-shis-'od-zer (BLKC I 412).

•MGAR BA'I SO THOG SS 533.3.

•MGAR RDZI RMUN a rank (?). Dotson, Note 80.

•MGAR LAS smithing work. Nomads 234.

•MGAL DUM firebrand, tinder(?). Also, mgal ba. shing thur sne mo mes tshig pa la bya'o [wood of hanging-down branch-ends used for burning in fires]. Eimer, Dbyangs 55. firewood. Jamspal, Treasury 32. funerary wood. Bellezza, D&B 141.

•MGAL BA See mgal dum.

•MGAL ME'I 'KHOR LO whirling firebrand. shing dum lta bu mes bsregs te me lce 'bar rgyu med pa'i me ste / de bskor bas na me'i 'khor lo lta bu zhig tu snang ba la zer. Gser Sbram 78. cig zhig las ni rem bas stong // 'gal me 'khor lo'i yal ga bzhin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 178.6. See Encyclopedia of Buddhism, under "Alātacakra," & also vol. 5, p. 317. Mvy. no. 2832. Westerhoff, Twelve 110-121.

•MGU BA DGU chu / chu rgyun / chu bo / char / legs brgal / gzhan min / mig bzang / 'od can / lus mchog go. 600 123.

•MGU BAR BYA BA a six-day probationary (penance) period (correct Skt. being mānatva, or mānāpya) before a monk can be reinstated. This penance is only for those who immediately disclose their rule breaking (and not those who wait some time, for which, see under spo ba). Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 146, 228. EoB VI 598-600.

•MGUR GYI PHYAG RGYA Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 153-4.

•MGUR LHA See rje yi mgur lha bcu gsum. Todd Gibson, dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 137.

•MGUL [1] neck, throat. Likely related to Persian, where gulū means neck, but also Latin gula, meaning throat (and perhaps ultimately related to English gargoyle and gargle). [2] hillside, slope.

•MGO BKAD mgo skra. Btsan-lha.

•MGO KHYIM MA name for the niche made in a 3-dimensional form in the book cover (C. Cüppers).

•MGO RGOD Stein.

•MGO RGYAN head ornament. headdress, crown, crest jewel. May refer to the ornamented first page of a book. Almogi, Tibetan Titles 52.

•MGO SNGON Small birds don't usually have blue heads, but if one appears in a village everyone thinks it's a bad omen. 367 II 128.4.

•MGO LCAG a slap on the head.

•MGO LCOG [1] nodding (of flowers in the wind). [2] nodding assent. [3] [flowery crown]. [4] the ripened heads of flowering plants or grain.

•MGO CHAG GSANG LDUM See brag spos.

•MGO GNYIS mgo gnyis spyi m[e]s cig gis dug zos 'chi. The two-headed universal ancestor, if one has eaten poison [both] die. Zhi-byed Coll. I 267.4.

•MGO MNYAM dus mnyam. Lcang-skya.

•MGO MNYAM PA dus mnyam Dbus-pa no. 126. Literally, heads at the same height. Equal power. (Simultaneous?)

•MGO BTAGS In local legal usage, "to capitulate," meaning to submit to vassalage, evidently. Max Oidtmann, A "Dog-eat-dog" World, contained in: Jérôme Bourgon, ed., Legalizing Space in Imperial China (Vincennes 2016), pp. 151-182, at p. 164.

•MGO LTAG PHYED PA yin min 'byed pa. Gces 581.5. Samdo A III 276v.5. Btsan-lha. bsam blo gtong ba'i don. Gser Sbram 91.

•MGO BSTUMS used twice in passage about division of Buddha's relics, I believe bgo bstums (or mgo gtums or bgo gtums) might be the preferred spelling. In any case, it means the wrapping of cloth parcels of the Buddha's relics to be sent to different kingdoms.

•MGO THAG kopfschlinge (zum Anbinden der Tiere). Kaschewsky 82.

•MGO THANG BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. BP 122.4.

•MGO THANG GSUM PA a medicinal preparation. BP 122.3.

•MGO THUR BSTAN upside down. Lati Rinbochay, Death 42.

•MGO 'DAR See rtsangs pa.

•MGO 'DOGS N. of a course in orthography with emphasis on superscribed and adjoined letters. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 12.

•MGO 'DON PA Stein.

•MGO NAG 'Black head[s]', human[s], often referring to royal subjects. Apparently this expression occurs not only in Asia, but ancient Greek, Sumerian and Akkadian have it as well (Nathan Hill is writing about this). See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 108 note 8. It appears that the main self-designation of the Sumerians was 'the black headed people.'

•MGO NAN OT = thog ma. Blaṅ 286.4. Btsan-lha. Dotson, D&L 49.

•MGO GNON a funerary practice involving the slaughter of cattle. Kuijp, Rivers 314.

•MGO GNON BYED unterwerfen. (subjugate, make to submit). Kretsch.

•MGO PHUR BA Btsan-lha.

•MGO PHRU Helmabzeichen. Kaschewsky2.

•MGO 'PHANG 'the height at which the head is held,' i.e., 'honor.' Karmay in BSOAS (1995) 311. I think it just means 'rank,' but probably this is what Karmay meant.

•MGO BO SNYOM Stein.

•MGO BREG = mgo reg. 'shaven head' (i.e., Buddhist monk).

•MGO SMOD PA Stein.

•MGO SMYANG ske brkyang ba. Btsan-lha.

•MGO RTSIS head count (of animals). Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 28.

•MGO 'DZED Stein.

•MGO ZO (Gtsang) = bzo dbyibs, shape. MTTP.

•MGO YANG leichtsinnig, leicht. Kaschewsky2.

•MGO YEGS mgo skra 'dzings pa. Btsan-lha.

•MGO YOM Gampopa suffered from this disease of 'dizziness' (swaying, swooning) after apparently getting food poisoning in Tshong 'dus Mgur-mo-che. See Trungram, Ganpopa 50, where it is guessed it may be a form of altitude sickness.

•MGO YOM YOM See Yisun.

•MGO RE khang thog gi spen bad. khang pa gru bzhi'i dbyibs kyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•MGO REG See mgo breg. Btsan-lha.

•MGO LUNG Btsan-lha.

•MGO SHUBS A type of tunic/poncho illus. in Yisun.

•MGON KHANG See Lozang Jamspal, The Gonkhang, Temple of the Guardian Deities, in LaRocca, Warriors 43-49.

•MGON KHYI n. for liberated dog. Holler in TS9 II 208.

•MGON PO RIGS LNGA sku'i mgon po / gsung gi mgon po / thugs kyi mgon po / yon tan gyi mgon po / 'phrin las kyi mgon pa'o. 600 54.

•MGON BLA chos skyong gsol ba po. Nomads 234.

•MGON MED In indic contexts, standing for Skt. anātha, 'without a lord,' which J. Silk interprets as 'vulnerable' (homeless) etc.

•MGON MTSHUN Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 164.

•MGOS a clan. Btsan-lha.

•MGYOGS RWA A horn used for the 'shot' and gunpowder used in Tibetan-style guns. Illus. in Yisun.

•MGRI MA Enumerated among ridable creatures in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 441.

•MGRIN SNGON 1. dbang phyug. 2. rma bya. Blaṅ 527.

•MGRIN GCIG TU in unison, with a single voice.

•MGRIN BZANG See bong bu.

•MGRIN RING bya mgrin ring. See khrung khrung.

•MGRON [1] guest. Skt. atithi. See EoB V 470, "Hospitality." [2] General word for the deities or spirits invited to a ritual, such as the bsangs mchod. For the more specific mgron po bzhi, see Beyer 165, 174, 217-222, etc. lam gyi mgron po, see 'grul pa. Epstein, Dissertation 106. [3] Special feasts in western Tibet. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 56.

•MGRON GNYER two of these accompany the ya shor spyi khyab at court of Dalai Lama and Panchen Lamas — chamberlain. With high officials, a sort of liaison & public relations man. Petech. Velm I 133. Sources. The personal secretary of a high official (responsible for dealing with audiences).

•MGRON GNYER CHEN MO Chief Chamberlain of the Dalai Lama, he was responsible for establishing the official calendar of state events. Essais 130.

•MGRON 'THUD (= gzhung gi mgron po khag la sprod rgyu'i lto mthud) entertainment allowance (due to government guests and officials on tour and realised in kind from selected households (see lto 'thud) Sources.

•MGRON PO [1] = 'gron po. guest, traveling merchant. [2] used in sense of the passive member of a homosexual couple. Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964) 135.

•MGRON BABS = mgron por sprod rgyu'i babs sgo. board and lodging for government officials on tour (see lto 'bab & zhag babs). Sources.

•MGRON BU = kar ṣa pa ni ('money'). YTTM 292.17. See 'gron bu, 'cowrie.'

•MGRON BU BU MA See dus gcig skyes pa'i ma bu.

•MGRON BZHI the four types of guests invited in certain rituals. See T.C. Gyatso, The Doctrine of the Incense Homa, The Mikkyo Bunka (Quarterly Reports on Esoteric Buddhism 128 (Dec 1979) 108-89, at p. 101.

•MGRON BSU See skya ga.

•'GAG As in: rgyal sgo'i 'gag OR grong khyer gyi 'gag. Haupttorplatz, Kreuzung. Kaschewsky 82. Stein. to be stopped, blocked (breathing, life, voice). NNV.

•'GAG GRI death by hanging (or strangulation, smothering?). Lde'u 379.

•'GAG SDOD KHYI MO = lam 'gag sdod kyi khyi mo. Strassenhündin. Kretsch.

•'GAG BSDAM preventative, preventative measure, *preventing stoppages. Klong-chen-pa 10.16 ff.

•'GAG MED unimpeded (unmediated, unhampered). Skt. aniruddha.

•'GAGS PA impediment, mediation. Skt. nirodha OR niruddha. Klong-chen-pa 10.3.

•'GANG 'CHUN PA thog chod pa. Btsan-lha.

•'GANGS MTHUN phal cher mthun pa. Btsan-lha.

•'GAD GTSANG mtha' gtsang. Btsan-lha.

•'GAN 'JIR OT deriv. from Skt. ganydzi ra. = mdzod ldan. Blaṅ 308.4.

•'GAN MA LAB 'Joke.' Karmay, Confucius 572.

•'GAN HRIL LEN 'gan cha tshang len pa. Nomads 235.

•'GAB 'DRE Skorupski, TA. See gab 'dre (have seen spelling rgab 'dre).

•'GAB MA drung du. Gces 587.5. = 'og ma, = gsham. BBNP 484.

•'GAM PA a verb for what one does when putting dry flour-like food, tsam-pa, etc., in one's mouth and swallowing it. Samdo A IV 253r.6.

•'GAMS PA PO dum bur byas pa'am 'gum pa.

•'GA' GRI phyag shan rgyal po me nyag 'ga' gri dang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 523.5.

•'GA' TI SHAG Namdak.

•'GA' ZHIG a few, a couple. in a certain place, somewhere, in a certain case, sometimes (in translating Skt. kvacid).

•'GA' YANG [used with negative] not any, none at all. Example of usage, Lde'u 61.4.

•'GAR a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'GAR 'GAR thar thar. Btsan-lha.

•'GAR PO mi nga rgyal can. Btsan-lha. A haught, proud [person], said to also be spelled garba, clearly just a transcription Skt. garva.

•'GAR BO mi 'gar bo, in OT, = mi khengs pa che ba. [From Skt.[?] garba/garva, 'pride, arrogance?] Blaṅ 307.3.

•'GAR MO A type of animal. See entry for rtol in Nine Ways 298.

•'GAL RKYEN unfavorable conditions.

•'GAL PA Bellezza, D&B 127.

•'GAL BA [1] opposition, contradiction, violation. Stein. [2] In logic, 'exclusion' (a total misfit between two categories). Dreyfus, Sound 223.

•'GAL TSHABS khas blangs dang shin tu 'gal zhes pa'i nyes byas kyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•'GI WAM bezoar. Btsan-lha. See gi wang.

•'GING BA [1] che nyams kyis 'gyin ba. Btsan-lha. [2] silk (the kind made by silkworms).

•'GU MI rus ming yin snyam. Dpe-chos 517.

•'GU TSE [1] a ritual vessel. Thondup, BM 159. I've seen it spelled mgu tse. [2] D. Lopez came across the term 'gu rtse, for a type of jewel.

•'GU BZANG A Tibetan way of spelling Gosain. See Luciano Petech, The Missions of Bogle and Turner according to the Tibetan Texts, T'oung Pao, vol. 39 (1950), pp. 330-346, at p. 342.

•'GU YA (Khams) = sor gdug. ring. MTTP.

•'GU RU some believe that the 'a is necessary in transcribing Sanskrit words like this in Tibetan script. See Naga in TJ 24 no. 3 (1999) 60.

•'GUGS PA (coll.) to bend oneself. MTTP. to bend, force, coerce. to summon... Auslegend von Fangschlingen. Kaschewsky2.

•'GUM PA OT = 'chi ba. Blaṅ 299.6. Lcang-skya. gsod pa. Dbus-pa no. 625.

•'GUM MI BSDO shi mi 'os pa. shi mi rung ba. Btsan-lha.

•'GUL Skt. kampita. [earth]tremor. Mvy. 3001.

•'GEG PA 'gog pa. Dbus-pa no. 278.

•'GEGS RES phan tshun rgol res. Btsan-lha.

•'GENG BA filling. I believe, in archery terms, the technical term for the act of placing the arrow against the bow string is nocking. Example of such usage in Lde'u 52.

•'GED PA bgo ba. 'gyed pa. Btsan-lha. gtong ba. Dbus-pa no. 352.

•'GEBS PA sgrib pa. Dbus-pa no. 551. Lcang-skya.

•'GEMS PA OT = 'joms pa. Blaṅ 290.4. Dbus-pa no. 245. Lcang-skya. 'joms pa. bkas pa. Btsan-lha.

•'GEL Denwood in TH&L 135.

•'GEL 'PHOG yar 'gel ba dang mar 'phog pa. Nomads 235.

•'GEL BA to fall, tumble down.

•'GO As a way of spelling mgo, 'head', when it refers to the head of something other than an actual [fleshly] body. See DD 103.

•'GO 'CHINGS 'go khrid. Btsan-lha.

•'GO BTAG freiwillig sich unterwerfen, sich fügen. Kaschewsky2.

•'GO BRDOGS sta gon. sngon 'gro. Btsan-lha.

•'GO NAN thog ma. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•'GO PA title of head of some districts such as Nag-tshang & Nag-chu. Petech.

•'GO PA DO DAM 'superintendent official' of the border marts. Sources.

•'GO PHANG LANG PA See myu gu shing.

•'GO BA accrue. Jamspal, Treasury 118. to envelop, cover, clothe, stick all over. blang ba. Lcang-skya.

•'GO BA'I LHA LNGA yul lha / pha lha [pho lha] / ma lha / dgra lha / srog lha'o. 600 53. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 39. There is a small section about them in Todd Gibson's dissertation, From Btsanpo to Btsan, Indiana University (Bloomington 1991) 256-263. Brandon Dotson spoke about this at the Bergen IATS of 2016, studying the various (and many) translations that have been proposed. They are born together with the individual they protect. B.D. wants to settle for the meaning 'show favor.'

•'GO BAG CAN 'go ba'i nad can. Btsan-lha.

•'GO SBREL Also, mgo sbrel. Generally this means the Tibetan method of tying heads of animals together for purposes of milking. But it also seems to be used for drawstring bags.

•'GO TSHA a clan (rigs). Btsan-lha.

•'GO MTSHAL See kha gyon 'go mtshal.

•'GOG PA cessation of the senses. Karmay, Treasury. suspended animation, trance of cessation. Described in Mark Owen's article, The Philosophical Foundations of the Tibetan Buddhist Practice of Bodily Preservation, contained in: Buddhist Philosophy & Meditation Practice, Int'l Assoc. of Buddhist Universities Conference (Ayutthaya 2012) 324-342, at p. 330.

•'GOG PA'I SNYOMS PAR 'JUG PA Skt. nirodhasamāpatti. Mvy. no. 1500, 1988. See EoB VII 742 ff.

•'GONG mi 'gong — OT = mi zhum. Blaṅ 294.3.

•'GONG PO 'gong po 'gong rdzongs kyi chos. Explained in 367 II 130.5. Type of (negative) spirit. C.R.: A little man with a limp, bad smell & food supplies dwindling are due to him.

•'GONG BA mi 'gong ba — OT = mi skrag pa. Blaṅ 302.3. smad pa. skrag pa. Btsan-lha. to escape. to go beyond. to contradict. NNV.

•'GOD PA OT = smad pa. Blaṅ 304.1.

•'GOD PA CI YOD khyad par ram 'gal ba ci yod. Btsan-lha.

•'GOM PA Namdak.

•'GOR PA'I LAG LDAN See ngang pa.

•'GOR BA [1] spong ba. Dbus-pa no. 238. [2] Lumpy ("meaning unclear"), used in describing a gold nugget. Stearns, King 193. [3] encircling [a game animal]. Dotson, Princess 66.

'GOR MDZAD to be delayed. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•'GOL a clan (rigs). Btsan-lha.

•'GOL MJAL dmigs bsal gyis zur du thug 'phrad byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•'GOL PO Las-chen, Chos-'byung II 229.1. A restful seclusion?

•'GOL SA gsang ba'i gros byed sa'i gnas. Btsan-lha.

'GOS PA past of 'go ba, q.v.

•'GYANG BA to draw out, lengthen. byang chub kyi lam 'gyangs par bstand pa'i le'u. Zhi-byed Coll. V 140.5. to be delayed. NNV.

•'GYAR 'GYUR unstable, changeable (cloud shapes). Seems equiv. to gya gyu. Samdo A V 218v.4.

•'GYING contrapposto. Positioning of body for assymetrical balance (in art). Jackson. to pose (in an imposing manner, like a lion), to take a haughty pose. NNV.

•'GYING DKAR Namdak. A staff or rod. Probably this is more correctly 'gying mkhar, which is in fact the reading in Lde'u 228, where it very obviously is used for a staff of royal power or a sceptre.

•'GYING THOD turban. Karmay, Treasury. a specific type of hat. zhwa bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•'GYING PHUNG 'gying phung khong ngan ni 'gying phu zhes pa'i sa cha'i mi sems rgyud ngan pa'am rgyud dag ngan pa zhes pa yin. Dpe-chos 508.

•'GYING BA [1] to act with an air of greatness, majestic composure. seng ge rnam par 'gying ba'i ting nge 'dzin. Zurchungpa, Testament, p. 262. Translated as 'arrogance' in Hahn, TSD 54. [2] sgeg nyams. charming or attractive style.

•'GYING BAG Stein.

•'GYING BAG CAN majestic, awe inspiring.

•'GYU 'GRUL phyogs 'gro ba'i 'grul bzhud. Btsan-lha.

•'GYU 'PHRO racing and multiplying (of thoughts). Klong-chen-pa 10.28.

•'GYU BA [1] quiver, vibrate (as like lightning, air, thought, etc.). [2] to pour out in profusion (lightning, troubling thoughts. to move [elsewhere]. stirred up, vacillating [thoughts]. [3] The slight protruding of arms & legs that occurs in an early phase of fetal development. In a Guhyasamāja work by Red-mda'-ba: yang rlung gis skul bas rkang lag 'gyus te, "Then, incited by the wind, the arms and legs started to protrude."

•'GYUR SNGAGS multiplication mantra. IN Pabongka, Liberation I 211.

•'GYUR RTA See under dkyar.

•'GYUR LDOG change back, reaction, alternation, fluctuation, variation.

•'GYUR PHYAG 'translators homage.'

•'GYUR BA'I SDUG BSNGAL Expl. in Gser Sbram 19. For example, pleasure that ultimately forms a basis for suffering.

•'GYUR BYED OT = pra chal. Blaṅ 301.1. skra chal. Dbus-pa no. 660. = pra chal. Lcang-skya. pra tshal / sngags rdzas kyis pra [63v5] phab pa yang yang byas pas 'chal nas ma things par pra 'chal zer la dag yig dang li shi'i me tog tu pra tshal zhes 'byung. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'GYUR MED This, as well as yi ge, may translate Skt. akṣara. See Naga in TJ XXIV no. 3 (Autumn 1999) 57-58.

•'GYE to get separated, to branch out. NNV.

•'GYEG snying bcud. Btsan-lha.

•'GYENG BU gyen du langs pa. Btsan-lha.

•'GYED PA OT = 'gyod pa. = gtong ba. Blaṅ 290.2, 293.5. 'gyod pa. Dbus-pa no. 235. Lcang-skya. imv., khye. 5 198.1. ritual distribution of money in the monastery. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 301.5. Also occurs in the compound mang 'gyed.

•'GYER BA OT = spong ba. Blaṅ 290.3. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•'GYEL BA to collapse (as for example the body when life leaves it). nyon mongs kyi rdzong 'gyel, 'to bring down the fortress of afflictive emotions.' The phrase mkhar 'gyel ('khar 'gyel) is often used in Zhi-byed Coll. in the sense of destroying the foundations for the kleshas and the poisons so that they do not arise (example, V 177.5).

•'GYEL BUB to fall on the face. T&BS II 277. Stein.

•'GYO = 'gro. "go, to go" Kuijp (1986) 32.

•'GYOGS 'grul pa btegs nas 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•'GYOGS 'GRO 1. rta. 2. rlung. Blaṅ 527.

•'GYONG BA phang pa. Dbus-pa no. 164.

•'GYOD PA remorse, regret. Gser Sbram 236, q.v. This is perhaps the closest one gets to a concept of 'guilt' in Buddhist culture. See Obeyesekere, Conscience.

•'GRANG BA Stein. to be satiated. NNV.

•'GRAN THOR 'gran zlar. Dbus-pa no. 488.

•'GRAN THOR GAL 'gran sa yod pa. Btsan-lha.

•'GRAN THOR GAL BA = 'gran zlar gal ba. Lcang-skya.

•'GRAN DO OT = 'gran zla. Blaṅ 296.6. Btsan-lha. 'dran gyi do myed shag kya mu ne [read: 'gran gyi do med]. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 63.5.

•'GRAN YA (= 'gran zla). Partner, Gegner. Kaschewsky2.

•'GRAM [1] bank [of a river]. [2] cheek.

•'GRAM GCOD See mon char.

•'GRAM CHU lit., 'cheek liquid.' drool. Thuken 297.

•'GRAM CHU MI LDANG mchil ma ma shor. Gces 583.5. na so rgas nas gzhan la 'gram chu ldang ba'i jo bo de. Zhi-byed Coll. V 322.3.

•'GRAM PHUGS GANG kha'i 'gram phugs gang. Dpe-chos 505.

•'GRAMS internal injury. Yangga's dissert., p. 51.

•'GRAS 'GRUS Btsan-lha.

•'GRAS PA Stein.

•'GRIG rtsed mo zhig. Nomads 235, 260. A game using a chart with pebbles as movers.

•'GRIM PA [1] = 'gyed pa. Lcang-skya. spread out, distribute. [2] travel, wander about. to travel. NNV. [3] to stick to [a place]. [4] grwa pa 'grim, to become a monk. Kretsch.

•'GRIL to roll (downhill). NNV.

•'GRIS PA 1. 'dris pa. 2. tshos kyi khra thig. Btsan-lha.

•'GRU a clan (rigs rus). Btsan-lha.

•'GRUBS PA sos pa. Dbus-pa no. 577.

•'GRUL lam kha brag gi 'grul bzhin no. Zhi-byed Coll. V 272.6.

•'GRUL MKHAN (coll.) one who accepts. MTTP.

•'GRUL PA THEBS (coll.) there has been an action. MTTP.

•'GRUL PO 'khor ba'i chu bo ma sgrol na / 'grul po shor ba dang 'dra ste. Zhi-byed Coll. II 464.5. lha myi'i bde ba thob kyang / 'grul po'i so dang 'dra ste / rig pa'i btsan sa myi zin. Ibid. II 466.2. 'drul pos chu sgrol gru'i [g]ces 'dzin zhig. Ibid. I 297.4.

•'GRUS gdams ngag ma 'grus kyi bar ni gdams ngag ma lon gyi bar ram ma thob kyi bar. Dpe-chos 517. See under gdams ngag ma 'grus kyi bar.

•'GRUS 'GOGS OT = brtson 'grus. Blaṅ 296.4. Btsan-lha.

•'GRUS PA rkang lag 'grus pa 'dra ba ni rkang lag chag grum 'dra. BBNP 471.

•'GRE LDOG zhabs kyi drung du so bya bzhin 'gre ldog cing ngud mo'i sgras gdong mchi ma dang bcas pas... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (1991) I 121.1.

•'GRE BA OT = g.yo ba. Skt. kambi. Blaṅ 293.2. Btsan-lha. to roll (on the ground). NNV. = g.yo ba. Lcang-skya.

•'GRENG standing upright (for the entire class of humans, and for male members etc.). Haarh, Yar-luṅ 231. 'greng / 'dir 'greng 'gro mir go dgos. Gser Sbram 11. Opposed to dud 'gro, the bent-over walkers. See article by Geza Uray, 'Greng, the Alleged Old Tibetan Equivalent of the Ethnic Name Ch'iang, AOH XIX (1966) 245-256.

•'GRENG BA 'Upright [walker]' or human. OT mi. Btsan-lha. Opposite of dud, 'bowed over [walker'], or animal. Example, see Tan, Theses 118, n. 27.

•'GRENG BU 'erect one,' name of one of the channels. Yangga's dissert., pp. 298, 299.

•'GREN BU Cowrie. It was a unit of currency in 13th cent. India, 9 cowries being equivalent to one Paṇa. Chag 98. See 'gron bu.

•'GREMS PA OT = 'gyed pa. Blaṅ 291.2.

•'GREL BA Types of commentaries discussed in Dreyfus, Sound 184 ff.

•'GRES tsha la 'gres, in Salz rollen. Kaschewsky 85.

•'GRES RKANG See = rigs bgre. Karmay, Treasury. This term is contained in a number of text titles (try searching TBRC, noting that the spelling 'dres rkang is also to be found).

•'GRES RKANG BDUN phung po / skye mched / khams / rten 'brel / zas / bden pa / byang phyogs kyi chos rnams so. 600 97-98.

•'GRO [1] as suffixed verbal auxiliary, see examples in MTTP 328. [2] to go [to]. [3] to be pleasing [to]. [4] to turn [into]. [5] 'gro na means 'in the world.' Used to tr. Skt. jagati. Hahn, VG 394.

•'GRO 'GRUL to travel. MTTP.

•'GRO 'CHAG NYAL 'DUG Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 684.5-.6. See za 'chag nyal 'dug.

•'GRO DON PHYAD rgyun du don bzang po 'grub pa. Btsan-lha.

•'GRO BA [1] gleng ba. Dbus-pa no. 055. [2] rma sgo. Dbus-pa no. 504.

•'GRO BA LNGA ngan song gsum gyi steng du lha mi bsnan pa'o. 600 53.

•'GRO BA GNYIS ngan 'gro dang / bde 'gro'o. 600 4.

•'GRO BA BZHI 'dun pas 'gro ba / zhe sdang gis 'gro ba / gti mug gis 'gro ba / 'jigs pas 'gro ba'o. 600 29.

•'GRO BED glang po che. Btsan-lha.

•'GRO MTSHAMS Stein.

•'GRO 'TSHAL 'gro dgos zhes pa ste. Dpe-chos 507. Btsan-lha.

•'GRO BZOD PA 'gro nus pa. 'gro thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•'GRO 'ONG [= 'gro ba dang 'ong ba]. Coming and going, appearance and disappearance. Skt. (in Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra): gati-āgata.

•'GRO LOS (Dbus, Gtsang) fairly good. MTTP.

•'GRO LOS 'DZIN See gro ma.

•'GROG Stein.

•'GRONG 'doms. rma'i sgo. Btsan-lha.

•'GRONG CHAD CHAD traurig, einsam. Kaschewsky 82.

•'GRONG PA opening of the wound. = rma sgo. Lcang-skya.

•'GRONGS OT = rma'i sgo. Skt. yoni (womb, uterus). Blaṅ 297.2.

•'GRONGS PA drangs pa'i don la 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•'GROD GIS 'GROD LA SBYAR BA OT = pho mtshan gyis pho mtshan la sbyar ba. Blaṅ 306.2-.3. A homosexual practice??

•'GROD PA 'gro ru bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•'GRON PO OT = tshong pa. Blaṅ 304.4. See mgron po.

•'GRON BU [1] cowrie (once used as money). Skorupski, TA. Rock, Nāga Cult II 479. See 'gren bu, mgron bu. = khar ṣa pa ṇi. JD 39. SS 498.4. Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo 531-562. The main site for cowrie production in early times was the Maldives. Egami Namio, “Migration of the Cowrie-Shell Culture in East Asia,” Acta Asiatica 26 (1974) 1-52. A special 'cowrie gaze' ('gron bu lta bu'i spyan gyis gzigs); it overcomes the poison of lust. Zhi-byed Coll. I 28.5. I think it could be an apt metaphor for narrowly squinting eyes (in Eurasia skulls have often been supplied with cowries to replace the eyes, just because they are eye-like). See John Bellezza's blog entry for May 2014, the section entitled "Ancient bronze cowries in Tibet." Copper alloy representations of cowries may have been created for exchange purposes (as they were in China). Burned and used in making dark paper; see Arch. of TB 43. [2] A part of a loom. See Dag-yig 325.

•'GROL BA disentangling, disengagement, disclosure. OT = 'grel ba. Blaṅ 284.1. Btsan-lha.

•'GROS 'gros te ni dbus par la 'gro ste zhes 'byung ngo. Dpe-chos 510. Stein. smooth gait. Jamspal, Treasury 127.

•'GROS BZHI rkang longs dbang gis gza' lam la myur 'gros dang / dal 'gros / 'khyog 'gros / 'byung 'gros bcas 'gros bzhi yod par grags. Gser Sbram 114, 386.

•'GHUR Considered a rather archaic spelling for mgur. Schaeffer, Dreaming 89.

•RGA stong rga mi stong rga ni stong rung mi stong rung. Dpe-chos 517.

•RGWA LO PA YI SMAN DMAR a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 8. Lag-len 10.3. = rga lo sman dmar. TMC 24 (46). BP 136.2, 319.1. BT 36v.6. RR 28.

•RGAG GE a strang word not explained in Cuevas, Travels 157 n 39.

•RGANG [1] hedgehog, porcupine LW 496. = sgang. This meaning seems to underlie the form lgang in an OT text (OTDO), making reference to the struggle between the tiger and the porcupine. This story was discussed by G. Kara in his contribution to A Window onto the Other [Tulisow Festschrift], at p. 161. Synonyms are proposed, and gzer mo seems most surely one of them (ze mong, gzugs mo, tsher phag [thorn pig], byi thur, byi dur, gzigs mo are the others). [2] hull (of mustard seed). Bellezza, L&T 89.

•RGANG LDING A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 299.

•RGANG GZER MA A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 295.

•RGAD PO village or district headman (pron.: "gap" in vernacular). Sources.

•RGAD BU der Alte. Kretsch.

•RGAN GOG Stein. elderly person.

•RGAN 'GO an elder. Sources.

•RGAN RGON Yisun explains it as an abbreviation of rgan po rgan mo, hence meaning an elderly couple. pha ma rgan rgon.

•RGAN CHUNG assistant to village headman who oversaw government transport & road & bridge construction. Dargyay, TVC 81.

•RGAN CHOS 'old people's religious practice.' Epstein, Dissertation 174.

•RGAN SDUD rgan rgon. Btsan-lha.

•RGAN PO'I THIG line of the old one. Skt. vṛddhasutraka. a flock of cotton, flocculent seeds flying in the air. In Mngon-brjod lit., a syn. for 'rainbow'. Smith, Philology 14.

•RGAN PO GZHON NUR BYED PA See ra mnye.

•RGAN ZHUGS na tshod rgas nas rab tu byung ba. A person who becomes a monk or nun in old age. Btsan-lha.

•RGAN SHA'I MDOG color of old person's flesh. Jackson.

•RGAB SHA rgyab sha'am rten. Gces 586.2. Btsan-lha.

•RGAS TIG NAG PO KP3 326.6. KP4 533.1.

•RGAS ZHAM rgas song. Btsan-lha.

•RGU See under skye dgu.

•RGU THUB DMAN PA See rtsad.

•RGU DRUS = ser po rgu drus. JD 206. SS 475.2. KP1 219.5. KP3 325.6. rgu brus in KP4 531.2. Swertia wolfgangiana. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27 (here spelled "rgu drue").

•RGUD GROG gad pa dang sa'i grog phug. Btsan-lha.

•RGUD PA become poor, decline, fail. Jamspal, Treasury 4. Translated as 'adversity' in Pal, AHC, p. 263. debility/ies [of age].

•RGUN dbus par la rgud ces 'byung bas gad pa zhes pa'i yul skad do. Dpe-chos 511.

•RGUN GROG rgun grog gam pha bong ni gad pa dang sa'i grog phug dang rdo pha bong. Dpe-chos 511.

•RGUN 'GYED yon skyabs grongs pa'i rgun 'gyed bre gsum mo. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 524.4.

•RGUN 'BRUM grapes. dgun 'brum gyi chang is listed in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 160.2 among things unknown in Tibet, along with la du and go la. Dhongthog 336 says 'plum.' JD 96. KP3 270.3. SS 422.1. = a sa sha ta, drā kṣa, mri rdhi ka, gau bā nī, ba'i nu ma, ra sa rī, ro ldan, ma dhuu ra sa, ro mngar, ma sib. DG 206.6. Fundamentals 15.3 (Item 16). Singh 208 (Skt. drākṣā, etc.). grape vine. Vitis vinifera. TDD 199. 'grape' or 'raisin' (but sometimes 'plum'). JD 96, obviously refers to grapes and raisins. For medical uses, the most favored are the seedless yellow pea-sized grapes of India & Kashmir. Blue and black grapes are less recommended.

•RGUN 'BRUM BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 99. Lag-len 72.1. BT 21v.5. BP 168.3.

•RGUN 'BRUM NAG PO Diospyros spp. A tree in the same genus as ebony. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•RGUM grain. Karmay, Great Perfection 59-61, 66, 70 n. 49, 83, 85. See sgum. Rather than this, I think it means anything that a small bird might peck up from the ground, not necessarily grain...

•RGUS PA See under rgyus pa.

•RGO 'DRIM hunting antelope. Bellezza, L&T 93.

•RGO BA an animal, Procapra picticaudata. TS6 135 n. 29. Samdo A V 52v.2. Btsan-lha. See dgo ba.

•RGOG MO Bellezza, D&B 149.

•RGONGS MO dgong mo. Evening, night. Btsan-lha.

•RGOD [1] word used in Mdzod-phug (1966 ed.), pp. 113 ff.; for example: rtag chad rgod kyang med pa ru. In this text, the rtag chod does seem to have the expected meaning of 'eternalism and nihilism.' [2] Warrior, soldier. 28 84. The military as opposed to the civilian population, in O.T.

•RGOD DO 'TSHAL rgod po yod tshad. Btsan-lha.

•RGOD 'DUR BA Bellezza, D&B 63.

•RGOD PA [1] restlessness, overexuberance, celebrating. Skt. auddhatya. Mvy. 1979. [2] In more literary usages, it may signify equivalence (mtshungs pa, as in a metaphor). [3] May be just an alternative spelling for dgod pa (in present tense only). [4] laughing uproariously, shaking with laughter (milder forms of laughter are called gad mo).

•RGOD PO = bya rgod, vulture. MTTP. bya rgod. Gces 584.3. Btsan-lha.

•RGOD PHRU Helmabzeichen mit Geierfeder. Kaschewsky2.

•RGOD BAG CAN 1. 'dul dka' ba dang ma dul ba. 2. yon tan med kyang sems dpangs mtho ba. Btsan-lha.

•RGOD BRUN = bya thal. YTTM 293.18.

•RGOD BRO BA dam pa'i zhal nas / rgod bro ba'i myi mang po mthong gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 202.6. glang 'khor 'dir myi rigs rgod bro ba 'tshog par 'dug gsung. Ibid. II 298.4.

•RGOD MA mare. I've seen in a website the suggestion that Yugur (Yellow Uighur) gulma ('horse'), is a borrowing from this Tibetan word. I think the word gulma is actually Sanskrit meaning 'cluster, troop, army division,' so I'm not sure of this idea. Byangsi has gomā. GSB 42.

•RGOD MA KHA Btsan-lha. The 'submarine mare,' it is also called rgod ma skyes, rgod ma'i me, and rta gdong me.

•RGOD G.YUNG See Heller in Soundings 263 & refs. given there. 273A I 18.3. soldiers & workers. Btsan-lha. More precisely, I'd say this means the military and civilian population as a whole (or all the subjects of a king).

•RGOD GSUM Said by Bellezza to be a type of helmet. ZZFC 228.

•RGOL NGAN heretic. Stein.

•RGYA [1] extent, width, trap. In Rdzogs-chen texts, often means confinement. Skt. jāla; net, trap, latticework. Klong-chen-pa 9.1, 9.2. [2] seal. [3] n. of a clan (rus). Btsan-lha. Discussion in Bellezza, D&B 114. [4] OT var. for rkya. horseman. Bellezza, L&T 50, 51.

•RGYA SKAR skylight. Evid. this is compoun of rgya mthongs and skar khung. Yangga's dissert., pp. 274, 310.

•RGYA SKEGS shing keng shu ka'i thang chu. Btsan-lha.

•RGYA SKYABS = rgya skyag, rgya skyegs. JD 127. See tshos. = lha mo'i zla mtshan, khyab 'jug ril ma, pho tshos, tshos, lā kṣa, dzan ta, dza du, skye ldan, rak ta, yā ba, a lag ha, lo hi ta, la kha, kri mi dza, li taṃ, ke kṣu, ḍu mā ma ya, shing shod, ti laṃ, srin po'i khrag. DG 244.2.

•RGYA SKYEGS maroon dye from tree resin (lac). Anyetsang in TSB 15 (1980) 6. rgya skyegs ri la me shor rlung rnams grogs. Zhi-byed Coll. I 269.7. rgya skyegs ni rgya skag ste rgya tshos. Utpal 28.3. Skt. alakta. Skt. lākṣā, acc. to Mvy. no. 5916. Edward H. Schafer, "Rosewood, Dragon's Blood & Lac," JAOS LXXVII (1957) 135, says that true lac was sometimes confused with other substances. He explains that the female lac-insect secretes two substances on the twigs of trees. She secretes a resin that is the source of commercial shellac. She also produces a red pigment, which is lac in the narrower sense. The rgya skyegs tree's flower figures in a verse from Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 228.

•RGYA SKYEGS DANGS BYED See zhu mkhan.

•RGYA SKYED To expand [territory]. Two examples of usage in Lde'u 300 (once spelled rgya bskyed).

•RGYA KHAB a tiny needle.

•RGYA KHUR Hawkweed, ox tongue. Picris heiracioides. TDD 132.

•RGYA KHOG a vessel illus. in Po-ta-la (1996) 191.

•RGYA KHRAM This was the word used in Bible translations for 'cross,' before Jaeschke decided to translated it by brkyang shing instead. Dollfus in Karmay, Habitants 472. Also spelled rgya kram, rgya gram.

•RGYA MKHAN See sdom.

•RGYA GAD bka' gyon dang bslab bya gnyis las skabs 'dir bslab bya la 'jug. 367 I 241.3. = bkyon pa, = bsdig tshig. BBNP 479. Btsan-lha. bla myed kyi khol mo la rgya gad kyi stan gzhi' byas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 452.3.

•RGYA GO RA A wild animal that might be used to carry loads. Blondeau in Karmay, New Horizons 261. Ramble in RET XV 499 translates it as 'goral.' Goral or ghoral is the usual name, although it is derived from Hindi. In Byangsi, it's khosar. GSB 38.

•RGYA GRAM Something that is ridden, which makes the usual meaning 'cross' problematic... ZZFC 218. It could mean an [ice] sledge in Lo-ras Rnam-thar 67.

•RGYA GRI Chinese knife. Schmied 215. A sheathed knife worn to indicate official rank. MTTP.

•RGYA GRES DG 269.5.

•RGYA GRO MA potato. Dhongthog 343.

•RGYA GLANG zebu, Indian cattle. See Frank Korom, Holy Cow! The Apotheosis of Zebu, or Why the Cow is Sacred in Hinduism, Asian Folklore Studies 59 (2000) 181-203, especially pp. 190 ff., which explain the mutiple meanings of the Skt. words for 'cow.'

•RGYA GLING for similar reed instruments in neighboring cultures, see B.C. Deva, The Double-Reed Aerophone in India, Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council, vol. 7 (1977), pp. 77-84 (PDF from internet).

•RGYA 'GROS 'gre log brgyab nas.

•RGYA LGA MA sga smug gi rigs su gtogs pa'i mdog dmar shas che ba zhig. Btsan-lha.

•RGYA LGAB = li hi. YTTM 292.19.

•RGYA SGUL MO See 'bri ta sa 'dzin.

•RGYA SGO [0] literally, a broad door. [1] a road-protecting gate. Yisun. [2] a 'Chinese door' or cangue, according to Jamyang Norbu.

•RGYA CANG OT = ska rags. Blaṅ 288.4. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 168.

•RGYA LCAGS 'Chinese wall,' an artistic motif. Vitali, Tho.ling 74. See under rgya nag lcags ri.

•RGYA LCANG (coll.) a kind of weeping willow. MTTP. DG 241.1.

•RGYA LCAM See mo lcam.

•RGYA CHANG ske rags lhas ma sbubs can. Btsan-lha. ska rags. Dbus-pa no. 169.

•RGYA CHAD belittled. Lit., "extent cut off." Negative: rgya ma chad, unbelittled; often pairs with phyogs lhung (q.v.).

•RGYA CHE atiśāyinī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•RGYA CHE Skt. bṛhatī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•RGYA CHE BA GSUM phyogs myed mu mtha' kun las grol bas rgya che / chos nyid bsam myi khyab la spyod pas rgya che / rig pa mtha' rgyas pa la spyod pas rgya che. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 262.3.

•RGYA CHOS SU rgya khyab tu. Btsan-lha.

•RGYA 'JIG PA einen knoten lösen, aufknoten. Kretsch.

RGYA TAR Vitali, Tho.ling 73.

•RGYA TIG See under tig ta. Swertia chirata. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27.

•RGYA STAG ZIL BA = Corydalis scaberula maxim. Mdo 86 & color plate.

•RGYA STAG GSUM SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 231.6.

•RGYA THANG PHROM See lang thang rtsi.

•RGYA THEG As ex. of an irreg. Old Tantra term, corresponding to khur bzod pa ('capable of bearing a load'), see the work of Dge-rtse in Rnying Rgyud 1973 XXXVI 455.

•RGYA THE'U thel rtags. Btsan-lha.

•RGYA MTHONGS usually explained as a skylight (mthongs by itself means skylight), but perhaps also just an opened area in the roof, or an open viewing platform from which you may see for a long distance... Example of usage in Lde'u 288. Noted in Rolf Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 156.

•RGYA DA BU (?) mi chen po. Nomads 235.

•RGYA DANG RTEN BRJE lam yig lta bu lag rtags dang / gzhan gyi rten sa rje bo'am rgyab rten byed pa zer ba e yin slar dpyad / dbus par la rten rje zhes pas 'phul med do. Dpe-chos 515.

•RGYA DANG 'DAM RDZAB phrase explained in BBNP 478.

•RGYA DAR [1] (Khams) ice on lake or river. MTTP. [2] See Bellezza, D&B 115.

•RGYA DRUNG government officials appointed to control the frontier districts bordering on India; the 'subha,' 'soubah,' etc. of British records. Sources.

•RGYA MDUD a kind of braided knot. Yisun. Artistically made knots for decorative hangings go back to quite early times in China, and this probably explains the expression "Chinese knot."

•RGYA 'DRE Stein.

•RGYA 'DRES lus kyis rgya 'dres ni dbus par la lus kyi rgyab 'gros zhes 'byung ste / rten gyi drung nas phyir 'byung ba'i tshe rten la lus kyi mdun bstan te rgyab 'gros byed pa dang / sogs kyi sgras phyag bskor mchod pa sogs ston no. Dpe-chos 508. rgya 'dres byas pa ni 'gre log rgyab nas zhes pa yin 'dra. Dpe-chos 513.

•RGYA NAG RGYAL PO'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 191.5.

•RGYA NAG LCAGS RI Lit. 'Chinese wall.' A design element. Richardus, Dutch Orientalist (1989) 45. See under the shortened form rgya lcags. The English-Tibetan dictionaries often explain the labyrinth as "like the Chinese wall," but I still know no real Tibetan name for labyrinth.

•RGYA NAG SMAN RING See (rgya) tsha.

•RGYA NAD Also, rgya rma and pha rang used to mean venereal disease. Gerke, PT 6.

•RGYA RNA mi tshangs. Dbus-pa no. 502.

•RGYA RNA RU 'khrig spyod kyi gab tshig. "Chinese ear horn"? Btsan-lha. = mi tshangs spyod. Lcang-skya.

•RGYA RNA RU CAN A gab tshig. Blaṅ 312.3.

•RGYA SNAG China ink. See snag.

•RGYA SNE = dri ban dha. YTTM 292.15.

•RGYA PA rngon pa. (some say) tshong pa. Btsan-lha.

•RGYA PO spotted goat. Skorupski, TA.

•RGYA SPOS JD 166. SS 473.6. Indian valerian. Clifford, list. Mdo 89. Skt. tagara (name of a fragrant tree or plant; Tabernaemontana coronaria). Mvy. 5791. Melilotus officinalis. TDD 116. Skt. satagara acc. to Roberts, King.

•RGYA PHIBS Chinese-style or pagoda-style roof. Illus. in Yisun. roof pavilion. Alexander, Temples 24.

•RGYA PHROM = ku dan na ta. YTTM 292.11.

•RGYA BA KP4 403.4.

•RGYA BYA In the Bon version of the Wheel of Life, based in the Mdzod-phug, this evidently means the phoenix, literally the 'China Bird.'

•RGYA 'BAG rgya 'bag mig gis phan tshun 'phrul shes pa ltar / zhes pa ni / gar mkhan gcig nyid kyis stag seng sogs sems can gyi mgo brnyan mang pos mig 'phrul sna tshogs ston pa shes pa ltar / zhes pa yin snyam mo. Dpe-chos 516. gnad kyi zab don mi go ba'i shes rab rgya 'bag gi dmyig dang 'dra. Zhi-byed Coll. II 424.6. hrig hrig pa rgya 'bag gi mig lta bus rnam par mi rtog pa'i ye shes rtsal sbyong bar byed pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. II 102.1.

•RGYA'I 'BUR dam phrug gi ri mo. Btsan-lha.

•RGYA SBYOR BSDUS PA'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. Lag-len 95.2.

•RGYA MA Acc. to Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 40, one rgya ma is equiv. to about 2 kilos. This word would seem to be ambiguously used, sometimes for the scales or balance, and sometimes for the weights (said to be slightly over a pound in Yisun) used in scales.

•RGYA MEN = btsun pa me tog, ngur smrig 'dzin pa. JD 180. Poppy. Papavar somniferum. TDD 125. Czaja in NTFC I 96, 97.

•RGYA MO nya rgya chen mo. Btsan-lha.

•RGYA MO GA GON sa cha zhig gi ming. nyung ma bye brag pa zhig.

•RGYA RTSI JD 153. KP1 143.4. KP3 294.3. KP4 468.3. Mdo 92.

•RGYA RTSIS [1] Chinese astro-science [perhaps, geomancy? rgya may even translate Indic vastu, 'extension in space'...]. [2] rgya rtsis kyi rde'u chu la bskyur gsung ba. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 127.3. rgya rtsis kyi rde'u chu la bor gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 175.6. I suspect here it means 'chinese calculator' (abacus).

•RGYA TSHA [1] A mithun double-hybrid. Aris, Discourse 21. [2] See (rgya) tsha.

•RGYA TSHWA [1] Sal ammoniac. =dzi ha bhinda (lce 'bigs), rdo'i dwangs ma'i tshwa, chu'i snying po, tshwa rgyal, chu da byid, reg 'bigs, chu rdol, rgya'i dbon po. Rin 148. [2] vermillion. Aris, Discourse 31. Perhaps this ought to be regarded as a faulty spelling of rgya mtshal, q.v.

•RGYA TSHIL de la rgya tshil gu gul gyi dud pas / bsdugs nas rten ba'i lha lnga dang phral ba'i tshe. Zhi-byed Coll. V 143.1.

•RGYA TSHONG PA rgya nag gi rgyu ca 'tshong mkhan. Nomads 235.

•RGYA TSHOS 'lac.' See TS5 679. Chinese dye. rgya skyegs kyi shing las byung ba'i tshol. Dagyab. For trade in lac (Laccifer lacca) in Bhutan, see Pommaret in JA 287 (1999) 296-7. Laufer, Kleinere Schriften I 479.

•RGYA MTSHAL an orange dye. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 31. See cog la ma.

•RGYA MTSHO [1] ocean (or vast lake). Tiziana Pontillo & Paola Rossi, Sea-Images in Pre-Kavya Literature: The Relationship between Mahabharata and Pali Buddhist Canon Occurrences, Pandanus '03 (Prague 2003). [2] as a way of speaking of a very high number. bskal pa rgya mtsho / skabs 'dir rgya mtsho zhes pa mang po ston pa'i tshig ste bskal pa ha cang mang po'i don. Gser Sbram 160.

•RGYA MTSHO SKYES 1. zla ba. 2. lha yi shing. 3. brgya byin gyi bzhon pa. Blaṅ 527.

•RGYA MTSHO'I GOS CAN (poet.) sa gzhi. Rtse-le VIII 429.

•RGYA MTSHO'I DREG PA See sin dhu ra.

•RGYA MTSHO'I RDO BA DG 138.2.

•RGYA MTSHO LBU BA a boney substance from a fish that washes up on the shore where it is usually collected. Rin 47.

•RGYA MTSHO'I WU BA See wu ba.

•RGYA MTSHO'I LAN TSHA JD 64.

•RGYA BRDZES Stein.

•RGYA ZHAG ma ṇi'i rgya zhag: ma ṇi'i mtshams rgya zhag dus.

•RGYA YAN laissez faire, free-ranging. Klong-chen-pa 4.8. gral rims kyi sgrigs sgyel bar byed pa gya yan gyi gnad yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. II 117.7.

•RGYA YIG generally nowadays, it means 'Chinese writing,' but in older texts it seems to mean 'Indian letters.' rang gsang thabs kyis chod pa bod la rgya yig bstan pa lta bu. Teaching by means of the self-secret is like teaching Indian script in Tibet. Zhi-byed Coll. II 478.7.

•RGYA YIS BTAB PA tha mi dad pa. Dbus-pa no. 072. Lcang-skya.

•RGYA RA See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 9. 'Chinese wall.'

•RGYA RA A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 298.

•RGYA RI eine Portion Fleisch. Kretsch. sha. Btsan-lha.

•RGYA RIM PA BDUN On the seven seals of a book, see BYNP 300: 1. tsheg gi rgya, 2. shad kyi rgya, 3. le'u'i rgya, 4. bam po'i rgya, 5. bam grangs kyi rgya, 6. sne thig gi rgya, 7. gdong yig gi rgya'am spyan khyer gyi rgya.

•RGYA RU JD 234. = ling yang ci'a'u.

•RGYA RU BCU BZHI a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 113. Lag-len 82.3. TMC 62 (137).

•RGYA LA Namdak. See under brgya la. khyod dang phyog dang ris med pa lags / rgya la'am gal te / nga khyod phyogs ris byung na. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 484.5. In Lde'u 163 this is parallel in Lde'u2 with brgya lam.

•RGYA LAG PHYAD rgyun du byed pa'i brda.

•RGYA LU This is supposed to be a dialect form of rgyal bu, 'prince.' Seems to be mainly known from context of Lha mo performances.

•RGYA LU GRI A type of knife illus. in Yisun.

•RGYA LU CHAS 1. wool clothes worn by gzhim chung pa on informal occasions. 2. garment worn by the zla gcig drung 'khor & others. Velm I 133. Illus. in Yisun. Reynolds in Orientations (Mar 1981) 10. Richardson, Ceremonies 14.

•RGYA LU BA The main actor in A-lce Lha-mo opera performance. bod kyi zlos gar lha mo 'khrab mkhan nang gi gtso bo'i cha lugs can zhig. Yisun. Attisani in Cadonna, Facets 270.

•RGYA LONG a type of mirror (?). ZZFC 239.

•RGYA SHING See Bellezza, D&B 115.

•RGYA SHING BRNGOS GSUM Kind of central government tax. Goldstein, Taxation 13.

•RGYA SHUG botanical name discussed in BBNP 476. See shug pa. = pa da ri. YTTM 292.7. LW 448. rgya shug tshig gu tsam. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 403.5. Skt. for its fruit (rgya shug gi 'bru) is badaraphala. The jujub (jujube, jujuba). The Sanskrit word can be used for a number of other things, including the seed of the cotton plant. Mvy. 5809. CTEV 30, also called 'bra go dmar po. Jinpa, Mind Training 103 (& note). shug pa'i bye brag ste / 'di'i legs sbyar du ba dar zhes 'byung. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. Oriental arborvitae. Thuja orientalis. A type of cypress tree. TDD 190.

•RGYA SHO JD 151. SS 517.5. Amaranth. Celosia cristata. TDD 44.

•RGYA SIL orange. CTEV 28.

•RGYA SUG See sug smel.

•RGYA SE mdzod khang. Btsan-lha.

•RGYA SO yul phyogs kyi ming. Dpe-chos 513.

•RGYA SRAN JD 215. = mu ta ka, hwang de'u, ku legs tha. YTTM 292.18. Skt. kulattha (or kulāva), a kind of vetch. Mvy. no. 5652 (two entries here, one for rgya sran, the other for sran ma, which creates some confusion). Skt. kalāya meaning pea. See Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 169 (nos. 15 & 16).

•RGYA GSER brocade. Goldstein. It seems to bear the literal meaning 'Chinese gold.' However, since mid 19th century the Tibetan supply has mostly come from Benares.

•RGYA AR green olive. CTEV 30.

•RGYAG (coll.) an auxiliary used to form verbs from nouns: to do, perform, make. MTTP.

•RGYAG PA (Dbus) = gtad. to place. MTTP. Btsan-lha.

•RGYAG PA BYED (Dbus, Gtsang) = zhen pa log, nauseous. MTTP.

•RGYAG DBYUG A farm implement used for thrashing grain. Illus. in Yisun. It is a stick with a kind of swivel at the top where several rods or 'whips' can be attached. To judge from the entry in Yisun (dbyug mgo'i 'phrul mig can gyi snye ma rdung byed cig), the swivel part is called 'phrul mig (miracle eye).

•RGYAGS BRNGAN regalia. Norbu, Drung 242, n. 6. Noble Mountaineer 267.

•RGYAGS PA fat. Stein. vanity, egoism. Kawamura. Gser Sbram 236, q.v. In Sanskrit, mada (see EoB VI 361, which first defines it as [self] infatuation, not fatness, as in Modern Tibetan). Skt. mada. Mvy. 1969. Although the Sanskrit implies 'intoxication,' it implies a kind of self-enamorment, being full (or fat, swollen up) with oneself. Example of usage, the 'pride' in the phrase 'youth swelling with pride,' in Hahn, EI 9.

•RGYANG BKRAG a great brightness, lit.: bright at a distance. MTTP.

•RGYANG GRAGS "hailing distance," said to be about 4000 yards. Garje, Memories 371. Skt. krośa. Others say it is about 4000 cubits, which would be much less than 4000 yards. If we follow the usual account and say that it is equal to 500 arm spans (4 cubits equalling one span), then that would make it 2000 cubits, not 4000. It is equivalent to one eighth of a yojana.

•RGYANG BSGRAGS loudspeaker. Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet."

•RGYANG NGE See under shes pa rgyang nge cog ge ba. lag pa rgyang nge byas nas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 121.3.

•RGYANG PHAN PA N. of a grub mtha'. Zhi-byed Coll. V 420.1.

•RGYANG 'PHEN A shortened version of 'Jig rten rgyang 'phen pa, or Skt. lokāyata. Often spelled rgyang phan. Perhaps best translate as 'the universally banished' (obviously not a name they gave themselves). Some mistakenly translate this as the carvakas.

•RGYANG BU Norbu, Drung 79. A ritual object. See Tucci, Religions 185. Beyer 322, 327. Blondeau in Karmay, New Horizons 254, translates it as 'tree symbols.' Berounsky, in his article "Wind-horse Galloping," p. 197, it is translated 'ritual board.'

•RGYANG MIG far-seeing eye. See Yisun. rgyang myig mdun du ltos. Look forward [with] the long view. Zhi-byed Coll. II 441.3. phyogs bzhir rgyang mig bltas lags kyang. 24 I 431.1.

•RGYANG SHAR BA Karmay, Treasury.

•RGYANG SHEL telescope. Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet."

•RGYANG SO BTANG Stein.

•RGYANG SRING BA ausbreiten, verbreiten. Kretsch.

•RGYANGS KYIS blo rgyangs kyis bskyur ni blos lings kyis bskyur ba'o. Dpe-chos 505.

•RGYAN [1] Ornament (of Realm of Dharmas). Consider also the translation 'gloss.' Skt. alaṃkāra; ornament, decoration. Also used as verb: brgyan pa, ornamented. [2] bet, wager. Lottery (or perhaps something more like wager or pawn?). May stand for Skt. dyūta. An instance of usage may be seen in Puchung Tsering's dissertation (Oslo 2011), ch. 3. See also Yisun. This appears to be a shortened form of rgyan po, q.v. [3] As a translation mistaking Skt. laṃkāra, [boat] sail or rigging, for Skt. alaṃkāra, ornament, see Silk, Test Sailing 905. [4] As a numeric word, it means 'six,' as there are 'six ornaments of Jambu Island.'

•RGYAN GYI 'KHOR LO mi zad rgyan gyi 'khor lo. Discussion in Decleer, Tragkar verse IV.1.

•RGYAN GYI 'KHOR LO'I MDZAD PA SUM CU RTSA DRUG Listed in 445 III 11.7 ff., 13.4, 20.1.

•RGYAN GYI NGANG state of being an ornament. Norbu, Cycle.

•RGYAN BRGYAD rin po che'i rgyan brgyad ni / dbu rgyan / snyan rgyan / mgul rgyan / phyag gdub / zhabs gdub / ske rags / do shal / se mo do rnams so. 600 107-108.

•RGYAN DRUG 61 51v. Name for the monastic vest, also called stod 'gags. In Tibet it mostly wool, with brocade trim. Refugee monks in India make it with cotton or silk, since it is too hot for wool.

•RGYAN GDAGS PA In one context, I translated it with decorous (as in decorum). Lde'u 187.

•RGYAN MDOS Norbu, Drung 83.

•RGYAN GNAS site of ornament (poet. for forehead, where the tilak is placed).

•RGYAN PO See under rgyan [2].

•RGYAN PO BA gambler.

•RGYAN GZHI Namdak.

•RGYAN BZHI robe decorated with 4-clawed dragon design. Also called mang nug and mang lhug. The 4 ornaments are 1. water. 2. rocks. 3. dragons and 4. clouds. Worn by ya sor spyi khyab & others on important occasions. Velm I 134-5. tshul khrims kyi rgyan / ting nge 'dzin gyi rgyan / shes rab kyi rgyan / gzungs kyi rgyan no. 600 44-45.

•RGYAN BZANG MA N. for the 2 maids of honor & the main maid-servants from household of the ya sor spyi khyab. Velm I 135.

•RGYAN SHAR BA display. Karmay, Treasury.

•RGYAB KYI BSHUL sgal pa bshul sha. Btsan-lha.

•RGYAB BKAB mantle. Sources.

•RGYAB 'GAL Stein.

•RGYAB CHOS Germano, Poetic Thought 886.

•RGYAB SNYE rgyab rten. Btsan-lha.

•RGYAB SNOL Zhi-byed Coll. V 275.4, 303.5.

•RGYAB PA (Khams) to fasten on. MTTP.

•RGYAB MA brgya lam. Dpe-chos 506. brgya lam mam gal te. Btsan-lha.

•RGYAB RDZI foreman.

•RGYAB YOL back curtain. Jackson.

•RGYAB RI backing mountain, "a mountain deity that is intimately involved in a person's destiny." ZZFC 82.

•RGYAB ROL in statuary, prabhāmaṇḍala, referring to the arch which rises behind the image itself and which represents the halo of the flames of wisdom. Wylie 159, n. 411.

•RGYAM TSHA rgyam tshwa (rgya mtsho'i tshwa, lit. 'ocean salt'). Sallucidum (fossil salt with square crystals). Rin 149. SS 430.3. TM IV 61, 95. sea salt. Clifford, list. Simioli, AG 63, where it is clearly distinguished from rgya tsha.

•RGYAM TSHA DRUG PA a medicinal preparation. TMC 16 (26).

•RGYAM TSHWA BZHI a medicinal preparation. BP 133.2 TM IV 61.

•RGYAL stakes in gambling. 4a 11A.1.

•RGYAL SKAR Fenster (of a palace?). Kretsch.

•RGYAL KHAMS The English word 'sovereignty' also referred originally to the territorial reach of the sovereign. This Tibetan term, one of the most common ways to speak of a country, implies both territory (khams) and kingship (rgyal).

•RGYAL MKHAR BZUNG MKHAN (royal) castellan. Sources.

•RGYAL GYIS nan gyis sam gal gyis. Btsan-lha.

•RGYAL 'GONG nasty spirits that emerge when one views one's teacher as having hatred. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 454.5.

•RGYAL SGO the main entrance to the rdzong. Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 14.

•RGYAL CHEN SDE BZHI Beyer 295, 461.

•RGYAL CHEN RIGS BZHI'I LHA gnod sbyin lag na gzhong thogs / lag na phreng thogs / rtag myos / rgyal chen rigs bzhi'i lha'o. 600 30.

•RGYAL THEBS rgyal tshab bam sras. Btsan-lha.

•RGYAL NAG a clan (rus). Btsan-lha.

•RGYAL PO 'KHYIL BA See mu men.

•RGYAL PO SGO DGU rtsed mo zhig. Nomads 235, 262. A game played with pebbles on a chart.

•RGYAL PO SGO GNYIS rtsed mo zhig. Nomads 235, 263. A game played with pebbles on a chart.

•RGYAL PO'I COD PAN See mu men.

•RGYAL PO CHEN PO BZHI yul 'khor srung / 'phags skyes po / spyan mig bzang / rnam thos sras rnams so. 600 29-30.

•RGYAL PO MNYES BYED See a ga ru.

•RGYAL PO MDO LNGA bzang po spyod pa smon lam gyi mdo / rdo rje rnam 'joms khrus kyi mdo / shes rab snying po lta ba'i mdo / 'da' ka ye shes sgom pa'i mdo / byang chub ltung bshags bshags pa'i mdo rnams so. 600 64-65.

•RGYAL PO MDO BCU sngar gyi mdo lnga'i steng du dpag tu med pa tshe ring mdo / gos sngon can ni gzungs kyi mdo / gtsug tor gdugs dkar bzlog pa'i mdo / nor rgyun ma ni nor gyi mdo / yi ge gcig ma snying po'i mdo rnams so. 600 141.

•RGYAL PO BER SER CAN See chu rtsa.

•RGYAL PO ZLA SHEL a medicinal preparation. BT 32[A]v.4.

•RGYAL PO RE RAL See ldum bu re ral. = spre'u mjug pa, ldum bu, ngur mo 'bri lce, hang 'bag pa, rtsa lag pa, rtsangs pa ral gri, g.yu 'brug 'khyil ba. DG 264.6. Acc. to TDD 70, this is specifically the male fern.

•RGYAL PO ROL PA Royal ease, n. of a seating posture. Zhi-byed Coll. I 165.1. Christoph Cüppers, et al., Handbook of Tibetan Iconometry: A Guide to the Arts of the 17th Century, Brill (Leiden 2012) 236-337.

•RGYAL PO LA 'OS fit for a king. See a ka ru.

•RGYAL PO SE 'BRU SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BT 22r.2.

•RGYAL PO'I SLAS 1. btsun mo'i 'khor. 2. btsun mo'i sdod sa. Btsan-lha.

•RGYA BA DANG CHE SPEL BA shis pa brjod pa. Btsan-lha.

•RGYAL BA'I SPYAN CAN me tog lug mig. Btsan-lha. See lug mig.

•RGYAL BA RIGS DRUG rnam snang / mi bskyod pa / rin 'byung / 'od dpag med / don grub / rdo rje 'chang rnams so. 600 82.

•RGYAL BLON N. of a game? 4 256a.2.

•RGYAL BLON LNGA PA a medicinal preparation. RR 74.

•RGYAL BLON BCU BDUN a medicinal preparation. BP 235.1, 376.2.

•RGYAL BLON BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. RR 75.

•RGYAL BLON SBYAR a medicinal preparation. TM IV 65.

•RGYAL MO As part of an eye, see Dag-yig 587. Iris.

•RGYAL TSHAB regent (royal stand-in, substitute ruler). Skt. yauvarājya. No. 9 of the 10 bhūmis in the Avataṃsaka (lecture by Jan Nattier).

•RGYAL MTSHAN Banner of victory, illus. in Yisun. Metal versions used as roof ornaments, also illus. in Yisun. Germano, Poetic Thought 958. Ordinary houses do not have them as roof ornaments, unless they contain a chapel with the Kanjur volumes. Palden Gyatso, Autobio. 9. In Indian mythology, the Banner of Indra symbolizes his defeat of the demons. The first dramatic performance, according to the Natyaśāstra, was the procession for the Banner of Indra. (Note also Venkatarama Raghavan, Yantras or Mechanical Contrivances in Ancient India, Transaction no. 10, The Indian Institute of Culture, Basavangudi, [Bangalore 1952], pp. 3-4, where its elaborate construction is described.)

•RGYAL MTSHAN GYI RTSE MO Generally it is said that the wishgranting jewel must be elevated to the top of a victory banner before it will grant wishes. Zhi-byed Coll. I 418.3, 437.2.

•RGYAL RIGS kṣatriya caste.

•RGYAL LA = rgyal po. "king." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•RGYAL LA YANG MDA' A type of armor/helmet worn by ministers watching battles. ZZFC 241.

•RGYAL SRAS Almogi, MA thesis 78.

•RGYAL SRAS SKU MCHED GSUM po to ba / spyan snga ba / phu chung ba rnams so. 600 25.

•RGYAL SRID RIN PO CHE SNA BDUN 'khor lo rin po che / nor bu rin po che / btsun mo rin po che / khyim bdag rin po che / glang po rin po che / rta mchog rin po che / dmag dpon rin po che'o. 600 87. The horse and the elephant at least may have something to do with the 'divine election' of Indian kings, on which see F. Edgerton, Pañcadivyādhivāsa or Choosing a King by Divine Will, JAOS 33 (1913) 158-166. On the set according to old Buddhist literature, see Jacob Kinnard, On Buddhist 'Bibliolaters': Representing and Worshiping the Book in Medieval Indian Buddhism, Eastern Buddhist n.s. 34 no 2 (2002) 94-116, p. 106 ff. See also rin po che sna bdun.

•RGYAL SLOD rgyal po'i rgyu nor ram nom pa. Btsan-lha.

•RGYAS BTAB (or rgyas 'debs pa) to seal (a matter with prayers). Sources. Btsan-lha.

•RGYAS PA In (rare) sexological contexts, it means either arousal or afterglow. Evidently a further development on the meaning 'bloom.'

•RGYAS PAR GYUR PA MCHOG Skt. puṣpitāgrā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•RGYAS BYED RTSA BA See puṣka ra mū la.

•RGYAS ZA Used by Desideri to represent Italian chiesa, 'church.' Does it mean 'growth food'? Trent Pomplun's Jesuit on the Roof of the World, p. 158.

•RGYU SKAR Rock, Nāga Cult II 522-524. SBKK I 221. This may at times be a general name for 'star,' although technically it should mean only those stars that lie in the paths of the planets. Skt. nakṣatra. EoB VII 103-104. On the 27 lunar houses, with woodblock illustrations, see http://www.tibet-encyclopaedia.de/mondhaeuser.html.

•RGYU SKAR LAM nam mkha'i ming. sky.

•RGYU KHU CAN OT = gcer bu pa. Blaṅ 298.6-299.1. Lcang-skya. See rgyu gu can.

•RGYU MKHRIS SMUG PO Cinquefoil. Potentilla astrosanguinea. TDD 147.

•RGYU 'KHON a type of lan-chags that bears malice toward one's property. Epstein, Dissertation 106. creditors. Beyer.

•RGYU 'KHRIL volvulus syndrome. Yangga's dissert., p. 208.

•RGYU GU CAN mu stegs pa. Btsan-lha. gcer bu pa. Dbus-pa no. 584. See rgyu khu can.

•RGYU GROG RTSA ureter. DD illus. 21.

•RGYU RGAN 'PHRUL GYI THEM BSTOD a medicinal preparation. BP 184.5.

•RGYU SGRIL A part of a loom. See Dag-yig 325.

•RGYU 'GRUL rgyu ba'i 'grul Gces 587.4.

•RGYU CAN Literally, means 'that which has cause,' but in effect means 'result.'

•RGYU CHA material stuff.

•RGYU STOD DD illus. 2, 17.

•RGYU MTHUN compatibility. Thondup, BM 228. Skt. nisyanda (flow or trickle down), 'natural result.' Silk, Dissert. 289.

•RGYU BA to course (in a channel), circulate. [2] astro. to transit.

•RGYU 'BU See grol ma.

•RGYU 'BRAS cause/result, causation.

•RGYU 'BRAS MAN NGAG BDUN mar shes / drin dran / drin gzo / yid 'ong gi byams pa / snying rje chen po / lhag bsam rnam dag sems bskyed de bdun no. 600 94.

•RGYU 'BRAS MED PA immodest (without knowledge of karmic cause & effect). MTTP.

•RGYU MA'I NAD SRZT 87.

•RGYU MA'I RMEN BU DD illus. 31.

•RGYU MI RGYU moving and unmoving. Another way of saying snod bcud.

•RGYU SMAD DD illus. 2, 17.

•RGYU RTSA blood vessel. DD illus. 24.

•RGYU TSHIL DD illus. 2.

•RGYU GZER acute enteritis. Yangga's dissert., p. 208.

•RGYU RIMS SKYA BSHAL SRZT 53.

•RGYU SRANG

•RGYU LHAG appendix. DD illus. 2, 17.

•RGYUG 'GYEL fluxes? Text 21.

•RGYUG KHRA 'variegated staff.' Poles hung outside secular courts when in session. They had spiral incisions or designs. French, Yoke 181.

•RGYUG 'KHRUGS ZHE LNGA A horseback riding feat in which one shakes the 45 logs (?). Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 58.

•RGYUG SDOM a measuring stick used for measuring fabrics, with a length equal to a span (about 1.75 meters). Twelve of these make a roll. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 27.

•RGYUG PA [1] run, move quickly. [2] = dbyug pa. "staff, club." Kuijp (1986) 37. See Jaeschke 111.

•RGYUG SPROD A preliminary exam. Dreyfus, Sound 257.

•RGYUG BYED CHU BO See khron bu.

•RGYUG MO mag pa'i ma (uxorlocal groom's mother). Btsan-lha.

•RGYUG YIG See dkrugs yig.

•RGYUGS LEN Monastic examinations consisted of recitation, comprehension, composition and calligraphy. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 38.

•RGYUGS LEN PA to hold an examination. Sources.

•RGYUNG PA as part of the penis. DD illus. 21.

•RGYUNGS PA medulla oblongata. DD illus. 25, 26.

•RGYUNGS PA spinal cord. Germano, Poetic Thought 937. bla ma la sangs rgyas su mthong bas / rgyung la byin rlabs zhugs. Zhi-byed Coll. II 452.1.

•RGYUD über, durch. Kretsch.

•RGYUD DKRUGS Stein.

•RGYUD GCIG TU GYUR PA Skt. ekotībhāva. Mvy. 1655. Samtani in Mishra, ABS 471-473. EoB V 50.

•RGYUD GNYIS pha rgyud dang / ma rgyud do. 600 8.

•RGYUD LDAN See a ka ru. See sle tres.

•RGYUD MANGS zither. TR X 10.

•RGYUD TSHIG traditional words. Sources.

•RGYUD RIS a term used in architecture; wall, panel. Jaeschke. Lde'u 291. I suggest that it means a narrative scene that forms part of a larger painting. So actually Jaeschke's 'panel' might be appropriate. It definitely has nothing to do with 'tantra' as some might think. Rather it seems to refer to gtam rgyud or the like.

•RGYUD LONGS Jaeschke.

•RGYUD GSUM = rgyud rnam pa gsum. Equivalent to gzhi/lam/'bras. See Broido (1984). Discussion by Sobisch in Sörensen Festschrift 473.

•RGYUN CHAGS Skt. daṇḍaka. a metrical composition with extremely long pādas. Mvy. 1465.

•RGYUN DU ZHUGS PA Skt. srotāpanna. stream enterer. EoB VIII 141-144.

•RGYUN BU Stein. [leather?] strap.

•RGYUN LUGS rgyu 'grul. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•RGYUN BSHAGS KYI YAN LAG BDUN sdig pa bshags pa / rjes su yi rang ba / don dam byang chub kyi sems bskyed pa / skyabs su 'gro ba / smon sems bskyed pa / 'jug sems bskyed pa / bsngo ba rnams so. 600 93.

•RGYUN LUGS OT = rgyu 'grul. Blaṅ 300.5. Dbus-pa no. 652.

•RGYUR RGYUR See grog ma.

•RGYUS familiarity, knowledge, history. Stein. N. of a stone, rdo rgyus. JD 51. DG 131.5. Note mthing rgyus in DG 131.6.

•RGYUS PA [1] sha gnad kyi sne mo'i rus pa dang 'brel ba'i khag mdog ser skya sra mo de'i ming ste, yul skad du RGYUS RKA yang zer. Dag-yig. 'Muscle, sinew, tendon.' Goldstein. 'sinews, tendons.' Das. [2] An unidentified item used in payment of taxes. Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko 67 (2009) 89-108, at p. 93, but one time spelled rgus pa.

•RGYE See sgye. bag.

•RGYO DAD bumsgierig, geil. lecherous, in heat. Kretsch.

•RGYO 'DOD randy, horny. bumsgierig sein, gerne bumsen. also, rgyo 'dod mkhan. Kretsch.

•RGYO BA fucking.

•RGYOGS 'ching byed kyi thag pa'am 'dzin byed kyi rgya lta bu'i mtshon cha byed rung ba zhig. Btsan-lha.

•RGYON fucker. A nasty epithet or obscenity already known in OT documents. Beyer, CT Lang 86. Actually, the text reads: rgyon po byas.

•RGYOB RGYOB = rdung rdung. Impv. of rgyab pa, q.v.

•RGYOL BA rgol ba. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•LGA a clan (rigs rus). Btsan-lha.

•LGA CHUNG BA = tig ta gser mag (sp?). KP1 42.6. = sha la la spu ru. KP3 333.3. sga chung ba, = sha la yu rings. KP4 546.3.

•LGANG BA = lgang pa. = lgang bu. =lgang phug. 'bladder.' Text 37. DD illus. 2, 21. Yangga's dissert., p. 370. In his review of Jan Braun's book, Nathan Hill points to a very close Sumerian vocabulary correspondence, one with identical meaning: "ella-buγ (<*elga-buγ)."

•LGANG BA'I NAD SRZT 87.

•LGANG TSI = pa do ba. YTTM 292.2.

•LGO LGO a kind of meadow mushroom. spang sha. Dbus-pa no. 623. Lcang-skya.

•LGYUM ZZ = sna. Bru 290.6.

•LGYUM TSHWA rgyam tshwa. Btsan-lha.

•LGYOG RYAGS Nishida, TTDD 145.

•SGA [1] saddle. For illus. of a saddle said to have been used by Ge-sar, see Precious Deposits III 79. See gser sga. Stein. A very elaborate example in Precious Deposits V 90-91. May be used to translate Skt. bhāṇḍa, 'trappings, harness,' in which case its meaning is not restricted to the saddle alone. [2] a clan (rigs rus). Btsan-lha.

•SGA sman sga, the herb. Also spelled lga & rga. = bca' sga, dong gra, sga smug, sga bo che, sga dmar, sga rgod, sge gsher, ma nu shu zun, zur pa dkar po. JD 135. a tree in SS 424.6. SS 516.5. LW 502. = piṇṭhi, shring ga bai ta, artra, shuṇḍi, nā ga ra, li dong gra, ke la ka, shi shwa be la, sbod sga. DG 252.3.

•SGA SKYA JD 135. lga skya in YTTM 291.17. TM IV 64. = shuṇṭhi artra. DG 155.4. Roscoea capitata. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27. Wild ginger. Hedycium spicatum. TDD 88.

•SGA KHRAL DKAR PHUD a basis for taxation, in which each 'bri required a tax of 2 gnya' ga of butter. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 28.

•SGA RGOD See (sman) sga.

•SGA RGYAG Name of a stage in the life of a horse (less than 4 years old). Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 38.

•SGA CHUNG GSAR 'GO KP4 394.5.

•SGA TIG KHRA BO androsace sarmentosa. TDD 14.

•SGA TIG NAG PO JD 182. Androsace strigillosa. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24.

•SGA PI PHO GSUM a medicinal preparation. TM IV 63.

•SGA BO CHE See (sman) sga.

•SGA BOG PA sga phog pa. Btsan-lha.

•SGA DMAR See (sman) sga.

•SGA SMUG See (sman) sga. Said to be a name for Ginger (Zingiber officinale). TDD 204.

•SGA TSHA See lce tsha.

•SGA SHO JD 152. = sngo sga.

•SGA BSHAL Stein.

•SGA SER See yung ba. Said to be a word for turmeric. TDD 60.

•SGAGS KYIS Samdo A III 232v.2.

•SGANG [1] The high spur of a mountain. [2] A continuous land area between two great rivers. [3] [on] top [of]. [4] occasion, opportunity (like skabs). Yisun. See rgang.

glo ma SGANG DD illus. 19. a posterior pulmonary lobe of the lungs. Yangga's dissert., p. 286.

•SGANG KHA = sgang ga. full, entire, all. ril po'am tshang ma. Btsan-lha.

•SGANG DRAS ri sgang gi sa cha bgo ba. Btsan-lha.

•SGANG DRIL rolled up in a single ball. Lde'u 326, 330. I suppose that in a less literal way it might mean a summation, but one that really supplies full coverage.

•SGANG BU 'bru rigs kyi gang bu. Btsan-lha. nga rgyal gyi sgang bu la yon tan gyi chu myi 'chags. Zhi-byed Coll. II 316.5; V 288.4.

•SGANG RTSA DD illus. 23.

brla'i phyi zur SGANG SHA DD illus. 30.

•SGANG SHA DKAR MO DD illus. 29.

•SGANG BSHONG = sgang gshong. ridges & valleys, highs & lows (in spiritual experience). Samdo A V 189r.6. ri'i sgang dang gshongs. Nomads 235.

•SGAB 1. gos kyi mar sne'i ming. 2. mjug gam smad kyi don la'ang 'jug. Btsan-lha.

•SGAB PA Stein.

•SGAB MO CAN khyim pa dag gi ming. Btsan-lha.

•SGAB RTSA DD illus. 24.

•SGAB SHAL Stein. smad dam 'gab nas 'drud pa'i shal ba lta bu. Btsan-lha.

•SGAM DKYEL "deep and broad, profound." Coblin in JAOS 111, 320. sgam dkyel chen po / blo khog yangs shing rgya che ba'i don. Gser Sbram 5.

•SGAM DKYEL CHEN PO thugs rgya chen po. Btsan-lha.

•SGAM BCINGS Rock, Nāga Cult I 54.

•SGAM PA [1] deep, profound. OT = zab pa. Blaṅ 289.4. zab pa dang brling pa. Btsan-lha. = zab pa. Lcang-skya. [2] wise. Lde'u 253, in an explanation for the name of Srong-btsan-sgam-po.

•SGAM BU PHYWA Btsan-lha.

•SGAR (SGAR PA) bodyguard. Sources.

•SGAR GNYER quartermaster. Sources.

•SGAR DPON high commissioners in W. Tibet (2 laymen of 5th rank) and in NE Tibet (usually monk). Petech.

•SGAR MAL sgar babs pa'i shul. Nomads 235.

•SGAL DKYEL "feelings, affections." (?) See Sgam dkyel. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 203. The "wise" king.

•SGAL 'DAB BSHUL SHA NAG PO DD illus. 30.

•SGAL TSHIGS 'spine.' DD illus. 12.

•SGU DO 1. brang. 2. chu snod. 3. 'ben. 4. 'ur rdo. Btsan-lha.

•SGU DO COG 'di'i sgu do zhes pa yul skad 'gas byis pa rtsed mo byed pa'i sgu do [Goldstein 2001, slingshot] / sgu mo rtsa bskyur ril bskyur zhes sogs 'byung bas 'bem gyi ming grong skad yin / cog ces pa 'bem de gcog pa'i don yin pas sngon 'jug yod pa chad [58r1] 'dug. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SGU RDO Acc. to Das, the sling or sling-shot. See also Hummel in TJ 25 no. 3 (Autumn 2000).

•SGU PHYOGS mdun la 'khyog pa'i don. Btsan-lha.

•SGU RU RU BYAS PA = sgur sgur rgyug pa. BBNP 480.

•SGUM See rgum. de'i dus su dgongs nyams kyi tshig sgum kha yar phyi rabs kyi don du bris pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. II 212.1. "In that time I wrote down for future generations the scattered birdfeed (sgum kha yar) of his expressions of his thoughts and experiences." I think that birdfeed isn't necessarily the precise translation (Karmay translates it as 'grain'), but rather the food kept in the bird's crop (craw), ready to feed it to its chicks. Checking OTDO, I only find one occurrence of rgum, none of sgum; it does occur, of course, in the title of the Sbas pa'i rgum chung. Usage in Lde'u 194.

•SGUR a bent-over or hunchbacked posture.

•SGUR 'THEN rtsed mo zhig. Nomads 235, 261. A rope-pulling contest. A rope loop is looped around the back of the neck of each contestant, and between the legs, and they pull while on all-fours.

•SGE'U CHUNG [1] 'gro sa. Dbus-pa no. 657. = 'gro ba. Lcang-skya. [2] M.T. small window (window being sgo chung in classical). [3] garlic. sgog skya.

•SGE DOR name of channels. Yangga's dissert., p. 299.

•SGE TSHE Said to be a borrowing from Ch., with meaning of 'mustard seed.' See WTS. See ske tshe.

•SGE GSHER See (sman) sga. YTTM 291.17. Clifford, list.

•SGEG PA eroticism. See nyams brgyad.

•SGED PO I think it is a weird spelling for rgad po (a name of one of Phadampa's students, which also means 'old man'). sged po la 'di'i mying ci yin gsung // sged po lags mod byas pas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 144.7.

•SGE'U btsong. Btsan-lha.

•SGE'U CUNG 1. 'gro ba'i ming. 2. ma grags pa'i lam gyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•SGE'U CHUNG OT = 'gro ba. Blaṅ 300.6.

•SGE'U GSHER OT = kha 'dam. = bca' sga dang ro nus cha mthun zhig gi ming. Blaṅ 300.6-301.1. Btsan-lha.

•SGER BA'I MI SER subjects of noble estates. Dargyay, TVC 25. I think it comes close to 'private servant.'

•SGO [1] door, gate, access. [2] sgo ni dar / myi ni btsan. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 197. [3] a cangue, used for legal punishment. French, Yoke 325 (this meaning also found in Yisun). [4] A clan (gdung rus). Btsan-lha.

•SGO BKUM sgo bkag pa'am brgyab pa. Btsan-lha.

•SGO SKYES 1. sgo gtan. 2. rta babs. Btsan-lha.

•SGO KHANG portico, porch (of a temple). Also called sgo gling. Alexander, Temples 23. KWT 89 ff.

•SGO KHYIM Essen Catalog 61.

•SGO KHYOD As part of the entrance-way to a maṇḍala, see Doboom, Buddh. Path to Enlightenment, p. 61.

•SGO KHRA census. G. Childs in History of the Family 8 (2003) 429.

•SGO 'KHYOR 'du khang sogs kyi gzhung sgo'i mdun gyi khyams kyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•SGO GA ? mo na re dam pa lags sgo ga ngan pa lags mod zer bas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 301.6 (also, 302.1).

•SGO GLING See sgo khang.

•SGO GLEGS Evidently the wood panels of a door. See Dag-yig 167. sgo 'phar. Dbus-pa no. 283. Negi 577 column 1, with Skt. kapāṭa (the door or the individual panels that make up a door).

•SGO 'GRAM The 'jamb' of a doorway. See Dag-yig 167. As part of the entrance-way to a maṇḍala, see Doboom, Buddh. Path to Enlightenment, p. 61.

•SGO SGOR so sor ram phyogs re re la. Btsan-lha.

•SGO NGA egg. On abstention from eggs, see Das, JTL&CT 98. SS 543.6.

•SGO NGA NAS THON PA One of six names for dragonfly discussed in M.A.J.E. Kiauta-Brink, Some Tibetan Expressions for Dragonfly, with Special Reference to the Biological Features and Demonology, Odonatologica 5 no 2 (June 1976) 143-152 [PDF].

•SGO LNGA [1] the doors of the five senses. [2] Sinitic vocab. for yan lag lnga. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163. Stein in McKay, History of Tibet I 565. It refers to a full prostration (using all five limbs).

•SGO LCAGS Lock. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 4. Examples illus. in Precious Deposits V 128-133. See the illustration and description of a giant lock from the Potala in the Bowers Museum's exhibition catalog, pp. 234-235.

•SGO 'JAG (Dbus) = sgo lcags, (door) lock. MTTP.

•SGO GTAN A kind of doorbolt (pictured in vinaya illustration, it has the shape of a 'T').

•SGO LTE A part of a door. See Dag-yig 167.

•SGO STEGS sgo yi ru bzhi lta bu'i ming. Btsan-lha.

•SGO BSTUN Skt. anusāra. accordingly. Congruent, similar. Rangjung Yeshe.

•SGO THAR gang zag sgo thar du song pa mang / brgyud pa zin pa shin tu nyung gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 335.5. Seems to mean a quite low attainment, something like 'access liberation' or 'entry-level liberation.'

•SGO THAR DU individually. Karmay, Treasury.

•SGO DAR (coll.) khadar which are hung from the 4-looped "handles" of the door-leaves at main entrance to a Tibetan monastery or other important building. MTTP.

•SGO DRUG In the phrase: sems kyi sgo drug 'khrul pa yul la myi 'jug par bzlog. Meinert in TS9 II 291.

•SGO LDANG A part of a door. The jamb. See Dag-yig 167.

•SGO NAS mtshon don de dran pa'i sgo nas dril bu dkrol zhing. ringing the bell while recalling that symbolic meaning. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 311.1.

•SGO GNON Stein.

•SGO DPON gatekeeper. Flick, Carrying Enemies 107.

•SGO 'PHAR OT = sgo glegs. Blaṅ 292.1, 516.6. A part of a door. See Dag-yig 167-8. sgo glegs sam sgo drung gi them pa'i ming. Btsan-lha. = sgo glegs. Lcang-skya.

•SGO BA RNAR GZON bslab bya'am skul ma dang du mi len pa'i don. Btsan-lha.

•SGO 'BAB lands at the door (comes to you without going anywhere to get it). Goldstein, Taxation 19.

•SGO MAR GSOG Stein.

•SGO MO One of the two wooden parts of a Tibetan door. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 4. Stein. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 349.

•SGO TSHAD door measure. The width of its door is the basic measurement upon which the measurements of all the other parts of the maṇḍala are based. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 368.1, etc.

•SGO ZOG See Yisun. Ramble in RET XV 499 translates it as 'domestic animals.' I believe it may refer to livestock really kept inside (the house or barn or whatever).

•SGO YOL cloth door screen. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998)

•SGO RA NAG PO N. of a nāga. Nomads 235.

•SGO RAG PA sgo srung ngam chab sgo ba'i ming. Btsan-lha.

•SGO ROG As a lower element in the pillar-capital in Tibetan architecture. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3.

•SGO LOGS As part of the entrance-way to the maṇḍala, see Doboom, Buddh. Path to Enlightenment, p. 62.

•SGO SHAN The middle strip joining the two halves of a Tibetan door. The lock/latch is attached to it. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 4.

•SGO GSUM lus dang / ngag dang / yid kyi sgo'o. 600 13.

•SGOG JD 218. = lha min khrag, kla klo'i spos, rlung sel big ban.

•SGOG SKYA = la shun. YTTM 292.19. = lha min khrag. YTTM 293.10. white garlic, said to be good for wind, but bad for bile diseases. Jamspal, Treasury 204. As name of a method of reading scripture, see Rhoton, CD 215 (?). Allium sativum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. TDD 10.

•SGOG SKYA BYE KU See big ban.

•SGOG SKYA'I SMAN MAR a medicinal preparation. RR 81.

•SGOG SNGON See ri sgog.

•SGOG 'JIM SS 512.1. Same as sgog 'dzim (?).

•SGOG PA OT = sgog skya. = ra su na. = la shu na. Blaṅ 301.4.

•SGOG PA SS 528.3.

•SGOG PA KE'U 'DZIN See under ke'u 'dzin.

•SGOG PAS BZOS PA See shing kun.

•SGOG MYUG garlic shoots. CTEV 26.

•SGOG 'DZIM See ri sgog.

•SGOG RDZAS lus dri 'dag byed dam byung pa. Btsan-lha.

•SGOG RDZAS PHO BA RIS Garden mint, spearmint. I wonder if this is a neologism based on English word peppermint? TDD 118.

•SGOG LOG garlic. CTEV 26.

•SGOG SO garlic clove. CTEV 26.

•SGONG KHANG khyams ra'am sgo mchor. Btsan-lha.

•SGONG THOG PA JD 188. SS 463.1.

•SGONG BA [1] to add [tinder to the fire]. [2] to roll [flour into balls]. [3] to form [embers, cinders]. NNV.

•SGONG LA PHUG carrot. Acc. to Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet," it is a borrowing from Chinese.

•SGONG GSEB (regionalism) = sgang gseb. BBNP 476. Btsan-lha.

•SGON PA One actually finds this spelling for dgon pa, hermitage, in Zhi-byed Coll. V 138.7.

•SGOM THABS GSUM dang po brda sgom / bar du brda don bsres la bsgom / tha mar sems kyi don bsgom mo. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 38r.4.

•SGOM PA Doesn't always mean 'meditation.' At times it may mean [mistaken] imagining, or mistaking one thing for another. Jamspal, Treasury 142.

•SGOM PA PO meditator.

•SGOM BYED meditating (the act of meditating). The subject of meditation is called bsgom bya. The meditator is sgom pa po. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 358.6.

•SGOM MA Stein. Evidently means woman meditator. Gtsang-pa Rgya-ras-pa met two of them on the road who told him of the death of his teacher Gling-ras-pa. 24 I 414.3.

•SGOR SKYIL bkag skyil. Btsan-lha.

•SGOR THIG word for the circle around the two string holes used (in India) to hold palm leaves together. In Tibet, if they are actually pierced rather than just decorative, it would appear to be a sign of age. BYNP 313.

•SGOR BA ? plot, patch (of grass). Sources.

•SGOR RABS GCAD a death penalty that involves extermination of the family line. Dotson, D&L 8.

•SGOS KHUR yi dwags zhig gi ming. Das. individual burden. Karmay, Treasury.

•SGOS GZHIS estate granted by government to a noble family. Petech.

•SGYING BA assume terrific demeanor, look proud & solemn.

•SGYIG GU sgye'u. Btsan-lha.

•SGYID RKANG gos dang gur sogs kyi mtha' bcag. Btsan-lha.

•SGYID KHUNG bend of knee. DD illus. 6.

•SGYID KHUNG CHU BA DD illus. 30.

•SGYID 'THAS blo sbyong dang dka' thub dus gnyis dang po'i sa pa yin bas sgyid ma 'thas te rkyen mi thub. Zhi-byed Coll. V 325.3.

•SGYID PA kneecap? Lde'u 252 (here it is a question of cutting the hamstring). Skt. jaṅghā (shank of the leg, from ankle to knee). Negi. muscle/tendon running from ankle to the thigh. Goldstein. Hamstring (see Jäschke). Yangga's dissert., p. 336.

•SGYID MA See nad ma. rtswa skyid ma gcig gis gtses pas mgo brul bas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 95.4.

•SGYID PO active, energetic, diligent, keen, earnest. Goldstein.

•SGYID LUG Samdo A VI 5r.5. rgas nas sgyid lug pas ni gang yang mi yong ba yin te. Zhi-byed Coll. V 236.2. sgyid lug dang snyom las kyis kyang ma phan. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 590.3. sgyid lug / le lo ste / dbyangs can dga' blos / sgyid lug pa ni dge ba'i bya ba la sems bzlog pa'am yid bsang pa'o zhes gsungs. Gser Sbram 412. lazy, idle, indolent. Goldstein. nga rgyal chung zhing sgyid lug med pa dang. HS V 303.2.

•SGYID LUG PA See Negi.

•SGYIMS PA grwa tshogs chen pos sgyims kyin nang du bskyil. Samdo A III 191r.4. This also occurs in an obscure verse in a Padampa collection (the line translated in Schaeffer, Crystal Orbs, p. 28: "If the two-headed universal grandfather eats poison with one [head he] dies." But this is probably explained by the alternative reading, spyi mes [actual reading: spyi mas], 'common ancestor').

•SGYU DPYA rgyu nom pa'i dpya khral. Btsan-lha.

•SGYU MA LTA BU Tsongkhapa uses this term, meaning 'like an illusion,' but never says that the world IS an illusion. The phrase is used as if it were a noun, "the illusion-like."

•SGYU MA'I DPE BRGYAD a shorter list of similes for illusoriness.

•SGYU MA'I DPE BCU GNYIS sgyu ma / chu zla / mig yor / smig rgyu / rmi lam / sgra brnyan / dri za'i grong khyer / mig 'phrul / 'ja' tshon / glog / chu bur / me long nang gi gzugs brnyan rnams so. 600 156-7.

•SGYU MA RIGS GRUB As a way of referring to Svātantrika, see Sparham in Changing Minds 206.

•SGYU RTSAL The 64 minor skills or crafts or arts (I believe these come from the Nāṭyaśāstra). They are partly listed in the Jātaka commentary by Vīryasiṃha, see Jātakamālāpañjikā, Toh. no. 4460, fol. 282v.2 ff.: 1. sgyu ma. 2. yi ge. 3. lag rtsis. 4. grangs. 5. rtsis. 6. 'dzin stangs. 7. thor tshugs. 8. gom stabs. 9. lcags kyus sgyur thabs. 10. ral gri'i thabs. 11. zhags pa gdab pa. 12. mda' 'o che 'phen pa'i thabs. 13. 'phong gi slob dpon. 14. mdun du sgyur ba. 15. phyir sgyur ba. 16. gcad pa. 17. dral ba. 18. dbug pa. 19. rgyab nas rdog pa. 20. sgra grag par 'phog pa. 21. gnad du phog pa. 22. mi 'chor bar phog pa. 23. gnas lnga la byang ba. 24. mchongs pa. 25. gyad kyi 'dzin stangs. 26. bod. 27. rkyal ba. 28. glang po che'i gnyar bzhon pa. 29. shing rta'i thabs. 30. mda' gzhug pa. 31. 'gyed stobs. 32-64. and so forth. Source: Dungkar Rinpoche's encyclopedia, p. 727 (sgyu rtsal drug cu rtsa bzhi): A. bzo la sogs par gtogs pa sum cu (bzo rig gi sgyu rtsal sum cu). 1. yi ge. 2. lag rtsis. 3. grangs. 4. rtsis chen. 5. thor tshugs. 6. shom stabs. 7. lcags kyus bsgyur ba. 8. ral gri'i thabs. 9. zhags pas gdab pa. 10. mda' bo che 'phen pa. 11. mdun du bsnur ba. 12. phyir bsnur ba. 13. bcad pa. 14. dral ba. 15. dbug pa. 16. rgyang nas 'phog pa. 17. gri drag par 'phog pa. 18. gnad du 'phog pa. 19. mi 'tshor bar 'phog pa. 20. tshabs che bar 'phog pa. 21. mchongs pa. 22. gyad kyi 'dzin stangs. 23. bang 'gros. 24. rkyal ba. 25. brgal ba. 26. glang po che'i gnyar bzhon pa. 27. rta zhon pa. 28. shing rta'i thabs. 29. mda' gzhu. 30. gyad stobs. B. rol mo'i bye brag bco brgyad (rol mo'i sgyu rtsal bco brgyad). 1. [31] rnga bo che. 2. [32] rdza rnga dkyus ma. 3. [33] rnga zlum. 4. [34] lag rnga. 5. [35] 'khar rnga. 6. [36] pi wang rgyud gcig pa. 7. [37] rdza rnga kha gcig pa. 8. [38] rdza rnga chen po. 9. [39] lcags kyi sil khrol. 10. [40] 'khar ba'i sil bkrol. 11. [41] pi wang rgyud gsum pa. 12. [42] pi wang rgyud bdun pa. 13. [43] rnga mu kunda. 14. [44] sil snyan. 15. [45] glu dbyangs. 16. [46] pheg rdeg. 17. [47] rnga chung. 18. [48] gling bu. C. glu dbyangs kyi nges pa bdun. 1. [49] bar ma. 2. [50] drang srong. 3. [51] sa 'dzin. 4. [52] drug skyes [or] drug ldan. 5. [53] lnga pa. 6. [54] blo gsal. 7. [55] 'khor nyan. D. gar gyi cha byad dgu. 1. [56] sgeg pa. 2. [57] dpa' ba. 3. [58] mi sdug pa. 4. [59] drag shul. 5. [60] bzhad gad. 6. [61] 'jigs rung. 7. [62] snying rje. 8. [63] rngams pa [or] ngo mtshar ba. 9. [64] zhi ba.

•SGYUG MO mother-in-law. khyo ga'i a ma mna' ma'i sgyug mo dang / mna' ma'i a ma khyo ga'i sgyug mo. Btsan-lha.

•SGYE MO cloth [salt] bag. T&BS I 342. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 48. See Bellezza, L&T 53, where ras kyi phrag sgye is translated as "saddle bag of cotton"). Example given by Hill in NTFC II 251.

•SGYED PO mu stegs ka ru na re sgyed po 'di myi stong bar gda' zer bas. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 162.5. This word occurs near end of section one of OTC. It might be synonymous with sgyed bu, q.v., meaning hearth or something like one.

•SGYED BU As in mi mgo sgyed bu, the tripod made of 3 human heads on which the skullcup is placed. Stein, in JA (1995) 121, etc. Note that the spelling sgyid is frequent. hearthstone. RET XXXIX 97, 124.

•SGYEL BA to raze. nga rgyal ri bo rmang nas bsgyel. [He] razed the mountain of pride from its very foundations. Samdo A V 91v.1.

•SGYOGS [1] catapult. T&BS I 349. BA 473. Used metaphorically. Zhi-byed Coll. II 295.6. sgyogs dang 'khrul 'khor ji bzhin du. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 76.2. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 242, in which Devadatta uses one against the Buddha (apparently this same story may be found in Vinayavastu). sgyogs 'phen pa. 24 I 415.5. On catapults, see Barton C. Hacker, Greek Catapults & Catapult Technology, Technology & Culture, vol. 9, no. 1 (Jan. 1968), pp. 34-50. Following this source, the main classical writers on the subject were, in order, Philon of Byzantium (250 BCE), Vitruvius (end of 1st century BC; 10th book of his De architectura), and Heron of Alexandria (fl. 62 CE; in his Belopoiika). There are two other difficult works by obscure authors, Biton & Athenaios. [2] a treatment for limb injuries. Yangga's dissert., p. 66.

•SGYONG BA rang gi nyes pa thabs kyis mi mngon par byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SGYOR CHIG Btsan-lha.

•SGYOL BA sgol ba. Dbus-pa no. 039.

•SGRA 'GYUR SKOR "sound changing." Allione, Women of Wisdom 165 (note 73).

•SGRA SGRE tshom bu tshom bur yod pa. Btsan-lha.

•SGRA SGROGS 1. nam mkha'. 2. sprin. 3. bya rog. 4. ngang pa dkar. 5. 'brug. 6. khyim bya. 7. brgya byin. Blaṅ 527.

•SGRA SGROGS PA See kha sha.

•SGRA BRGYA PA See 'brug.

•SGRA SNYAN [1] Skt. kalagītā (?). N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37. [2] Marta Salvatori, The Ladakhi Lute and Related Folk Songs. Tibet Journal, vol. 30, no. 3 (2005), pp. 63-88.

•SGRA BRNYAN echo, resonance. OT = brag cha. Skt. pratiśrut. Blaṅ 302.6.

•SGRA SPYI verbal generality (universal). Skt. śabdasāmānya. Thurman. Counterpart of don spyi. This technical term, as used by Sa paṇ, is discussed in Jonathan Gold's article, Sa-skya Paṇḍita's Buddhist Argument for Linguistic Study, forthcoming in JIP, where Gold translates it as 'term universal' (although since it applies on the phonemic level as well, perhaps 'sound-' or 'language-universal' would work better).

•SGRA 'BYIN 1. ngang pa. 2. sprin. 3. 'brug. 4. brgya byin gyi bzhon pa glang po. Blaṅ 527.

•SGRA 'DZIN DBANG RTSA 'auditory nerve'? DD illus. 26.

•SGRA BZHIN DU literally.

•SGRA BZANG See par ba ta.

•SGRAG yi ge skyel 'grul. Nomads 235.

•SGRAG KHANG yi ge skyel 'grul gyi las khungs. Nomads 235.

•SGRAN PA skad gtong ba. Btsan-lha.

•SGRAB BE SGROB BE full to the brim. Soundings 28.

•SGRAM PA Btsan-lha.

•SGRIG DOM PA A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 295.

•SGRIG PA so sgrig pa; to grit the teeth.

•SGRIG RNAM GZHAG regulation of (public) order, fundamentals of administration. (Aris thinks sgrig was first used for monastic administration, only later for public admin.). Sources.

•SGRIG RID thug rom. Dbus-pa no. 123.

•SGRIG LAD nyams zhan du song ba'am nang rul byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•SGRIG LAM regimen, rules.

•SGRIN PA Delighting & being skilled in virtuous actions. great altruism. Btsan-lha. chos shes pa'i dgos pa stor ba'i sgrin myig la bros. Zhi-byed Coll. V 69.1. sgrin kha la bros pa'i shes rab che bas go ma bcad de. Zhi-byed Coll. V 70.1. sgrin mdo myed rnams kyi myi tshe stong zad la song tsam na. Zhi-byed Coll. V 128.3. pho mdo che chung dang / mo sgrin glen thams cad bye brag 'chi kar gsal. Zhi-byed Coll. V 132.6. sgrin myig la bros su song ba'o. Zhi-byed Coll. V 466.2 (also, 469.3). kha mi la mo sgrin pa ni phyi ma'i rgyags phye thogs na 'dzangs ma. Zhi-byed Coll. V 511.1. pho mdo che chung dang mo sgrin glen dus da res la gsal lo. Zhi-byed Coll. V 512.7. chos zab mo'i don go ba 'di dgrin pa las byung pa men no. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 51.2. sgrin pa'am grim po ni le shor med pa'i ming ngo zhes dbyangs can dga' blos gsungs la / sgrin zhes pa ni 'gran pa'i brda rnying. Gser Sbram 399.

•SGRIN BU naked. low on intellect (shes rab). shes dman. Btsan-lha.

•SGRIB PA obscurations or veils. Sometimes here translated as 'clouding' in Klong-chen-pa 3.6. 'Obnubilation' could work nicely as a translation (suggested by Janus). enshadowments, shadowings? Skt. āvaraṇa.

•SGRIB PA LNGA rgod 'gyod gnyis / gnod sems / rmugs pa dang gnyid gnyis / 'dod pa la 'dun pa / the tshom rnams so. 600 55-56. Roberts, King.

•SGRIB PA GNYIS nyon sgrib dang / shes sgrib bo. 600 5.

•SGRIB PA BCU listed in Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 428.

•SGRIB PA BDUN Almogi, MA thesis 168.

•SGRIB PA BZHI nyon sgrib / shes sgrib / chags sgrib / thogs grib bo. 600 38. A different listing: theg pa chen po'i chos la sdang ba, bdag tu lta ba, sdug bsngal gyis 'jigs pa, and sems can gyi don mi ltos pa. Yaroslav Komarovski, Reburying the Treasure — Maintaining the Continuity: Two Texts by Śākya mchog ldan on the Buddha-essence, Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 34 (2006), pp. 521-570, at p. 545.

•SGRIB SHING wand of invisibility. Mentioned in Bryan Cuevas' paper on linggas. Explained in Stearns, SR 77, 141. It is possible to locate a brief text or two on the practice in TBRC.

•SGRIM PA twist together, entwine, hold fast. concentrate, pay attention. Stein. Compare grims pa (to be careful) and 'grim pa (perambulate). Jamspal, Treasury 167.

•SGRIM SHA sgrim sha bston la. Zhi-byed Coll. I 165.5.

•SGRIL BA Stein. mjug ma bsgril ba. [The dog] wagged his tail. 4 125v.3.

•SGRUNG narratives. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 100. Todd Gibson, dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 140.

•SGRUNG THANG a painted scroll with narrative scenes. ge sar gyi sgrung yig thang ka. Nomads 236.

•SGRUN PA OT = 'gran pa. Blaṅ 302.2. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•SGRUB RGYUD paired with bshad rgyud. Samdo A I 57r.2.

•SGRUB BRGYUD See Schwieger in Kailash 18 (1996) 90.

•SGRUB CHU Kind of holy water from sacred caves. Soundings 318. mantraized water, made ready for ritual usage. = grub pa'i chu. 449 15.3.

•SGRUB MCHOD lo dus kyi sgrub pa. Nomads 236.

•SGRUB PA actualization. Germano, Poetic Thought 818.

•SGRUB PHYAR BCAL ('di bla ma brdzu byas pa'i don la sgro ba dang sgrom khog can zhes yul skad du grags) 'di phyir dbyung ba'am phyar bskrad pa zhes pa'i don. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SGRUB BYA probandum. Skt. sādhya. Thurman. State of Buddhahood (i.e., the thing to be attained). Stein.

•SGRUM PO rtswa sgrum po bcud dang ldan pa. Zhi-byed Coll. I 433.3.

•SGRUL SKONG 'DRA See ka ran dza.

•SGRE See ltag sgre.

•SGRE'U CHUNG = 'dzag snod. Lcang-skya.

•SGRE BA See Tsugu in Soundings 140. This verb is the tha dad pa form of the verb 'gre ba. Samdo A V 18r.1.

•SGRE BO OT = sa rjen. Blaṅ 300.4. Lcang-skya. Pabongka, Liberation I 152. One should not place scriptures on 'raw ground.'

•SGRE BYI Btsan-lha.

•SGRE MONG possible form of sre mong, 'mongoose.' See BBNP 466. Btsan-lha.

•SGRE 'O sa rjen. Dbus-pa no. 639.

•SGREGS PA 'belching.' mi'i pho ba'i nang gi dbugs kha nas thon pa'i sgra'i ming ste. Dag-yig. Dhongthog. Text 66. KB 118.5. sgregs pa mang du gdon no. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 289.1.

•SGREN PO Btsan-lha.

•SGREN MO gcer bu. der lha cig khrom brgyan ma khrom gseb tu yug [?] cig sgren mor 'gyel te lus pa las. Zhi-byed Coll. II 312.4. See under bsgren mo.

•SGREBS PA Meanings of being naked and/or hungry or freezing. Btsan-lha. Apparently it may alternate with the spelling sbrebs pa. Example of usage in Lde'u 306, in which a horse in a snowstorm on a pass suffers from it (hunger/freezing) and then dies.

•SGRE'U CHUNG 'dzag snod. Btsan-lha.

•SGRE'U CHUD OT = 'dzag snod. Blaṅ 298.1.

•SGRO [1] feather, quill. [2] rgyal ba. Gces 589.6. to elevate, exalt, exaggerate. T&BS I 342. [3] sack, bag (made of leather or scrotum, either one). T&BS I 342. See sgro ba. [4] N. of a clan. Btsan-lha.

•SGRO DKAR See under sgro ba shing.

•SGRO SKUR champion and denigrate.

•SGRO GUR (coll.) opening feathers brilliantly. MTTP.

•SGRO 'GYUR Flügel schlagen, beat wings. Perhaps also to be understood as sgrog 'gyur. Kretsch.

•SGRO CHEG an item that was taken in payment for taxes, although what it was is not known. Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko 67 (2009) 89-108, at p. 93. It seems to have something to do with fletching. Dotson, Princess 73.

•SGRO LJANG CAN See ne tso.

•SGRO 'DOGS PA reification. Skt. samaropa/adhyaropa. Thurman. false imputation, exaggeration.

•SGRO LDAN 1. mda'. 2. bya. Blaṅ 527.

•SGRO PUṢPA See gre ba shing.

•SGRO BA [1] leather bag. [2] scrotum. See sgro, above.

•SGRO BA SHING SS 507.2. =sgro dkar. Buddleja crispa Benth. TDD 29.

•SGRO BU See gre ba shing.

•SGRO GTSUG CAN See pu shud.

•SGRO SEL ZHOL LEGS unversehrte Federn (?) "phyag mda' sgro sel zhol legs" Kretsch.

SGROG generally means a 'fastening rope.' shing rta zhes pa ni 'khor lo'i sgrog tu khog pa tshud pas. Zhi-byed Coll. I 418.5. See under sgrom. tether rope or hobbling apparatus to keep horses from running away.

•SGROG GU something to tie with, button. Norbu in TH&L 384. See Mvy. 9192, which says sgrog gu'i rten pa is the part of the garment that covers the buttocks, in Skt. phalaka (a word of many meanings).

•SGROG GLENG MDZAD PA sich unterhalten, ein Gespräch führen. Kretsch.

•SGROG RUS Here it appears to be the collar bone. DD illus. 13. clavicle. Yangga's dissert., p. 276.

•SGRON or sgron pa. Meaning discussed by Kvaerne in RET 32 (2015) 187.

•SGRON 'DOGS peculiar spelling for sgro 'dogs. Zhi-byed Coll. III 42.4 ff.

•SGRON MA Germano, Poetic Thought 899. For the metaphor of the lamp inside a pot that can only shine when the pot is broken, see Almogi, Materiality 245.

•SGRON MA LNGA in tantra, an epithet for the five nectars; another epithet being lcags kyu lnga. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 317.4.

•SGRON MA DRUG Sky Dancer 198, n. 50. 91 I 208.2. See Tucci, Religions 264, n. 31. N. of Bon precepts 248 269 ff. 1. gnas pa gzhi'i sgron ma. 2. tsi tta sha'i sgron ma. 3. dkar 'jam rtsa'i sgron ma. 4. rgyang zhags chu'i sgron ma. 5. bar do dus kyi sgron ma. 6. mthar thug 'bras bu'i sgron ma. Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 523.4; Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 523.4.

•SGRON MA'I SPYAN Germano, Poetic Thought 883.

•SGRON MA BZHI 1. dbyings rnam dag gi sgron ma. 2. thig le stong pa'i sgron ma. 3. rgyang zhags chu'i sgron ma [rkyang zhags?]. 4. shes rab rang byung gi sgron ma. Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 523.5. Rdo Grub-chen III, Works V 183.1 [also has sgron ma dgu]. Dargyay, Ausbildung; Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 523.5. — See Daniel Scheiddeger, Different Sets of Channels in the Instruction Series of Rdzogs chen, Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines, vol. 12 (2007), p. 26.

•SGRON ME'I SHING pine wood. Man LXI no. 102, p. 83b.

•SGRON BZHI LAM DU 'KHYER BA [thod rgal]. rgyang zhag chu sgron sbrel ba'i mig gnyis te / (one's own two eyes) thig le stong sgron rma bya'i mdongs dang mtshungs / (appearance of peacock 'eyes') rnam dag sgron mas zhing khams tshad phebs shing / (= dbyings kyi rnam dag sgron ma. appearances like na-ro letters) shes rab rang byung spros pa'i mtha' zad 'gyur / (appearance of all Bodies complete) sgron bzhi mthar phyin dbyings rig 'dres pa'o. Padma-gling-pa, Works XIII 401-2, XV 196 ff.

•SGRON SHING = thang shing, thang ma sgron, thang gor tsandan mdung shing, ra sna. JD 113. SS 444.1. KP1 60.4. KP3 269.6. Pine. Clifford, list. Mdo 95. = gor tsan dan. DG 230.2. =shel ta. Chir pine, Himalayan long-leaf pine. Pinus gerardiana. TDD 134.

•SGROB CHE BA OT Skt. from garba, 'pride.' Blaṅ 307.4.

•SGROM [1] box. For different boxes containing gter ma, see 17 II 198. [2] socket (?). 'khor lo'i sgrom du shing rta tshud pas dal ba'i dbang myi 'ong bar gda' gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 176.2 (In an internal parallel, this reads sgrog, q.v.).

•SGROM BU small box. lus kyi sgrom bu. 4 294r.5.

•SGROMS boxed. For a philological discussion, see Lewis Doney, Narrative Transformations: The Spiritual Friends of Khri Srong lde brtsan, a forthcoming paper posted on the internet (2017), p. 3, note 5.

•SGROL RGYU A type of tree, Tārāyaṇa in Sanskrit. In the seventh week after Buddha's Enlightenment he sat in a grove of these trees according to the Lalitavistara. I haven't encountered this tree name in other contexts.

•SGROL BA skol ba dang zhu ba la 'jug. Btsan-lha.

•SGROL BYED BSHES knowing how to cross (the sky, the ocean...) N. for the sun. Perhaps Skt. taraṇi. Perhaps an epithet for seacaptain?

•SGROL MA BCU GNYIS paṇ chen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan gyis / gtso bo dmag zor ma / ma cig dpal gyi lha mo / ma cig rdo rje rab brtan ma / lha mo dud sol ma / lha mo phyag bzhi ma / lha mo dus mtshan ma / rang byung rgyal mo / lha mo nam mkha'i gos can / lha mo nam gru ma / lha mo tsantri ka / lha mo e ka dza ti dang bcu gcig / bcu gnyis pa der mi gsal bas / kha cig ma cig rdo rje gshog rgod ma yin zer / kha cig la stod a phyi chos kyi sgron ma yin zer / gong gi de rnams ngos 'dzin mdzad pa e wam las 'byung ngo // bka' gdams pa rang gi mtshan gsol ba ni / gser mtsho ma / 'od mtsho ma / bstan skyong ma / yid 'dzin ma / stobs po che / drag shul can / khrag mdog ma / dud kha ma / thogs med ma / shugs can ma / dbang sdud ma / las 'joms ma dang bcu gnyis zer ro. 600 157-159.

•SGROS rma shul. Btsan-lha.

•BRGAGS mna' bskyal ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRGAD PA bgad pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRGAM CHAGS CAN 'dod zhen can. Eimer, Dbyangs 56.

•BRGAM PA sred pa. Dbus-pa no. 199.

•BRGAL threats. Jamspal, Treasury 203.

•BRGAL LAN rebuttal. Direct tr. of Skt. codyamparihara.

•BRGYA Used in the sense of 'speaking.' Btsan-lha.

•BRGYA SGRUB Name for the button in the mthang gos robe. Zangpo, Robes 40.

•BRGYA BRGYA might be a mistake for brgyad brgya. Eimer, Dbyangs 58.

•BRGYA CAN See sdom.

•BRGYA MCHOD SNA LNGA An offering consisting of five different sets of offerings, each numbering a hundred. stong mchod sna lnga is also a possibility (the same, only each set numbering a thousand). Thubten Kunga Chashab, A Study of Religious Expenditure in Tibet in the 19th Century Based on the Biography of Dharmabhadra, Acta Orientalia, vol. 63 (2002), p. 197, etc. According to Chashab, the five different offerings are: 1. one khal of barley. 2. one khal and 2 nya ga of butter. 3. one and a half khal of barley flour. 4. 103 incense sticks. 5. a handful of saffron.

•BRGYA'U RJE leaders of 'little hundreds.' A type of commander. Dotson, Princess 74.

•BRGYA DPON military officer [subordinate to ru dpon] of the 6th rank, 24 laymen. Petech.

•BRGYA BYIN An epithet of Indra. See zhu mkhan. See dbang lag. As a short title, it is used for the Kauśika Sūtra, numbered among the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras. It has this title because Indra is the questioner.

•BRGYA RTSA BRGYAD Ken Holmes, at his website, has a discussion about the significance of the number 108. His explanation is largely astrological: 9 planets times 12 houses of zodiac equals 108.

•BRGYA TSHO smallest administrative unit in Tibet. subdivision of a rdzong. Dargyay, TVC 5, 10, etc.

•BRGYA BZHI 'four hundred,' a type of exorcistic ritual performed by monks. Sihlé in TS9 II 202.

•BRGYA LA [one] in a hundred, sometimes, in some cases, if at all, fat chance, on the odd chance that... Similar to (or same as) brgya lam and rgya la. brgya la gal te rnal 'byor pa... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 36.1. one or once in a hundred. Jamspal, Treasury 50.

•BRGYA LAM allgemeiner Weg. Kaschewsky2. sgyu ma brgya lam mthong na mdzes. A magic trick is beautiful if rarely seen. Jamspal, Treasury 119.

•BRGYAD [1] eight. [2] a rare usage in Vinaya context, in which it is apparently short for brgyad bkag, q.v. Example of usage in Lde'u 163 (but here the small Lde'u reads brgyad ngag, as seems preferable, in place of brgyad dag). See under brgyad bkag.

•BRGYAD BKAG OT = kha smras. = bkyon pa. Blaṅ 293.5-.6. Btsan-lha. bkyon pa. Dbus-pa no. 357. = bkyon pa. Lcang-skya. There is a somewhat rare example of an actual occurrence of this word in Lde'u 157, where it again seems to mean something like 'rebuke, reprimand, censure.' This word appears in Das, although I'm not sure I believe his Skt. equivalent, nigraha. Negi, p. 889, gives the Skt. as paribhāṣya, which means 'rebuke, revile, censure.' There are instances of usage in a Vinaya text (one only) as well as in the Daśasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā (many instances).

•BRGYAD BCU BCOS RO veraltet, 'verkalkt,' nicht klug wie ein 80jähriger (?). Kaschewsky2.

•BRGYAD LDAN a short way of referring to the 8 perfectly endowed conditions of a human being. Vitali in Lungta 14 (2001) 21.

•BRGYAD PA See spyo ba. Blaṅ 302.6. Btsan-lha.

•BRGYAL BA 'swooned,' but since it translates Skt. murch, it can also mean to become solid, or be coagulated. Simioli, AG 49.

•BRGYUNGS PA Btsan-lha.

•BRGYUD KHUNGS ancestral origins. Sources.

•BRGYUD PA spyod pa. Dbus-pa no. 044.

•BRGYUD PA DGU 1. rgyal ba dgongs pa'i... 2. rig 'dzin brda'i... 3. gang zag snyan khung... 4. mkha' 'gro gtad rgya... 5. smon lam dbang bskur... 6. bka' babs lung bstan... 7. dngos grub rnal 'byor... 8. byin rlabs dam rdzas... 9. tshig brgyud shog ser. Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 256.4.

•BRGYUD PA DRUG Six types of transmission listed in Dung-dkar 174.

•BRGYUD MA Jamspal, Treasury 92.

•BRGYUD MAR continually (Skt. prasakta). Jātakamālā, chap. 14.

•BRGYUD MAR BRGYAB PA rgod ma la gseb btang ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSGANGS Btsan-lha.

•BSGAM PA zab pa. Dbus-pa no. 206.

•BSGUD (?) Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 304.6.

•BSGO BA pf. bsgos pa. Skt. paribhāvati, suffused, animated, invigorated. Mvy. Schopen (1986). Strong, RB 59.

•BSGO BA RNAR GZON = bslab bya la mi nyan par phyir bzlog pa'am bskul tshig dang du mi len pa. Lcang-skya.

•BSGYANGS PA Btsan-lha.

•BSGYUR TE myur du. Dbus-pa no. 450.

•BSGRAGS PA GSUM GYI DPE'U TSE gsang sngags kyi bon rgyas 'bring bsdus gsum lha klu mi gsum yul du bsgrags par bsgrags pa skor gsum mo // dpe'u tse ni bka' sgrom lta bu la go. 506A 335. See chap. 21 of the Gzi brjid.

•BSGRAL BA'I ZHING BCU sangs rgyas bstan bshig dkon mchog dbu 'phang dmad // dge 'dun 'du sgo 'phrog dang theg chen smod // bla ma'i sku bsdo rdo rje spun dbyen byed // sgrub par bar chad byed dang dam tshig bral // snying rje med dang log par lta ba can // zhes pa ltar ro. 600 135.

•BSGRIB PA ltogs pa. Dbus-pa no. 148.

•BSGRIL RDZAS used to refer to the cloth wrappings for books. book cover. Vitali, Tho.ling 67.

•BSGRUG PA zad pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSGRUN PA bskyed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSGRUB BYA'I CHOS The 'predicate' of a syllogism. Dreyfus, Sound 206.

•BSGRE BSGRE 'jon mdog byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSGREN btsog pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSGREN MO Spelled sgren mo in Yisun, where it is defined as 'naked.' tshong 'dus la sgo gnyis la rngas byas nas / gser zho cig tshags myi byed pa gro khur za zhing bsgren mor sdod pa'i myi re ngan. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 122.6.

•BSGROS PA gros byas pa. Btsan-lha.

*NGA*

•NGA KHA MA = nga nyid, = nga rang. BBNP 475.

•NGA RGYAL rang gnas kyi yon tan la sgrib pas nga rgyal byung. 91 I 582.2. Skt. māna. EoB VI 596-597. Mvy. 1946.

•NGA RGYAL BDUN nga rgyal / che ba'i nga rgyal / nga rgyal las kyang nga rgyal / nga'o snyam pa'i nga rgyal / mngon pa'i nga rgyal / cung zad snyan pa'i nga rgyal / log pa'i nga rgyal rnams so. 600 90.

•NGA CAG bdag cag gam nga tsho. Btsan-lha.

•NGA NI BA nga tsho. Btsan-lha.

•NGA PHOD N. of a family, perhaps also meaning "bold warriors." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 318. brtsul phod can gyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•NGA YIN PO Stein.

•NGA YUS PO Stein.

•NGA RI Supposedly used in Gesar epic as an archaic form of nga yi, which would mean the syllable ri has to be understood as a genitive ending. See the article by Anandamayee Ghosh in Bulletin of Tibetology, issue for the year 1997.

•NGA LAG SI Name for 'bananas.' Aris, Discourse 23.

•NGA SHI TSA n. of a clan (gdung rus).

•NGAG 'KHYAL OT = 'brel med du smra ba. Blaṅ 301.5. Btsan-lha.

•NGAG GI GNAS BRGYAD khog pa / mgrin pa / rkan / lce / sna / so / spyi bo / mchu rnams so. 600 105.

•NGAG GO shi ba. Btsan-lha.

•NGAG RGYUN oral traditions. Sources.

•NGAG COG gtam don Lag-len mi byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•NGAG RJES lo rgyus. Btsan-lha.

•NGAG SPYI BRDOL ngag gang byung ngam 'dzem dogs med par smra ba'o. Dpe-chos 503.

•NGANG continuing state, continuation, continuity. The action of the preceding verb (in the Tibetan!) continues while the action of the following verb is occuring. No exact Sanskrit equivalent, but sometimes used to render rasa, aesthetic experience, prevailing mood (of a work of art), sap, juice.

•NGANG SKYA hellbeige. Kretsch. See ngang pa.

•NGANG GIS means without relying on the exertion of others (through one's own power). ngang gis grub is equivalent to lhun gyis grub pa. In this sense of 'nature' it is same as Skt. nisarga. "ngang gis phan pa ni rang shugs kyis phan pa." BBNP 465.

•NGANG RGYUD Stein.

•NGANG RGYUD RING PO liberal disposition. Such a character is given to the Mahāsammata king in Lde'u 199, 200.

•NGANG THUNG bsod de lha chos kyi dgos pa de myur du 'ong gis lam rtags la ngang ma thung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 276.2. 'bras bu sangs rgyas 'dod pa la ngang thung byas pas ga na 'ong. Ibid. II 276.4. See Yisun. impatient, rash, impetuous. RY.

•NGANG DU mthu. Dbus-pa no. 344.

•NGANG PA [1] Goose. For the simile of the goose that can separate the milk out of water, see Mahāyānasaṃgraha, chap. 1, verse 49, for example. = ngang skya, bya khyung dkar po, ngur pa dkar po, 'gor po'i lag ldan. JD 258. Charles R. Lanman, The Milk-Drinking Haṅsas of Sanskrit Poetry, JAOS 19 (1898) 151-158. Hahn, TSD 49-50. Almogi, Materiality 245. [2] At times in sūtras, it means a red-yellow color (because of some poetic comparison of the goose with the rising sun?). Silk, Dissert. 378. Sometimes used to describe the color orange in horses. Bellezza, Calling Down the Gods. Usual translation would be "bay horse." [3] Lo Bue in Tibet. Klöster öffnen ihre Schatzkammern, Kulturstiftung Ruhr Essen (Villa Hügel 2006), p. 91, identifies it as "Eisenoxid Limonid," the source of yellow ochre pigments.

•NGANG PA'I RGYAL PO Skt. haṃsarājan. Goose king (interpreted as the point-bird who heads the v-shaped flock). It is further identified as the Indian bar-headed goose (Anser indicus), which migrates every summer to the north side of the Himalayas, and they are associated especially with Lake Mānasa. They are able to hover in space. An article devoted to this poetic image in works of Candrakīrti and elsewhere: Ulrich Timme Kragh, Of Similes and Metaphors in Buddhist Philosophical Literature: Poetic Semblance through Mythic Allusion, BSOAS 73 (2010) 479-502.

•NGANG PA SNYAN Skt. kalahaṃsa. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•NGANG PA GSER SGONG gold egg goose. See skyi ba'i 'bras bu.

•NGANG PA CIG RGYUG DAR YA KAN KP3 331.4. DG 209.3.

•NGANG PA CHIG RGYUG See skyi ba'i 'bras bu.

•NGANG PA CHIG THUB See skyi ba'i 'bras bu.

•NGANG PA'I BU MO daughter of geese. Epithet of Sarasvatī. MTLSC 100.

•NGANG PHYID ngang pas 'da' ba'am dus yol ba. BBNP 471.

•NGANG MO Stein.

•NGANG TSHUGS kun spyod dag cing tshul khrims gtsang ba. 367 II 126.1. Btsan-lha.

•NGANG RIS CAN cloth having a goose pattern (not permitted for monastic robes). Silk, Dissert. 378. Perhaps it means a cloth light as goose down.

•NGANG RO smad pa. Dbus-pa no. 318.

•NGANG LAG banana. Aris, Discourse 31. Havnevik, Dissertation 213. Also, skye stong. CTEV 28.

•NGANG SER See mgur ba.

•NGAD 'od kyi gnad, 'glittering.' ngad tsam zhig, 'a mere shimmer.' Almogi, Materiality 254.

•NGAN KREB Stein.

•NGAN KYOG g.yo sgyu. Btsan-lha.

•NGAN GONG ngan ne ngon ne. Btsan-lha.

•NGAN NGON common or inferior (quality of monks' robes) Skt. avaraka, avavaraka. Mvy. 270. Silk, Dissert. 377.

•NGAN GNON Samdo A I 121r.2.

•NGAN NE BA ngan shos. Gces 584.6.

•NGAN PA Stein. a "humilific" form of self-reference. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•NGAN PA BCU Sinitic vocab. for mi dge ba bcu. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•NGAN PA'I LAM Sinitic vocab. for ngan 'gro, ngan song. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•NGAN PHYID Btsan-lha.

•NGAN BU nga'am bdag. Btsan-lha. de ngan bu la thugs la gdags dgos zhus pas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 174.3. Example of usage in Lde'u 340 (but note, too, the [dubious] occurrence as a surname on p. 318). More examples given by Hill in NTFC II 251.

•NGAN LAM n. of a clan (rus). Btsan-lha.

•NGAN SEL See ku sha.

•NGAN SONG GI GNAS BCU tsha dmyal brgyad / grang dmyal brgyad / yi dwags / dud 'gro'i gnas rnams so. 600 134-135.

•NGAN SONG NYID SINGS ngan song kho na brgyud pa. Btsan-lha.

•NGAN SONG GSUM dmyal ba dang / yi dwags dang / dud 'gro'o. 600 12.

•NGAN SRI böser Dämon (, der stets Unglück bringt). Kaschewsky2.

•NGAN SLONG lowly beggars, destitute.

•NGAM ngam ni nag phyogs bdud kyi phyogs. From Namdak, Bzo-rig 112. Discussed in Karmay, Arrow 256 ff. OZZ 111.

•NGAM GROG Btsan-lha. chasm. Pabongka, Liberation I 171. Bir wa pa'i lo rgyus, contained in: Phag-gru, Bka'-'bum (2003) VI, pp. 1-27. Usage in Lde'u 234.

•NGAM NGAM ngam ngam shugs kyis zhi ba dang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 113.5, 114.1, 352.3; IV 248.3, 249.1, 249.4-5.

•NGAM PA rngam pa. 'jigs nyams che ba (a greater feeling of fear). Btsan-lha. splendor, majesty (also in Old Chinese), sternness, overpowering lust. Sometimes can be translated as something between the awe-inspiring and the merely impressive. Generally more or less synonymous with ngo mtshar & rmad byung.

•NGAM 'BROG brag 'phrang ngan grog rong gi ming. Btsan-lha. sna khrid mkhan rang long ba'i nad kas ngam brog dang g.yang sa las 'byol kyang mi shes na. Zhi-byed Coll. V 71.7.

•NGAM LEN = dreg pa ? Khetsun Sangpo, History 185. earthly majesty. Dotson, D&L 5.

•NGAM RU med. some kind of contagious disease (gnyan nad).

•NGAM SHOD steng 'og Btsan-lha.

•NGAR [1] brtul zhugs kyi ngar. 'ferocity of mastery.' Gyatso, Apparitions 92-3. An effective capacity [for something]. [2] courage, enthusiasm and force of will. [3] chang du ngar. Ardussi, Drinking 119. [4] Frequent in Zhi-byed Coll. to temper [metal] with heat. NNV. Schaeffer, Crystal Orbs 26 n. 36. Discussion of meanings by Dotson in RET XXI (2011) 91-92. BLKC I 403.

•NGAR GLUD Rock, Nāga Cult II 668. = ngar blud? TPS 726.

•NGAR NGAR a hoarse wheezing sound. Beyer, CT Lang. 147. ngar ngar sog sog dbugs kyi 'gyu ba chad. 601 13r.2 (in description of death process).

•NGAR CHU a fierce roaring stream? ngar chu blud pas sna myi ltebs par bya. Zhi-byed Coll. II 21.2. de nyid kyi steng du rig pa ngar chu blud la / 'dzin bag tsam byas pas. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 31.7.

•NGAR THUG rjen phye'i thug pa. Btsan-lha.

•NGAR 'THUNG lcags kyi gab ming. Btsan-lha.

•NGAR GDONG DD illus. 1,5.

•NGAR SNABS snot. Used metaphorically. Samdo A V 19v.6. dper na nyi ma'i dkyil 'khor nam kha' la shar bas ngar snabs kyang 'od 'tsher ba ltar. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 99.5.

•NGAR PA dam po. Btsan-lha.

•NGAR MA [1] creamy saffron color (?). Jackson. [2] of a person who is too crude or rude or wild.

•NGAR MI Tucci, Religions 177. Rock, Nāga Cult II 669. Beyer 325-330. Karmay, Arrow 341. Blondeau in Karmay, New Horizons 259. Dotson in RET XXI (2011) 92.

•NGAR RDZANG mda' phen skabs lag g.yon du gyon pa'i shugs. Archer's finger sheath, arrow guard. Btsan-lha.

•NGAL DUB hard work, painful task. ngal dub kyis lus po ltab lteb song. 24 I 430.7.

•NGAL 'TSHO Btsan-lha.

[MI] NGAS OT = mi nad. = rims nad. Blaṅ 301.1. Btsan-lha.

•NGAS PO gna' dus su 'phan po sa cha'i ming. Btsan-lha.

•NGU CHA Gejammer. wailing, lamentation. Kretsch.

•NGU CHONG ngu chong dang zang zing. Samdo A IV 214v.5-6.

•NGU RE BRO spro. Gces 588.1.

•NGUD In a list of precious stones contained in Toh. no. 217 (Śrīgupta Sūtra), p. 538.2.

•NGUD MO cho nge btab nas ngu ba. Btsan-lha.

•NGUBS SU ngus su. Dbus-pa no. 554.

•NGUR [1] to make the noise [of a yak or pig]. NNV. [2] sugarcane. See Cüppers' contribution to JNRC 12 (2001) 40.

•NGUR PA Skt. cakravāka. Mvy. 4885. Subject of an article by C. Pieruccini, The Cakravaka Birds: History of a Poetic Motif, contained in Pandanus '01 (Prague 2002).

•NGUR PA DKAR PO See ngang pa.

•NGUR BA T&BS I 342. = ngang ser, ban de, bya khyung dmar po. JD 258. SS 500.4. SS 526.1.

•NGUR MO bsgrub bya'i 'bras bu me 'dod pa la ngur mo la ngar yod pa dang cig. Zhi-byed Coll. V 73.3 (also, 73.5).

•NGUR MU 'BRI LCE See rgyal po re ral.

•NGUR SMRIG known to be orange cloth, but in OT it meant "made with tshos snyigs ma." Blaṅ 305.2. OR = ngur. saffron color. Jackson. Btsan-lha. See gur gum.

•NGUR SMRIG 'DZIN PA See rgya men.

•NGUR SMRIG SOR BZHI 367 I 237.

•NGUR YANG MI GNANG NGAM gnyid log ste ngur ba 'then pa'am mgrin pa gsal ba'ang mi dbang ngam. Btsan-lha.

•NGUL MO In Blue Annals 849, this is said to mean broom. In the Tibetan text it says ngul mo byas pas (translated as 'brandishing a broom'), and the syllable ngul could be read dul. I'm not sure where to go with this.

•NGED Acc. to Nathan Hill, this is used in Milarepa biography to mean the first person plus the third person (that person[s] and I), while rang re is for first person plus 2nd person (you and I). Now Hill says that it was originally a plural (as was the 2nd-person khyed), and came to be applied as an honorific after first being used as the 'royal we.' Hill in NTFC II 249 ff.

•NGES to be certain. to keep in mind. NNV.

•NGES NGO The side of apprehension (the subjective aspect). This is especially Dge-lugs-pa terminology. Generally paired with snang ngo, the phenomenal aspect.

•NGES RTAGS sure evidence, certain proof. Sources.

•NGES DON uncompromisingly presented [sūtra] as distinguished from drang don.

•NGES PA [1] uncompromisingly presented, certain. As in, nges pa'i don, for sūtras in which the Buddha preaches the "uncompromisingly presented significance" Skt. niyama/niyata; constant, steady, definite. If preceded by terminative case, 'definitely included' [in]. [2] as translation of Skt. dhruva or dhruvaka, 'true epoch' (some translate it rather with brtan pa). See Kuijp, KPTB 14.

•NGES PA LNGA LDAN longs sku nges pa lnga ldan ni / gnas nges pa / chos nges pa / 'khor nges pa / dus nges pa / sku nges pa'o. 600 69. CFMS 75.

•NGES PA'I TSHIG or, nges tshig. Skt. nirukti. etymology, etymological interpretation.

•NGES PAR truly, inevitably.

•NGES PAR 'BYUNG BA Skt. niḥsaraṇa. Mvy. 1201. true extraction from (revulsion against, disenchantment with) worldly life, i.e., renunciation.

•NGES PAR LEGS PA 'ultimate good.' IN Pabongka, Liberation I 71; pt. 2, 40. gtan du bde ba ste thar pa dang thams cad mkhyen pa'i go 'phang. Gser Sbram 184. Supreme liberation.

•NGES MED unstable, uncertain. Klong-chen-pa 4.2.

•NGES TSHE a medium or inferior type of porcelain. Dung-dkar 139.

•NGES LAG Occurs in Havnevik, Dissertation 213, as a peculiar spelling for ngang lag, 'banana.'

•NGES LEGS Yisun defines as 'permanent happiness' (gtan du bde ba) or the level of liberation and omniscience. Jinpa, Book of Kadam, gives the Sanskrit as niśreyasaḥ, and translates 'definite goodness.' The contrasting term is mngon mtho, Skt. Abhyudaya, meaning 'higher rebirth.'

•NGES SHES ascertainment.

•NGO the principal on a loan. Jampel Kaldhen, Interest Rates in Tibet, TJ 1 no. 1 (1975) 109.

•NGO LKOG Stein (also, under his word 'chos).

•NGO SKAL respective share[s]. Thondup, BM 383. = rang skal.

•NGO GA snang ngo. Btsan-lha. ngag lon. Dbus-pa no. 549. snang ngo. Dbus-pa no. 020. = snang ngor. Lcang-skya.

•NGO DGA' snang ngor. Btsan-lha. rang gi don shor nas 'gro bas byang chub ngo dgar mi gtong dgos pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. V 163.6.

•NGO RNGAN klog rngan. Btsan-lha.

•NGO CAN (important) person. lit.: having face. Sources.

•NGO LCOG mdun du che brjod byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•NGO CHEN person of influence, notable, intercessor.

•NGO TI Stein. ngo thog. Btsan-lha. dgon pa'i ngo ti de brag dmar po seng ge gnam du 'phyong ba 'dra ba'i sked pa la. 64 I 48.2. See Yisun. cho ga'i ngo ti sbyor ba skyabs 'gro nas. Encyclopaedia Tibetica CXXV 318.4. cho ga'i ngo ti sbyor ba skyabs 'gro nas. Zhi-byed Coll. I 118.5.

•NGO LTAS mgo btags zhus pa. Btsan-lha.

•NGO BSTUN or, ngo dang bstun. accommodated. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 367.3.

•NGO MTHON nan tan. Btsan-lha. = nan gyi. Lcang-skya.

•NGO SPROD Germano, Poetic Thought 898. ngo thug pa'am ngo gnyis 'phral du 'jug pa dang ngo shes su 'jug pa. Chödrag. rgyus med pa'i mi sogs ngo sprod pa'i byed bskul. Dagyab. The importance of the Lama's direct introduction is emphasized in Zhi-byed Coll. II 322.6.

•NGO SPROD LNGA 129 V 135.5.

•NGO SPROD NYI SHU RTSA GCIG Rnying Rgyud 1982 XI 344.4.

•NGO PHOD Namdak.

•NGO BO substance. NOT in the sense of material substance (as in materialism). Skt. bhāva, being; rūpa, form; vastu, substance. Corresponding to Dharmabody in its depth, while 'nature' (rang bzhin) is the potentially visible aspect corresponding to Total Assets Body. The triad of ngo bo, rang bzhin, and thugs rje, which is constant in the Kun byed rgyal po, was evidently known to Desideri. See Trent Pomplun, The Holy Trinity in Ippolito Desideri's Ke ri se ste aṇ kyi chos lugs kyi snying po, Buddhist-Christian Studies, vol. 29 (2009), pp. 117-129, at pp. 124, 129.

•NGO BO NYID substantiality. Skt. svabhāva, svabhāvika. natural condition, native disposition, inherent or actual property, etc.

•NGO BO NYID MED PA Skt. niḥsvabhāvatā. unreality. Thurman.

•NGO BO NYID MED PA GSUM mtshan nyid ngo bo nyid med pa / skye ba ngo bo nyid med pa / don dam pa ngo bo nyid med pa'o. 600 10.

•NGO BO TSHO sku ngo ma'am do bdag ngo ma tsho. Btsan-lha.

•NGO BOR BRTAGS PA ascriptive (substantive) designation. Thurman.

•NGO BYA'O rag lus par bya'o. Btsan-lha.

•NGO MA actual, real; face to face, in person. Sources. feststehen, sicher sein. Kaschewsky2. bden pa'am mngon sum. Chödag (contains other compounds). ngo ma tho ba. Stein.

•NGO MA ZLOG not losing face. ngo ma zlogs la rang 'pham rang gis ma bsgrub. In not losing face, don't work on your own defeat. Zhi-byed Coll. II 429.7.

•NGO TSHA Stein.

•NGO TSHA CAN a flowering plant. Simioli, AG 61.

•NGO TSHA BA DRUG dam chos nyi ma shar ba lta bu'i sgor zhugs nas / mngon spyod ngan pa byed pa 'di yang ngo re tsha / 'jig rten mgon po'i spyan sngar khas blangs nas / spyod pa bab col byed pa ngo re tsha / byang chub mchog tu sems bskyed nas / gzhan la skur ba 'debs pa 'di yang ngo re tsha / phung po mi gtsang rgyan gyis brgyan pa la / shin tu phyi bdar byed pa 'di yang ngo re tsha / theg pa chen po yin zhes khas blangs nas / shes rab snying rje bral ba 'di yang ngo re tsha / gsang sngags zab mo'i sgor zhugs nas / dam tshig mi bsrung le lo byed pa 'di yang ngo re tsha'o. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 41r.3.

•NGO TSHA SHES PA self respect. Kawamura.

•NGO MTSHAR RTSA BDUN gso dpyad las 'byung ba'i ngo mtshar rtsa bdun ni / khyim phywa / mgron phywa / dgra phywa / grogs phywa / gdon phywa / me chu go bzlog / bu rtsa brtag pa rnams so. 600 88-89.

•NGO 'DZIN Stein.

•NGO RDZUN BYED PA verlogen, betrügerisch; betrügen (deceive). Kretsch.

•NGO ZA RI Btsan-lha.

•NGO RE = da gdong(?). "tonight(?)." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•NGO ROB Name of an animal in Bon Kanjur (192-vol. version) CLXV 272a.1.

•NGO LA BLTA BA to pay regard to, obey. MTTP.

•NGO SHES PA to recognize. Norbu, Cycle.

•NGO SHES PA Epstein, Dissertation 107. Germano, Poetic Thought 927.

•NGO SHES PA DRUG bla ma 'jig rten dang 'jig rten la[s] 'das pa'i dngos grub byed pa por ngo shes pa / dam tshig gzhi lta bur ngo shes pa / rang lus lha'i dkyil 'khor du ngo shes pa / sems can sangs rgyas su ngo shes pa / snang srid rmi lam sgyu ma lta bur ngo shes pa'o. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 41v.1.

•NGO SO [1] appreciation, credit, admiration, good opinion. [2] contribution, effect. Yisun. bzang lan. Btsan-lha. khyed kyis chos byas pas nga la ngo so che rgyu myed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 298.6. ngo so'i mgo 'phang ma khugs na chos khe grags su 'chor ro gsung. Ibid. II 431.6. In general, it seems to mean 'result, reaction,' but also 'truth.' sngos su che ba ci la ngo so che ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 313.7. byas pa med pa'i ngo so che ru re spobs can rnams ni nyams drod skams pa yin gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 56.6. sang drung du 'gro ba'i dus tshod na // ngo so bzang po ji ltar gsol. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 393.2. ngo so dang drin bzhag la sogs pa de lta bu yang 'byung srid pa dang. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 393.2. Samdo A IV 31v.2, 32v.2. satisfaction, dignity (badge of honor?). Jamspal, Treasury 85. bzang lan te / phar phan btags pa'i lan gyi rnyed pa lta bu. 367 II 132.2. Samdo A V 120r.1.

•NGO SO LAS BYUNG BA ngo phrad de sbyin pa. Btsan-lha.

•NGO SOR KHYER BA ngom ngon byed pa. Btsan-lha. ngom ngom byas pa'i ming. Eimer, Dbyangs 56.

•NGO SRUNGS saving face, face-saving. Goldstein. Stein. mi ji ltar byams pa ltar de la ngo bsrung cig skye ba yin te / nyung na lan sla ba yin / bsgrub pa po'i ngo srung gi gyeng 'gyel ba dga' ba yin te. Zhi-byed Coll. V 468.2. kun gyi ngo bsrung ba. to look out for and respect everyone's feelings. Jamspal, Treasury 197.

•NGO SRUNGS Stein.

•NGOG non pa. Btsan-lha. Discussion by Hill in RET 10 (2006) 98.

•NGOG GO OT = non no. Blaṅ 298.1. = non to. Lcang-skya. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 406.

•NGOG NA Btsan-lha. song na. Dbus-pa no. 558. = song na. Lcang-skya.

•NGOD KYI kun gyi. Namdak.

•NGOM PA sated. T&BS II 144. Also, to show off what you have, or to do so as a challenge for the other person to match what you have, challenge to a duel (like Skt. ākṣip). ston pa. Dbus-pa no. 436. = ston pa. Lcang-skya.

•NGOMS PA Stein.

•NGOR glang po chu la ngor myi lta. Zhi-byed Coll. I 305.4.

•NGOR 'THUNG lapping up (as in animals drinking water with their tongues). Btsan-lha.

•NGOS SBYAR to place together.

•NGOS 'DZIN to recognize.

•NGOS BZUNG Stein. skad cig ma'i shes pa ngos gzung dang 'bral ba'i brda' ru. Zhi-byed Coll. II 165.7.

•DNGAGS OT = dag [ngag?]. Blaṅ 304.5. ngag dang tha snyad. Btsan-lha.

•DNGAGS KYI DPE = kha ngag gam kha skad kyi dpe. dngags is an obs. word for ngag, or for tha snyad. BBNP 475.

•DNGANG to gasp. to panic. NNV. shock. Yangga's dissert., p. 347. I've noticed the spelling bsngangs, with similar meaning.

•DNGANGS 'TSHAB hysteria, panic attack. Monlam.

•DNGANGS PA [1] suffocated. [2] frightened, terrorized.

•DNGAN See Blaṅ 302.3. See under mngan and rngan.

•DNGAN 'THEN gzhan gyi nor ram rdzas khyer ba phyir brgyangs nas mi sprod pa. Btsan-lha.

•DNGAN DUS dus nges can nam dus chad byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•DNGAR OT = gral. = phreng ba. Blaṅ 293.5. See zil dngar. Blaṅ 302.3. Stein ms. no. 330.3. Btsan-lha. to form [a line]. NNV.

•DNGAR KHA 'greng gral. Btsan-lha. dgral thabs. Dbus-pa no. 345.

•DNGAR BA = bsgrigs pa. Lcang-skya.

•DNGAR BA 'DO BA = rta. Lcang-skya.

•DNGUL silver. = ru pyaṃ. SS 398.5. JD 41. = ru bya. YTTM 291.9. DG 102.4. Also called mdog ngan, 'khyog pa'i sa bon, rin chen gnyis pa, rdo snying.

•DNGUL RKYAN Pitcher illus. in Yisun.

•DNGUL KHYUNG BCO LNGA 'joms byed dngul khyung bco lnga. a medicinal preparation. BT 52r.1.

•DNGUL 'GU (Amdo, Khams) a silver ring. MTTP.

•DNGUL CHU mercury, quicksilver. For the process of fixing mercury, there is a description in Turner, An Account of an Embassy, p. 410 ff. dngul chu'i nus pa lha dbang myig la phan. Zhi-byed Coll. I 278.3. rngul chu 'byongs pa'i gang zag gis ji ltar byas kyang myi 'bying ste. The person who has cultivated mercury will not sink no matter what. Ibid. I 419.2. skyon gyis ma gos rngul chu ta rus mthung bar byed. Zhi-byed Coll. I 217.6. JD 40. SS 530.1. = sū ra, mtshal skyes, mtshal chu, 'bigs byed rab g.yo, mtshal bcud, rang gi thig le, dbang phyug thig le, rin chen sngon po, nam lcags zil ba, chu yi rta, da chu. YTTM 291.11. Also called mtshal skyes, ra sa ya na, mtshan chu, mtshal gyi bu, bdud rtsi bcud rgyal, dbang phyug thig le, chu sman ral gri reg gcod, bdud rtsi dar ya kan, thig le dar ya kan, etc. Rin 54. Clifford, list. = khro chu. YTTM 292.21. DG 104.5.

•DNGUL CHU BCO BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 42. Lag-len 30.2. TMC 58 (128). BT 55r.3.

•DNGUL CHU NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. TMC 48 (106). BP 199.2, 222.3, 373.6.

•DNGUL CHU'I DUG SRZT 136.

•DNGUL CHU BTSO BKRU Work on subject of mercury purification by O-rgyan-pa Rin-chen-dpal called Dngul-chu Btso-bkru Chen-mo'i Zhal-gdams. See description on the process in Clifford 251-2.

•DNGUL CHU RIN CHEN BCO BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 42. Lag-len 29.4.

•DNGUL CHU'I RIL BU a medicinal preparation. BP 243.3.

•DNGUL TIG Mdo 98. DG 247.1. Parnassia ovata. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. Parnassia nubicola. TDD 126.

•DNGUL THAG dngul skud kyi thag pa. Nomads 236.

•DNGUL RDO Flick, Carrying Enemies 63-4. JD 57. = hub mar tsang. YTTM 291.11. SS 404.6. DG 115.1. hematite. Simioli, AG 57. silver ore. Gerke, SLT 127. Pyrargyritum (pyrargyrite). Rin 72.

•DNGUL PHRUG PHYUG MO N. of a mt. Nomads 236.

•DNGUL GYI PHROM PHROM See thar nu.

•DNGUL GYI 'BU RU silver pimple (one of the heart channels). Yangga's dissert., p. 297.

•DNGUL ZIL JD 48. SS 405.3. DG 127.5. Actinolitum (actinolite). Rin 106.

•DNGUL ZIL CAN See thar nu.

•DNGUL GYI YI GE OT Btsan-lha.

•DNGUL SHING STAG PA See under stag pa.

•DNGO chu'i dngo, = OT chu ngogs. gri'i dngo, = OT gri'i so. Blaṅ 296.3-.4.

•DNGO BA gnod pa'am 'gram zla byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•DNGOG For rngog. Mane. Tucci, Minor Buddhist Texts 367.

•DNGOM CHE BA bkrag che ba. Btsan-lha.

•DNGOS a rather uncommon (and probably rather old) form of first-person pronoun, noticed by C.Stearns in his study of Dmar-ston's history. himself, or herself, or itself. Dotson, D&L 69.

•DNGOS LKOG mngon sum dang lkog gyur. Nomads 236.

•DNGOS GRUB paranormal power.

•DNGOS GRUB DGU sa 'og gi dngos grub / steng 'gro'i dngos grub / ral gri'i dngos grub / tshar gcod phan 'dogs kyi dngos grub / ril bu'i dngos grub / mig sman gyi dngos grub / gter gyi dngos grub / rkang mgyogs kyi dngos grub / bcud len gyi dngos grub bo. 600 123. See also Beyer 245-255. A very long list of different siddhis is found in a late Dunhuang text; Hackin, Formulaire 31-32.

•DNGOS GRUB BRGYAD thun mong gi dngos grub brgyad ni / ril bu'i dngos grub / mig sman gyi dngos grub / sa 'og gi dngos grub / ral gri'i dngos grub / mkha' la 'phur ba'i dngos grub / mi snang ba'i dngos grub / 'chi ba med pa'i dngos grub / nad 'joms pa'i dngos grub rnams so. 600 113. thun mong gi dngos grub brgyad ni / bcud len / ral gyi / sa 'og / myig sman / rkang mgyogs / ri lu / mchil lham / gnod sbyin mo rnams so. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 211.3. See Encyclopedia of Buddhism under "Aṣṭamahāsiddhi"; according to this they are found in Asaṅga's Yogācārabhūmiśāstra.

•DNGOS GRUB GNYIS mchog gi dngos grub dang / thun mong gi dngos grub bo. 600 6.

•DNGOS RGYU direct or immediate cause (as for instance, the Vajropama Samādhi is the direct cause of Enlightenment).

•DNGOS CAG Evidently 1st-person pl., meaning 'we' or 'our [place].' Lde'u 190.

•DNGOS GNAS Also, as commonly used in colloquial, dngos nas. in fact, actually. Stein.

•DNGOS PO thing[s], material. Skt. bhāva, vastu. Klong-chen-pa 9.20.

•DNGOS PO DGU a special category used by Rong-zom-pa. See Almogi, MA thesis 14. 1. dkyil 'khor. 2. dam tshig. 3. sgrub pa. 4. dbang. 5. phrin las. 6. sngags. 7. phyag rgya. 8. ting nge 'dzin. 9. mchod pa.

•DNGOS PO BRGYAD gzhi shes / lam shes / rnam mkhyen / rnam rdzogs sbyor ba / mthar gyis sbyor ba / rtse mo'i sbyor ba / skad cig ma'i sbyor ba / 'bras bu chos kyi sku rnams so. 600 115.

•DNGOS PO GNAS TSHUL things just as they are.

•DNGOS PO MTSHAN MA MED PA devoid of [without] thingness and labels.

•DNGOS 'DZIN Stein.

•DNGOS GZHI content. Kawamura.

•DNGOS SU explicitly, directly, in an obvious way...

•MNGAG PA [1] pho nya. Dbus-pa no. 059. [2] commission, charge, deligate, send. [3] mod. order [in a restaurant].

•MNGAG GZHUG envoys or agents (in the service of the government). Btsan-lha.

•MNGAD PA dri ngad ldang ba. Btsan-lha.

•MNGA'D BTANG BA OTA, year 651. Probably related to mnga' thang, sovereign power, might.

•MNGAN mthu. skyon. dkon gnyer, mdzod gnyer. Btsan-lha. = mthu. Lcang-skya. Takeuchi interprets it to mean "an official in charge of fiscal affairs and revenue." More refs. are given in Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko 67 (2009) 89-108, at p. 103, n. 36. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•MNGAN GYI MNGAN LAG governor's attaché. Dotson, Note 82. Dotson, D&L 9.

•MNGAN BSGRANG BA Btsan-lha. skyon nas brjod pa. Lcang-skya.

•MNGAN DPON dpon po'am blon po bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha. Compare rngan dpon, q.v.

•MNGA' THANG sovereign power. Noble Mountaineer 265. Dotson, D&L 5. ZZFC 257. Spelled mtha' tang in Schaik, M&T 155. Chandra suppl. vols., gives a Skt. equiv. ṛddhibala. Seems to be used in the sense of 'marks of power' in Lde'u 244.

•MNGA' BDAG Haarh, Yar-luṅ 71. Monarch, sovereign.

•MNGA' BDAG CHEN PO Tatz, LSPM 708.

•MNGA' BYAD LEGS PA byad bzhin mdzes pa. Btsan-lha.

•MNGA' ZHABS Translated 'serfs' in Kuijp in Lungta 14 (2001) 68.

•MNGA' RI ME TOG See leb rgan rtsi.

•MNGA' GSOL BA Namdak.

•MNGAR The tree, shing mngar. See shing mngar.

•MNGAR BA bsgribs pa. Dbus-pa no. 751.

•MNGAR SING mngar ba. Gces 585.1.

•MNGAR GSUM ka ra / bu ram / sbrang rtsi'o. 600 13.

•MNGAL SKE DD illus. 22.

•MNGAL SKYI DD illus. 22.

•MNGAL KHA DD illus. 22.

•MNGAL THUR forcepts for extracting a still-born child from the womb. JD 280 (item 2).

•MNGAL RLUGS PAR BYA BA Skt. garbhapātana. performing abortion. Mvy. 9380.

•MNGAL BSHOL Years added to account for time in womb, and extra lunar months, in order to ordain monks ahead of time. BA 573. But see Yisun, where it seems to mean months spent in the womb beyond the ordinary number.

•MNGON GYUR =mngon du gyur pa. made real, made publically evident. mngon du gyur pa. Used specifically for the ultimatization of meditative experience through the latter's continuous cultivation (falling slightly short, therefore, of 'realization,' rtogs pa). Zhi-byed Coll. II 329.7.

•MNGON CHUNG Stein.

•MNGON RTOGS In terms of visualization practice, it doesn't mean the purposeful visualization of the form or a simple recollection of the impeccability of the deity, but rather means realizing what the practice is all about (what's been there all along). Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 356.3 ff. For the historical usages of this term, see Kyosho Hayashima in Encyclopedia of Buddhism, under "abhisamaya."

•MNGON MTHO ascendancy, ascendant status. Skt. abhyudaya. Thurman. Elevated existence. I think the best translation is simply 'higher rebirth.' = mngon par mtho ba.

•MNGON DU 'GYUR coming into the fore. Germano, Poetic Thought 851. Stein.

•MNGON DU GYUR PA BCU bsnyen par rdzogs pa'i skabs kyi mngon du gyur pa bcu ni / ston pa mngon du gyur pa / sangs rgyas mngon du gyur pa / chos mngon du gyur pa / mkhan po mngon du gyur pa / slob dpon mngon du gyur pa / bsnyen par rdzogs 'don mngon du gyur pa / yo byad mngon du gyur pa / yongs su dag pa mngon du gyur pa / gsol ba mngon du gyur pa / las mngon du gyur pa'o. 600 142.

•MNGON DU LDANG BA yar langs nas bsu ba byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•MNGON DU BZHEN PA earnestly wishing, an obsession. Kawamura.

•MNGON DU BZHAG Stein.

•MNGON PA'I NGA RGYAL arrogance of showing off. Kawamura.

•MNGON PA SDE BDUN ji skad du / ye shes la 'jug ka tya'i bus // rab tu byed pa dbyig bshes kyis // rnam shes tshogs ni lha skyid kyis // chos kyi phung po shā ri'i bus // gdags pa'i bstan bcos mo'u 'gal bus // 'gro ba'i rnam grangs gsus po ches // khams kyi tshogs ni gang pos byas // zhes gsungs pa ltar ro. 600 94-95.

•MNGON PAR GRUB PA'I SRID PA synonym of intermediate state's subtle body. Lati Rinbochay, Death 52.

•MNGON PAR BSGRUB PA Skt. abhinirhāra. Name for the first resolve of a bodhisattva to become enlightened.

•MNGON PAR BRJOD PA articulation. Skt. abhilāpana. Thurman.

•MNGON PAR RTOG PA supposition. Thurman.

•MNGON PAR MTHO BA gnas skabs kyi bde ba dang bcas pa'i bde 'gro'i phun tshogs dge legs so. Gser Sbram 184. See mngon mtho.

•MNGON PAR LDAR BA Btsan-lha.

•MNGON SPYOD destructive magic. lit.: manifest action. Sources.

•MNGON BYANG LNGA Short for mngon par rdzogs par byang chub pa lnga. 1. gzhi — stong pa nyid. 2. gdan — pad zla. 3. thugs — phyag mtshan. 4. gsung — yig 'bru. 5. sku — yongs rdzogs. Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 244.4. Thondup, BM 19-20. zla ba las byang chub pa / nyi ma las byang chub pa / sa bon las byang chub pa / phyag mtshan las byang chub pa / sku yongs rdzogs las byang chub pa'o. 600 68. Beyer 109. Zhe-chen Rgyal-tshab's work on the Nine Vehicles, p. 38. In the 12th-cent. Zhi-byed history by Rog Rin-chen-shes-rab, (Zhi-byed Coll. IV 328.7), it is said that the Buddha Śākyamuni entered the womb in the manner of the mngon byang lnga.

•MNGON MTSHAN bun skyed. dbyig dang gser dngul gyi ming. Btsan-lha. Yisun spells it mngon tshan.

•MNGON MTSHAN CAN Btsan-lha.

•MNGON RLAM PA Btsan-lha.

•MNGON SHES LNGA mig gi mngon shes / rna ba'i mngon shes / sngon gnas rjes dran gyi mngon shes / rdzu 'phrul gyi mngon shes / gzhan sems shes pa'i mngon shes rnams so. 600 62-63. For somewhat differing lists of the 5 and the 6, see listing in Richard D. McBride II, Dhāraṇī and Spells in Medieval Sinitic Buddhism, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 28, no 1 (2005), pp. 85-114, at p. 90.

•MNGON SHES DRUG mngon shes lnga'i steng du zag zad mngon shes bsnan pa'o. 600 81.

•MNGON SUM DU GYUR PAR BYED PA In Vinaya, a part of monastic disciplinary procedures. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 227.

•MNGON SUM SNANG BA See snang bzhi.

•MNGON SUM ME 'DRA'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 146.4.

•MNGON SUM TSHAD MA perceptual validating cognition. Skt. pratyakṣapramāna. Thurman. The logic of (or validation through) direct perception, as distinguished from validation through inference. Kapstein, Dialectic 267 sees a special usage of it by the Karma pa II, to mean perception plus intuition.

•RNGA KHANG I'm not sure what this means exactly. Some parallel descriptions of Bsam yas Temple have the reading mnga' khang, although rnga khang occurs in the Sba-bzhed, which leads me to believe that this should be read literally as meaning 'drum chamber.' It isn't just a storeroom, since wall paintings are mentioned. Lde'u 350.

•RNGA LCAG Trommelklöppel. Kaschewsky2.

RNGA BO CHE =rnga chen. Bherī drum, a conical or bowl-shaped kettledrum. Roberts, King.

•RNGA BRAN ba lang gzhon nu. Btsan-lha.

•RNGA MA tail [of a beast].

•RNGA MO literary form of more colloquial rnga mong, 'camel.' BBNP 484. Btsan-lha, where it is also a word for 'milk.' rnga mo'i khrod na lus ngag gtsang. Zhi-byed Coll. II 454.1. rnga mo bung bu'i chos spyod cing. Zhi-byed Coll. V 290.3. The Sanskrit word for camel (uṣṭra) is at times confused (when Sanskritizing Prakrit) with the word for lip (oṣṭha). Gustav Roth, Bhikṣuṇī‑Vinaya, K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute (Patna 1970), p. 187. Dharmakīrti has a discussion about the categorical difference between 'camel' (nga mo) and 'yoghurt' (zho). Piotr Balcerowicz has devoted an article to this issue. Discussion by Hahn in Steinkellner Festschrift 224, where he notes that Tibetan translators could confuse uṣṭrā, [f.] 'camel,' with usrā, 'cow.' Occurs in a list of animals, paired with the hunting dog (sha khyi), in G.yung-drung Bon-gyi Bka'-'gyur Rin-po-che, Khedup Gyatso, TBMC (1985) III 336.5. For confounding camel with deer, see Borounsky in FBTB 110 (the camel once had antlers, but lost them to the deer).

•RNGA MO GROG MA CHEN MO grog ma bong tshod ha cang che ba zhig. Btsan-lha.

•RNGA MO DUD KA srin bu rnga mo dud ka. a type of bug. Skt. uṣṭradhūmaka. Its name could be translated 'camel-smoke' or 'camel-fog,' in either case I imagine because swarms of this bug form clouds around the camel. It appears in the Kāśyapaparivarta.

•RNGA MONG the mammal camel. See Sandberg, Tibet 298. 'dod pa'i blos rang sdug bsngal du 'jug pa rnga mong sbrang rtsi myong ba lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 472.7 (note that here it seems to mean 'bear,' not 'camel'). Ibid. II 160.6, 158.2, 163.1. = rlung dga', 'khor lo'i mgrin can. JD 244. SS 546.1.

•RNGA MONG 'DREN BYED See rta.

•RNGA MONG BYA CHEN This is the name a modern English-Tibetan dictionary gives for the ostrich, lit. 'great camel bird.'

•RNGA ZOM (Amdo) the "barrel" of a drum (on open end of which a hide is stretched), constructed of staves (zom shing) of seng ldeng wood (see illus.). MTTP.

•RNGA ZLUM kettledrum. Hahn, TSD 54.

•RNGA YAB animal-tail duster. yak-tail fan. Skt. cāmara. Mvy. 3052. For a metaphorical usage, see Zhi-byed Coll. I 418.6. For yak tails used as Santa Claus beards, see Robert Loup, Martyr in Tibet, p. 202.

•RNGA SHON Btsan-lha. A kind of combination drumming and dancing.

•RNGAD "[pot] herbs." Also, sngad, etc. Discussed in Velm I 65-6.

•RNGAD MO OT = dmod mo. Blaṅ 296.6. Btsan-lha. smod mo. Dbus-pa no. 486. = dmod mo. Lcang-skya.

•RNGAN skyon. Btsan-lha. ser sna can gyis rngan chad gnad kyi gdams pa thob pa med. The punishment for having the fault avarice is not obtaining the essential precepts. Zhi-byed Coll. V 308.3. snying rje'i rngan gdags gtsigs su che. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 91.5. phrag dog rngan can [~chen] byed na yang... Eimer, Testimonia 36. This is often mixed up with the spellings dngan and mngan, q.v.

•RNGAN SGRANG See under mngan bsgrang ba.

•RNGAN CAN brnyos bzhad. Gces 587.6. skyon brjod. Dpe-chos 515. skyon brjod. brnyas bzhad. gnod pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNGAN CHAN skabs 'dir gnod pa. Dpe-chos 516. Zhi-byed Coll. II 74.3. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 349.5. Spelled both rngan chan & rngan can. Gnyos 38.

•RNGAN CHEN brnyas thabs. mi rtsi ba. Btsan-lha.

•RNGAN PA a fee, payment, gift. yon. gla. bya dga'. Btsan-lha. ambivalent in meaning both an ordinary gift and a gift given as a bribe. Jansen, Elephant 132. Eimer, NG 268 (with var. sngan).

•RNGAN DPON rngan dpon gyi las thabs ni / nas lug gser dngul gyi las byed pa ste / mgu ba nyung / rngan 'dren pa mang bas rngan dpon zhes pa'o. Lde'u 256.

•RNGAN 'PHYAR smod pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNGAB TSHA BA 'jigs su rung ba. Btsan-lha.

•RNGAB RUS 'jib rwa. Btsan-lha. a sucking horn.

•RNGABS RA sucking horn (an ox horn used by physicians to extract puss and blood from swellings). Roberts, Rechungpa 109. See rngubs rwa.

•RNGAM PA [1] splendor, majesty. ngam had similar meanings in Old Chinese. Coblin, Sinologist's, p. 93. [2] to lust for, hunger for, crave for, be hooked on, be obsessed by. NNV.

•RNGAM PA SU SU rings stabs sam dbus 'tshang 'tshang. Btsan-lha.

•RNGAMS PA drag pa. 'dod ham che ba. Btsan-lha. nor la rngams pa ni nor la 'dod ham che ba'i ming. Eimer, Dbyangs 58.

•RNGAS [1] a type of reddish long horned deer. Norbu, Drung 263, n. 76. [2] = sngas, q.v., pillow. Samdo A IV 183r.5; V 255r.1, 255r.3, 270v.1. [3] Mistake for brngas, past of the verb rnga ba — tshong 'dus la sgo gnyis la rngas byas nas / gser zho cig tshags myi byed pa gro khur za zhing bsgren mor sdod pa'i myi re ngan. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 122.6.

•RNGUG RE OT = hub re. Blaṅ 294.5.

•RNGUB As n. of a Bon ritual, see Reynolds, OTZ 126.

•RNGUB PA OT = 'dus pa. = 'jug pa. Blaṅ 287.5. = 'dus pa. Lcang-skya.

•RNGUB RE hub re. Dbus-pa no. 388. = hur re. Lcang-skya.

•RNGUBS RWA = 'jib ru, a surgical instrument, made from horn, for drawing out blood by suction. Das. Pictured in JD 282 (item 3).

•RNGUR [bridge] abutment. Stearns, King 48.

•RNGUL [1] sweat. Skt. sveda. Mvy. 4055. It can also be used verbally, to sweat. [2] silver. Often confused with rdul, meaning dust and with dngul meaning silver. As a spelling for silver it does occurs in O.T. mss. (but dngul is more common). [3] O.T. verb meaning to shoot [an arrow]. I derive this meaning from context. The spelling drngul also occurs. See OTDO.

•RNGUL 'DUR a kind of pulse felt at the axilla. See Zhen Yan in Schrempf, Soundings 331.

•RNGUL DBYUNG THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 11r.3.

•RNGUL GYI SUG BU CHUNG dngul gyi byang bu chung ba. Btsan-lha. sug bu chung is also spelled pug bu chung.

•RNGE CAN DANG RNGE CHEN bkram chags can. Btsan-lha.

•RNGEGS n. of a clan (rus rgyud). Btsan-lha.

•RNGED CAN 'dod sred can nam 'dod chags can. Btsan-lha.

•RNGEN CHEN sehr missachtet, sehr schwierig. Kaschewsky2.

•RNGE'U rnga mong gi phru gu. Dpe-chos 516. camel colt. Btsan-lha, p. 216. Skt. karabha. Mvy. 4818.

•RNGE'U CHUNG "gsang ba'i rnge'u chung ni ru tra'i dpyi las grub pa dang / rnge'u chung ni snga rabs pa rnams kyi bris char rnga chung bris snang / gnod gdug zlog byed dpa' bo ljags kyi chas // zhes pa ljags steng du rdo rje rgya gram bri srol snang." Mkhyen-brtse, Works IV 174. sgra snyan chung ba. rnga chung chung. Btsan-lha.

•RNGO As Sku-yal-ba was approaching death, "chibs 'brug khyung seng ge la rngo byung." His horse got rngo [disease]. Blue Annals, p. 626, says this means a skin disease. Yisun also defines it as an animal disease where the hair is lost and sores form (like mange, which is the logical translation in English).

•RNGO RNGAD 'greens.' = sngo ngad, etc. See Velm I 65-6.

•RNGO THOGS to be able. Hahn, IE 6. rngo thog pa. capable, beneficial, helpful. See Negi.

RNGO BAG CAN rngo nad za 'phrug can. Btsan-lha.

•RNGO MI TOG incapable. rngo mi thogs te mi nus. Btsan-lha. gdan sar sdod pa'i rngo ma thog. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 168.1.

•RNGO YIS KHYER BA ham pas khyer ba. Btsan-lha.

•RNGOD PA [1] entice, enchant. 'drid pa'am slu ba. gtse ba. Btsan-lha. 'phen pa. Dbus-pa no. 259. [2] to parch (barley).

•RNGOD MO dmod mo. Btsan-lha.

•RNGON See brngon.

•RNGON CHA mchod chas. Btsan-lha.

•RNGON PA ri dwags pa.

•RNGOM BRJID gzi brjid. Btsan-lha.

•RNGOS ngan shugs. Btsan-lha.

•RNGOS KYIS ZIN PA rgya yis bzung ba. Btsan-lha. Caught in the snare/trap.

•RNGOS PA yos.

•LNGA BRGYA BA sangs rgyas kyi bstan pa lo lnga stong du gnas par bshad pa'i lnga brgya ba phrag bcu ni / lnga brgya ba phrag dang po dgra bcom pa'i le'u / lnga brgya pa phrag gnyis pa phyir mi 'ong gi le'u / lnga brgya pa phrag gsum pa rgyun zhugs kyi le'u / ste 'di gsum la rim pa bzhin dgra bcom pa'i 'bras bu / phyis mi 'ong gi 'bras bu / rgyun zhugs kyi 'bras bu thob pa mang du 'byung bas na de skad ces brjod cing khong du chud pa'i le'u gsum mo // de nas lnga brgya ba phrag gsum ni rim pa bzhin lhag mthong gi le'u / ting nge 'dzin gyi le'u / tshul khrims kyi le'u ste rim pa bzhin de gsum dang ldan pa mang du 'byung bas na de skad ces brjod cing sgrub pa'i le'u gsum mo // de nas lnga brgya pa phrag gsum ni / mngon pa'i le'u / mdo sde'i le'u / 'dul ba'i le'u ste rim pa bzhin de gsum la mkhas pa mang du 'byung bas na de skad ces brjod cing lung gi le'u gsum mo // lnga brgya pa tha ma la lta spyod rnal ma med par rab byung gi rtags tsam 'dzin pas rtags tsam 'dzin pa'i le'u zhes bshad do. 600 133-134.

•LNGA BCU RKANG An O.T. administrative term discussed by Takeuchi in TS6 849.

•LNGA MCHOD a tax to pay for prayer festival on death anniversary of Tsongkhapa. Goldstein, Taxation 11.

•LNGA SDE See under 'khor lnga sde bzang po & nye ba'i lnga sde.

•LNGA PA [1] = zla ba. "moon." Kuijp (1986) 35. [2] chos gos sam mthang gos. Btsan-lha. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 168. [3] death. = 'chi ba. Lcang-skya.

•LNGA PA NYID DU BSGRUBS PA bsad pa. Btsan-lha.

•LNGA PHUNG Sinitic vocab. for phung po lnga. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 162.

•LNGA LE yul gyi ming. Nomads 236. Ali in Western Tibet?

•LNGA LE STAG RTSE gzhi bdag gam ri'i ming. Nomads 236.

•LNGIG LNGOG (? See ldig ldog).

•SNGA KHANG Skt. māḍā or māṭā. Mvy. 5548. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 130, where it is translated 'monastery.'

•SNGA KHO snga ma. Btsan-lha.

•SNGA MKHO OT = sngar bzhin. Blaṅ 296.1. Btsan-lha. snga ma. Dbus-pa no. 449. = snga ma. Lcang-skya.

•SNGA BCAD PHYI SDOM sngar 'phro bcad cing phyi 'phro sdom. Nomads 236.

•SNGA DRO Skt. pūrvāhṇa. Mvy. 8247. The Sanskrit means 'forenoon,' as one of the six parts of the full day. It lies between the hours of dawn and the hours of noonday.

•SNGA CHAD sngon chad. Btsan-lha.

•SNGA PHYI sooner and later. Skt. paurvāparya, priority & posteriority; prākpaścāt, in front and behind. preceding and/or succeeding.

•SNGA MA SNGA MA long ago. Soundings 21.

•SNGA ZA OT = snga ba. Skt. pūrva. Blaṅ 298.4. Btsan-lha. snga ba. Dbus-pa no. 569. Lcang-skya.

•SNGA SHAD pommel. Karmay, Treasury.

•SNGAGS DKAR short for sngags pa gos dkar, for a white-robed lay Tibetan tantrist. Note also the descriptive phrase sngags dkar lcang lo can, the same with long hair, and sngags dkar co breg can, the same with shaved head. Jackson, MB 36.

•SNGAGS KYI SKU A special term for the dang po'i mgon po that appears in the Generation Stage (in Completion Stage called ye shes kyi sku).

•SNGAGS TE BSU BA ched du bsngo ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNGAGS PA [1] mantrin. See Benjamin Bogin, The Dreadlocks Treatise: On Tantric Hairstyles in Tibetan Buddhism, History of Religions, vol. 48, no. 2 (2008), pp. 85-109. [2] glo bur du skrag pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNGAGS LOG PA See Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 187.

•SNGAD See rgnad.

•SNGAN sngon. brnyas pa'i brda' rnying. Btsan-lha.

•SNGAN BCAN sngan bcan / dag yig ngag sgron du bcan zhes pa 'dug kyang / 'chi med mdzod du / sngan 'cha' ba'i ming gi rnam grangs gsum gsungs stabs / brnyas pa [64v3] sngan can tsho khyod dang / zhes gsungs pas sngan can dag par sems shing / yang na btsan sa dbang cha spyod dang / sngan brnyas pa'i brda rnying du byas kyang chog. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SNGAN PA grogs po rnams kyis sngan pa byin nas chos la ma btang bar... 64 I 7.6.

•SNGAN BTSAN Btsan-lha.

•SNGAM to pant, gasp for air. NNV.

•SNGAM 'DEGS dbus rgod. Btsan-lha.

•SNGAR MKHO sngar bzhin. Btsan-lha.

•SNGAR 'KHYUR snga ma'i srol. Btsan-lha.

•SNGAR MED unprecedented, previously nonexistent. I believe sngon med has the same meaning, just that it seems to be a more classical form.

•SNGAR 'THAMS PA sngar dus btab pa'am sngar brda byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNGAL BA ?? wrestle. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 140.

•SNGAS [1] gsar sngas ni gsar du snga drag pa ste / thog ma gsar pa'i skabs 'dod pa snga drag pa zhes pa'o. 367 II 132.1. [2] pillow. cig gis rin po che sngas 'og tu bcug cing. Zhi-byed Coll. I 418.1. lag ngar sngas su bcug. to use the forearm for a pillow. Zhi-byed Coll. V 170.3. [3] bad spelling for rngas pa. bla ma dang bral sngas pa'i mi de des dri ba'i 'phra mi chod. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 50.2.

•SNGAS SRUNG pillow guarding. This refers to the practice of watching the corpse day and night to make sure there are no demonic attacks (or possibly also to make sure it won't be reanimated in one way or another). See forthcoming article by Bryan Cuevas. Cuevas, Travels 94.

•SNGUN SKC 120.4. mdun. sngon ma. Btsan-lha. mi lus 'di bsag sbyang sngon du song ba'i rten sngun las can. Zhi-byed Coll. V 163.5.

•SNGUN BSU dran rtog rngun gsu dang phyi kyal gyi mdun pa ma byas par dran pa so la bzhag nas. Zhi-byed Coll. V 411.1. sngun ma bsu bas ro myi ldang. Zhi-byed Coll. V 411.2.

•SNGUR to snore. NNV.

•SNGO SKAMS Stein.

•SNGO KHAL tshe 'di'i sngo khal re med pa nyung ni tshe 'di'i don gnyer re med pa nyung. Dpe-chos 513.

•SNGO KHRIMS green rules. French, Yoke 200.

•SNGO RGOD BDUD RTSI'I RGYA MTSHO a medicinal preparation. BP 337.6.

•SNGO SGA See sga sho. Mdo 101.

•SNGO RNGAD tshod ma'i rigs. Btsan-lha. sngo tshod. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 103.4.

•SNGO CHOG See ti tsha dkar po.

•SNGO CHOS used to refer to books made on dark blue paper (mthing shog). Vitali, Tho.ling 75. Distinguished from skya chos, q.v. Cüppers, Remarks.

•SNGO RTAG See sle tres.

•SNGO THANG BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. BP 270.4.

•SNGO NU = sngon po. "blue." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•SNGO SPRIN YTTM 292.4. Thalictrum reniforme. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27. Aquilegia pubiflora. TDD 16. Gold thread (not verified). Thalictrum virgatum. TDD 189.

•SNGO SPRIN KHRAG RKANG SS 474.6.

•SNGO PHYUR sngo ding ding. Gces 584.6.

•SNGO PHYUR GYIS sngo ding ding. Btsan-lha.

•SNGO BA Stein. = sngod pa. to become green.

•SNGO MI THOGS GNYER MI KHUMS HS V 432.3.

•SNGO YI MANG SBYOR CHEN MO a medicinal preparation. BP 219.3.

•SNGO SMAN ri la skyes pa'i sngo sman du sbyar 'os pa. Nomads 236.

•SNGO BZHI THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 5v.7, 9r.3.

•SNGO 'OD LDAN GYI BCUD LEN LO GSUM MDZAD Padma-dkar-po, Works (1973) IV 14.5. This guy can levitate after eating air for a year (p. 30.4).

•SNGO YUG See (sngo) yug.

•SNGO LI SHI See (sngo) li shi.

•SNGO LEB SPU CAN See ltum stag. See ldum stag.

•SNGO LO 'PHYAR BA spyod ngan zhabs 'dren. Btsan-lha.

•SNGO GZHOGS sngo gzhogs / ra bzhur / ngag sgron mar / gzhogs slong 'dud gzhom spo gzhogs kyang / gnas gzhi gzhong ba g.yang gzhi gzhan / zhes yod pas shing sdong gi lto ba la spo zhes ming du grags pas / shing gi spo lta bu gzhogs pa'i brdā dang / bzhur zhes pa yang shing gi lo ma dang yal ga bcad pa la [61v1] shing gi yal ga dang lo ma bzhur zhes zer / ngag sgron du / g.yag bzhun mar khu bzhur nas bzhes / zhes pa ltar mar khu lta bu dang 'brel skabs mar khu'i snyigs sogs phyir dbye ba la bzhur zhes thob. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SNGO SANG sky-blue; also, the shade derived from azurite. Jackson.

•SNGO SE light blue; the lightest shade of azurite blue. = sngo si. Jackson.

•SNGO'I GSUM THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 9r.2.

•SNGO A TSA RA See (sngo) a tsa ra.

•SNGOG PA [1] to vex, annoy. [2] to churn.

•SNGONG RDOS (? See sdong rdos)

•SNGOD RNYENG KHYER BA sngod snyen khyer ba. Skt. phupphusa, phuphusa. Mvy. 9446. Acc. to Monier-Williams, the Sanskrit word means the lungs (the 'puffers').

•SNGOD PA 'phen pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNGON CHOG TU GRAGS PA BCU rab byung gis bsnyen par rdzogs pa / nges par 'jug pas bsnyen par rdzogs pa / tshur shog gis bsnyen par rdzogs pa / ston par khas blangs pas bsnyen par rdzogs pa / dri bas mnyes pas bsnyen par rdzogs pa / lci chos khas blangs pas bsnyen par rdzogs pa / 'phrin chog gi sgo nas bsnyen par rdzogs pa / lnga tshogs kyis bsnyen par rdzogs pa / bcu tshogs kyis bsnyen par rdzogs pa / skyabs su 'gro bas bsnyen par rdzogs pa rnams so. 600 141-142.

•SNGON DUS prior stage, prior state, pre-reflection [of what one will become]. This is an Abhidharma concept, and rather tricky to translate. Jinpa.

•SNGON PO CHU KHRID See bod lcam.

•SNGON PO RTA PHYAG See dbyi mong.

•SNGON BU [1] JD 149. TM IV 65. KP1 69.2. KP3 271.6. SS 492.6. TM IV 65. = ling la, bi sha la, g.yu shing, sngo a tsa ra, shog shing pa, sgyib shing. DG 275.6. Mdo 107. Gentian. Gentiana carinata. TDD 82. [2] name of a channel. Yangga's dissert., p. 299.

•SNGON BYUNG The prototype. Used in contrast to rjes 'jug (subsequent application, meaning what you actually do in the practice based on the prototype). In Guhyasamāja, the original pronouncements (or actions) of the Buddhas in the scripture (repeated in the ritual).

•SNGON TSA NA sngon dus na. Gces 582.4.

•SNGON RABS ancient tales. Jamspal, Treasury 197.

•SNGOS PA becoming blue. This may refer to glaucoma (in Skt. nīlaka, as well as kāca).

•BRNGAD PA btsal ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRNGAN OT = mchod pa. Blaṅ 293.5. brngan zhes pa ltar na brda rnying la brngan ni mchod pa'i ming dang mngan bgrangs zhes pa skyon nas brjod pa la 'jug pas / skabs 'dir de dang 'dra bar skyon brjod dam ngan byas pa la bya'o. Dpe-chos 504. requite [as used in Bonpo texts]. mchod pa. gla'am rngan pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRNGAN MCHOD Huber, Pure Crystal 118.

•BRNGAB 'gab pa'am 'os pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRNGAMS PA gnyer ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRNGUB PA 'jug pa. Dbus-pa no. 200.

•BRNGOD PA bslu ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRNGOS PA gzung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSNGAGS PA I tend to translate this, somewhat inaccurately, as 'praise,' but in fact it most often means simply 'description' or 'portrayal.' The Skt. ought to be varṇa or varṇana. See Encyclopedia of Buddhism under "adoration."

•BSNGOGS PA khrid pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSNGOS PA phul ba'am ster ba. Btsan-lha.

*CA*

•CA KO RA bu ram la ca ko ra byas te. Gold Ms. I 17r.4.

•CA KHA TSHA See under ca ga che.

•CA GA CHE See discussion in Stearns, King 499 (n. 368), where it is translated "very sharp." Evidently it is also a name of a tool for cutting grass. An alternative spelling is ca kha tsha.

•CA CO'I 'KHOR LO Achard, L'Essence 244 n. 28.

•CA CO BYED PA make talkative, a name for beer.

•CA CO MI MNGA' BA chal chol med pa. Btsan-lha.

•CA TI From Skt. caitya, evidently. tomb, temple. Karmay, Treasury.

•CA GDAR Samdo A V 137r.6.

•CA 'PHYI mi mthun pa. Btsan-lha.

•CA BO rgyu nor yo byad. Btsan-lha.

•CA 'BYID gcig la ltos nas cig shos spong ba'am med par byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•CA MA LI chos gting nas myi bya snyam pa dang 'ong ba'i khrims ga na yod de myi tshe ca ma li la zad. Zhi-byed Coll. II 319.1. ca ma li la myi lus stong log ma byed. Don't waste your human embodiment on ca ma li. Ibid. II 429.7. This isn't in any dictionary, but looks as if it's Sanskritic. Not sure, but it may be understood as a compound of Skt. ca (which has several meanings, one of them being 'bad, vile') and Skt. mali[n] (having impurity, excretions). Tentative translation: vile excretions.

•CA RA KHUNG DD illus. 1, 5.

•CA RE adv. always. C&LT 167.

•CA RE NYA RE Eimer, NG 138.

•CA LA a 'secret' way of saying 'twelve,' used by gamblers. Norbu, Drung 229.

•CA LE 367 I 235.

•CA LE BA On Pha Dam-pa's 4th visit to Tibet; mi grong ca le ba la / rje gnya' khri btsan po / lha'i yul nas myi'i rje la byon gda' skad. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 342.3.

•CAG GA Stein.

•CAG GIS rbad de'am thams cad. Btsan-lha.

•CAG GE rdog po. Gces 589.4. = rug ge. BBNP 472. Btsan-lha. de rnams cag ge grub kyang 'bras bu 'khor ba las 'phag ma nus pa'i phyir ro. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 211.4.

•CAG GE PA man ngag cag ge pa ni man ngag dpyis phyin pa. BBNP 469.

•CAG GE BA Btsan-lha.

•CAG GE TSHANG BA rug ge tshang ba. Btsan-lha.

•CAG GRUM chag grum. Btsan-lha.

•CAG CAG smacking of the lips. Beyer, CT Lang. 147.

•CAG CAG PO = nges nges po. BBNP 465. Samdo A V 243r.5, 243v.3.

•CAG COG = tsag tsog. BBNP 483.

•CAG PAR said to be a type of cymbals (?). ZZFC 240.

•CAG SHING LW 502.

•CANG [1] abbreviation of ci yang or ci'ang. Generally used with negative verbals to mean 'not at all' or 'nothing whatsoever'. [2] Yisun says it means the Bon instrument gshang (flat bell). [3] a volume-numbering mark (perhaps based on Chinese words for the fingers of the hand?). BKC 55.

•CANG BKWA TSI LW 515.

•CANG NGE COG GE cang nge cog ge byas pa ni rgyangs ring du bsrings nas bsdad pa. Dpe-chos 513.

•CANG CANG 'JU BA dga' bzhin spro bzhin gyis 'ju ba. Btsan-lha.

•CANG TE'U ḍa ma ru'i ming. Btsan-lha.

•CANG RTOL LE e 'thon na. Dpe-chos 513. Btsan-lha.

•CANG PHED DE cang phed de ni cang tshod dam. Dpe-chos 513. Btsan-lha.

•CANG RIG grub po. Btsan-lha.

•CANG SHES Thoroughbred. Person or animal (most usually the horse) of good breeding. Skt. ought to be ājāneya ('of noble birth, good breed' M-W), but in Buddhist Skt. they spelled it differently and so etymologized it with a word for 'knowledge' instead of a word for 'birth.' See Edgerton. Usually this word is used for humans or horses, but see this entry in Mvy. 4771: hastyājāneyaḥ: glang po che cang shes. Bsam-gtan Mig-sgron 4.1, 14.4. Generally means something like 'thoroughly known' or, in the case of horses, etc., 'thoroughbred.' Equiv. to rkyang shes, 'thoroughbred,' but see Stein, Recherches 163. ci'ang shes pa'am 'jigs pa med pa. mngon shes. Btsan-lha. Jamspal, Treasury 49.

•CANG SHES PA Skt. ājāneya. Mvy. 1080.

•CANG SENG type of spirit. Norbu, Drung 54 ff.

•CAD KA rgyu nor dngos rdzas. Btsan-lha.

•CAN ston pa can ni ston pa'i drung. BBNP 466. name for a high quality of wool. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 26, 27.

•CAN CE phor pa. Btsan-lha.

•CAN CON DU ZOS PA nyag nyog tu byas nas zos pa. Dpe-chos 512. Btsan-lha.

•CAN DU gam du. Btsan-lha.

•CAN 'DA' GA A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 300.

•CAN 'PHRENG PA Lde'u 310, a slight mispelling for gcan 'phrang pa, which apparently is just another name for borderguards.

•CAB CAB the sound of palms or lips smacking. Sound of oars in the water in NTSP section NGA 95r.1 (compare HS V 434.1).

•CAB CEB hur thag. Btsan-lha.

•CAM GYIS cham gyis. Gces 582.6. adv. slowly, in a languid manner. C&LT 168.

•CAM BU bcos ma'am rdzun ma. Btsan-lha. I notice this word in the colophon to the work on the erection of a Kanjur and Tanjur by 'Bri gung Kun dga' rin chen: cam bu ma yin par snying nas gzhan gces 'byongs pa'i blo dang...

•CAM ME thams cad. Btsan-lha.

•CAM ME LAM ME BA cam me lam me ba 'di la snang yang 'dzin pa myed. Zhi-byed Coll. III 42.2.

•CAR When suffixed to numbers (cig car, lnga car, drug car, etc.) it means "all, altogether."

•CAR GYIS BCAR NAS = hril gyis dril nas. BBNP 484. Btsan-lha.

•CAR NYAL gcig rjes gnyis mthud du nyal ba. Btsan-lha.

•CAR MAR adv. continually, continue to [do something]. C&LT 168.

•CAR RAS 'doms ras. Btsan-lha.

•CAL COL bab col lam mi brtan pa'am gtam nyog. bslad skon sna tshogs sra sre gtong ba. Btsan-lha.

•CAL LE bde bol. Gces 589.2. bde 'bol le ba. Btsan-lha. Compare ca le.

•CAL LE COL LE gibberingly. Soundings 28.

•CAL LE BA der byon pas dpal gyi ding ri glang 'khor de / mon dang bod yul gyi mtshams 'brog yul sb[r]a khyim cal le ba cig gda' nas. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 350.6. I imagine it to mean 'an assortment' (of tents and houses).

•CAS as a verbal suffix, see under ces.

•CAS CUS tshugs shor ba mi brtan pa dang mi drang ba. 'khyog po. Btsan-lha.

•CI Stein.

•CI KA de skad. Btsan-lha.

•CI SKRIGS word for 'ghee.' = ci sgregs, etc. See Velm I 66.

•CI GA ci ga bdag gi sdug pa utpal lta bu'i mig. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 298.2. = de skad. Lcang-skya. Hahn, TSD 12. Hahn, VG 389 (verse 18).

•CI GAR OT = ji ltar. Dbus-pa no. 270. Blaṅ 291.5. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•CI DGAR BYED LA RAG ji ltar 'dod pa ltar gyis shig. Btsan-lha.

•CI BGYI See mdag gzhug. Skt. kiṅkara. See kingka ra. Blaṅ 304.1. g.yog po'am bran g.yog. Btsan-lha.

•CI LCOGS GANG LCOGS KYIS adv. by doing one's best, to the best of one's ability. C&LT 168.

•CI CHA cha ci yod dam cha 'jog ci yod. Btsan-lha.

•CI CHA MED PAR unvorhergesehen.

•CI CHIB OT = mthar phyin. Blaṅ 291.5. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•CI CHOG OT = ci yod. Blaṅ 298.6. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•CI STO ci skyon. Btsan-lha.

•CI THOD THOD ci byung byung ngam ci rung rung dang ci phrad phrad sogs. Btsan-lha.

•CI DING NGE (? CI DING DE?) rngub bzhin. Gces 583.6.

•CI DRAG NA ci 'dra byas na. Btsan-lha.

•CI NAR cis kyang. Btsan-lha.

•CI NAS MA NAS KYANG Seems to mean 'by all means!' Zhi-byed Coll. IV 366.1.

•CI MNO BA ci yod. Gces 586.5.

•CI PHOD ci phod yod ni ci 'dra yod. Dpe-chos 517. Btsan-lha.

•CI PHREL PHREL ci thub kyis dbral ba. Btsan-lha.

•CI BYAR YOD There are things to be done. It can be dealt with. We'll do what is necessary. RY dictionary says "What to do?" Sometimes it does indeed seem to mean something like "What are you supposed to do [with it]?" or "What use is it?"

•CI TSUG = ci 'dra. BBNP 472. ji ltar, ci 'dra.

•CI TSE See tsi tse.

•CI ZHIG = ci yod pa zhig.

•CI ZHIG LTAR = 'bad rtsol med. Lcang-skya.

•CI ZHIG LTAR STES ci 'dra'i stabs legs. Btsan-lha.

•CI YOG PA ci khebs sam ci 'dang. Btsan-lha.

•CI RIGS spotty. Sparham in Changing Minds 197.

•CI RIGS PA all kinds of, all sorts of, whatever is appropriate (other similar things included, too), and such...

•CI LA YANG TSHANG STE ci zhig smos te. Btsan-lha.

•CIG KA phyug po cig ka ni phyug po cig rang. BBNP 475. Btsan-lha.

•CIG GU (form varies, zhig gu, etc.) Beyer, CT Lang, p. 361, calls this a 'doubt particle' when added to final verbs. Beyer says this is used only in the translation literature, and the same function is served by verbal suffix "na." gnyis med gcig tu 'gyur zhig gu. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 348.2.

•CIG CAR BA type of person. Acc. to Pha-dam-pa: Zhi-byed Coll. II 331.1. Supported with quote from 100,000 PP in 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 421.2.

•CIG CHOG ci yod. Dbus-pa no. 582.

glang chen CIG THUB KP1 211.3. KP3 322.2. KP4 523.5.

•CIG SHOS the other one (of a pair).

•CING a transverse flute. ZZFC 240.

•CING BING from Chinese. Blaṅ 311.2.

•CID BU a two-year-old lamb. BBNP 477.

•CIB CIB sound of slurping or sucking. Beyer, CT Lang. 147.

•CI'I CHA cha 'jog ci zhig yod dam. Btsan-lha.

•CI'I THA TSHIG rgyu mtshan med pas mi rigs. Btsan-lha.

•CI'U ci zhig yin nam. Btsan-lha.

•CIR 'GYUR Skt. kimcid. something. ci 'gyur, in this example: sprul sku'i mdzad pa ci 'gyur shes dka' ba. It is hard to know anything about the deeds of a tulku.

•CIR NAR dus cig gam cis kyang. Btsan-lha.

•CIR MI RTOG yod pa dang legs pa gya nom snang ba sogs. ci la mi rtog. Btsan-lha.

•CIR YANG all kinds of, every possible.

•CIS Stein.

•CIS KYANG adv. under any circumstance, by all means. C&LT 168.

•CIS TE A kind of la btsas, although built on the plain & not on a mt. top. Also spelled kye tu. Karmay, New Horizons 390. Noble Mountaineer 270.

•CU OT for chu. Btsan-lha.

•CU GANG [1] name of two kinds of substances, one of vegetable origin, the other of mineral origin. tabasheer, tabashir (Persian), bamboo manna (it is very rich in silica). Namdak. JD 76. = bhaṃ pa lo tsā na, smyig ma, kha bcud, tā ma kṣi ri, yang tag shir, tag shir, rtsi 'jam, sta shing. YTTM 291.13. SS 416.2 (a tree). Gypsum. TM I 49. DG 152.4. TM IV 60. Clifford, list. Bamboo manna. Das. Singh (p. 354): The internal siliceous excretions of a special variety of bamboo is called vaṃśalocana, or vaṃśalekhana. Hübotter/1 (p. 68). Dutt 272: siliceous concretion found in the joints of the female bamboo is called Vaṃśarocana. Described as sweet, tonic, aphrodisiac & used in cough, consumption, asthma, fever, etc. Used in lung prescriptions. Bambusa arundinacea, Willd. (= sitopala?). Fundamentals 15.3 (item 16). TM I 49: gypsum. RR & Das say Bamboo manna. JD 76: In Sanskrit, bhaṃ pa lo tsā na. There are 3 types: 1) 'Tree cu gang' comes from an Indian tree called waṃ sha ro tsā na (= vaṃśalocana) which is similar to bamboo (smyug ma). 2) Pretapuri cu gang. 3) Water cu gang comes from the water of mountains such as Kailash. Dag-yig: 1) A kind of white earth & stone used for making whitewash (dkar rtsi). There are several types. For example, the white earth used as a whitewash on the sides of walls is called "earth cu gang." That which is hard like rock & makes a powder when burned in fire, used in paint, is called "stone cu gang." For the white encrustations found in rivulets that fall from steep precipies, the term "water cu gang" (see under chu cu gang) is used. Most generally cu gang (alone) refers to "earth cu gang" and "stone cu gang." 2) a soft white essence of a plant similar to bamboo (smyug ma) which grows in hot areas is called "tree cu gang." [2] This word, in Bon texts of the funerary Dur genre, might refer to the burnt offering of food to the deceased (in this connection, see especially chu gang, below, which has the honorific form chab gang).

•CU GANG BRGYAD PA a medicinal preparation. TMC 60 (133). TM IV 60.

•CU GANG NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. TMC 40 (87). BP 365.6. BP 215.4.

•CU GANG BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 68. Lag-len 46.5. = cu gang bde byed (Lag-len 37.1).

•CU GANG BDE BYED a medicinal preparation. TMC 28 (56). BP 162.6.

•CU'U GUNG Transcription of Ch. jiugong. Nine palaces in Chinese lore. Thuken 340.

•CU NGU chung ngu. Btsan-lha.

•CU'U SHANG n. of an unidentified type of firearm mentioned by the Dalai Lama XIII. Venturi in Sperling Festschrift, p. 501.

•CU'U GSHAG A Tibetanized version of Chinese term for cinnabar, zhusha, lit. meaning 'red sand.' Gerke, PT 11, 15.

•CUNG adv. a little, a little bit, slightly (used immediately before verb or adjective). C&LT 168.

•CUNG DKAR weisses Mineral. Kaschewsky2.

•CUNG PENG 'bras phye'i gzan nam chang bu. Btsan-lha.

•CUN BU ngo bstod kyi tshig. Btsan-lha.

•CUR NIS OT = zhib mo. Said to be Zhang-zhung language. Blaṅ 312.4. phye ma'i sman. Btsan-lha.

•CE NA Also spelled zhe na. Resembles in its usage Skt. iti ced (and therefore perhaps in some sense a borrowing?). Skt. iti ced is used at the end of a sentence by an objector, 'if someone were to argue...' or 'it might be asked,' 'if one were to object.'

•CE SPYANG spyang khu'i bye brag ste / spyang khu dang 'phar pa gnyis 'dus pa las ce spyang skyes par bshad la / dzam bu ka zhes pa'i skad dod ce spyang dang wa gnyis la 'jug pas skabs 'gar wa la'ang ce spyang zhes byung ngo. Eimer, Dbyangs 55. DG 96.6. ha cang sred par mi bya ste // sred pa che las nyes pa 'byung // ha cang sred pas rmongs byas na // ce spyang gzhu mchog gtsug tor bzhin. Hahn, TSD 26.

rlung CE SPYANG MGO SRZT 12.

•CE SPYANG GI MIG jackal's eye. Samdo A IV 19r.4. Zhi-byed Coll. II 473.1. The jackal can see equally in the light or in the dark. See Ruth Meserve, Striped Hyenas and 'Were-Hyenas' in Central Eurasia, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 19 (2012) 199-220. She notes on p. 201 that hyenas are among animals regarded as "animals of the night and / or of great stealth," and, at p. 203, that they have been used in materia medica for eye medicines, including conditions such as "trouble seeing in the twilight or for seeing things nearby, and for running eyes."

•CE RE See che re.

•CEG onomat. for sound of the byi'u mchil pa. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 520.5.

•CENG KI gri dpa' dam. Btsan-lha.

•CEN PHO OT for chen po. Btsan-lha.

•CE'U See gce'u.

•CER See spyi cer. Blaṅ 304.5.

•CER GYIS piercingly [staring]. [Looking] straight at [something without getting distracted by any other object]. I think the spelling cher gyis is less correct.

•CER RE lce spyang bzhin du cer re blta' yang. Zhi-byed Coll. II 244.1. See gcer re, ce re. adv. [eyes] wide open. C&LT 168. =gcer re.

•CES One unusual use of this syllable, one that may be limited to Ladakh, is as a future-forming suffix immediately attached to a verb. In Purik, apparently, spelled cas. See the article by Anandamayee Ghosh in Bulletin of Tibetology, issue for the year 1997.

•CO mgo. Btsan-lha. It seems to me, in words like co breg can, the syllable co could mean 'head' but I think it could mean 'hair' (in this last case calling upon some Tibeto-Burman evidence of words for 'hair'). See co to and co do, below.

•CO KA bye'u de. Utpal 14.5. = zla 'od, zla can. A bird with a slight crest. Slightly larger than the mchil ba bird. JD 230.

•CO GA lark? See under lco ga. SS 538.5.

•CO GA KLAD SMAN See 'bu su hang.

•CO GAS RANG SHOM 367 I 237.

•CO GE See cog ge.

•CO TO co to shing lag. 'hair in the hands of a tree' (i.e., under control of others). Thondup, EL 125. skra. Dbus-pa no. 694. head fur. = mgo spu. Lcang-skya.

•CO DO rtse mo. skra. Btsan-lha. sang kha chags sna ral sprang mo yis // co do [~skra] nas bzung 'drud tsam na // de yang bkur sti chen po yin. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 403.3. dper na myi sha yis phyogs cig nas gshed ma co do nas bzung ba'i mi de rnams kyang gsod pas... Zhi-byed Coll. I 451.6.

•CO 'DRI [1] OT = mtho 'tsham. Blaṅ 288.6-289.1. Lcang-skya. [2] ca co. Gces 583.3. Skt. viḍambanā. Mvy. 6961.

•CO PA n. of the stage in life of a colt just after the foal stage. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 38.

•CO RE mtho ba. Gces 584.6. skyur ba'i ro. mtho ba. Btsan-lha.

•CO RO skyes mchog mi'i seng ge co ro snyon pa khos. Zhi-byed Coll. V 113.2.

•CO RO RO onomat. Kretsch.

•CO LE BA scattered here and there, sparse. C&LT 168.

•COG [1] all. As in: yod do cog & 'gyur ro cog, a type of construction that occurs with nouns in Dunhuang texts, like lha 'o cog and mi 'o cog. OT = mtha' dag. Blaṅ 285.4. kun. Dbus-pa no. 027. = kun. Lcang-skya. [2] As referring to a Turkic deity, see Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 174 (same as Rolf Stein's Tibetica Antiqua, pp. 35-36. See also Erdem Uçar, Contributions to Uighur Lexicography II: Remarks on čog, AOH 67 (2014) 151-162 [PDF]. The common wisdom is the Turkish word, meaning 'glowing heat, flame, splendour,' was a borrowing from Chinese, although this is disputed. The Turkish syllable yol is found in the same context, and this helps secure the Turkish nature of cog (yol dang re cog dang re spun la sogs pa spun bcu gnyis... Here the dang re stands for Tänri, in another Tibetan source spelled tang re).

•COG GE [1] quiet. kha kha. Gces 584.6. [2] still. g.yo 'gul med par tsog ge bsdad ces pa'o. Dpe-chos 505. cal col ma mdzad cog ge bzhugs zhes mchi'o. Todd Gibson, dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 157 (another text has spelling co ge; here it's translated 'steadfast').

•COG GE BA See under shes pa rgyang nge cog ge ba.

•COG 'GYEL 'breakdown'? Text 70.

•COG COG PA cricket, the insect. A modern English-Tibetan dictionary says it is a type of the insect ('bu) cha ga pa (grasshopper) that rubs its wings together and makes a whirring sound.

•COG BU Stein. Btsan-lha. See lcog pu.

•COG BU PA Stein. Skt. naiṣadika. Sleeping sitting up. Roberts, King.

•COG RTSE from Chinese. Blaṅ 311.1. = lcog tse.

•COG ZHU In a list of types of hats in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 438.

•COG GZHAG [bzhi] (= cog gis gzhag pa; = chog bzhag bzhi, q.v.) See Klong-chen-pa 10.3 comm. = lcog gzhag. leave alone, leave as is . See Padma-rig-'dzin, Chos Thams-cad-kyi Spyir Brtags (1974) 521.4 ff. Also, in the Man-ngag Sde Tantra Yi-ge Med-pa (p. 7a). 452 122.5 ff. Appearances, ocean, mountain, awareness. J-L insists other translations are wrong and settles on the translation 'natural access.'

•COG RO a clan (rus rgyud). Btsan-lha.

•COG LA rgya mtshal rdo. Btsan-lha. mineral cinnabar, or, in more modern terms. mercuric sulfide.

•COG LA MA = rgya mtshal. JD 59. SS 405.5. DG 116.4. Lo Bue in Tibet. Klöster öffnen ihre Schatzkammern, Kulturstiftung Ruhr Essen (Villa Hügel 2006), p. 91, identifies it as cinnabar, the natural substance from which vermillion ("China red") is derived. Rin 79 identifies as cinnabar, depicting a darkish red stone that glistens with silverish color, saying it is a chief source of quicksilver.

•CONG [1] a clan (rus rgyud). [2] bell. Very probably a borrowing from Chinese zhong. Hill, Aspirated 477.

•CONG CHEN a type of percussion instrument. ZZFC 240. I think it just means a large bell.

•CONG ZHI = rdo bcud, mtshan mo'i 'od, srid bcud bsdus pa, byang sems dkar po. JD 46. SS 409.3. DG 120.4. Identified as calcite, but with 25 various grades and varieties described and depicted. Also called she lo da ka, mtshan mo'o 'od can, gcong nad chig thub, zla ba'i bu, lha bu'i khams, rdo'i dwangs ma, rdo bcud, srid pa'i khams, rdo'i da byid, rus pa'i gsos, rdo'i tshil bu, tshil bu dar ya kan, srid pa'i byang sems dkar po. Rin 91-97.

•CONG ZHI DGU SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 138.6, 329.3.

•CONG ZHI NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 138.3.

•CONG ZHI NYER GCIG stod lungs cong zhi nyer drug. a medicinal preparation. BP 137.4, 319.2. BT 49v.3.

•CONG ZHI DRUG PA a medicinal preparation. TMC 20 (36).

•CONG ZHI 'PHRUL THANG SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 148.2.

•CONG ZHU cong zhi. cu gang. Btsan-lha.

•CONG YANGS 'og tu gcong rong zab mo yod pa'i g.yang sa'o. Dpe-chos 507. gcong rong zab pa'i g.yang sa. Btsan-lha.

•CONG RONG broken terrain, ravine. Stein.

•COD LDAN See bcad ldan.

•CON ZZ = sgra. Bru II 291.2.

•COB CĪ NĪ LW 477.

•COB DAR Brokat. Kretsch.

•COB PA rgyags pa. Dbus-pa no. 224.

•COM CHUNG BA sgra skad chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•COR gtam btsan po'am mi snyan par brjod pa. Btsan-lha.

•COR COR fizzing of beer. Beyer, CT Lang. 147.

•COL CHUNG meaningless babbling. ? gullible. voluble.

•COL LE Eimer, NG 138. Also spelled co le.

•GCAGS PA See gla'i rin du gcags pa.

•GCAGS PA'I ME 'gyod pa'i me. Btsan-lha.

•GCAN lam srung ba'i rgya sgo lta bu. Btsan-lha.

•GCAN KHUNG pit. Matthew Kapstein, "The Commentaries of the Four Clever Men," East and West, vol. 59, nos. 1-4 (2009), pp. 107-130, at p. 116.

•GCAN SGO smad 'tshong ma'i khyim. Btsan-lha.

•GCAN PA See la gcan pa. Blaṅ 304.3.

•GCAN GZAN KHRA BO See stag.

•GCAN GZAN GTUM PO See dom.

•GCAM BU OT = bcas ma. Blaṅ 295.4. bcos ma'am rdzun gyi ngo bstod dang ngo dga' byas pa. Btsan-lha. gtam bcos ma'am bcos ma'i bstod tshig. Gser Sbram 408. bcos ma. Dbus-pa no. 432. = bcos ma. Lcang-skya.

•GCAM GSAG gcam bu kha gsag gi bsdus tshig. Btsan-lha.

•GCAL phye ma dang thal ba sogs. Btsan-lha.

•GCAL DU BKRAM khod snyoms par chal mar brdal ba. Btsan-lha.

•GCAL BA bcal ba'am gzhal ba. Btsan-lha.

•GCI BA gcin pa. Btsan-lha.

•GCI'U See gce'u.

•GCIG COG Stein.

•GCIG CHAR lhan du'am mnyam du. Btsan-lha.

•GCIG 'JO GCIG gcig rjes gnyis mthud. Btsan-lha.

•GCIG 'JOG CIG gcig 'phro gcig. Dpe-chos 510.

•GCIG TU nges par. Dbus-pa no. 305.

•GCIG TU RUNG BA something fit for one, the task of a single person.

•GCIG STOBS See ba li ka.

•GCIG DU Stein.

•GCIG PA Rarely, this may be the ordinal, 'first.' See Kuijp, KPTB 13 for a discussion.

•GCIG PA GCIG RKYANG one type, completely one, "exactly alike" Soundings 22.

•GCIG PUR SKYES PA See bse ru.

•GCIG PO DBEN PA lkog tu song ba. Btsan-lha.

•GCIG BZLUMS phyogs gcig tu bsdoms pa'am bsdus pa. Btsan-lha.

•GCIG RANG Stein.

•GCIG RU A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 298. Also called gtso and gtsod. Called "Chiru" in English.

•GCIG LAS (Dbus, Gtsang) = gcig tsam, only one. MTTP.

•GCIGS BZUNG BA gces par. Gces 583.3.

•GCIN BRKYANG GCIG ein langgestreckter Pinkel-[strahl] (a long piddle stream). Kretsch.

•GCIN 'GAG urinary obstruction. SRZT 98.

•GCIN SNYI'I NAD diabetes. Yangga's dissert., pp. 107, 217.

•GCIN PA urine. Drinking one's own urine or the urine of one's teacher; BA 945.

•GCIN LAM urethra. DD illus. 21.

•GCIN SRI = chu sri.

•GCIN SRI dri chu 'gag pa. urinary obstruction. Btsan-lha.

•GCU GAL the tshom med par mtha' gcig tu. gal che ba'am dka' tshegs. Btsan-lha.

•GCU GCU skor skor ril ril. Gces 589.1.

•GCU GCU DRIL DRIL skor skor ril ril. Btsan-lha.

•GCU 'PHRAS phyi la gcu 'phras mi rdeg gam. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 126.2.

•GCUG LA MED gal chen med. khag med. Btsan-lha.

•GCUGS mdza' ba. phra mar 'jug. Btsan-lha.

•GCUGS MED rna ba 'on pa. Btsan-lha.

•GCUNG nu bo. Blaṅ 516.5.

•GCUD GZER screw. Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet." See under gcus phur.

•GCUD LA BOR don chen gnad la bkar te de'i sgo nas 'dul ba. Btsan-lha. rang gi nye gnas la chags na kyang khos gcud [bor] cing khror 'ong ba yin te. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 55.1.

•GCUN GRI chan gri. Btsan-lha. This means the tailor's shears that are used to cut the novice's hair before applying the razor for the actual shaving.

•GCUR PHUR A part of a loom. See Dag-yig 325.

•GCUS PHUR = bcus phur. twisted nail. modern word for screw. Evidently it is a neologism, since Tibet, like China and India, doesn't seem to have known about screws independently from Europe. Still, Eskimos did. Berthold Laufer, The Eskimo Screw as a Culture-Historical Problem, American Anthropologist n.s. XVII no 2 (April 1915) 396-406. Monlam gives the various words gcu gzer, gcus sgrim, and gcus ris. On the 'endless screw' mechanism (two spiraled cyllinders joined together to turn in opposite directions), see Habib, Pursuing 6 (not the same thing as a screw, this kind of worm-gearing was used in early Indian cotton gins, but unknown in the early Islamic and European realms).

•GCEN = phu bo. Blaṅ 516.5.

•GCEN GYIS LOG PA = gtan nas log pa. Btsan-lha.

•GCEN RGYUD evidently means primogeniture. Small Lde'u 149.

•GCEN CHOL pha ma gcig min pa'i gcen. Btsan-lha.

•GCE'U clyster, enema, instrument for administering the same. Illustrated in JD 282 (items 1-2). With the spelling sman lce'u, it appears with Skt. netrika (here misleadingly translated "a syringe") in Mvy. 9033.

•GCE'U SMAN bshang lam mas gtong ba'i sman zhig. Btsan-lha.

•GCER GROL self-liberation through bare attention. Norbu, Cycle.

•GCER BU PA'I DON DGU See under don dgu.

•GCER RE 'bur btsugs. Gces 581.5. mig 'bur tshugs su lta ba. Btsan-lha. See cer re.

•GCES a clan (rus rgyud). Btsan-lha.

•GCES PA the treasured, crucial, select, important.

•GCES 'PHRA che chung. Btsan-lha.

•GCOG PA [1] to break, shatter [into pieces]. [2] be afflicted [by sickness]. [3] to reduce [amount]. [4] to violate [a promise]. Yisun.

•GCOG SLA See skyi ba'i 'bras bu.

•GCONG [1] a specific type of medical condition. gcong nad de, bod kyi gso ba rig par ma zhu ba, skya rbab, 'or, dmu chu, skran, gcong chen zad byed bcas nad rigs drug gi spyi ming gcong nad zer. Dag-yig. Text 66, 73. [2] a sound of physical or mental discomfort.

•GCONG DGU Norbu, Drung 47 & note (listed on p. 48). This word gcong may in ritual contexts be translated as 'cantillation,' or in linguistic contexts as 'tonal modulation.' Nine Ways 43. Namgyal in TJ 23 no. 4 (1998) 7. I think good to understand as similar to gamaka in Carnatic music theory (perhaps the gcong is in some way related to mchong, with meaning to jump or slide...). Perhaps can be related to the 9 major modes (melody types) of Turkish music called kök (Mong. kög)?

•GCONG NAD class of diseases. SRZT 30 ff.

•GCOD As name for a religious practice, I suggest the translation 'incision' rather than 'cutting' just because it suggests surgery and precise intent (I feel 'cutting' is too general and crude and 'chopping' too haphazard). 'Carving' is a possibility. I think 'incision' can be imbued with the full range of meanings of gcod (which in origin is indeed spyod, 'mode of behavior,' 'operating' [?] drawn from the Sañcayagâthâ).

•GCOD PA to decide (general meaning, to cut).

•GCOD DPYOD GI RING LUGS zhal lce ba'i dpon. OT Btsan-lha.

•GCOM khengs dregs. smra ba. gzi brjid sogs. Btsan-lha.

•GCOM BSKYUNGS bya ba gsang ba'am khengs pa bskyung ba. Btsan-lha.

•GCOL CHUNG NA RO BU TSA Bellezza, D&B 74.

•GCOS rgas pas 'chol ba'i don la 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BCWA dpya khral. Btsan-lha.

•BCWA BRGYAD bco brgyad. Btsan-lha.

•BCAG THAG bdag gnyer do dam. Btsan-lha.

•BCAGS PA Btsan-lha.

•BCANGS KYIS bzung bar. Gces 584.1.

•BCAD KYIN BYAS PA Btsan-lha.

•BCAD SKYES See sle tres.

•BCAD RGYA retreat, state of seclusion. Source.

•BCAD LDAN = cod ldan. = dpyad ldan. = dpyod ldan. = spyad ldan. From Chinese chuang-tuan, Chinese satin embroidered with gold. Velm I 135.

•BCAD PA Past of gcod pa. cut off, , demarcated. bkag pa'ang 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BCAD PIR outlining brush. Jackson. BLKC I 159.

•BCAD 'BYOR NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 265.6.

•BCAD SBYOR a medicinal preparation. TMC 64 (143).

•BCAD MTSHAMS a final legal decision. French, Yoke 267.

•BCAD RIS outlining (in art). BLKC I 169 ff.

•BCABS bcabs mi cha ba (bcabs ni chab?). Gces 588.5.

•BCABS PA OT = sbas pa. [see also 'chab pa] Blaṅ 286.5. Dbus-pa no. 085. = sbas pa. Lcang-skya.

•BCAM PA sgam pa. Btsan-lha.

•BCAM PO sgam po. Btsan-lha.

•BCA' gnas mal gshom pa. Btsan-lha.

•BCA' SGA See (sman) sga. YTTM 291.17. Skt. ṣuṇṭhī (dry ginger). Mvy. 5793. ginger. CTEV 26 (here spelled bca' lga).

•BCWA' BRDAR bcwa' brdar de myi chos pa'i lugs yin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 446.6.

•BCA' BA See Dagyab.

•BCA' 'BYED 'gal ba'am spong ba. Btsan-lha.

•BCA' RTSE From Chin. A mandate. TS5 670.

•BCA' YIG One such work occurs in the works of Rong-zom-pa. Almogi, MA thesis 17. This may be the earliest Tibetan text of the genre. However, Schopen (in JIP 30 [2002]) has shown that the Sanskrit term for these local monastic ordinances is kriyākāra. See now the discussion in an article: Jansen, Elephant.

•BCA' HU From Chin. An official letter authorizing a lower body (or person?) to perform specific official acts. TS5 670.

•BCAR GYIS 'phral du. Btsan-lha.

•BCAR BA [1] dam por bshibs pa dang bcom pa'i don la 'jug ste. To arrange strictly [in rows etc.] and subdue. [2] =zhar ba. go blind. Btsan-lha.

•BCAR BA'I RTA = spyir bcar ba zhes pa bton pa dang bcom pa sogs la yang 'jug pa yod cing / 'di skabs thob kyis drug [58r2] sgra dang rta 'brel bas 'khris su nye bar bcar ba'i rta zhes pa'i don. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•BCAL BKRAM Btsan-lha.

•BCAL BA Btsan-lha. measured out, surveyed [farm land]. Lde'u 254.

•BCAS RKYANG GI LTUNG BA a vinaya term. Pabongka, Liberation II 263.

•BCAS PA NYAMS PA dam bca' nyams pa'am sdom pa nyams pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•BCAS PA'I KHA NA MA THO BA Pratikṣepaṇasāvadya. Mvy. 7248. The other kind in the Vinaya rules is called rang bzhin kha na ma tho ba.

•BCAS RANG Btsan-lha.

•BCIGS PA Btsan-lha.

•BCINGS PA GSUM Zhi-byed Coll. V 384.7.

•BCIN PA Btsan-lha.

•BCIBS PA OT = zhon pa. Blaṅ 295.4.

•BCIR BA Btsan-lha.

•BCIL BA Btsan-lha. bcom ba. Dbus-pa no. 086. = bcom pa. Lcang-skya.

•BCU GAL CHE do gal che ba. Btsan-lha.

•BCU 'GUG Btsan-lha.

•BCU SNA leader of ten. Dotson, Princess 75.

•BCU BA (Gtsang) = 'chu ba, to scoop up. MTTP. to draw water. = 'chu ba.

•BCU TSHAN group of ten. They seem to have had duties as gatherers of military provisions within the thousand district. Dotson, D&L 58.

•BCU GSUM thirteen. On Old Tibetan significance of the number, as twelve plus one, see Dotson, D&L 11-12. For 13 successive levels in the sky, see Berounsky in FBTB 107-109.

•BCUGS yid bcugs bu dang bral na gzhan myi dran. Zhi-byed Coll. I 268.4.

•BCUNG MO Btsan-lha, where it is defined as some kind of binding rope or chain, such as would be used in a dungeon.

•BCUD LEN BDUD RTSI RNAM LNGA'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 122. Lag-len 99.1.

•BCUN To become accustomed to something or bring it under one's power. Btsan-lha. Can also be spelled chun (as is clear in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 135.4, where both spellings occur).

•BCUM PA Equiv. to 'ju. to smile. T&BS I 351. Past of 'jum pa, 'to shrink, contract, shrink back in fear.' khras byi'u bcum pa'i nyams rtsal dang khyad med. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 331.1.

•BCUR bcur ni bcug ces pa'i yul skad. Dpe-chos 507.

•BCUR BA bcug pa'am bskor ba. Btsan-lha.

•BCUS lung thams cad bcus ni lung thams cad gcus zhes pa ste 'khyog por gsung zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 517.

•BCUS PA See under bcu ba, 'chu ba.

•BCEM PA bcag pa'am ldad pa. Btsan-lha.

•BCER BA Btsan-lha.

•BCO LNGA DRAG PO'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 146.6.

•BCOG PA 'gal ba. Btsan-lha.

•BCOM = khengs dregs. Lcang-skya.

•BCOM BSKYUNGS OT = 'jigs nas skad chung ngur smra ba'am kha rog 'dug pa. Blaṅ 302.4. nga rgyal bcag nas byas pa skyungs pa ste. Btsan-lha.

•BCOM SKYUNGS PA 'jigs pa ltar sgra chung bar smra ba. Dpe-chos 511.

•BCOM CHUNG NGU Btsan-lha.

•BCOM LDAN 'DAS There is an interesting interpretation in 129 II 477. See Rhoton, CD, p. 169 (bcom ldan 'das kyi bshad pa la // bzhi bcom drug ldan bshad pa dang).

•BCOM PA Stein.

•BCOM LAN LAS = bcom ldan 'das. Kuijp (1986) 33.

•BCOL CHUNG blo rgya chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BCOL GTAM Hinterlegung, das Ausleihen.

•BCOL GTAM BYED PA anvertrauen, aufpassen auf. Kretsch.

•BCOL BA asked, prodded. Jamspal, Treasury 69.

•BCOS BCOS bcos bcos zhes pa'i yig nor te rdzun mar bcos pa'i don. Gser Sbram 11.

•BCOS PA'I CHANG phab med par mnan pa'i rdzas chang.

•BCOS PA impv. of bco ba.

•BCOS MA subst.: contrivance, hype , processing, manipulation. adj.: contrived, processed, manufactured.

•BCOS MED unmanipulated, untampered with.

•BCOS BSLAD MED PA without outside interference (contaminants) or contrivance. Klong-chen-pa 7.10 comm. Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 674.4.

•LCA gnam lcags. Btsan-lha.

•LCA BA JD 139. SS 494.5. = seng ge lcags ral. Types: lca rgod, lca dkar, lca g.yung, ba lang lca ba, etc. KP1 133.5. Types: lca rgod, lca g.yunng, ba glang lca ba. KP3 290.3 KP4 461.6. See gung la phug. = ga dhi, ga sra, tsaṇḍa. DG 260.1. Pleurospermum tibetanicum. TDD 139.

•LCA TSHAL celery. CTEV 25.

•LCAG a latch.

•LCAG LCIG [1] short for lcag gi lcig gi, equiv. to the word tha re tho re, 'scattered, sparse [crops, pastures, water etc.].' Yisun. [2] = ljan ljin. mire, filth [sewage, bodily wastes]. Yisun gives as an example of usage a passage from the Lalitavistara, which is quoted in Lde'u 49.

•LCAG POD Btsan-lha. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998), where it is translated as girdle.

•LCAG DBYUG staff/rod as symbol of monastic authority. See French, Yoke 180.

•LCAG MA Stein.

•LCAG RMAG lcag rmag gi me dang / nags tshal gyi me lta bu yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 269.3.

•LCAGS iron, or more generically metal. = lo hi. SS 399.3. JD 42. = a yu rā dza. YTTM 291.9. DG 107.5. Kun Chang, Sino-Tibetan 'Iron': *Qhleks, JAOS, 92 (1972) 436-446. Other names: mtshon cha sna, ri snying, rdo'i snying po, tshe 'phrog, gsod byed, gcod byed, ngar 'thung, mtshon cha byed pa, gser gyi dgra. Rin 57. See Donald J. La Rocca, An Early Tibetan Text on the Connoisseurship of Swords, contained in: The Armorer's Art: Essays in Honor of Stuart Pyhrr, Mowbray (Woonsocket 2014) 89-105, at p. 92, where five types of sword-making metals are listed and described: pho lcags, mo lcags, snga bsdus 'dres pa lcags, ma 'dres bsdus pa lcags, ma ning lcags, & spyi gzugs lcags.

•LCAGS KYI THAL PHYAGS Btsan-lha.

•LCAGS KYI ZHIB MA lcags gzhong lta bu'i snod che ba zhig. Btsan-lha.

•LCAGS KYI GZHONG RING khrus byed pa'i lcags gzhong gru chung ngu'i rnam pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•LCAGS KYI ZA 'GRAM seg rdar. whetstone. Btsan-lha. Literal meaning seems to be 'metal cheek.' Za 'gram might be Zhang-zhung?

•LCAGS KYU [elephant] hook, goad. Skt. aṅkuśa. See Edgerton, Elephant-Lore 109 for a story which suggests it is not only a tool, but embued with the presence of a deity. a mudrā. TS7 II 1073. lcags kyu zhes rtse mo rno zhing 'gug pa'i 'dzin byed de / yu ba yod pa dang / med pa ci rigs yod / yul skad 'gar sha zung yang zer. From Namdak, Bzo-rig 119. JD 208. = mo ldum. See lhog dug pa. For the hook used as a clasp (at the shoulder) for monastic robes, called in Chinese gouinou, see Heller in TJ 27 no 1/2 (2002) 46.

•LCAGS KYU LNGA an epithet for the 5 nectars. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 317.4.

•LCAGS KYO OT sp. for lcags kyu (?). Blaṅ 290.2. lcags gug rtse rnon po lcags kyu. Btsan-lha.

•LCAGS DKAR BRTUL N. of a horseback riding feat. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 58.

•LCAGS SGROGS metal chain, irons, iron shackles. lcags sgrogs zhes pa lcags thag dang don gcig. From Namdak, Bzo-rig 119.

•LCAGS BRGYAD Simioli, AG 53. Gerke, SLT 127.

•LCAGS TIG Mdo 110. SS 451.5. DG 247.3. Jaeschkea oligosperma. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•LCAGS DRA iron lattice-work. Lde'u 269.

•LCAGS DREG Text 60, 66. SS 504.5. iron dirt phlegm. Yangga's dissert., p. 117.

•LCAGS RDO JD 57. DG 115.1. Limonite (a type of iron ore). Rin 73.

•LCAGS PAR metal print (metal type for printing, or typewriter). For history of Tibetan-language typewriters, see Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet."

•LCAGS PAR YIG 'BRU metal type. Metal type for Tibetan printing was first cast in 1832 in Calcutta in order to publish Csoma de Koros' dictionary and grammar.

•LCAGS SPYANG See spyang tsher.

•LCAGS PHOD OT = ska rags kyi rgyan. Blaṅ 293.2. ska rags. Dbus-pa no. 323.

•LCAGS PHYE BRGYAD PA a medicinal preparation. RR 79.

•LCAGS PHYE BCO LNGA a medicinal preparation. TMC 25 (48). BP 160.1, 331.3.

•LCAGS PHYE NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 354.3.

•LCAGS BRAG = man 'du ra. YTTM 291.26.

•LCAGS 'BYUNG BA'I RDO SS 504.5.

•LCAGS SBRUL JD 254. SS 546.2.

•LCAGS MAG flintstone. LW 491.

•LCAGS MUR KP3 290.3.

•LCAGS MO a clan (rus rgyud) name. Btsan-lha.

•LCAGS TSAGS Gnyos 70, 71.

•LCAGS RI outer wall (of a building or building complex). Lde'u 340.

•LCAGS RIL a medicinal preparation. BP 220.6.

•LCAGS RIL CHEN MO a medicinal preparation. TMC 32 (68).

•LCAGS RIL RIN CHEN SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 357.2.

•LCAGS LAM iron path, railroad track. Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet."

•LCAGS LUNG A part of a door. See Dag-yig 167.

•LCAGS SAG A tool or weapon. See under khye'u.

•LCAGS SOL slag, a byproduct of the smelting process. Rin 59.

•LCAGS KYI SRAN MA DD illus. 3.

•LCANG KA nya sod na lcang ka na yang lcang ka / ko ba nyed pa dang 'dra mod. Zhi-byed Coll. III 24.4.

•LCANG RGYAB PA See chang rgyab pa.

•LCANG NYED "(battre avec) verges de saule." Stein.

•LCANG THANG (coll.) = lcang gling, willow garden. MTTP.

•LCANG MA JD 122. SS 523.3. = ni tsā la. DG 240.5. Weeping willow. Salix babylonica. TDD 170.

•LCANG MA DBYAR PA See under dbyar pa.

•LCANG LO I believe this is short for lcang shing gi lo ma [can?], leaves of the willow tree. It is also used to describe the 'dreadlocks' of yogis or sngags pas. See Benjamin Bogin, The Dreadlocks Treatise: On Tantric Hairstyles in Tibetan Buddhism, History of Religions, vol. 48, no. 2 (2008), pp. 85-109, at p. 108.

•LCANG SHOG PA See shel dar sgel dar.

•LCANG SHOG SER PO See ut pal.

•LCAB LCOB See under nam nom.

•LCAM [1] = drab. See 367 II 130.6. A part of a house construction. See Dag-yig 67. rafter. Beyer, CT Lang. 146, according to which it is equivalent to phyam. skabs 'gar dra ba la 'jug pa. Btsan-lha. [2] = sring mo. Lcang-skya.

•LCAM SKYO Tentatively interpreted as meaning wooden poles used to mark off the ritual space. Schaik in JIABR 1 (2013) 243.

•LCAM LCAM Stein.

•LCAM DRAL a che ming po'i ming. Blaṅ 516.5.

•LCAM SNE ends of the crossbeams. Paṇ-chen, Gsung-'bum II 372.1.

•LCAM PA Fundamentals 16.2 (item 17). Malva verticellata L. Hübotter/1 1, 115; Chinese malve; heals retention of urine & diarrhea. Hübotter/2 2, 74. JD 141. SS 479.6. Types: pho lcam, mon lcam, mo lcam. KP1 190.2. = nyi dga'. YTTM 293.18. DG 263.4 Mdo 322. Tibetan medicine knows three kinds. JD 141: 1) Male lcam pa (pho lcam) grows on tall stalks in meadows. It has large leaves and wide mouthed white flowers. 2) Female lcam pa (mo lcam), smaller than the preceding. 3) Neuter lcam pa (ma ning lcam pa, = mon lcam). Dag-yig: A perennial herb. It grows to a height of 25-90 centimeters. The main stalk grows straight. The leaves are almost circular in shape. The flowers are brownish-red or light red depending on the species (rigs). The flowers open in the 8th or 9th month. The fruit is made into a medicine. There are three kinds: male, female & neuter. Malva sylvestris. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. Malva sylvestris. TDD 113.

•LCAM MA GDUNG 'neither joist nor beam.' A type of polyandry in which a father and son would marry and share the same wife. Apparently limited to cities of Lhasa & Gyantse, other Tibetans seem to have despised it. See M. Hermanns, The Status of Women in Tibet, Anthropological Quarterly 26 no 3 (July 1953) 67-78, at p. 77, where Prince Peter translated it as "beam-mother-beam." See as well the long discussion in Prince Peter, Polyandry 478.

•LCAM MO See bod lcam.

•LCAM SHING architecturally, this refers to 'joists' (the 'beams' that hold up the floorboards).

•LCAM SRU An aristocratic rank of women. Dotson, D&L 16.

•LCAL TI LCAL TI 'khyar re 'khor re. Btsan-lha.

•LCI BA See a ka ru.

•LCI BA'I CHOS BRGYAD Eight 'heavy rules' for nuns. Gutschow, Becoming a Buddhist Nun 170-171. In Skt., Gurudharma, rather strangely translated as bla ma'i chos brgyad. Gustav Roth, Bhikṣuṇī-Vinaya, K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute (Patna 1970), p. xxx (and English translation on p. xxxii).

•LCI BA MED See a ka ru.

•LCI 'BIGS Simioli, AG 62.

•LCI SBRID PA lci ru ngal ba'am dram med brgyal ba lta bu. Btsan-lha.

•LCI LUD manure used for fertilizer. Info. from Tashi Tsering.

•LCI RLON moist manure used for plaster and various other purposes. Info. from Tashi Tsering.

•LCIG PA rdung ba'am 'jal ba. Btsan-lha.

•LCIGS PHUR sgo'i yag shing. Btsan-lha.

•LCIBS (eye)lid. DD illus. 28.

•LCIM KP1 17.2. KP4 373.5. = lcum rtsa, etc.

•LCIL as in gzims lcil. Interesting spelling for spyil, grass hut. Gold Ms. I 15v.1.

•LCIL PO rtswa shing gi lo ma las bcos pa'i khang chung. Btsan-lha. This is just an alternative spelling for spyil po, as may be seen in Dotson, Dissert. 375-376.

•LCUG GU ske rags phra mo. Btsan-lha.

•LCUG MA See Yontan Gyatso in TJ XXVIII no. 3 (2003) 104.

•LCUNG KA jackdaw. = skyung ka. Beyer, CT Lang. 146.

•LCUM rhubarb. Another name for it is chu lo, and in some dialects: chu chu. Rhubarb root was once an important export (particularly from around the Kokonor and in border areas of Tibet & Szechuan), used in Europe and elsewhere for medicinal purposes.

•LCUM RTSA = zhim shing. JD 147. SS 493.4. See lcim. = rtsam shing. YTTM 293.1. Rhubarb root. TM IV 61. = padma rtsa ring, zhib shing, dom nag kha chu, ser po 'od ldan, rtsab shing, sa 'og rgyal po. DG 276.3. Note 34 of R. Yoeli-Tlalim's article "Central Asian Mélange."

•LCUM RTSA BCO LNGA a medicinal preparation. BT 54v.2.

•LCE gnam lcags sam lce 'bab bam thog. N. of a clan. Btsan-lha.

•LCE tongue. On tongues of Chinese Buddhist saints surviving cremation, just as Tibetan Buddhist saints' tongues often do, see Kieschnick, Impact 35. This is said to be a result of chanting the sūtras with great sincerity.

•LCE MKHRIS See shing mngar.

•LCE 'GYUR Stein.

•LCE CHUNG uvula. ('little tongue') Goldstein. DD illus. 18. Chashab in Rocznik Orientalistyczny 68 (2015) 54.

•LCE CHUNG BSREG THUR medical instrument pictured in JD 281 (item 2).

•LCE GNYIS PA forkéd tongue.

•LCE RTEN OT = brjod pa. = snyan 'dogs pa. Skt. vyavadeśa. Blaṅ 290.6, 299.2. snyad 'dogs pa. sgyu thabs kyis brdzus pa. Btsan-lha. = brjod pa. = snyad 'dogs pa. Lcang-skya.

•LCE BDUN an epithet for fire. Almogi, MA thesis 117.

•LCE SPYANG jackal. See under ce spyang. wa skyes sam wa mo. Btsan-lha.

•LCE 'BAB yid la 'bab pa. Btsan-lha.

•LCE 'BAM Text 24.

•LCE 'BRUM 'cankers.' SRZT 43.

•LCE MED See sbal ba.

•LCE MYANG TSHWA a mineral salt. JD 65. a tree. JD 114. SS 430.5. DG 230.6. Halitum. Rin 151.

•LCE MYUR TSHA a tree. SS 430.4.

•LCE DMAR shing ring lce dmar. Bellezza, D&B 121.

•LCE TSHA = sga tsha, gser 'dab lnga pa. JD 179. SS 487.5. Mdo 113. Ranunculus brotherusi (nuichillus). Wangchuk, Bioactive 26 (in the thesis itself this herb's properties are analysed). Buttercup. Ranunculus acris. TDD 154.

•LCE'I THOR lce'i rtse mo. Btsan-lha.

byang LCE'I RNAM SHES RGYU BA'I BU GA DD illus. 20.

•LCE BZHAR tongue scraper. Skt. jihvānirlekhanika. Mvy. 8974.

•LCE BZHUR = seng. YTTM 291.21.

•LCE GSHAGS PA'I ZOR BA See under zor ba.

•LCEB PA to take a suicidal leap, an OT method of suicide, generally involving drowning (or, in old times, water swallowing). Example of usage in Haarh, Yar-luṅ 405 (final line). Zhi-byed Coll. II 280.5; IV 196.2; V 466.3. Jamspal, Treasury 39.

•LCEBS PA rang srog la gnod pa byed pa'i ming ste / thag pas 'gag pa dang / g.yang dang / chu dang mer mchongs pa sogs so. Eimer, Dbyangs 55. rtsa ltung brgyad pa phog pa'i dka' spyad de ni rang gi phung po la yi mug nas dman pa'i 'du shes kyis / zhe sdang ba'i sgo nas lcebs pa la sogs pa byed pa yin te. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 338.4.

•LCO GA lco ga'i lad mo byed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 229.6. It might mean 'tadpole.' See lcong. But it is more likely a spelling for the bird co ga, a singing bird, perhaps a lark.

•LCO GAR MA Bellezza, D&B 54.

•LCOG [1] mgo. [2] mkhar dang lcags ri sogs kyi steng du yod pa'i khang chung lta bu. Btsan-lha. Translated as 'turret' in Alexander, Temples 319. Architectural usage in Lde'u 229, where the four lcog are made of conch. [3] In certain phrases it may refer to a hair style, a kind of topknot that resembles a turret (sometimes spelled cog), as for instance in dbu lcog, spa lcog or skra lcog.

•LCOG MKHAR Word for the four round watchtowers around the Potala. Po-ta-la (1996) 26.

•LCOG PU A small tent designed for a single person, or what in the U.S. might be called a "pup tent." Also spelled cog pu, cog bu, etc.

•LCOG TSE = cog rtse. Derived from Chinese acc. to Beyer, CT Lang. 141.

•LCOGS PA gang lcogs su (as much as one is able). Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 368.6.

•LCOGS TSHAD as much as one is able... Samdo A III 270r.6.

•LCONG tadpole. dma' shos. lcong lcong po occurs in OT Btsan-lha. See also lco ga.

•LCONG MO tadpole. lcong mo rgas pa rbal par 'gro gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 339.2.


*CHA*

•CHA Stein. [1] piece, portion. I suppose at times it may mean bhāga, the common income or produce tax in early India, general 1/6th. [2] 'digits' (16) of the moon, symbolic for byang sems dkar po. [3] [in] matters [of]... Here it could also be translated as 'allotment, fate' (an alternative spelling for phya). As used in divination text.

•CHA RKYEN = cha lag mthun rkyen. Das. ancillary. Karmay, Treasury.

•CHA KHA an unusual dialect form of the plural marker. Yisun. Is it only used with pronouns?

•CHA GA [1] med. an obsolete term. mcher pa'i cha ga is equiv. to mcher pa'i mu la (see DD 174). This mcher pa'i cha ga is tr. as 'edge of the spleen' in Yangga, dissert., p. 258. [2] As found in Lde'u 229.6, PB understands it to mean a spherical button used as a chuba clasp (evid. related to cha ru, q.v.). [3] Yisun explains it as a lower hem of a garment or of its sleeves [made of a different kind or color of material, evidently]. It is said to be necessary to have these inwardly turned hems in the case of fur coats (with the fur inside, of course). [4] the folds or creases at the ends of the eyes. Yisun.

•CHA GA LTAB PA Skt. dhaṭika, dhajika, vaṭika, dhaṇika. Mvy. 9189. I'm not sure of it, but from context, it probably means (as Csoma suggested) folds in a robe. RY dictionary says it means making a hem or border of a garment.

•CHA GA PA = chag pa. grasshopper. JD 263. SS 533 (?).

•CHA GANG Which part?

•CHA NGES See under 'theng khyer ling nge cha nges.

•CHA CHA CHA LA adv. simultaneously, at the same time. C&LT 168.

•CHA CHA NAS = cha thams cad nas, = phyogs sgor mo nas. BBNP 483. Btsan-lha.

•CHA CHAD = tshegs che. BBNP 479. Btsan-lha.

•CHA CHUNG = sor mo. = sor. 1/12 of a cha chen. Contains 4 rkang pa and 8 nas. Jackson.

•CHA CHEN a larger unit of measure made up of 12 cha chung. = 1/2 gru mo. = zhal tshad. = zhal. = gdong. = mtho. = thal mo. = mthil. Jackson.

•CHA CHO Btsan-lha.

•CHA CHOS [cha chod?] Lautmalend für "Lärm, Unruhe" Kaschewsky 82. No doubt the same word as ca co, cacophony, blabber.

•CHA SNYOMS BZHI THANG a medicinal preparation. BP 133.2.

•CHA MTHUN aides, conducive factors. This seems to mean that 'similar aspects' are shared by something the higher state that is aspired to...

•CHA MTHUN PA'I RGYUD a particular type of tantra in the same way that an 'explanatory tantra' is a type of tantra. I translate this as 'aiding tantra.' Examples of usage in Lde'u 124-125. There is also to be seen there a type of tantra called kha mthun pa, which I translate as 'harmonizing tantra.'

•CHA MTHUN BZHI See tha ma'i cha mthun lnga.

•CHA PHRAD calculating rules. Travers, BPPI 122.

•CHA BA [1] wear. [2] go away, leave. [3] in the negative: mi cha ba, = OT mi shes pa. to have no idea. Blaṅ 291.5. [4] OT = 'jug pa. Blaṅ 294.2. Lcang-skya. [5] A category of religious expert (a different spelling for phya pa, evidently). Samdo A III 200v.3. Namdak. 'gro ba'i brda rnying. thub pa. brgyan pa'am bzhag pa. Old vocabulary for going, able, adorned, or left [behind], set down. Btsan-lha. charming. sgeg pa. Dbus-pa no. 088. Lcang-skya.

•CHA BU A special term used in Blo-gsal-gling for the monastery manager, instead of the usual phyag mdzod. Dreyfus, Sound 348. Perhaps a 'reduced' form of chag bu or chags bu.

•CHA BYAD cha lugs. Dbus-pa no. 630.

•CHA DBYAD = cha lugs. Lcang-skya.

•CHA 'BAL LE ha re bsdad pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHA MA CHO DGU 'all kinds of.'

•CHA MA 'TSHAL cha ma rtogs pa'am gang yin mi shes pa.

•CHA MA YIN 'os ma yin.

•CHA MI CHA shes sam mi shes. Btsan-lha.

•CHA MED have not the least idea... OT = rgyus med. Blaṅ 291.5. = nges med. 367 127.2. = rgyus med. BBNP 473. = rgyus med. Lcang-skya.

•CHA'U TSE LW 517.

•CHA YOD OR cha shes, to have information about (something), to have some idea. Kretsch.

•CHA YOD BYED PA to give someone information, inform.

•CHA RU [1] (tent) peg. [2] button (in shape of peg used to fasten the chuba). Yisun explains it as a short stick or peg with a narrower part or notch in its middle (here used for tethering both tents and domestic animals).

•CHA LA = phyogs gcig pa. BBNP 469-470. Btsan-lha. tshogs su cha la [~mnyam du] bsgom. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 222.2.

•CHA LAG ancillary, supplementary. Karmay, Treasury.

•CHA LANG cymbals. Karmay, Treasury. A pair of cymbals used by Dalai Lama XIII in 1900 illus. in Precious Deposits IV 86-7.

•CHA LAM adv. almost. C&LT 168.

•CHA LE CHE LE [deriv. from chol, to mess up] = chal chol. messily. Soundings 26.

•CHA LE CHO LE nonsense. Stearns, SR 77.

•CHA SHAS CAN zla ba. Rtse-le VIII 428.

•CHA SINGS 'bru sogs nyal te ma skol bar bcud btsags pa. Dpe-chos 515.

•CHA GSUM See gtor ma cha gsum.

•CHAG [1] (coll.) grain as fodder for horses. [2] = chag krum, intrans: to break. MTTP. [3] n. of a finger (used in taking pulse). srin lag. [4] a clan name. [5] feet. chag ces pa brda rnying la rkang par 'jug. Btsan-lha.

•CHAG GA border. Hill, Aspirated 477.

•CHAG GANG GI TSHAD a 'bazaar measure,' the width of the 4 knuckles combined. Waddell, Lhasa 354.

•CHAG SGO See under chags sgo.

•CHAG SGROGS Also, chab sgrogs. chain, belt. Karmay, Treasury. = lcag chab sgrogs.

•CHAG CHINGS Stein.

•CHAG CHAG SGROGS chain, belt. Karmay, Treasury.

•CHAG CHANG KU BA See ka bed.

•CHAG CHEN Unglück, Katastrophe. Kaschewsky2.

•CHAG NYAG chad lhag. Gces 585.5. Btsan-lha.

•CHAG PA [1] to shatter, break. [2] to cut off, put an end to.

•CHAG PA'I KHA CHU See khyung phrug skyug pa'i bdud rtsi.

•CHAG BU lhwam (boot?). Namdak. See chags bu?

•CHAG BROM chag rum mam 'khyags rum. Btsan-lha.

•CHAG TSHA tshwa dang tshil snum sogs med pa'i thug pa sla mo. Btsan-lha.

•CHAG SHING rin chen chag shing / snang srid chag la gzhal ba'i chag shing zhes lha'i phyag mtshan zhig go. 506A 339.

•CHAGS phyags dang 'dra ba'i lham gyi zhe sa. thal mo rdeb pa. 'khrud pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHAGS RGYA OT = bu lon bda' ba'i dpang rgya ste yi ge bcug pa. Blaṅ 305.5-.6. Btsan-lha.

•CHAGS SGO Gefährdung, Unglück (misfortune, danger, threat). Kretsch. Stein. disaster. Example of usage in RET XXXIX 127, with tr. on p. 100.

•CHAGS CHOGS thams cad dam ma lus pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHAGS PA See also 'chag pa, 'move, walk.'

•CHAGS PA'I KHUNGS PO borrower. Dotson, D&L 69.

•CHAGS PHEBS zhabs kyis bcags pa'am phebs pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHAGS PHYI zhabs phyi. Btsan-lha. An evident misspelling of phyag phyi, q.v.

•CHAGS BU khungs nas byung ba'i chags bu gsol bar zhu. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 524.1.

•CHAGS RTSAM (= chags tsam). vernichtet, zerstört, dass nur (noch ein Name, eine Erinnerung übrig ist).

•CHAGS TSHUL 'formation' (of....). As for instance, the formation of the embryo, or the formation of the universe.

•CHAGS 'OG "under the sway of." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 320.

•CHAGS LAM Stein.

•CHANG [1] beer. Generally barley beer, although it may refer to beer and wine of all kinds. For beer as a Dzogchen metaphor, see Anspal, Space 141. [2] a med. term borrowed from Chinese; see Gerke, PT 9.

•CHANG KYUR collectively, in aggregate (?). Perhap same as chang khyu with terminative, 'to assemble, gather, an assemblage or gathering. Hill, Aspirated 476.

•CHANG KHYU 'beer herd'? OT = tshogs pa. Dbus-pa no. 066. Blaṅ 286.2. Lcang-skya. khu tshur. Btsan-lha.

•CHANG RGYAB PA a servant who clears the way of spectators (with a whip) at festivals. Velm I 135. Shouldn't this be lcang rgyab pa?

•CHANG NGI CHUNG NGE minutely. Soundings 28.

•CHANG NGE CHUNG NGE meticulously. Soundings 28.

•CHANG CHANG [1] = chang chang po. Appears in Vinaya text as a word for 'dildo', which of course is something nuns should not use. In the account, it was made of lac (rgya skyegs) and was attached to the nun's heel. See article in JIP by Shayne Clarke, "Locating Humour in Indian Buddhist Monastic Law Codes." [2] In the line mar gyi ni chang chang la, here translated 'If diving down [like] a fury." OZZ 115.

•CHANG CHUNG = chang ngi chung ngi, a reduplicative of chung ngu. Samdo A III 188r.3; IV 218r.6. Small beer (as in Shakespeare? Just joking). di[ng] ri ba'i rnal 'byor pa rnams la ma tshor du re ba'i khram chung chung 'debs pa mang / rang cag gnyis la khram myed gsung ba ni / go ca 'jig rten pa dang bral ba'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 155.5. Often it means 'odds and ends' or miscellaneous. Example of usage in NTSP section NGA, fol. 157.6 (Eimer, NG 355).

•CHANG THUB gang zag. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 366.

•CHANG DAD CHE BA beer greedy. chang la ha chang dga' ba. Btsan-lha.

•CHANG BU Beyer 324, 326, 329. Tucci, Religions 177. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 68. Equiv. to byang bu. Rhoton, CD 124. yang lung phran tshegs 263 las / dge slong gis sems can thams cad kyi phyir chang bu gzhag dgos pa'i rgyu mtshan gsungs. Sgo mang Dge bshes Ngag dbang nyi ma, Works, vol. 6, p. 481.4. Explanation by H. Decleer in Lungta XIII (2000) 51.

•CHANG 'BRAS glutinous rice. CTEV 31.

•CHANG MA See the confusing discussion by Rockhill in Das, JTL&CT 74. He says it means a 'wine companion,' hence 'married woman.'

•CHANG RA tshang ra? the posterior part of an animal's back. T&BS I 352. Compare mtshang ra.

•CHAD = kha chad. Versprechen. Kaschewsky2. An OT word in connection with funerals (compare CT mchad, cemetary). See Mike Walter's forthcoming article, and Sgra 'Grel, p. 21 (bottom). The latter reads bang so'i dur mchad.

•CHAD KA chas ka'am rgyu nor. Btsan-lha. punitive levy, fine. Hill, Aspirated 476. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•CHAD KHUNGS genesis, origin (of families, lineages, etc.). Sources.

•CHAD THUB OT = gang zag. Blaṅ 294.2. Lcang-skya.

•CHAD THO mna' skyel du 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHAD RDO promise. This word is related to brjed rdo (brjed tho?), an inventory, an aid to memory (mi brjed pa'i dran rten). the component rdo ('stone') acts as a tshig grogs, an auxiliary or qualifying element suggesting the indissoluble nature of the promise or inventory.

•CHAD PA [1] funerary ground, tomb. OT = dur gyi gnas. Also, = bang so. Blaṅ 296.5. [2] completely. rdzogs par. Dbus-pa no. 184. [3] to separate. Suggested connection with Skt. chid. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 12. cut off, discontinued, stopped. [4] punished.

•CHAD BTSAN PA I suppose (but am not sure) that as this occurs in Lde'u 284, 292, it means to make good on (or firmly fulfil) promises made (to the Newar queen's father). I couldn't locate other usages of the phrase (except in the source Lde'u used, in the Bka' chems ka khol ma, p. 256, for example; also, p. 267).

•CHAD SO an agreed upon period, a time agreement, a term of service... HS V 463.1.

•CHAN pudding. 'bras chan, rice pudding (Yisun says cooked rice). 'di myed na chan la phabs rtsis ma thegs pa dang 'dra. Zhi-byed Coll. II 438.6. I think it is usually best to translate this as 'curry,' although to follow Yisun it may be used for any kind of boiled grain dish that includes a sauce. It is used in Lde'u 47 to mean a dish described as made of mixed meat and rice. porridge. PD.

•CHAN PA OT = khye bo'i gri gug. Blaṅ 299.3. Btsan-lha.

•CHAN PA 'scissors.' Das, Goldstein. a shearing knife pictured in JD 279 (item 3). = khye bo. = gri gug. Lcang-skya.

•CHAN LA PHAB PA "overthrown in battle." = cham la phab pa. Kuijp in JAOS 111, p. 100.

•CHAB Generally an hon. form for chu, 'water.' See khos rang chab mi 'tshal ba & following. J. Bialek, How Much Power does Water Encompass? A Study of OT chab (forthcoming).

•CHAB KUNG SA chab khang. Btsan-lha.

•CHAB GANG snying stobs sam sha zhen. Btsan-lha. Tan, Theses 115 n. 8, 153 n. 13. Bellezza, L&T 44 notes 37, 40, & 75, where it is said to be a stock OT phrase indicating the ritual efficacy and magical power of the do ma (horse). See under chu gang (of which chab gang would appear to be the honorific form). There is an interesting usage, in connection with a royal tomb, in Lde'u 378. Bellezza, D&B 23, where it is glossed literally as 'above the water,' but interpreted to mean gifts to aid the deceased. Compare Bellezza, D&B 115.

•CHAB MGO buckle for book straps (glegs thag). BYNP 48 ff., with illus.

•CHAB SGO BKUM PA khang pa'i sgo brgyab pa. Btsan-lha. Note the bkra shis kyi chab sgo here, in Buston II 22.

•CHAB NYA LA ROL BA nya ltar chu'i nang du chu rkyal rgyab pa'am khrus rgyag pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHAB TAG rang 'thag. Btsan-lha.

•CHAB TOG A woman's ornament. See Nomads 264.

•CHAB TOM 'or 'ga' chab tom gyi nang du zhugs te lus sbed / 'or 'ga' snod sgye'u nang du zhugs te lus sbed. Some conceal themselves entering into a chab tom. Some conceal themselves entering inside a grain storage vessel. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 79, p. 366.2-3.

•CHAB GTOR See chu gtor.

•CHAB 'DREN sngon mo chab 'dren. = dar ya kan smug po. YTTM 293.13. SS 530.5.

•CHAB 'DREN GZHON NU See pri yang ku.

•CHAB BROM 'khyags rum. Btsan-lha.

•CHAB BLUG chab blug dge slong gi kha bshal chu snod ril ba chung ngu zhig. Yisun. Misspelled chabs slug in Dreyfus, Sound 399, where it is explained as a water bottle wrapped in decorative cloth which was worn by monks in Tibet (but not in exile).

•CHAB MA A 'utility belt' worn by women in NE Tibet. Illus. in Yisun.

CHAB MA metal buckles (used to hold book straps). See Kurtis Schaeffer, forthcoming work on Bu-ston.

•CHAB MA CHIB billowing. -ljab ma ljib. Dotson, Princess 65.

•CHAB MI 'TSHAL BA OT = chud mi za ba. Blaṅ 304.6. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya. chud mi 'dza' ba. Dbus-pa no. 156.

•CHAB STSAL NA gnod pa bgyis na. Btsan-lha.

•CHAB BSTSAL ordeal by water. A term not in lexicons, interpreted from its context. See Herbert Guenther, Down and Up Again: Allegories of Becoming and Transcendence, an internet book (2005) 69.

•CHAB BRTSAL BA As ex. of an irreg. Old Tantra term, corresponding to chad pa bcad pa, see the work of Dge-rtse in Rnying Rgyud 1973 XXXVI 455.

•CHAB TSHA chab tsha rtse mo zho gang 'bul zhing mchis. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 524.5. 'bras dang chab tsha'i bsnyen bkur mdzad. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 530.3. Often refers to a thin soup (without 'additives' or sdor). See Yontan Gyatso in TJ XXVIII no. 3 (2003) 101.

•CHAB TSHA ZI PO chab tsha zi po la srang lnga dang thud legs pa du ma zhig bskur nas mchis. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 191.1.

•CHAB TSHAN tsha chu'am chu dron po. Btsan-lha.

•CHAB 'TSHAL BA chud zos. Btsan-lha.

•CHAB ZHUGS lit., entering the water, hence swimming.

•CHAB ZHO STSAL chu blugs. Btsan-lha.

•CHAB 'OG NAS under [that king's] rule.

•CHAB RIL Jansen, Elephant 114.

•CHAB LU MA chu mig. Btsan-lha.

•CHAB LUNG See Nomads 264.

•CHAB SHUBS lit., water sheath. The water bottle cover, often made of brocade, and forming a part of ceremonial dress. It would be hung from the sash, it seems.

•CHAB GSAL Namdak.

•CHAB GSOL BA Also, dkar chab gsol ba. to commit suicide by drinking water. Karmay, Treasury.

•CHABS CIG adv. together. C&LT 169.

•CHABS CIG PA OT = lhan cig pa. Blaṅ 290.1. lhan cig pa. 'dra ba. Btsan-lha.

•CHABS GCIG stabs gcog. Gces 588.1.

•CHAM a volume-numbering mark (perhaps based on Chinese words for the fingers of the hand?). BKC 55.

•CHAM GYIS BTANG BBNP 485.

•CHAM CHAD phyam phyad. mnyam nyid. Btsan-lha. = mnyam nyid. Lcang-skya.

•CHAM DU OT = gtan du. Blaṅ 285.5. Btsan-lha.

•CHAM DU MI SKYER BA = gtan du ma skyes pa. Lcang-skya.

•CHAM PA the common cold. nad dug cig gi rkyen las byung ba'i 'go nad cig ste, nad rtags ni sna 'tshubs pa, mid pa na ba, mgo na ba, lus la tsha ba rgyas pa, glo lu byed pa, sna sbrid byed pa bcas yin. tshig bsdus na CHAM zhes 'bri chog ste: sna cham/ cham nad ces pa lta bu. Dag-yig. Text 33. Lag-len 255.1, 258.2.

byis pa'i CHAM PA GLO 'KHUN SRZT 120.

•CHAM PA GLO LU SRZT 67.

•CHAM ME = lham me. shining, bright. See T&BS I 343.

•CHAM TSHAD fevers of common cold. Text 31.

•CHAM RIMS SKE SKRANGS SRZT 58.

•CHAM LA PHAB PA See chan la phab pa. Namdak.

•CHAM LA PHOB 'di yul skad yin don khongs dregs btsan pa'i gnas nas dma' sar 'bebs [58r4] pa la 'jug / don mgo mtho ba de dma' sar cham gyis brdal ba'i don yin / yang brda rnying du cham du zhes pa brda gsar la gtan du zhes par yod. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•CHAMS in harmony, suitable (related to 'cham po). Samdo A III 278r.5.

•CHAMS KYIS BRDAL BA khengs dregs btsan pa'i gnas nas dma' sar 'bebs pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHAR rain. suggested as possible Indic loan, Skt. kṣara, etc. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 13.

•CHAR KA BTANG BA 'phya smod dang skyon 'don byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHAR MGO Nomads 265, 266. Name for the clasp of the waistband.

•CHAR CHEN a festival held in Nag chu, at the beginning of the 8th month. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 48.

•CHAR MDANGS rain shading [in painting, creating the illusion of distant rain in the sky].

•CHAR SDOD BYI'U dbyangs can dga' blos mdzad pa'i sa skya legs bshad sogs kyi brda don grol ba las / char sdod byi'u ni / 'ga' zhig rma bya dang gong mo la bshad pa dang / la las khu byug yin zer ba sogs yod kyang / mngon brjod mang po dang rtogs brjod dpag bsam 'khri shing gi mchan du spang lo tsā bas khug rta yin par bshad de / khug rta la char sdod byi'u dang / sā radna dang / tsa ta ka [cātaka] dang / char dga' dang / sprin la slong zhes pa sogs ming gi rnam grangs mang du gsungs shing phal skad la kha la yug zer ro zhes gsungs so. Gser Sbram 142. Eimer, Dbyangs 55. See khug rta.

•CHAR PA DRAG PO Skt. caṇḍavṛṣṭi. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•CHAR 'BEBS See rdo ba char 'bebs. A stone found in animal brains. DG 98.6.

•CHAR 'BOD calling the rain. MTTP.

•CHAR MA nomad women's ornamented wide belt. Nomads 264-5. On the right-hand side would be a milk bucket hook (bzhon 'dzin), on the left a small knife (gri chung).

•CHAR MI NYE phyogs tsam mi do ba. Btsan-lha.

•CHAR G.YENG 'dod chags la brkam pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHAR GSE BA cha shas sam dum bur gshags pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHAL PA See under phyal pa.

•CHAL BAR bkram pa. Dbus-pa no. 328.

•CHAL MAR BKANG BA gcal du bkram pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHAL LI CHIL LI wavily. Soundings 28.

•CHAL LE CHOL LE heterogeneously. Soundings 28.

•CHAL GSUM a set of three cleansing agents. Bellezza, D&B 123.

•CHAS BRGYAD See dur khrod kyi chas brgyad.

•CHAS PA set off [on a journey], depart [for], fire off [like a shooting star].

•CHAS GZOB gos rgyan gyis brgyan pa. yo byad mang po bsgrigs pa. Btsan-lha. gos rgyan gyis brgyan pa'am / yang na skabs 'dir dgos med kyi cha rkyen nam yo byad mang po gzab gzab byas te bsgrigs pa la byed dam snyam. Eimer, Dbyangs 57.

•CHAS YIG Along with the lam yig, this document allowed travelers to claim rations from storehouses along the way.

•CHAS SU 'JUG PA (in theater) costumer, dresser (probably including makeup?). chas su zhugs pa refers to the one who is in costume.

•CHI GE See Chödag.

•CHI BA KHA a species of dried fruit. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 31.

•CHI BI KHA a fruit.

•CHI SMYID Also, ji smyid. Nishida, TTDD 145.

•CHI LI LI Sound of boiling water.

•CHI LE BA See sbrid chi le ba.

•CHIG RKYANG mi sogs kher bu rkyang ba. Utpal 24.3.

•CHIG CHOD [DU] decisive[ly], decided[ly]. Klong-chen-pa 9.9.

•CHIG THUB For the stone (rdo chig thub), see mdung rtse. For nag po chig thub, see KP1 114.4. KP3 281.7. KP4 449.1.

•CHIG DRIL Equiv. to chig gril.

•CHIG RDZOGS SU [to confer] at one and the same time the four degrees of ordination. Karmay, Treasury. sa lam chig rdzogs su gtong pa yin gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 325.3.

•CHIG LAB speaking without a conversation partner, soliloquy.

•CHINGS a treatment for limb injuries. Yangga's dissert., p. 66.

•CHINGS [1] bonds, fetters. [2] framework (structural outline supplying reference points, most likely in a numbered list).

•CHINGS DAN treaty. Sources.

•CHINGS LUGS Stein.

•CHIB See ci chib.

•CHIB PA [1] pervading. OT = khyab pa. Dbus-pa no. 188. Blaṅ 289.1. Lcang-skya. [2] act of riding. zhon pa'i las. khyab pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHIBS KHA = rta kha. reins.

•CHIBS KHA THUB PAR GYUR BA 'having gotten capable of the bridle.' A way of saying that a prince has reached the age of enthronement, supposedly at age 13. See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 65-66.

•CHIBS SDE Dotson, OTA glossary.

•CHIBS DPON [1] = rta dpon. Horse-handling officials of the 6th rank, 2 laymen, the senior of which was called chibs che OR chibs dpon chen mo. Petech. chibs dpon gyi las thabs ni / gshegs yul mtshon pa lags / Lde'u 256 (see also p. 270, where a figure by this name [?] has his own administration). [2] chief of Chibs region. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•CHIBS BZHON government officials entitled to ride horses. Sources.

•CHIBS RA animal mount. Bellezza in RET 42 (2017) 30 ff.

•CHIBS BSU a kind of welcoming for a high dignitary involving horseback riding (and shooting of weapons). Noble Mountaineer 277.

•CHIR chintz. Suggested loan from Hindi or Bengali, chit. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 14.

•CHIL CHIL bubbling, surging, boiling. Cuevas, Travels 152 n. 35.

•CHIS ma chis las (= ma mchis lags). "does not exist." Kuijp (1986) 35. See Richardson in HP,PE 25-27, where he suggests the tr. 'proper attention to public affairs,' administration of affairs, due attention.' (With this meaning, see under tshis.)

•CHU [1] water, liquid. [2] (M.T.) deriv. from Ch. qu. district, an administrative area smaller than a prefecture (zhou) and a county (xian), but lrager than a xiang. Also refers sometimes to a region, which is an area larger than a prefecture. Barnett, Resistance. [3] a 'secret' way of saying 'ten,' used by gamblers. Norbu, Drung 229. [4] dkyus sam srid. Btsan-lha. chu / 'dir dkyus sam srid kyi don te chu zheng gab pa lta bu. Gser Sbram 223.

•CHU KU BA Also, chu kub. watermelon. CTEV 28.

•CHU KLUNG also occasionally used to mean 'ocean.' Btsan-lha.

•CHU DKAR a drink made by pouring some milk into boiled water, drunk mainly by nomads who cannot afford to drink tea. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 45.

•CHU RKANG RTEN 'BU One of six names for dragonfly discussed in M.A.J.E. Kiauta-Brink, Some Tibetan Expressions for Dragonfly, with Special Reference to the Biological Features and Demonology, Odonatologica 5 no 2 (June 1976) 143-152 [PDF].

•CHU RKYAL Yangga's dissert., p. 281.

•CHU SKYAR mchu ring po can gyi chu bya zhig. mthing ril. Btsan-lha. Eimer, Dbyangs 57. don ni chu skyar bzhin du bsam. Flick, Carrying Enemies 44-46. Dietz in IIJ 41 (1998) 389. Skt. balākā, a small kind of crane. Mvy. 4890. heron. It doesn't speak, which is why it isn't caught by humans. If it spoke they would want to capture it. Hahn, TSD 16.

•CHU SKYUR Text 13, 82. chu skyur skyug pa zer. Khyung-sprul 17.

•CHU SKYUR RDO Gerke, SLT 127.

•CHU SKYEGS bad kan gyi nad mchi ma skyur mo skyugs pa. Btsan-lha. chu bya'i ming. Utpal 28.4. chu skyegs bad kan. Khyung-sprul 17.

•CHU SKYES 1. zla ba. 2. gza' lhag. 3. pa wa sangs. 4. lha yi drang srong. 5. padma. Blaṅ 528.

•CHU SKYES 'DAB MA LTUNG BA Skt. abjapattrapatita. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•CHU SKYOMS chu dkrugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHU KHA river bank.

•CHU MKHRI SHING chu'i rba rlabs. Btsan-lha.

•CHU 'KHOR waterwheel. Combe 52.

•CHU GANG valour, courage. OT = snying stobs. Blaṅ 302.1; BBNP 476. Lcang-skya (seems to read: chu gad). The hon. form is chab gang. "force of character, moral quality, courage, honesty, loyalty, integrity, etc." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 317. As translation of Confucian term for 'honesty,' see Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163, 195-6. snying stobs. legs pa. Btsan-lha. chu gang che bas phung mo ngan khrel ba la ngo mtshar mi byed pa'i mi yang mthong ste. Zhi-byed Coll. V 459.4. See chab gang.

•CHU GRI gri thung so gcig pa dang so gnyis pa. Btsan-lha. 'water knife.' surgical implement for removing tumors. skrangs zhal ba'i chu gri. JD 276 (item 4). chu gri literally means 'water knife,' but most likely this is a disguised borrowing of the Sanskrit word chūrī[kā] which simply means 'knife' (also in ordinary modern Hindi, Nepali khukri, etc.). Suggested loan from Indic churikā, kṣurī, kṣurikā. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 15. 'khyog dang ldan pa'i gri zhig. Dagyab. Means 'curved knife' in general.

•CHU GRUB PA = khol ba. Lcang-skya.

•CHU GROG chu'i lbu ba. chu grang mo. chu grang mo la sman phye btab pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHU GLANG aquatic oxen. ZZFC 218.

•CHU GLE chu gling zhes pa'i yul skad do // mtha' chus bskor ba'i gling ngo. Dpe-chos 506.

•CHU 'GUM SRI 'GUM chu shi gri shi. Btsan-lha.

•CHU RGYUS Text 54.

•CHU SGROG chu la phye btab pa'i thug pa sla mo zhig. Btsan-lha.

•CHU NGAN SS 531.6.

•CHU NGUN de'i dbus na nang pa'i lha khang rnying pa chu ngun zhig yod skad. HS V 426.5.

•CHU DNGO chu ngogs sam chu 'gram. Btsan-lha.

•CHU CU GANG The mineral calciosinter. Said to be result of water precipitating on rocks deep in caves. Perhaps same as kaolin? It is believed for some disorders to have same effect as the true cu gang (bamboo manna), hence the name. Rin 145.

•CHU LCUM DG 277.2.

•CHU CHUNG NĪ LA = nī la tsha. DG 83.4.

•CHU CHUNG BA See chu rtsa.

•CHU CHUN MA chu len mkhan gyi bran mo. Btsan-lha.

•CHU 'CHING thog phibs sam rgya phibs. Btsan-lha.

•CHU NYUNG SER PO See chu yungs ser po.

•CHU GNYER MA N. of a melody introduced by Rin-chen-bzang-po. Vitali in Lungta 14 (2001) 20.

•CHU SNYING DG 83.3. Achates (Water Gem). Not to be confused with a yellow gemstone called chu yi snying po. Rin 19.

•CHU'I SNYING PO See (rgya) tsha. See bi tsul ra ma ṇi.

•CHU TUG KP1 129.2.

•CHU GTER BZHI ri rab kyi phyogs bzhi'i rgya mtsho'o. 600 35.

•CHU GTOD chu gtod chu gtod du thug rj [??] me ni sa spungs chu rdol du gang nas yod pa. Dpe-chos 516.

•CHU GTOR See also mchod gtor, chab gtor. Acc. to BA 674, this practice was first introduced by Atisa.

•CHU RTA aquatic horse, mount of certain deities like Gnam mtsho phyug mo. ZZFC 218.

•CHU YI RTA See dngul chu.

•CHU RTA MA KP1 34.2. KP3 253.2. KP4 387.5n.

•CHU RTEN = la ma. "bundle of grass, bundle of grass roots." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•CHU THAG Calamus. Dhongthog.

•CHU MTHONGS Stein.

•CHU 'THUNG See rta.

•CHU 'THUNG SNOD LDAN See a ka ru.

•CHU DAG KP1 100.2. KP3 275.4. KP4 438.4.

•CHU DWANGS See under ke ta ka. Gser Sbram 298.

•CHU DWANGS NOR BU chu'i snyog pa dwangs par byed pa'i nor bu ke ta ka zhes pa zhig gi ming yin te / ke ta ka ni grangs byed dam dwangs byed du bsgyur rung ngo. Eimer, Dbyangs 55.

•CHU DAR cloth made from chu bal, q.v. See discussion in Davidson, Tibetan Renaissance, pp. 415-416. The Bka' thang sde lnga (1986), p. 162, tells of some writings done in Tibet using chu dar as a writing surface.

•CHU DUG NAG PO Mdo 116.

•CHU DEB See (sngo) deb. Called chu de ba, & identified with Aster stracheyi, in Wangchuk, Bioactive 24.

•CHU GDAL BA chu dal po. Btsan-lha.

•CHU 'DANG NOR BU Jamspal, Treasury 8.

•CHU RDO chu shel. Btsan-lha. JD 50. SS 505.4. DG 138.3.

•CHU LDIR water pitcher. Hon.: zangs rkyan OR dngul rkyan. Schmied 180.

•CHU LDUM OG DKAR Czaja in NTFC I 101-104.

•CHU SDOR water (soup) additives. 367 I 236. thug par 'debs rdzas mar chur. Btsan-lha.

•CHU NAD blister disease. Jamspal, Treasury 52. seasickness. Sørensen in Lungta 16 (2003) 113 n. 63.

•CHU YI NOR BU DG 94.1.

•CHU PIR water brush used for 'washes' in painting. Jackson.

•CHU SPE mkhar rdzong dang khang pa'i thog. Btsan-lha.

•CHU SPRES See sram.

•CHU BA [1] 'robe,' derives from Turkish juba, acc. to Beyer, CT Lang. 140. The more proper spelling is probably phyu ba, q.v. yu ba. [2] lus kyi lhu tshigs 'dzin byed rgyus pa. lus kyi rtsa. Btsan-lha. See mkhrig ma'i chu ba, gru mo'i chu ba, sgyid khung chu ba, rting pa'i chu ba, phrag pa'i chu ba, (chu ba) sbal mgo. See chu rtsa.

•CHU BAN a container for carrying liquids. Havnevik, Dissertation 215.

•CHU BAL Skt. śaivala, 'water moss' (algae, evidently). Syn. with sbal snabs, 'turtle snot.' Yisun defines it as a greenish root that forms in the water, which this dictionary elsewhere says can have cloth made from it. Perhaps it's 'wool produced in water,' a product of the 'water sheep,' or the byssus cloth? The term appears in Lde'u 384, as a luxury item passed down in the imperial family. See the discussion section of the Sitahu blogspot blog dated March 20, 2009. There is found reference to an article by Berthold Laufer entitled "The Story of the Pinna and the Syrian Lamb." There is also a recent article by J.H. Appleby, "The Royal Society and the Tartar Lamb." I found via TBRC's eText search, a passage in a work of Dbyangs-can-dga'-ba'i-rdo-rje that says: chu nang du bal sngon po 'dra ba chags pa chu bal zhes pa la bshad. "Water wool is explained as something in the water that forms a blue wool-like substance."

•CHU BAL MO See KP4 484.1. SS 526.1.

•CHU BUN tshos kyi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•CHU BUR Or, chu thor, 'blister.' Dhongthog.

•CHU BUR CAN Stein.

•CHU BUR MIG Germano, Poetic Thought 883, 959. Way of referring to the physical eye (a watery blister). Gyatso, Apparitions 96.

•CHU BEM a container. Havnevik, Dissertation 217. See under bem.

•CHU BO May stand for Skt, ogha, in which case it means, in the psychological sense, 'flooding' by kleśas / emotions (like, I would suggest, a late stage in the experience of fear, in which the fear takes over and paralyzes or overcomes you). See Richard Sorabji, Emotion & Peace of Mind, p. 7, on 'flooding.' It's possible it's used simply as a metaphor for kleśas in general, or in a more specific way, the 5th stage of development in the 'life' of a kleśa... EoB VII 203-204.

•CHU BO CHEN PO BZHI ganggā / si ta / pakshu / ya mu na'o. 600 35.

•CHU BO BZHI 'dod pa'i chu bo / srid pa'i chu bo / lta ba'i chu bo / ma rig pa'i chu bo'o. 600 38.

•CHU BYA See so bya.

•CHU BYI chu byi ni / bai sngon du phal skad chu yar 'bod pa tsi tsi dang phyogs mtshungs la de las chung dang / mjug ma ring phra zhes pa chu 'gram du gnas pa'i byi ba ste / rgyud las / chu byi cha bya'i sha yis sha dug sel // zhes gsungs so. JD 258. SS 503.4.

•CHU BRAN chu chung ngu.

•CHU BRUG PA chu rgyas pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHU BRUB PA OT = khol ba. = rba klong. Blaṅ 294.5. mi dar chu ru brug ni chu ru brub ces pa ste chu rgyas pa ltar mi rgyud dar ba'i don. Dpe-chos 510. Btsan-lha.

•CHU'I BRE'U = mu rdo. YTTM 292.27.

•CHU 'BAM Lag-len 268.1.

•CHU 'BOG chu brgal ba. Btsan-lha.

•CHU 'BRUM chufa. CTEV 30.

•CHU SBU GU CAN DD illus. 4.

•CHU SBUR = ldong mo myur mgyogs rta, sbal ba mjug ma can, tshe gcig lus gnyis. tadpole. JD 262. See bur 'gyogs.

•CHU MA water carriers. TS7 I 191. Stein.

•CHU MA RTSI = rtsi stag mo, rtsa ba chung. JD 148. SS 476.6. KP3 243.6. YTTM 292.2. Mdo 119.

•CHU MO (poet.) the river or water. MTTP.

•CHU SMAN See mon lcam.

•CHU SMAN RNON PO GSUM YTTM 290.19.

•CHU RTSA [1] an herb. = ser po zab lag, zab lag can. JD 147. SS 493.6. = thab lag can, gser gyi sdong po. YTTM 292.27. = chu chung ba, la chu, dpal chen pa, la rgod, chu ba, bya slag can, rgyal po bser ser can, 'dab ma chu lo, rkang la chu lo. DG 277.2. For dye for monastic robes, in Khams a similar dye plant is called la chu'i rtsa ba. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 130.1. Rheum australe. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27. Rhubarb. TDD 157. Discussion in ATPP 70. [2] 'water channels' [in traditional physiology, in fact, ligaments]. See Yontan Gyatso in TJ XXVIII no. 3 (2003) 103.

•CHU RTSWA ser por kha bsgyur rgyu'i rtswa zhig go. Dpe-chos 515.

•CHU RTSA 'JA' BYED DD illus. 4.

•CHU RTSA RATNA DD illus. 4.

•CHU RTSI Discussion in ATPP 70.

•CHU RTSI NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 69. Lag-len 47.3. TMC 37 (55). BT 48r.2. BP 168.5.

•CHU RTSI NAG PO Water pepper. Polygonum hydropiper. TDD 142.

•CHU RTSI MO = lung. YTTM 292.5.

•CHU TSHAN DG 99.1. a medicinal preparation. BP 402.4.

•CHU TSHAN RING BSREL 'hot spring relics.' Calcite concretions said to form in holy places and in hot springs. It has other names such as gangs ri'i 'phel gdung, and some believe it is gangs thigs. Rin 51.

•CHU TSHOD waterclock or clepsydra (κλεψυδρα). Skt. ghaṭikā or nāḍī. Mvy. 8238, 8239. These waterclocks were installed only in the larger monasteries, evidently. For ordinary purposes the velācakra (nya tshod kyi 'khor lo; the dial or sundial) was sufficient for telling time. This word chu tshod is still used in modern language as the word for 'clock' and 'hour' even though waterproofing, much more than water (chu), characterizes them. Gregory Schopen, Marking Time in Buddhist Monasteries: On Calendars, Clocks, and Some Liturgical Practices, contained in: P. Harrison & G. Schopen, eds., Sūryacandrāya: Essays in Honour of Akira Yuyama (Swisttal-Odendorf 1998) 157-180. The waterclock probably originated in Egypt, where all kinds of time gauging devices were called merkhet, rather like the general term in Greek, gnomon (it also means 'gauge, indicator, marker'). See Stephanie West, Cultural Interchange over a Water-Clock, Classical Quarterly, n.s. vol. 23, no. 1 (May 1973), pp. 61-64.

•CHU 'DZIN 1. sprin. 2. bha ga. Blaṅ 528.

•CHU 'DZIN PHRENG BA Skt. jaladharamālā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•CHU 'DZIN DBANG PO Gser Sbram 412.

•CHU ZHENG height and width. chu ni dpangs dang / zheng ni kha zheng ngam kha rgya. Yisun.

•CHU ZHENG GAB PA well proportioned.

•CHU ZHENG MNYAM PA height and width equal. square.

•CHU GZHA' GSANG chu mtha' rgya che ba. Btsan-lha.

•CHU ZER DKAR NAG Text 84.

•CHU 'O chu dang 'o ma bsres pa. Watered down milk. Nomads 237.

•CHU 'OD shwa 'od dam chu log. Btsan-lha.

•CHU YAN LAG BRGYAD LDAN bsil ba / yang ba / zhim pa / 'jam pa / dwangs pa / dri nga ba med pa / 'thung na mgrin pa bde ba / 'thung na lto ba la mi gnod pa rnams so. 600 104. bsil ba zhim pa yang ba 'jam pa dwangs pa dri ma med pa / 'thung na lto ba la mi gnod pa / 'thung na mgrin pa la mi gnod pa ste brgyad do. Eimer, Dbyangs 58.

•CHU YUNGS SER PO KP3 332.7.

•CHU RA 'Tibetan cheese.' Dargyay, TVC 68. chu snod. Btsan-lha.

•CHU RAGS dam. Chimpa, THBI 108. Actually, I think it generally would mean a [river] embankment or dike, but also a dam (these things don't seem to be distinguished in the older sources).

•CHU RAB See under rab, with meaning of fording place.

•CHU RAS wet cotton cloth. A gtum mo practice. Huber, Pure Crystal 87.

•CHU RIS [1] water design, wave design. Jackson. The ripples of the river. MTTP. The art-history by Dkon-mchog-bstan-'dzin, Bzo-gnas 135, uses the term chu ris ma to refer to Chinese 'ink' drawings, something that never really caught on in Tibet. In this sense the word might be analyzed to mean 'liquid [ink] drawn.' [2] water bearers. ZZFC 244.

•CHU RUG zas zos pa ma zhus pas phyir lud pa. sngo sdum gyi rtsa ba zhig. Btsan-lha. Halerpestes sarmentosa. Czaja in NTFC I 89-93.

•CHU RUG PA = sbrul spal kha rgyan (sbrul sbal kha rgyan?). JD 195. SS 462.1. KP3 288.2. KP4 459.2. Ranunculus tricuspis. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26.

•CHU'I RUS PA See mu tig.

•CHU LA SPYINGS chus khyer nas gting du nub pa. Btsan-lha.

mjing pa'i CHU LEB DD illus. 30.

•CHU LUG [1] name of a year. [2] sheep believed to live under the water (more accurately, a sea creature that supplies fibers that can be used to make cloth). See ZZFC, index, where there is something about them. Perhaps they have to do with the wool of water-sheep known to Han Dynasty China as a source for asbestos (?)? See Berthold Laufer, The Story of the Pinna and the Syrian Lamb, J. of American Folk-Lore 28 no 108 (Apr 1915) 103-128. See under chu dar.

•CHU LO sorrel leaves. TM IV 64. rhubarb (Lonely Planet Phrasebook).

•CHU LON OT = rags. Blaṅ 306.4. chu rags. zam pa. Btsan-lha. Chimpa, THBI 108. Use of this term in the history of early Buddhist iconography is explained by Tāranātha in the 15th chapter of his History of India.

•CHU LON ZAM PA chu yang 'gog la rgyu ba'i zam par yang 'gyur ba'i chu rags.

•CHU SHING In general, ought to correspond to Skt. kadalī, 'banana, plantain.' driftwood. Skorupski, TA. = smyug ma, = e raṇṭa. See BBNP 480. Some say it means smyug ma, others 'om bu, and still others shing gi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha. chu shing la phye na snying po myi gda'. Zhi-byed Coll. II 15.7. 'bras bu thogs pa na sdong bu dang bcas pa skam 'gro ba'i shing zhig yin la / la las smyug ma la nges 'dzin / a kyā yongs 'dzin gyis / chu shing ni chu klung gi 'bram bye ma'i nang du skyes pa'i 'om bu yin par bshad cing / 'om nag ces kyang 'byung ngo zhes gsungs. Gser Sbram 299. Myricarea rosea. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. See 'om bu. For a metaphorical usage, see Zurchungpa, Testament, p. 223.

•CHU SHEL Combe. Acc. to Das, a magic stone supposed to have the power of producing water or rain. See Lhalungpa 220, n. 25. yul sems rten 'brel las skye ba chu shel la zla ba shar ba lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 476.4. = tsan dra kan ti. DG 87.6. Jamspal, Treasury 181. = tsandra kanti (tsan dra kan ti). JD 35. Identified as natural quartz crystal in Rin 29, where its other names are: 'od gsal snying po, rdo ba 'od gsal, ri skyes, dag pa'i rdo dkar, zla ba'i dri, rdo ba dkar po, rdo shel, shel rdo, shel mo rdo. See footnote on the Turkic rain-making stone in Peter B. Golden, “The Ethnographic Tales of the Türks,” Medieval History Journal, vol. 21, no 2 (2018), pp. 291-327, at p. 301, note 52.

•CHU SHO JD 151. SS 485.3.

•CHU SHO BA See ga bra. See bra ga.

•CHU GSHA' glo bur du rdol ba'i chu drag. Btsan-lha.

•CHU SER Germano, Poetic Thought 903, 'lymph.' lus kyi rma las byung ba'i gsher khu'i ming. Dag-yig. 10 kinds of 'serum' stay in the joints and, if disturbed, cause arthritis. Text 12, 25, 36, 41, 42, 43, 48, 52, 78. The symptoms and various sorts: The flesh and skin puff up. It is the kind of disease which produces open sores and itching. Although there are many sorts, there are the following basic categories: 1) 'White chu ser' which accompanies 'cold disorders' and 2) 'black chu ser' which accompanies 'head disorders.' The most turbulent sort of 'black chu ser' is leprosy (MDZE). SRZT 102.

•CHU SER KHRAG 'THUNG See sing lding.

•CHU SER GRANG BABS Text 36.

•CHU SER THUR MA See (- - - -) 'bri lce.

•CHU SER GYI NAD SRZT 102.

•CHU SER SMAN GSUM YTTM 290.17.

•CHU SER TSHA BA Text 46.

•CHU SER GSHA' RINGS DD illus. 23.

•CHU SO = gcin lam, and, sometimes, = lgang ba. Dag-yig. lte ba'i 'og gam 'doms. Chödag. lte 'og sor bzhi'i mtshams. Dagyab. the bladder, external and internal urinary organs. Das. the urinary opening. DD illus. 21, 22. urethra. Yangga's dissert., p. 150.

•CHU SRAM A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 295. Otter.

•CHU SRI = gcin sri. Text 36.

•CHU SRID Namdak.

•CHU SRIN makara, the sea creature. Sometimes chu srin translates Skt. kumbhīra. SS 501.5. Templeman, SIL 86. EoB VI 577-578. For a nice modern usage of the image of the conch getting thrown in the mouth of the makara as a way to destroy it, see Memories of Life 21. In Greek mythology (as also depicted in Gandharan art), the closest match to the makara would be the ketos (Latin cetus).

•CHU SRIN DGRA Stein.

•CHU SRIN MGO Head of a makara used as an ornament at the corners of temple eaves. Illus. in Yisun.

•CHU SRIN RGYAL MO One of six names for dragonfly discussed in M.A.J.E. Kiauta-Brink, Some Tibetan Expressions for Dragonfly, with Special Reference to the Biological Features and Demonology, Odonatologica 5 no 2 (June 1976) 143-152 [PDF].

•CHU SRIN RGYAL MTSHAN 1. 'dod pa'i lha. 2. chu gter. Blaṅ 528.

•CHU SRIN SDER MO JD 260. = na gi ni. See na gi. As n. of a herb, = spal ba lag pa (sbal ba lag pa?). JD 172. Selaginella pulvinate. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27.

•CHU SRIN ZHAL ZZFC 240.

•CHU HAṂ Evidently a name Tibetans use for the lizard or some kind of the same. Snye-thang's Abhidhana text.

•CHU LHA'I SHING Simioli, AG 62.

•CHUG KHOL slave. ('zap' in vernacular). Sources.

•CHUG THAG chung ba'am chung shos.

•CHUG NA dbang du btang na. Btsan-lha.

•CHUGS PAR BYED gyod sdum pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHUNG 'GRUL (Amdo, Khams) the lover or beloved. MTTP.

•CHUNG NGU lesser. Skt. alpa. = phye. "flour." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•CHUNG RNGUN byang chub sems dpa' chung rngun ni yang dag pa'i mtha' mngon du byas te. Zhi-byed Coll. II 334.4.

•CHUNG GNYEN childhood arranged marriage. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum I 33.1.

•CHUNG THAG = chung ba, = chung shos. (regionalism) che thag is also possible! BBNP 469.

•CHUNG PA pha yul lam zhing pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHUNG PO GROGS chung ngu nas 'dris pa'i grogs. Btsan-lha.

•CHUNG BA OT = zhing pa. Blaṅ 306.2.

•CHUNG MA married woman, wife. See Das, JTL&CT 74. See under bud med.

•CHUNG RTSAG small stuff, small sorts of... minor kinds of...

•CHUNG ZAD cung zad. Btsan-lha.

•CHUNG ZAD SNYAM PA'I NGA RGYAL Skt. ūnamāna. Vasubandhu takes this to be a type of pride in which one things oneself only slightly inferior to those who are in fact vastly superior. See Maria Heim, The Conceit of Self-Loathing, JIP 37 (2009) 61-74, at p. 64. Mvy. 1951.

•CHUNG SRID Namdak. See Ramble in C. Ramble & U. Roesler, eds., Tibetan and Himalayan Healing, Vajra Books (Kathmandu 2015) 560.

•CHUD a subspecies of ma mo. Norbu, Drung 81. Karmay, Arrow 344.

•CHUD PA [1] gain admission [to], get squeezed [between]. [2] understand, realize (similar to chub pa). rtogs pa. Dbus-pa no. 228.

•CHUD MI ZA nges par du 'byung. Btsan-lha.

•CHUD MI GSON to not waste. Jamspal, Treasury 197.

•CHUD GSAN PA gets wasted, is made useless. Jamspal, Treasury 8.

•CHUN Alternative spelling for bcun. See Dagyab. 4 273r.2. skal myed log lta can gyi myis rig pa myi chun. Zhi-byed Coll. II 188.7. sems bsam brjo' la 'phyos na lta stangs kyi rig pa chun. Ibid. II 197.5. nga spyi bor bsgoms la lta stangs kyis rig pa chun gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 339.1 (also 339.7).

•CHUN PA (n.) zhing pa. Btsan-lha. zhing la bdag gnyer byed po dang / bam chag la'ang. Dagyab.

•CHUN PA (v.) [1] rtsa ba'i bla ma chun na rgyud pa thams cad 'dus pas bla ma thangs cad chun / bla ma chun pas yi dam chun... Zhi-byed Coll. III 40.6. [2] 'dug stangs kyis lus chun pa / mnyam rjes kyis sems chun pa / rtson 'grus kyis lus ngag yid gsum ka chun par gyis / nyams myong la myi 'char ba'i dbang myi mchi' gsung. Ibid. II 437.5. This verb sometimes should be understood as the impv. form of 'jun pa ('to tame, train, make flexible').

•CHUN PA GSUM 129 V 204.

•CHUN PO See Bellezza, D&B 104, where it means a kind of arm ornament in the form of a snake.

•CHUN 'PHYANG dar dang rin po che'i rgyan gyi chun po'i rtse mo thur du gzhol ba. Btsan-lha.

•CHUN MA 2nd wife (the younger of two wives), junior wife. mi 'di tshe rabs snga ma la nga'i chung ma chun ma'o. This person was in a past life my wife or second wife. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 76, p. 382.5.

•CHUN LAG [1] name of a bird with a golden crest. Yisun. The Yogācārya glossary gives a Skt. equiv. kurara, which has meaning of osprey or some species of eagle, but also a plant name, or the name of a mountain. Stein discusses this somewhere in his Tibetica Antiqua (with spelling chun klag). [2] uncertain meaning in Lde'u 268. [3] occurs in title of one of the main Bon consecration ritual texts: G.yung-drung Klong-rgyas-kyi Spyi Chun-lag Khrigs. [4] See Yisun under chun klag.

•CHUB PA OT = rtogs pa. Blaṅ 290.2. Dbus-pa no. 179.

•CHUM CHUM PA shrinking [fear]. Gyatso, Apparitions 223.

•CHUMS CHUMS PA 'jigs chums chums pa ni gzhan gyi blo ngor mi shong bar 'jig zhum zhum pa bskyed pa lta bu. Dpe-chos 513.

•CHUMS PA OT = chags pa. Blaṅ 306.1. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•CHU'I DNGO chu'i ngogs. Btsan-lha.

•CHUR NYAL nya mo'i ming gi rnam grangs shig. Gser Sbram 299.

•CHUR SNYUGS PA chur bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHUR BA inspissated milk. Suggested loan from Skt. kṣira, 'milk.' Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 16.

•CHUR BU See zho kha chu.

•CHUR MO husked paddy, rice ('chum' in vernacular). Sources.

•CHUR RING BA Aris, Discourse 64 n. 9.

•CHUL BEM THOL GYIS RDEG PA chu la chal sgra thon par brdung ba. Btsan-lha.

•CHUS impv. of gcud pa, q.v.

•CHUS 'JIG destruction by water. Hahn, EI 18.

•CHE In the negative verbal phrase ma che, I take it to be an imperative: 'don't be too much...'. Used several times in Ding-ri Brgya-rtsa.

•CHE KHYAD che chung. Btsan-lha.

•CHE GE [1] general name for persons. gang zag spyi'i ming. = gang zag gi ming gi spyi. Lcang-skya. [2] name for elder brother. gcen po'i ming. [3] name of flower garland. me tog phreng ba'i ming. ga ge. Dbus-pa no. 397.

•CHE GE MO such and such, such a one. John Doe [fill-in-the-blank]. Compare ge ge mo.

•CHE DGU ? all one's most precious possessions. Sources.

•CHE DGE A kind of official presentation (perhaps a boon) from the ruler. bon po'i che dge yig rtsang [~yig tshang] de rnams la... SFHB 33.1. ZZFC 228.

•CHE MGO Urahne. Kaschewsky2.

•CHE 'GYING bam che ba'am gtos che ba. Btsan-lha.

•CHE 'GYID bam che ba. Gces 588.1.

•CHE GTOR Used instead of phye gtor in Samdo A IV 253r.6; V 47v.5, 50v.5.

•CHE RTAGS OT gift, boon. Tan, Theses 116 n. 15, where the spelling is chen rtags, and interpreted as ritual substitutes for nobles' robes.

•CHE THAG phyugs na. Dbus-pa no. 686.

•CHE THABS KYI YIG TSHANG a document of pride, an official letter bestowing rank and the privileges of rank.

•CHE BA LNGA Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 336.3. Karmay, Great Perfection 25, 59, 64, 71 n. 58, 74, 114 n. 40, 30. Rossi in Karmay, New Horizons 188-9.

•CHE BA DRUG six superiorities of the Old Translations. See Orna Almogi, "Translation as Proofs and Polemics of Authentication: rNying ma versus gSar ma Translation Practices," in Dorji Wangchuk, ed., Cross-Cultural Transmission of Buddhist Texts (Hamburg 2016). Compare a list of ten greatnesses in Matthew T. Kapstein, A Record of the Teachings of the Great Perfection in the Twelfth-Century Zur Tradition, RET 44 (Mar 2018) 109-128, at p. 114.

•CHE BA 'DON PA Stein.

•CHE BA BZHI lam rim gyi che ba bzhi ni / bstan pa thams cad 'gal med du rtogs pa'i che ba / gsung rab ma lus gdams ngag tu 'char ba'i che ba / rgyal ba'i dgongs pa bde blag tu rnyed pa'i che ba / nyes spyod chen po rang 'gags su 'gro ba'i che ba'o. 600 50. A different set of four greatnesses, or superiorities of Mantra Vehicle. See Schaik, Sweet 13 (result, accomplishment, merit & wisdom).

•CHE DBANG dbang phyug. Dbus-pa no. 031.

•CHE TSHUGS Stein.

•CHE GTSUGS a flat engraving tool. See Man LXI no. 102, p. 83b. Arch. of TB 129.

•CHE ZHI = chung ma. Lcang-skya.

•CHE ZHE OT = a che. = sring mo. Blaṅ 300.1. khyo'i ming. a lce'am sring mo. bza' zla ste bud med zla grogs kyi ming. Btsan-lha. che zhe = a che. = sring mo. = ci zhes. = khyo. Lcang-skya. Khyod ldan mi phod kyi che zhe bsgo ste. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 76, p. 383.4.

•CHE ZHES ci zhes. Dbus-pa no. 410.

•CHE BZHI OT = bden dbang. Blaṅ 306.1. dpang po'am gnya' bo. Btsan-lha.

•CHE RE = ce re. konzentriert auf einen Punkt. Kaschewsky 83. blank. Thondup, BM 364. Btsan-lha.

•CHE LE See khra che le.

•CHE SHEL magnifying glass (also called me shel). Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet."

•CHE SA "king." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•CHE SAR STON considered as if grown up (Rwa lo Rnam thar).

•CHE SINGS 'bru sogs bsnyal te ma bskol bar bcud btsags pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHE GSAL Petech (1983) 185.

•CHED KA do gal. dgos pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHED 'GA' OT = res 'ga'. Blaṅ 299.4. Dbus-pa no. 606. Lcang-skya.

•CHED MNGAGS specially delegated, specially sent.

•CHED MNGAGS KYIS specially. See Chödag.

•CHED CI CHE 'what is the need?' BBNP 477. dgos pa ci che'am ci yod. Btsan-lha.

•CHED DU purposely, deliberately. A discussion in Hahn, Ting 116.

•CHED DU BYAS PA adhikāra. Skt. Mvy. 7633. On various meanings of the Sanskrit, see Timothy Lubin, "Adhikāra," contained in: Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Volume II: Texts, Rituals, Arts, Concepts, edited by Knut Axel Jacobsen, Brill (Leiden 2010) 671–674.

•CHED DON Stein.

•CHED PO = chen po. "great, large." Kuijp (1986) 33. An instance of its use in Zhi-byed Coll. II 152.4.

•CHED 'DZIN Stein. ched du 'dzin pa'i blo bor na gzung 'dzin rang sar ldog pa'i brda' ru. Zhi-byed Coll. II 174.3.

•CHED SLEL BA ched mngags btang ba. Btsan-lha.

•CHEN CHUN senior and junior [wives]. mna' ma che chung. Btsan-lha. I think it may also be used for senior and junior sons. Lde'u 376. HS XXXVI 404.5.

•CHEN THAGS phyugs zog gi nad rigs shig. Btsan-lha. = phyugs nad. Lcang-skya.

•CHEN PO'I BSTAN PA Paired with Nag po'i bstan pa. Samdo A II 310r.5. teachings which lead to freedom and nirvāna. Samdo A III 324v.5.

•CHEN PO'I DO SHAL Skt. Mahāmālikā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•CHEN PO BDUN dmigs pa chen po / sgrub pa chen po / ye shes chen po / brtson 'grus brtson pa chen po / thabs la mkhas pa chen po / yang dag sgrub pa chen po / 'phrin las chen po ste 'di rnams dang ldan na theg pa chen po zhes brjod do. 600 95.

•CHEN PO BZHI chen po bzhi'i lus bor nas. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 79, pp. 368.1, 378.4.

•CHEN MA the senior of the two wives of one husband. Yisun. It is used in this sense in Lde'u 279 (with it source in the Bka' chems).

•CHEM CHEM crashing of thunder. See Stein. roaring of an earthquake. Skt. garjita. Mvy. 3016.

•CHEM THAG sbra gur rgyong byed kyi thag pa. Nomads 237.

•CHEM SE CHEM tänzeln (Lautmalerei). Kaschewsky 83.

•CHEMS PA OT = 'phrin pa. Blaṅ 299.1. 'phrin. Btsan-lha.

•CHEMS BZHAG 'phrin zhag. Dbus-pa no. 593. = 'phrin bzhag. Lcang-skya.

•CHER SKYES PA Skt. janmaja. No. 4 of the 10 bhūmis in the Avataṃsaka (lecture by Jan Nattier).

•CHES adv. very, very much, supremely. C&LT 169.

•CHES 'GROS BZHES THANG enfeoffment. Dargyay, TVC 58.

•CHO Stein.

•CHO GA thabs. Btsan-lha. Skt. vidhi (etc.). J. Cabezón attempts an etymology in his introduction to Tibetan Ritual.

•CHO NGE BTAB deliriously weeping, shouting together with weeping. cho nges btab. 24 I 414.4.

•CHO CHAD cho chad ni ma 'grig. Dpe-chos 508. Btsan-lha.

•CHO CHO sound of dogs. 4X 122.6.

•CHO PA RI a borrowing of a Newar word for 'hut'.

•CHO 'PHRUL projections, magical displays. Skt. prātihārya, extraordinary occurrence, miracle. In Gcod has special meaning of magical interferences (Edou, Machig 73).

•CHO 'PHRUL GSUM rdzu 'phrul gyi cho 'phrul / kun tu brjod pa'i cho 'phrul / rjes su bstan pa'i cho 'phrul lo. 600 24. Gser Sbram 159, q.v.

•CHO 'BRANG ma'i khyim rgyud. Btsan-lha.

•CHO MA CHO DGU wa mo zhung gis skad rigs cho ma cho dgu / ji ltar zugs kyang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 561.3. Bellezza, L&T 82 (here spelled cho ma cho rgu) gives this explanation, 'each and every kind, all manner of.' Bellezza, D&B 155.

•CHO RABS narrative on ancestral generations. TS6 130. cho rigs yin khungs. Btsan-lha. Tan, Theses 92.

•CHO RIGS cho rigs zhes pa'i cho 'brang ni ma'i brgyud pa dang / rigs ni pha'i brgyud pa'am rigs la bshad. Eimer, Dbyangs 55. Jamspal, Treasury 28. This is understood as a compound of the mother's brother's household or lineage called cho 'brang, and the paternal household or lineage called rigs.

•CHO RIS bloodline (of horses).

•CHO LU See chol bu.

•CHO LO die (as in dice). This word is the one actually used in a Dunhuang document (sho is not used there). OT = rgyan po. Blaṅ 297.1. Karmay, Confucius 570. Namdak. Dbus-pa no. 499. = rgyan po. Lcang-skya. rgyan po / sho dang mig mang gi rde'ur rgyan po rtse sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. Murakami Daisuke, Aspects of the Traditional Gambling Game known as Sho in Modern Lhasa, RET 29 (Apr 2014) 245-270.

•CHO LO 'DZIN PA sngar gong ma'i dus kyi go sa dang bka' yig yod mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•CHOG [1] permitted, able. mi chog, OT = mi phod. Blaṅ 300.2. [2] break! smash! disobey! ... bcag pa'i [gcog pa'i] bskul tshig. Dagyab. [3] ritual, ritual procedures. In compounds, a shortened version of cho ga, q.v.

•CHOG GE suspension. Thondup, BM 364.

•CHOG CHOG PO tsog tsog byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHOG PA'I 'DU SHES sense of complacency. Lde'u 75.

•CHOG TSHOD 'DZIN PA Stein.

•CHOG BZHAG BZHI See cog bzhag bzhi. Thondup, BM 70. Achard, L'Essence 92 etc.

•CHOG SHES PA Being satisfied, contentment. Skt. saṃtuṣṭa. Mvy. 2937. EoB VII 755-756.

•CHONG ZHI ZLA 'OD TR XV no. 2-3 (p. 13).

•CHONGS See bcags.

•CHOD DE 'ONG BA rbad de yong ba. Btsan-lha.

•CHOD PA rgyal po bran du chod nas 'bangs la jo bo bcol myi dgos pa yin gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. 161.2. to cut. Suggested loan from Skt. chid. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 17.

•CHOD TSHAD A Gcod term (used by Brahmin Āryadeva in his Prajñāpāramitā treatise), which Edou, Machig 72, translates as 'definitive sign of realization.' It seems to signal realization without meditative 'experience' (nyams).

•CHOD SO BDOG PA kha chad bdog pa khas blangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHOB CHOB yar chob chob. 367 I 236.

•CHOM RKUN chom rkun ni rkun ma. Utpal 24.1.

•CHOR CIG 'khor cig. Dbus-pa no. 605.

•CHOR BYED Stein.

•CHOL KHA Acc. to Dieter Schuh, this is derived from Mongolian word ciγulγan, which means the largest-level military division (source: www.tibet-encyclopaedia.de). It is sometimes spelled 'chol kha. Paul Buell, Early Mongolian Geographical Conceptions, JAH 49 (2015) 19-29, at p. 27, says it is Mong. cölge, defined as a city and its hinterland.

•CHOL 'GRO BA nyams 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•CHOL NYOG nyon mongs pa'i chol nyog tu spyod pa'i sems can 'di rnams snying re rje. 602 13v.1. See under 'byol nyog, jol nyog, etc.

•CHOL BA mistaken tr. used instead of khol ba. Blaṅ 311.5.

•CHOL BU I believe this may be equiv. to khol bu, which means scattered or miscellaneous. Zhi-byed Coll. II 423.4: skal ldan las can kha yar la snying gtam chol bur gsungs pa lags s.ho. Elsewhere in the same collection, we find the words co lu, cho lu & chol lu, which I believe have the same meaning.

•CHOL ZANGS dri chu 'dor ba'i snod. rkang lag bkru ba'i snod. Btsan-lha. bkru chu'i snod. Dbus-pa no. 722.

•CHOL BZANG a vessel for washwater. bkru chu'i snod. Lcang-skya.

•CHOS dharma. In Klong-chen-pa, almost always means small 'd' dharma, not the teachings of the Buddha (Dharma), but the constituents of apparent existence, 'knowables.' Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 167-9.

•CHOS KYI KHUD PA chos kyi skyes sam rdzongs pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHOS KYI 'KHOR LO Stein.

•CHOS KYI 'KHOR LO RIM PA GSUM dang po bden bzhi'i chos 'khor / bar ba mtshan nyid med pa'i chos 'khor / tha ma legs phye'i chos 'khor ro. 600 19.

•CHOS KYI RGYAL PO 1. sangs rgyas. 2. gshin rje'i rgyal po. 3. mi yi rgyal mchog tu gyur. Blaṅ 528.

•CHOS KYI SGO Also, chos kyi sgo mo. Sinitic vocab. for chos kyi rnam grangs. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163, 176.

•CHOS KYI RNAM GRANGS NYI SHU RTSA LNGA RDZOGS PA Klong-chen-pa 7.9 comm.

•CHOS KYI YI GE Sinitic vocab. for mdo (sūtra). Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 175.

•CHOS SKU Dharmabody. Skt. Dharmakāya. The lower vehicles delight in drawing distinctions between the 3 bodies of Buddhahood. Rdzogs-chen discussions base themselves on the root identity where they cannot be distinguished, from which they have never moved, and it is this identity that is called Dharmabody. See also sku.

•CHOS SKOR This seems to be used in an unusual way, perhaps meaning 'object' of prostration, in Lde'u 188.

•CHOS MKHAN NA (regionalism) = ci zhig smos. BBNP 470.

•CHOS 'KHOR [1] holy place. MTTP. [2] Dharma circuit [rite]. Circumambulating the fields with volumes of the Kanjur. See Toni Huber, "An Obscure Word for 'Ancestral Deity' in Some East Bodish and Neighbouring Himalayan Languages & Qiang Ethnographic Records towards a Hypothesis," contained in: Mark W. Post, et al., eds., Language & Culture in Northeast India & Beyond (Canberra 2015), at p. 230. Sometimes spelled Chos 'khur ('bearing the Dharma) with this meaning. Some believe performing it prevents hail and draught, or just ensures a good harvest.

•CHOS GOS GSUM bla gos / mthang gos / snam sbyar ro. 600 18. There is a rule that these must be with the monk (but not necessarily wearing them) at all times when absent from the monastery, otherwise they will have to be blessed over again. Tibetan practice is to wear the whole set of three during gso sbyong, when teaching, and during ordinations. For rather strange comparisons of the three robes with coverings of the fetus, see Strong, RB 221.

•CHOS RGYAL MES DBON RNAM GSUM srong btsan sgam po / khri srong lde btsan / mnga' bdag khri ral pa can no. 600 25.

•CHOS BRGYAD 'jig rten gyi chos brgyad ni / rnyed na dga' ba / ma rnyed na mi dga' ba / snyan pa thos na dga' ba / mi snyan pa thos na mi dga' ba / bde na dga' ba / mi bde na mi dga' ba / bstod na dga' ba / smad na mi dga' ba rnams so. 600 102. See discussion in EoB VI 345-346.

•CHOS LNGA ming dang / mtshan ma dang / rnam rtog dang / de bzhin nyid dang / mi rtog ye shes so. 600 61. A basic idea of the Yogācara school with its source in the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra. Teachings of causation (rgyu mtshan), teachings about naming (ming), teachings about discursive thinking (rnam par rtog pa), teachings about Suchness (de bzhin nyid), and teachings about full and perfect knowledge (yang dag pa'i ye shes).

•CHOS CAN The 'subject' of a syllogism. Dreyfus, Sound 206.

•CHOS CHAB Term used in describing Kanjur volumes. Dung-dkar 156.

•CHOS MCHOG highest worldly realization. Dharmottama, a logician.

•CHOS NYID Dharmaity (although I have sometimes translated it as Dharma Proper). Skt. Dharmatā. 'real condition of existence.' Norbu, Cycle. See Guenther in TH&L. 'Truth' could be a good translation so long as the Buddhist context is respected and it isn't taken as a term of general philosophical dialectic. In one place, Lde'u 60, I think it can be translated as '[just a] fact of nature.'

•CHOS NYID KYIS naturally. 'Gos, Stong-thun 21.5 (and note usage of chos nyid kyi stobs kyis, Paṇ-chen I Gsung-'bum II 354.1). The original use of this phrase seems to be in Tibetan translations of works by Asaṅga.

•CHOS NYID DMAR PO a medicinal preparation. BP 227.4.

•CHOS NYID ZAD PA'I SNANG BA = phyag rgya chen po mchog gi dngos grub thob pa. 91 I 619.2, 637.3. See also snang ba bzhi.

•CHOS STON [1] Dharma feast or holiday. [2] alms. [3] As used in NTSP, section NGA 153v, I believe it means the scripture container.

•CHOS THOG "Dharma Sessions" in the monasteries, in which debate is the main preoccupation. There were 4 such sessions per year, each session lasting one and a half months. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 8. chos rwar tshogs pa'i dus.

•CHOS MTHUN qualitative correspondence.

•CHOS BDAG a prophesied patron of a gter ston. Gyatso, Apparitions 177. This seems to be used in the Pratyutpanna Sūtra.

•CHOS BDUN rnam par snang mdzad kyi chos bdun. See Germano, Poetic Thought 902.

•CHOS NA MAR chos kyi nang na. Btsan-lha. The element na mar literally means down into.

•CHOS PA in the sense of 'follower of Dharma.' Samdo A V 154r.6.

•CHOS SPYOD BCU yi ge 'bri ba / mchod pa 'bul ba / sbyin pa gtong ba / chos nyan pa / 'dzin pa / klog pa / 'chad pa / kha ton du bya ba / chos kyi don sems pa / chos kyi don sgom pa rnams so. 600 145. Almogi in TMXT 12-13.

•CHOS 'BYUNG Often means 'Dharma origins,' or 'history.' At other times means the dharmodaya, an inverted pyramidal structure that forms a 'star of David' at the top, and underlies the generation of maṇḍalas. It appears in many maṇḍalas between the Vajra wall and the Lotus ring, in the form of an outer white and an inner red circle (the white & red signify emptiness & bliss). For example of a description, see Doboom, Buddh. Path to Enlightenment 57. The dharmodaya occurs in a tantra translated into Chinese in 725 CE. See English, Vajrayoginī 454.

•CHOS MA 'DRES PA BCO BRGYAD 18 unique qualities of the Buddha. Germano, Poetic Thought 953.

•CHOS DMAG 'gog pa. Gces 584.4. rtsod pa. 'gog pa. Btsan-lha.

•CHOS SMAN = a mri ta (amṛta). SS 544.3.

•CHOS SMYO 'religion madness.' mental disorder due to improper practice of meditation. Epstein, Dissertation 141.

•CHOS SMRA BA PO The one who performs the 'recitation of the scriptures' (chos smra ba). In Prajñāpāramitā literature, this means the reciters of the scripture, the Dharmabhāṇaka.

•CHOS RTSEGS In architecture, the horizontal woodwork immediately above the lotus design. It is decorated with squares forming a kind of pyramidal indentation pattern. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3.

•CHOS MDZAD (hon. for chos pa?) title of a semi-ordained religious practitioner from a noble family. Sources. "A designation given to a monk who sponsors a food offering and a monetary distribution to all the monks of his college, and who also makes a donation to the college itself. Such a monk is exempted from common chores that are the responsibility of younger monks." Pabongka, Liberation II 269. 'monk-sponsor.' Dreyfus, Sound 51, 52.

•CHOS GZHI'I MI SER subjects of monastic estates. Dargyay, TVC 24, etc.

•CHOS BZHI dge sbyong gi chos bzhi. Thondup, BM 78. Stein. Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 595.4. See article by Lindtner in IIJ 42 (1999).

•CHOS ZAD CHEN PO Great Dharma Exhaustion. Fourth of the snang ba bzhi. See Sky Dancer 209, note 7.

•CHOS ZAD SNANG BA See snang ba bzhi.

•CHOS ZAD BLO ZAD Phrase common in works of Padma-gling-pa, Works XIV 551, for example.

•CHOS YE BAL another ms. reads: chos ye bral. BBNP 478.

•CHOS YE BRAL gtan nas med. Btsan-lha.

•CHOS RWA [1] debate courtyard. [2] teaching session, semester of studies. Geshe Sopa's autobio. (2012) 63.

•CHOS RAB TU RNAM PAR 'BYED PA Skt. dharmapravicaya. discernment of dharmas. This would seem to mean primarily the distinguishing of factors conducive to Enlightenment from those not conducive. Cox, COC 8.

•CHOS LA GZA' As ex. of an irreg. Old Tantra term, corresponding to gza' gtad, see the work of Dge-rtse in Rnying Rgyud 1973 XXXVI 455.

•CHOS LAM "principled or rule-governed way." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 316. Sinitic vocab. for 'Tao' (as Chinese translation for Dharma). Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 162, 167.

•CHOS SHIG khyer zhig. bcos pa'i skul tshig. Btsan-lha.

•CHOS SRID = chos kyi rgyal srid. theocratic rule. Sources.

•CHOS GSUM [1] bshad pa'i chos / sgrub pa'i chos / 'bras bu'i chos so. 600 9. [2] Sinitic vocab. for sde snod gsum. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•CHOS GSUM SPANG BA chos gsum spang ba la / skyes pa'i yul spang / khyim dang thab spang / las dang bya ba spang ngo. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 38r.2.

•MCHANG SHING 'O 'BU KP1 22.3.

•MCHANGS See mchong ba.

•MCHAD PA tomb, casket. dur khrod. ro sgam. Btsan-lha. Takata Tokio, A Note on the Lijiang Tibetan Inscription, Asia Major 19 nos 1-2 (2006) 161-170, at p. 165.

•MCHAN KHUNG armpit. nor bu rin chen blangs nas kyang / mchan khung gnyis su sba bar bya. Zhi-byed Coll. I 307.5. DD illus. 5.

•MCHAN KHUNG RLO BA mchan 'og tu 'bur ba. Btsan-lha.

•MCHAN 'GREL Frequently, spyan 'grel. Vostrikov, Critical 73. Alex Wayman, The Interlineary-type Commentary in Tibetan, contained in: Louis Ligeti, ed., Tibetan and Buddhist Studies (Budapest 1984), vol. 2. According to Matthew Kapstein, this type of commentary, made through 'footnoting' of the complete text, is not of Indian origin.

•MCHAN BU [1] interlinear note, insert [correction in the text], footnote. [2] apprentice, understudy. sgyu ma'i mchan bu ni sgyu ma mkhan gyi slob ma. Illusion's apprentice means a student of the magician. Dpe-chos 516. Often used for the translator's understudy. According to Dungkar Rinpoche's dictionary, p. 212, they did preliminary translations that were then corrected by the zhus chen gyi lo tsā ba.

•MCHAN 'OG GI RMEN BU DD illus. 31.

•MCHAN 'OG BZHAG SHA NAG PO DD illus. 30.

•MCHI GU Arnold, in JIABS 28 (2005) 440, wants to take it to mean statue, although as he says the primary sense of the Sanskrit śilāputraka is millstone or pestle. See mchig gu.

•MCHI NYAL chang gis gzi ba. Btsan-lha.

•MCHI BA to come, to go, to say, to be, to take shelter.

•MCHI'I BYI'U PHA Phrase interpreted in Chen Qingying & Zou Xicheng, The Seal of the Flying Horse Herald in the Tubo Kingdom, contained in: D. Klimburg-Salter, et al., The Cultural History of Western Tibet (Vienna 2008), p

•MCHI BRANG chung ma. Btsan-lha. See under mchis brang.

•MCHI MA DKU mchi ma 'dzag pa. ngu bro ba. Btsan-lha.

•MCHI MA BLAGS mchi ma shor ba. Btsan-lha.

•MCHI MA RTSID RTSID mig chu btsir btsir. Btsan-lha.

•MCHI TSHAD de yang don la ngo bo / rang bzhin / 'chi' tshad gsum du khyer dgos te. Zhi-byed Coll. II 25.4.

•MCHIG [1] pestle. Also, mchig gu. [2] OT = mas btun dang yas btun. Blaṅ 302.5. millstone, grinding stone (covering both the upper and lower stones).

•MCHIG GU gtun. pestle. Dbus-pa no. 209. BLKC I 66, with paragraph about pestles and millstones.

•MCHIG PA skyes pa'i 'bras bu. Btsan-lha. testicles?

•MCHING gting zab pa. dbus sam dkyil. Btsan-lha. Stog Palace Kanjur, no. 248, uses the phrase rgya mtsho mching rnam repeatedly. I have seen rgya mtsho'i mching also in the Ma-ṇi Bka'-'bum. Interpreted as a kind of felt (=phying) in Bellezza, D&B 112.

•MCHING BU See under 'ching bu. dbyibs dang mdog legs kyang rin thang med pa'i rdo zhig go. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. Jamspal, Treasury 111 (glass bangle).

•MCHID discussion, report, submission of a request (to a respected superior).

•MCHID KYIS BCAD to decide. Dotson, D&L 69.

•MCHID MJAL to agree. Dotson, D&L 69.

•MCHID 'JO BA gtam brjod pa. Btsan-lha.

•MCHID BLANGS PA glu blangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•MCHID 'BO BA gtam brjod pa. Btsan-lha.

•MCHID TSHIG mchid tshig [~zhu tshig] ya zung zhu lags na. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 165.5. 'bangs kyi mchid tshig la gros kyi spun bya bgyis. Lde'u 254.

•MCHID SHAGS zhal ce'am gyod bshad pa. rtsod gleng. Btsan-lha. legal complaint. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•MCHID GSOL BA yar zhu byed pa. (someone making appeal to a higher authority). Btsan-lha. This is a formulaic phrase used in OT letters, meaning 'a letter submitted by' [the person sending the letter to a person of higher rank]. Schaik, M&T 147, 165.

•MCHIN KHA liver color. mchin skya/mchin smug, whitish liver color/maroonish liver color. Jackson.

•MCHIN MKHRIS 'DOM RTSA DD illus. 23.

•MCHIN DRI diaphragm. TM IV 107. mtho rim srog chags kyi khog pa'i nang gi stod smad kyi bar gcod byed kyi skyi mo'i ming. Dag-yig. Text 11. DD illus. 2. Three of them are counted: white, black and folded (khug pa). Yangga's dissert., p. 282.

•MCHIN NAD KYI DGRA See se 'bru.

•MCHIN PA 'liver.' See Dag-yig. DD illus. 2, 17.

•MCHIN PA BCAD SBYOR KP1 125.5. KP3 286.5. KP4 456.4.

•MCHIN PA'I NAD SRZT 80.

•MCHIN PA ZHO SHA See zho sha.

•MCHIN LAG See hri'u rngog ma.

•MCHIMS a clan. Btsan-lha.

•MCHIL mchil rdo la mi 'bod ['bor?]. 367 I 237. See under bod mchil.

•MCHIL RGAN RGYA BO the old speckled sparrow, subject of folk stories. See Norbu, Drung 16.

•MCHIL PA [1] hook (fishbait). [2] birdfeed. [3] housebird (sparrow). OT = lcags kyu/lcags kyo [?]. Blaṅ 290.2. lcags kyu. byi'u nas zan. Btsan-lha. lcags kyu. Dbus-pa no. 233. mchil pas zin pas nya'i bde' ba gtor. Zhi-byed Coll. I 274.6. chags sdang mchil pas bzung nas kyang... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (1991) I 317.4. sparrow. Jamspal, Treasury 96. Apparently their flesh might be used for fish bait. Jamspal, Treasury 169. In the Song of Sad-mar-kar, it might seem that their bones were used for fish hooks. See OZZ 115.

•MCHIL BA tsa ta ka zhes pa ste grong gi byi'u'i ming yin par mngon brjod rtsa 'grel du bshad do. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. mchil ba'i sha la chags pa zhes pa'i mchil ba ni lcags kyu'i brda rnying yin. Eimer, Dbyangs 57. = rdo rje khri bo, 'dod chags bcu gcig pa. It lives in villages. Its head is mostly red. JD 230. = lcags kyu. Lcang-skya.

•MCHIL MA saliva, spit. Skt. kheṭa. Mvy. 4043.

•MCHIL MA'I SNOD spittoon (as a possible monk possession). Skt. śleṣma kaṭāhaka. Mvy. 9019.

•MCHIL MAL 'dug sa'am nyal sa. Btsan-lha.

•MCHIL LHAM rkang pa'i mthil tsam khebs pa'i lham gyi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•MCHIS BRANG [1] wife. = chung ma. BBNP 476. OT = chung ma. Blaṅ 297.2, 516.5. Dbus-pa no. 505. bride, wife. Dotson, D&L 69. [2] dwelling.

•MCHIS 'BRANG wife. = chung ma. Lcang-skya.

•MCHU lip. Suggested loan from Skt. śmaśru, Prakrit massu, Hindi much, Bengali moc, however, all words for moustache, and not 'lip'. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 18.

•MCHU SKYEGS kha spu sma ra. Btsan-lha.

•MCHU SGROS lips.

•MCHU CAN with beak, with lips. This is name of a rare Tibetan script sign. It has been encoded in unicode as U+OF89.

•MCHU SNYUNG Yisun has it as a type of a ru ra (=mchu smyung), or as a poetic term for a bird that stays in rain. However, Lde'u 262 has it as one of 9 types of woodslips employed in court procedures.

•MCHU THA YIS BTANG This phrase occurs in one ms. as: chur thal gyis btang. BBNP 476.

•MCHU THO bya dang bye'u rnams kyi rwa mchu. Nomads 237.

•MCHU THOGS PA "one who seized something in his mouth or beak." "a vicious or predatory individual, villian." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 319. mgo 'don zhu mi. Btsan-lha.

•MCHU YI PADMA DD illus.1.

•MCHU SBRANG an unusual word for flute. gling bu. Btsan-lha. Sba 3.

•MCHU ZHENG GAB PA dpangs mnyam pa'am zheng mnyam pa. Btsan-lha.

•MCHU ZONG mchu zong shes lo byed pa'i 'khor mi brten pa. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 195.3 (similar, IV 243.4; III 149.3). ci shes kha la khyer ba mchu zong byed pa la khrel ba'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 145.2. mchu zong shes ngoms byed pa'i // skal myed skar tshogs lta bu las. Zhi-byed Coll. V 409.2.

•MCHU RING srid du ring ba. Btsan-lha.

•MCHE DUG CAN See sbrul.

•MCHE BA eye-tooth. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 208.

•MCHE BA incisors (?). DD illus. 18. tusk (of elephant).

•MCHE BA CAN 1. glang po. 2. phag. 3. seng ge. Blaṅ 528.

•MCHE BA'I PHRAG mche ba'i bar. Btsan-lha.

•MCHED GROGS Stein.

•MCHED PA increase. Beyer. See tsi tra ka.

•MCHED YA half-brother.

•MCHER PA See under 'tsher pa. 'spleen.' TM IV 107. = mtsher ba. Dag-yig. Dhongthog.

•MCHER BA ZHOG See (gla gor) zho sha.

•MCHEL PA mche ba. Btsan-lha.

•MCHES PA khas len pa'am khas 'ches pa. Btsan-lha. = khas len. Lcang-skya. Another spelling for 'ches pa.

•MCHOG boon. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 310.1.

•MCHOG DKAR n. for 'bow.' TS6 131. Spelled mchog gar. Bellezza, L&T 91.

•MCHOG TU THON PA Skt. prabhadraka (?). N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•MCHOG THUN Stein.

•MCHOG BZHI dran pa'i thag pa ma chad na bsgom pa'i mchog / 'khor ba mi rtag par shes na 'du shes kyi mchog / lus ngag thub pa sdom pa'i mchog / dge sbyor 'phel ba bsnyen pa'i mchog. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 38r.6.

•MCHOG ZUNG GNYIS shā ri'i bu dang / mo'u 'gal gyi bu'o. 600 7.

•MCHOG GI LUS See sle tres.

•MCHONG [1] a mineral. Gyatso, Apparitions 72, where it is (I think probably) incorrectly translated 'quartz.' Carnelian? Chalcedony? (carnelian is a reddish-brown variant of chalcedony). See Das under chong as well as mchong. Rock, Nāga Cult I 102. Sometimes a spelling for 'phyong[s]. a mineral. DG 92.5. Nine Ways 296. Bellezza, D&B 32-33, 88 translates 'agate.' Rin 35, identifies as achates (agate?). [2] a leaping sport engaged in by monks in Lhasa area. Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964). See mchong ra, below. [3] homonym of 'phyong, q.v.

•MCHONG GUR SMUG PO Dark speckled 'chong' stone, in simile for Heart Centre. 91 I 583.4. Also in History and Doctrine of Bon-po Nispanna Yoga (1968) 6.6. ZZ 60.6. Achard, L'Essence 130.

•MCHONG BA Stein.

•MCHONG RA a jumping arena, specially built for the leaping sport called mchong. Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964) 128. There are various competitive events, all of them involving jumping into a pit, combined with throwing stones, etc. Among these events are the rgyab rdo, rkub rdo, etc. See especially the entry on jumping sport (mchog rgyag) in Dungkar Rinpoche's dictionary, pp. 860-861. Jumping from heights is said to be forbidden to monks (see EoB V 338, for example). See the dramatic photo by Charles Bell in A. McKay, ed., Tibet & Her Neighbours, p. 28. The same photo has appeared in Charles Bell, The People of Tibet, and MacDonald's Twenty Years in Tibet, opposite p. 130.

•MCHONG SHIG chongs shig. Dbus-pa no. 614.

•MCHONGS ngu ba. rgyangs ring por 'bod pa. glu len pa. Btsan-lha.

•MCHOD BRJOD = mchod par brjod pa. Stein. Homage verse opening a composition.

•MCHOD TA = mchod pa. "to offer." Kuijp (1986) 35.

•MCHOD RTEN 27 16. 8 types. 27 137. Also, 56 96. The first chorten built in Tibet was the one with five peaks next to Khra-'brug Temple. This is stated in Bka' chems ka khol ma [ed. 1989], p. 301.

•MCHOD THIG religious practice of adding drops of butter to butterlamps offered by others. (Nepal)

•MCHOD LDUM See 'om bu.

•MCHOD SDONG [1] Something erected for the sake of making offerings. BBNP 482. Most generally refers to mchod rten. But it may also stand for yaṣṭi and yūpa. [2] Short for mchod me'i sdong bu, the wick of the butterlamp.

•MCHOD GNAS Nyang-ral, History (PRC ed.) 163, has the words chab srid kyi mchod gnas. An early use of the word is witnessed in Vitali, Kingdoms, p. 187. Stein. 27 2. Sa paṇ refers to his own position with the Mongols with this word. Rhoton, CD 267.

•MCHOD PA offering, offering ritual. Skt. pūja. See EoB VII 452-456, which has a modernist spin. Flower offerings, and not animal sacrifices, are considered to be the main concept in its development.

•MCHOD PA RNAM PA BDUN 1. Looking. 2. Prostrating. 3. Verses. 4. Materials. 5. Mentally manifested offerings. 6. Ungraspable. 7. Immaculate body offering. Samdo A II 316r.4.

•MCHOD DPON a title. Essais 129. Tatz, LSPM 708.

•MCHOD SPRIN 'ritual cloud'; offering ritual (of Kriya, Upa and Yoga). Klong-chen-pa 6.9.

•MCHOD PHYIR THOGS rus pa las byas pa'i do shal phyed pa. Btsan-lha.

•MCHOD SBYIN Skt. yajña. Pāli yañña. See EoB under "Sacrifice" as well as "Yañña."

•MCHOD RDZAS BCU mdo las 'byung ba'i mchod rdzas bcu ni / me tog / 'phreng ba / spos / byug pa / phye ma / na bza' / rgyan / gdugs / rgyal mtshan / ba dan no. 600 140-141.

•MCHOD ZHAL (Dbus) hon: cup. MTTP.

•MCHOD GZHI klösterliche Grundbesitz. Kretsch. B in L 46.

•MCHOD GZHIS = chos gzhis. religious or monastic estate. Sources.

•MCHOD 'OS praiseworthy. Sa paṇ insists that this would be a perfectly correct Tibetan translation for arhat. Rhoton, CD 172.

•MCHOD YON [1] priest and patron. DTK5 98. Ruegg in TH&L. [2] water offered to an arriving guest.

•MCHOR rgyan dang gos sogs kyis mdzes par byed pa. Btsan-lha. = mdzes pa. Lcang-skya.

•'CHAG a clan n. Btsan-lha.

•'CHAG PA Stein.

•'CHAG SA cloister (according to the more correct and specific meaning of the term, to mean the walkway inside the convent), ambulatory. gnyid khams sangs ched phar tshur 'cham 'cham 'gro sa. skyo bsangs byed sa. Btsan-lha. nang par rgyal po'i zhal nas da khri btsun rta 'chag sar 'dong ngo gsung nas. Here clearly intending an exercise ground for horses rather than monks. Lde'u 280. See entry for caṅkramaṇa in Edgerton.

•'CHAG SAR BYAS PA Skt. kṛtacaṅkramaṇa. A place for walking (as distinguished from a place not for walking) in Vinaya. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 131. Mvy. 5557.

•'CHANG BSTUN RGYAG PA brtun shing ngam dbyug pas brdung ba. Gces 583.6. Btsan-lha.

•'CHANG BZUNG STENG GI SHA RGOD DD illus. 30.

•'CHAD CHEMS ('di myos 'gyur gyi chang yin) 'di chang dang 'brel dus chang 'thung che ba dang dgra bgegs kyi snying dang [58r5] 'brel ba'i tshe snying brlag pa'i shogs ral che bar 'jug zhing / yang brda rnying gi dbang du byas na / chams zhes pa 'phrin la 'jug ste kha chems bzhag / ces pa kha 'phrin bzhag pa la dbus pa blo gsal gyis [58r6] gsung. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'CHAN BZANGS KLUM DU LANGS PA ? Zhi-byed Coll. I 135.2. I believe this means 'gotten drunk with good beer' (chang bzang lum du langs pa).

•'CHAB PA hide, conceal, keep secret. OT = gsang ba. = sbed pa. (see also bcabs pa) Blaṅ 286.5. Lcang-skya. gsong ba. Dbus-pa no. 082. See kha 'cham pa. Skt. mrakṣa. hypocrisy. Mvy. no. 1963. EoB VI 578-579.

•'CHAB MI 'TSHAL chud mi za. Btsan-lha.

•'CHAM masked monastic dance. From .kam ('masked dancers, shamans'). Esin, History of Pre-Islamic 107 et passim. (Laufer discusses this just-mentioned Turkish word in his article "Origin of the Word Shaman.")

•'CHAM 'GROS glang po'i 'cham 'gros dang 'dra ste. Zhi-byed Coll. II 467.3.

•'CHAM PO (Dbus, Gtsang) = mthun po, agreeing.

•'CHAR SKAD PA Monk in charge of calling the monks to the first assembly; see Geshé Sopa's autobio. (2012) 46.

•'CHAR SGO Germano, Poetic Thought 870. hallucination. Havnevik, Dissertation 233.

•'CHAR BYED See Das 864.

•'CHAR TSHUL DRUG Achard, L'Essence 250.

•'CHAR GZHI pattern, model, plan, paradigm. Lit.: basis for appearance. 'char: Skt. udaya. gzhi: Skt. mūla/vastu/adhāra[?]. Germano, Poetic Thought 924.

•'CHAR G.YENGS chags pas bslangs nas rtse ba. Btsan-lha.

•'CHAL KHRIMS hypocrisy.

•'CHAL BA Stein. This word means 'distraction,' but with an added sense or profligacy and immorality. It probably derives from verbal meaning of 'floating' (just like the 'floating world' in Japan?). It may also corresp. to Skt. skhalita, meaning stumbling, indistinct. JoBS 4 (2006) 71.

•'CHAL MO (Gtsang) the wandering woman. MTTP.

•'CHAL LE 'CHOL LE absentmindedly. Soundings 28.

•'CHI BA SHER PHYIN 'dying Prajñāpāramitā.' 'Gos, Stong-thun 30.2 et passim.

•'CHI MA KA RE variant ms. reading: 'chi ma kor re. BBNP 480.

•'CHI MED DGU SBYOR gag gcod 'chi med dgu sbyor. a medicinal preparation. BT 52v.7.

•'CHI MED GNAS Stein.

•'CHI MED BCAD 'BYOR a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 50. Lag-len 34.4.

•'CHI MED ME TOG (Amdo, Khams) the "immortal flower," see pt. IV, no. 22. MTTP.

•'CHI MED SRIN SEL a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 107. Lag-len 76.5. TMC 50 (109). BP 234.2, 378.1. BT 23r.3.

•'CHING NGA = 'ching ba. "to fasten, tie up." Kuijp (1986) 32.

•'CHING PHOR rdza'am rdo rigs las byas pa'i phor pa. Btsan-lha.

•'CHING BA fetters. Skt. bandhana. A state, or synonym, of the kleśas. Mvy. 2135. Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 172.

•'CHING BU = mching bu. Kaolin. Chayet in TH&L 32. rin chen phal pa. Btsan-lha. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 362. R.A. Stein discusses this word, also spelled mching bu, in his article on Zhang-zhung language, at p. 236. In 12th cent., it usually refers to an inferior type of jewel (polar opposite of the wishgranting jewel, praying to this tawdry gem would be a total waste of time, and rejecting a true jewel in favor of one of these would be unimaginably stupid). slob ma la dad gus yod kyang / bla ma mtshan nyid dang ma ldan na / 'ching bu la gsol ba 'debs pa dang 'dra ste / dgos 'dod kyi 'bras bu myi 'byung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 465.3. dngos grub kyi sbyor ba log pa / be dur rgya spangs nas 'ching bu len pa lta bu. Ibid. II 480.4 (also, I 440.7). It has to be clear, as in this passage: bar bar yang lus mching bu bzhin du phyi nang thal bar bstan. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 79, p. 367.3 (also, pp. 387.2, 388.3).

•'CHING ZHEN entangling attachments.

•'CHIR BA to squeeze out, wring out. Something you do to your enemies in Lde'u 240 (bcir ba).

•'CHIL PA sred pa. Rtse-le VIII 424. byi'u'i 'chil pa la 'a yig gis 'phul bar bris na 'gab pa'i bzhed pa yod de. Btsan-lha.

•'CHU BA See dus kyis 'chu ba. Blaṅ 306.2. 'phrog pa. yo ba. Btsan-lha. draw (water), scoop. Jamspal, Treasury 190.

•'CHUG PA blunder, mistake [something], take the wrong direction. mi 'chug pa ni ma 'khrul ba. Gces 582.1.

•'CHUG SA a mistaking point. Samdo A III 279v.5.

•'CHUGS PA kha mchu sdum par byed pa. snyan sgron. Btsan-lha. thog mar nyams len gyi rtsa ba 'chugs na / phyis kyi dge sbyor tsam lam du myi slongs. Zhi-byed Coll. II 236.7.

•'CHUN Stein.

•'CHUN PA [1] mthun po. Gces 587.1. [2] to bring under control [something wild]. lus gnad kyis rtsa myi 'chun / de ma chun bas rlung myi chun. Zhi-byed Coll. V 236.4.

•'CHUM to be attached. to get closed (flowers, at night). NNV.

•'CHUMS = chags. Blaṅ 516.5.

•'CHUMS PA 'dod pa'am chags pa. ser sna. dung ba. 'khren pa. Btsan-lha.

•'CHUR 'dug tu bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•'CHUR BA bcug pa'am bskor ba. Dpe-chos 515.

•'CHUS yo ba. 'khyog pa. Btsan-lha.

•'CHE BA Stein. affirm, confirm, attest. This verb occurs in OT divination texts, conjoined with the verb 'go ba (B.D.). Related to gces ? (B.D.).

•'CHEG PA OT = 'jig pa. Blaṅ 292.3. Dbus-pa no. 290. 'jig pa. gsheg pa'am 'dral ba. Btsan-lha.

•'CHED PA myur bar 'gro ba'am ltung ba. Btsan-lha.

•'CHEL BA tshig spyi tsam la 'chel nas zhes pa ni / tshig spyi tsam la zhen nas zhes pa'i brda rnying. 367 II 133.3. OT = zhen pa. = 'chad pa. Blaṅ 289.6. byams pa. zhen pa. 'chad pa. Btsan-lha. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 292.2 (glossed by zhen pa). zhen pa. Dbus-pa no. 217. = zhen pa. = 'chad pa. Lcang-skya.

•'CHES PA OT = khas len pa. Blaṅ 295.1-.2. len pa (khas len pa). Dbus-pa nos. 058, 406.

•'CHO BA 'byams pa. Btsan-lha.

•'CHOG GO brdeg go. Btsan-lha.

•'CHONG RDO rlung gis myi skyod 'chong rdo brtags pa'i gzings. Zhi-byed Coll. I 287.3.

•'CHONG SHIG = chongs shig. Lcang-skya.

•'CHOBS SHIG OT = gsongs shig. Blaṅ 295.5. = gsangs shig. Lcang-skya.

•'CHOM GCIG gshong bshig. Dbus-pa no. 433.

•'CHOR BA LNGA shes rab che zhing mang du thos la ngo so mtho na 'chad kha ston par 'chor te bsgom mi khom / blo rno zheng nor dad che na cho ga mkhan nam tshong dpon du 'chor / mthu che zhing rtsal drag na kha bsrungs dang skyel mar 'chor / sna mkhas shing sbyor ba bzo na gtso bo dang g.yeng ba la 'chor / mi shes la nan tan chung na tha mal gyi spyod par 'chor te bsgom mi khom mo. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 39v.1.

•'CHOL BA Stein. rely, trust.

•'CHOS [1] eating. zos pa. [2] mistaking. nor ba. Btsan-lha.

•'CHOS SKYOB repairing and protecting, correcting and protecting. Example of usage in Lde'u 134.

•'CHOS PA OT = zos pa. Blaṅ 289.1. fed. constructed.


*JA*

•JA 'tea,' deriving from Chinese, acc. to Beyer, CT Lang. 141. On tea taxation by Dalai Lama's government, see Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 29. For comments on the history of tea consumption in Tibet, see Das, JTL&CT 159. LW 505.

•JA KHA tea colored.

•JA KHUG pouch for tea leaves. Illus. in Yisun.

•JA MCHOD 'tea offering.' Epstein, Dissertation 176.

•JA LJANG greenish tea color.

•JA TA LUGS PA = phren shing me tog. YTTM 292.4.

•JA TOR ras gur. Btsan-lha.

•JA THABS Stein.

•JA DAM thermos jug. Schmied 160.

•JA MDONG Tea churn. Illus. in Yisun.

•JA 'DUR See Mengele, dGe-'dun-chos-'phel 146, where it is explained as a paste made of tea and tsam pa.

•JA BLUG SA a place (bowl) to pour tea in. slop-bowl. Pouring the tea out into it is a sign of taking leave. Das JTL&CT 52.

•JA 'BRU DANG a type of high grade tea. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 26.

•JA MA Küchenmeister. Kaschewsky2. Similar to lag bde. For the job of the monastery's tea master, see Geshe Sopa's autobio. (2012) 56.

•JA DMAR reddish tea color. Jackson.

•JA TSI ferry.

•JA RA ja ra gzobs. Samdo A III 314r.6.

•JA RIL thod pa. Btsan-lha.

•JA LOG An Old Tantra term, it is misspelled as rda log, q.v. Jean-Luc Achard has some idea what it means. See discussion in Achard, L'Essence 181 n. 102. It occurs in titles of some Rnying-ma tantras that are found only in vols. CI and CHI of the Nepalese National Archives version of the Rnying-ma Rgyud-'bum.

•JA SHANG DBANG PHYUG I believe this word is a neologism. St. John's Wort. Hypericum perforatum. TDD 94.

•JA SHING tea plant. DG 214.5. TDD 33.

•JA SAG yasaq. Mong. for 'law.' Grousset, Empire 221.

•JA SIG a block of tea. Karmay, Treasury. Btsan-lha. Jaeschke says ja seg is tea-powder. ja'i shing lo gru bzhi sogs ma bcos pa. Dagyab. See also under zig.

•JA SUN I suspect it means a 'tea break.' se gol gnyis gsum bzhi tsam zan kham ldad yun tsam mam ja sun zhig gi bar tsam mam. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 250.5. Apparently za sun means a 'meal break.'

•JA SUN RE RE = ja phor re re. BBNP 469.

•JA HONG ngur smrig. Rtse-le VIII 430. btsod mdog.

•JAG robbery. Has close Chinese 'cognate.' Beyer, CT Lang 9. According to Guillaume Jacques, in an email, the Chinese word would have been pronounced dzok.

•JAG CING chags po. Gces 589.4.

•JAG CIR dad pa med pa'i mi la chos bshad pa lta bu'i don. chags po. Btsan-lha.

•JI a clan. Btsan-lha.

•JI KA brtag pa dang gang 'dra'i tshig. nam yang. Btsan-lha. brtag pa. Dbus-pa no. 113.

•JI KUN kho la ji kun gyi thum po chung bas rang bzhin bcos su ma btub ste. Zhi-byed Coll. V 220.1.

•JI GA OT = brtag pa (see ji ka). Blaṅ 287.3. gang. Dbus-pa no. 706. =brtag pa. =gang. Lcang-skya.

•JI DGU Dagyab.

•JI SNYED MKHYEN PA'I YE SHES phenomenally omniscient intuition. Thurman. Full Knowledge of knowing things in their conventional aspect. Knowing 'what is' in distinction to 'how it is.' See the Ten Knowledges of the Buddha.

•JI SNYED YE SHES primal awareness of quantity. Norbu, Cycle.

•JI LTA BA don dam bden pa. 'how things are.'

•JI LTAR OT = ji snyam. Blaṅ 282.4. Btsan-lha.

•JI NA gang yin na'ang ci 'dra yin na. Btsan-lha.

•JI NAS ci lta ba 'am de nas. Btsan-lha.

•JI BZHIN MKHYEN PA 'knowledge of things as they are.' Norbu, Cycle.

•JI 'OS OT = 'tsham pa. Blaṅ 286.4. 'tshams pa. Dbus-pa no. 078. = 'tsham pa. Lcang-skya.

•JI RA See tig ta.

•JI ROB why? what for? OT = ci phyir. Blaṅ 282.4. Dbus-pa no. 157. Btsan-lha. = ji phyir. Lcang-skya. In his Bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi me tog (fol. 6r of the published version), Rig-ral gives this (but he says it is equivalent to ji ltar, not ci phyir) as an example of something that should have been fixed in the 'new language regulations' under Sad-na-legs (evidently). It actually occurs 6 times in the Avatamsaka section of the Kanjur, which is one of the reasons to believe that this sūtra never underwent corrections under the new language reform.

•JI LING SHING TOG Gerke, TP 17.

•JIR in OT may = ji ltar, as in story of Dri-gum in P. tib. no. 1287.

•JIL See shug pa. RET XXXIX 125.

•JIS NA OT = cis na. Blaṅ 296.1. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 443. Lcang-skya. cos na / ci zhes pa legs sbyar la kim gyi sgra yod / [63r4] ci la sa sbyar ba bod kyi rnam dbye gsum pa 'jug tshul sum rtags ltar yin pas rgya gang gis na'am cis na zhes pa lta bu yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•JU GANG pha ma'i rigs rus. nye 'brel gyi zas. Btsan-lha.

•JU THIG See BA 251, for ref. to the practice of this divination by 11th cent. Se-btsun. Btsan-lha. 42 6 ff. TR XIV no. 10, p. 18b. See ju zhag, which may be a different kind of divination.

•JU PHYI rig pa'i ming. Btsan-lha.

•JU BO OT = rdo. Blaṅ 302.4. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•JU RTSI SS 518.3. = 'ju rtsi?

•JU RTSE MA bright varnish (?). Vitali, Tho.ling 69.

•JU ZHAG mo'am rtsis. Btsan-lha. This may just be a borrowing from Chinese zhouyi, as argued by Kuijp, Some Remarks 162 (the spelling ju yag appears as a variant). Sba 3. HS V 456.7 (ju yag).

•JU YAG See ju zhag, just above.

•JU SLIG rdo'i ming. Btsan-lha.

•JUG BYED 'o cag jug byed na ni bdag cag ci byed na. Dpe-chos 508. Btsan-lha.

•JUG YIN ci zhig yin. Btsan-lha.

•JUG SONG ci zhig tu song. Btsan-lha.

•JE OT = dang po. = re zhig. Blaṅ 286.4. 1. de. 2. dang po. 3. dbyangs. 4. re zhig. 5. tha snyad dam thog ma sogs. Btsan-lha. dang (deng). Dbus-pa no. 705. dang po. Dbus-pa no. 076. = dang po. = re zhig. = de. Lcang-skya.

JE CHER adv. je che ru. still more [and more], that much more. C&LT 169.

•JE BA princess, lady, royal lady. Similar to jo mo. Dotson, OTA glossary. Uebach, Ladies of the Tibetan Empire, p. 39. Yamaguchi in NTFC, vol. 2, p. 310.

•JE ZHIG re zhig. Btsan-lha.

•JE 'OS PA ji tar 'thad pa. Btsan-lha.

•JENG OT = rgyud mangs. = dbyangs. Blaṅ 294.4. Btsan-lha. dbyangs. Dbus-pa no. 384.

•JED = dbyangs. Lcang-skya.

•JEN See under han. This is supposed to be a Bru sha word, corresp. to Tib. song, 'gone.' This based on information from Jake Dalton.

•JEN PA This is supposed to be a Bru sha word, corresp. to Tib. thul ba, 'subdued, subduer.' This based on information from Jake Dalton.

•JEM TSE scissors, shears. Monlam. I imagine this is a recent borrowing from Chinese. Still, scissors as such were known to medical works of Charaka and Suśruta. On their history, see Habib, Pursuing 3. He believes scissors are probably Hellenistic in origin. See under chan pa.

JES NA ces na. Btsan-lha.

•JO re zhig. Btsan-lha.

•JO TI SMA TI SMA BO GCIG Simioli, AG 61.

•JO DAR See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 11. In a forthcoming paper, B. Cuevas attributes its origins to a 'das log figure named Byang-chub-seng-ge.

•JO DBYANGS a type of Ma-ni-ba. 440 276.4, 277.5, etc.

•JO MO Dotson, OTA glossary.

•JO LAGS a mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 297.

•LOS PA Stein.

•JOL NYOG ha cang mang po'am gang mang mang. Btsan-lha. See under 'jol nyog, 'byol nyog, chol nyog.

•MJAL DAR Begrüssungsschleier (kha dar). Kaschewsky2.

•MJAL DUM 'dum 'grig dang mna' gan Btsan-lha.

•MJAL TSONG nyo tshong. Btsan-lha.

•MJING SGRIL mnyam por. Gces 586.4. Btsan-lha. 367 I 237.

•MJING PA'I CHU LEB DD illus. 30.

•MJING TSHIGS DD illus. 8.

•MJUG DON postscript, summary.

•MJUG SDUD PA bring up the rear (in battle formation). Jamspal, Treasury 56.

•MJUG RTSOM tail composition. This refers to the lines of verse at the end of a work, & before the colophon. TR XIII no. 12, p. 23.

•MJE penis.

•MJED PA mi bzod pa'am 'jigs pa. Btsan-lha. to be unbearable. NNV.

•MJES PA yid du 'ong ba. Btsan-lha.

•MJOR tog rtse. Btsan-lha.

•'JAG MA [1] shovel, spade. Dargyay, TVC 56. [2] a kind of grass. See BBNP 482, where the Indian word is said to be bai da.

•'JAG MIG GI SRIN BU Samdo A IV 96v.6. This term also appears in the 5th of the 21 nails of Bon Dzogchen (edited by Kurt Keutzer). I see it also occurs if rarely in works of Atiśa and Klong-chen-pa.

•'JAG MONG a mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 299.

•'JAG SKYA dgun g yi rtsa lta bu. Dagyab.

•'JAG LUNG BZO BA eine Schlinge knüpfen. "to tie a knot." Kretsch.

•'JAGS to be pacified. to take a seat [hon.]. to stay [hon.]. NNV.

•'JAGS MA lcags khyem. Btsan-lha.

•'JANG NGE 'JONG NGE muddleheadedly. Soundings 28.

•'JANG BA za ba dang 'thung ba. Btsan-lha. = za ba. = btung ba. Lcang-skya.

•'JAD zhi ba'am med par 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•'JAN rang gis dka' las dang 'jan btang ba'i de tshod pa cig la gces spras kyi blo che ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 312.6.

•'JAN 'DZIN mi gtsang ba nyal nyil lam ljan ljin. Btsan-lha.

•'JAB PA thabs kyis mthun 'jug gi zang zing btsal na / g.yo rgyu dang 'jab bus ma yin bar blangs te dri ma. Zhi-byed Coll. V 304.3. creep quietly (like a cat), stalking. Jamspal, Treasury 66. Blaṅ 287.1. See mi 'jab pa.

•'JAB TSE tweezers. See Schmied 146.

•'JABS der gcig la gcig 'jabs pas ma byin par len pa byung. There was mutual sneakiness and so taking what was not given started to occur. 'Gos, Stong-thun 15.6.

•'JAM a 'secret' way of saying 'twelve,' used by gamblers. Norbu, Drung 229. thug pa. Btsan-lha. A Mongolian word; see 'jam lam.

•'JAM SGRA LDAN See mthing ril.

•'JAM DUG slow acting poison.

•'JAM PA gentleness. The wise say gentleness is sharp (because it overcomes both the gentle and the rough). Jamspal, Treasury 174.

•'JAM PA'I DBYANGS BYED Skt. mañjubhāṣiṇī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•'JAM DPAL MDOG See yung ba.

•'JAM DBYANGS BDUN RGYUD sa skya pa 'jam dbyangs bdun rgyud ni / sa chen kun dga' snying po / rje btsun bsod nams rtse mo / rje btsun grags pa rgyal mtshan / dpal chen 'od po / sa skya pandi ta / zangs tsha bsod nams rgyal mtshan / 'gro mgon 'phags pa blo gros rgyal mtshan rnams so. 600 96.

•'JAM DBYANGS GTSANG BA BDUN RGYUD See gtsang ba bdun rgyud.

•'JAM DBYANGS ZIL CAN See rtag tu ngu.

•'JAM 'BRAS JD 87. SS 436.3. = manydza pha la, 'bras sngon, g.yu sgong, sbrul sgong. DG 192.4.

•'JAM 'BRIS Name for the paintings inside the 'head chamber,' the dbu khang, of the front cover page of traditional Tibetan books. Cüppers, Remarks.

•'JAM RTSI Skt. niruha. 'enema' (or perhaps suppository). TM IV 107.

•'JAM LAM postal route. Petech (1983) 200, n. 78. See Paul Pelliot, Sur yam ou jam, "relais postal," TP 27 (1930) 192-5. It can be misspelled 'byam or 'byams.

•'JAM ZHU LE Prob. misspelling for 'jam zhum me (see Yisun). phyir spyod pa 'jam zhu le ba ci 'dra ba la sogs pa byas kyang mi phan. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 548.4.

•'JA' Karmay, vocab. = khengs pa btang ba. Lcang-skya.

•'JA' CHEN A type of boot illus. in Yisun.

•'JA' TI an incompetent, a quack. 'ja' ti zhes pa ni myi srad ma can zhes pa yin te. Zhi-byed Coll. I 430.6. nad kyi mtshan nyid myi rtogs pa'i sman pa 'ja tri yin gsung. Ibid. II 149.5. spyin skam po la 'byar rtsi myed par ma go ba'i myi 'ja tri yin gsung. Ibid. II 155.4. I suspect this word comes from some Indic term like Skt. jāḍya, which means sluggishness, dullness of intellect, folly, stupidity. I have seen Skt. jāti translated as 'sophistry,' so it would also seem to be a possibility.

•'JA' BRDEG khang pa sogs 'degs byed 'gyogs. Btsan-lha. me tog chun por / 'ja' brdeg rtsa 'jing ji bzhin du / zhes pa'i 'ja' brdeg la mchan [58v2] bur / khang pa 'degs byed de / deng sang 'gyogs kyang zer zhes byung bas / ngang pa 'degs byed kyi 'gyogs kyi brda yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'JA' BLDEG 'degs khyogs. Btsan-lha.

•'JA BA = 'dod pa. Lcang-skya. 'byung ba snyings pa dang shes pa'i rtsal 'ja ba dus mnyam. Zhi-byed Coll. V 128.1.

chu rtsa 'JA' BYED DD illus. 4.

•'JA' MO mail service. White Crystal 28. glen ma. Btsan-lha. bod kyi yul skad 'gar rkang 'gro'i bu lags rim rgyag pa la 'ja' mo rgyug ces grags. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'JA' MO RGYUG rkang 'gro lag 'don gyi khral. Btsan-lha.

•'JA' DMAR SER Huntington, Iconography 193.

•'JA' TSHON MYU GU See rtsa khu byug.

•'JA' RAL ral gri bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•'JA' LI sa 'ja' li zhes khri'u shing gi ming. 'ja' dbang gzhu'i ming. 'ja' ris kyi ming. Btsan-lha. Jinpa, Mind Training 60, translates it 'rainbow beams.' 'di yul skad 'gar sa 'ja' yi zhes khri'u shing gi ming la zer ba'i phal skad dam / yang 'ja' dbang gzhu'i [58v3] ming dang / li khi taṃ ri mo'i skad dod zur chags pas 'ja' li 'ja' ris la go ba sogs rnam grangs mang bas jo bo'i lam yig la yod na de'i snga phyi'i tshig grogs kyi skabs dang sbyar nas don go dgos. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'JA' LUS rainbow body. Karmay, Treasury. For a brief history of persons who have attained rainbow body, see the work of Rdor-lo contained at the end of A-chos. Also, Bsod nams don grub, Snga 'gyur Rnying ma'i 'Ja' lus Grub pa'i Skyes bu 'Ga' zhig Ngo sprod Mdo tsam Zhus pa, Bod ljongs Nang bstan, issue no. 2 of the year 1990, pp. 1-16.

•'JA' SA TS5 670. Spelled 'jwa sa in Btsan-lha, where it is explained. Petech (1983) 180.

•'JAR BA bcar ba. jabs pa. gab pa. gsang ba. ma tshor ba. Btsan-lha. mdza' ba. Dbus-pa no. 056.

•'JAL a fine. Lde'u 271 (perhaps also p. 268). As verb, making payment (of a fine).

•'JAL DUM mi mthun pa sdum pa. Btsan-lha.

•'JAL PA khengs pa btang ba. Btsan-lha.

•'JAL BYED Skt. pramāṇikā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•'JI BA 'dod sems. Btsan-lha.

•'JIG NYEN Vernichtungsgefahr. Kaschewsky 83.

•'JIG RTEN An etymological discussion in Hahn, Ting 109.

•'JIG RTEN GYI CHOS BRGYAD See under Chos brgyad. 'Jig rten chos brgyad may be used in a colloquial way to refer to monks who are in fact busy with worldly business. Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964) 138.

•'JIG RTEN BDUN 'gro ba rigs drug / bar srid kyi 'jig rten dang bdun no. 600 86-87.

•'JIG RTEN PA'I BDEN PA Sinitic vocab. for kun rdzob bden pa. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 162.

•'JIG LTAS Or, 'jig tshogs la lta ba. See Dpe-chos 513.

•'JIG PA annihilation, destruction, dissolution. On annihilationist views, see EoB VIII 558-561.

•'JIG BYED (?) Skt. apavāha. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•'JIG TSHOGS LA LTA BA Skt. satkāyadṛṣṭi. Mvy. 1955. Pāli sakkāyadiṭṭhi. EoB VII 641-644. 'jig cing tshogs pa'i phung po la bdag dang bdag gi bar lta bas na 'jig lta ste / kun btus las / 'jig tshogs la lta ba gang zhe na / nye bar len pa'i phung po lnga po rnams la bdag dang bdag gir yang dag par rjes su lta ba'i bzod pa dang / dod pa dang / blo dang / rtog pa dang / lta ba gang yin pa ste / lta ba thams cad kyi rten byed pa'i las can no zhes gsungs la / rang yul la rang stobs kyis bdag dang bdag gi ba gang rung du lta ba'i shes rab nyon mongs can zhes kyang bya'o. Gser Sbram 129.

•'JIGS PA fear. ji srid 'jigs pa ma byung ba // de srid 'jigs la 'jigs par bya // 'jigs pa mngon du byung ba'i tshe // 'jigs med lta bur gzhom par bya. Hahn, TSD 59, where he translates 'danger.'

•'JIGS PA'I DGRA BZHI Cuevas, Hidden History 43.

•'JIGS PA CHEN PO Lists of 8 and 16. See Beyer 198, 207, 229-230, 231.

•'JIGS PA RNAM PAR BRGYAD 1. seng ge. 2. glang chen. 3. me. 4. sbrul. 5. rkun po. 6. rgyal po. 7. chu. 8. sha za. Sky Dancer 194, n. 19. seng ge'i 'jigs pa / glang po che'i 'jigs pa / me yi 'jigs pa / sbrul gyi 'jigs pa / rkun po'i 'jigs pa / lcags sgrog gi 'jigs pa / chu bo'i 'jigs pa / sha za'i 'jigs pa rnams so. 600 102. MKB 378, where the 8 fearlessnesses are granted to elephants, who obviously cannot then be counted among the eight fears.

•'JIGS BYED 1. srin po. 2. lha chen spyi. 3. yi dam gshin rje gshed. Blaṅ 528.

•'JIGS MED SS 433.2.

•'JIGS TSHOGS LA LTA BA Skt. satkāyadṛṣṭi. Mvy. no. 4684. See Wayman, BI 215-223. There are 20 of them (4 different points of view for each of the 5 skandhas).

•'JIGS RA = 'thab ra. = 'dzin ra. battle-fence, stockade. Sources.

•'JIGS RUNG terror. Skt. bhayānaka. See nyams brgyad. Sometimes 'jigs su rung ba doesn't really mean 'frightful,' but something more like 'impressive' (or 'awesome,' to use the post-modern slang).

•'JING gnyen. dbus sam dkyil. Btsan-lha. A variant spelling for mjing, meaning the back of the neck, the nape.

•'JID ngag sgron du / bzhin [61r3] 'dzum 'dzin pa snod du 'dzud / ces pa'i 'dzin pa la / mchan bu 'dzid ces bris pa ltar / 'dzin pa'am 'chang ba'i don dang yang lag sgro lta bu do la'i snon ma la 'dzid zer ba'ang yod. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'JIB SBYONGS 'contamination cleaners'. Subservient spirits (like 'pawns') in the retinues of spirits that possess mediums. See Bellezza's 'Calling Down the Gods.' They may also be called grib sbyongs, or grib spyang.

•'JIB RTSI = pri yang ku chen po. JD 191. SS 523.4. TM I 51. For red and yellow varieties, see Mdo 122, 125.

•'JIB RTSI CHEN PO Salvia castanea. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27. Red dead nettle. Lamium purpureum. TDD 105.

•'JIB RU See rngabs rwa.

•'JIM PA mud. See Alexander, Temples 30, where 'vajra mud' (rdo rje'i 'jim pa) is smeared on wood to make it impervious to rotting and burning.

•'JIL BA zhi ba. lus sems spa bkong ba. chag pa dang nyams pa dang 'joms pa sogs. Btsan-lha. da lta'i zug gzer 'jil nus pa dang 'dra bar gdams pa 'dis kyang mngar bsags kyi bsgrib pa 'dag pa. Zhi-byed Coll. II 59.4. destroying. Jamspal, Treasury 201.

•'JIL LI rkub stegs sam khri'u shing. Btsan-lha.

•'JU CAN See not yet published article by Christoph Cüppers, Some Remarks on the Tibetan Language Used in Former Government Decrees, p. 337. See also Cüppers in TEHN 83. It may mean something like compurgation.

•'JU BA to melt, smelt. May be spelled 'jud, q.v.

•'JU BYED digestive system. DD illus. 17.

•'JU BYED NYI MA'I DKYIL 'KHOR a medicinal preparation. BT 24v.5.

•'JU RTSI See tsha la.

•'JU LA 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•'JUG SGO GSUM bstan pa la 'jug pa'i sgo skyabs 'gro / thar pa la 'jug pa'i sgo nges 'byung / theg chen du 'jug pa'i sgo sems bskyed rnams so. 600 21-22.

•'JUG PA BCU See khyab 'jug gi 'jug pa bcu.

•'JUG SGO RNAM PA BRGYAD The Chinese teacher Zhiyi created these categories. See Thuken 361.

•'JUG PAR CHAS PA 'jug par brtsam pa. Btsan-lha.

•'JUG BYED 1. lag pa. 2. sgo. 3. pho dbang. Blaṅ 528.

•'JUG GZHI basis of reference. Thurman.

•'JUG RINGS mjug ring. Btsan-lha. See du ba mjug ring.

•'JUNGS DGA' BA ser sna la dga' ba'am goms pa. Btsan-lha.

•'JUNGS PA OT = zhen chags che ba. Blaṅ 302.4. Btsan-lha. a kyā yongs 'dzin gyis / 'jangs pa ni zhen chags che ba'am ser sna'i brda rnying ngo zhes gsungs. Gser Sbram 295. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. miser. Jamspal, Treasury 43 (compared to mice).

•'JUD 'JUG MA smad 'tshong ma. Btsan-lha.

•'JUD MTHUN OT = smad 'tshong. Blaṅ 293.1. Dbus-pa no. 317. Lcang-skya.

•'JUD 'THUN MA smad 'tshong ma. Btsan-lha.

•'JUD PA [1] to enter. [2] male member. [3] to smelt. OT = 'jug pa. Blaṅ 287.5. Dbus-pa no. 135. Lcang-skya. pho'i dbang po'i ming. 'jug pa'am 'dzud pa. Btsan-lha. For 'ju ba, to smelt. lcags 'dod na rdo 'jud dgos par gda'o. Zhi-byed Coll. II 212.5.

•'JUN drag 'jun ni drag tu gzir ba. 367 II 132.1.

•'JUN PA I think the most general meaning is 'to put the squeeze on...' to tame, train, make flexible. yid la gcags pa. 'jur mig tu bshar ba'i ming. 'chun pa. yid la 'thad pa. Btsan-lha. Stein. See 'chun. gnyen po ni nan gyis rig pa 'jun pa yin la / dran pa ni ma yengs tsam gyi bya ra ba yin gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 323.6. thog ma rtsal sbyong gi dus su 'jun ba yun thung ba des rnam rtog sna tshogs su 'phro ba yin te. Zhi-byed Coll. V 474.7.

•'JUN BU 'jor bu'am tog tse. 'jur 'thug. Btsan-lha.

•'JUM KHYAD nyung du 'gro ba mar chag pa. Btsan-lha.

•'JUMS PA [1] khengs pa btang ba. Btsan-lha. = khengs pa btang ba. Lcang-skya. lose pride, be made humble. [2] More recent meaning, 'to shrink away, contract.'

•'JUR to stick [out], to bulge [out]. NNV.

•'JUR GYIS glo bur du. Btsan-lha.

•'JUR BGEGS Occurs in a dhāraṇī title contained in Kanjur. See Rhoton, CD 124 ('dyspeptic').

•'JUR 'JUR bzung ba. Gces 589.3.

•'JUR BA sleb pa. 'dzin pa. 'jur ma. Btsan-lha.

•'JUR BU Unintended knots, tangles. Samdo A V 36r.1. tog tse. 'jur thag. Btsan-lha. habitual compulsion (Keith Dowman).

•'JUR BUS BCINGS PA skud pa khel drag na mjur mdud yong ba ltar / tshe 'di'i snang shas dam drag nas rang sems bcings pa'i don. 367 I 241.6.

•'JUR MIG a tool. See Schmied 146. Vice. BA 853. A tool used by smiths to make metal wires and the like. [2] metaphor for a draconian legal system. Yisun.

•'JUR ZHING 'JUN 'jur mig tu bshar ba. nus stobs kyis gnya' rengs 'dul ba. Btsan-lha. ('di rnga lung ngam ko thag bzo ba'i lcags so'i phug par 'jur mig zer bas gnas der sha skyi spu rnams bcang ba'i don) 'di 'jur mig der bshar ba'i don yin / des mtshon nas btsan po'i stobs kyis gnya' rengs 'dul ba [58v1] la'ang 'jur ba dang 'jun zhes zer. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'JEN rjen nam rkyang pa. Gces 584.5. lar na 'jen ma btang ba'i yon tan rang gi rtogs pa'i go 'byed du mi 'gyur zhing. Zhi-byed Coll. V 203.2. 'jen ma btang ba'i yi ges phan mi thogs te mchi. Zhi-byed Coll. V 308.3. 'jen la ma bslabs pa'i chos la lag len mi 'jug pa yin. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 56. zas 'di mi ltogs pas chog gi rgyu'i 'jen la mi bslab. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 125.3. dngos po. Dbus-pa no. 253.

•'JEN PA len pa. bcags pa. dngos po yid dang rna bar 'thad pa sogs. Btsan-lha. = dngos po. Lcang-skya.

•'JEN PHO skyes pa. Btsan-lha.

•'JEBS 'JEBS Scherrer-Schaub in JIABS 25 (2002) 307.

•'JEBS PA OT = 'grogs pa. = legs pa. = snyan pa. = yid du 'ong ba. Blaṅ 297.3, q.v. snyan pa. legs pa. brtan pa. yid du 'ong ba. shin tu. phan pa sogs. Btsan-lha. phan pa. Dbus-pa no. 509. = phan pa. Lcang-skya.

•'JEM PA gnyen. mdzes pa. mkhas pa. legs pa. 'thad pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•'JEM MO bud med kyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•'JO lam. Dbus-pa no. 242.

•'JO SGEG 'dod pas kun nas bslangs pa'i lus ngag gi rtsed mo. Btsan-lha.

•'JO STER BA dga' ba ster ba'am dgyes pa. Btsan-lha.

•'JO BA mthun pa. Dbus-pa no. 237.

•'JO BAG CAN zog po mkhas par 'chos pa. Btsan-lha.

•'JO TSHAR CAN mdzes nyams can. Btsan-lha.

•'JOG See under gcig 'jog cig. In music, refers to an 'instrumental interlude' (which gives the singer a 'rest'). Ian Collinge, Developments in Musicology in Tibet, Asian Music, vol. 28, no. 1 (Autumn 1996-Winter 1997), pp. 87-114.

•'JOG SGOM IN Pabongka, Liberation I 233. fixative (or fixating) meditation.

•'JOG PA gzhog pa. Btsan-lha. phrad pa. Dbus-pa no. 428.

•'JONG CHEN sa rko byed kyi 'jor bu. Btsan-lha.

•'JONG MO Samdo A VI 222r.4.

•'JONG TSHE khri'am cog tse. Btsan-lha.

•'JOD ? rta bzang po'i 'jod bzhin du. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 270.4.

•'JON zangs dmar. Btsan-lha.

•'JOMS BYED DNGUL KHYUNG BCO LNGA a medicinal preparation. BT 52r.1.

•'JOMS BYED RMA BYA'I MDONGS BDUN a medicinal preparation. BP 389.2.

•'JOR hoe, pick (for digging earth). See tog 'tshe. Dargyay, TVC 56. Lde'u 338.

•'JOR BA mig zhar ba. half blind. Btsan-lha. = tog rtse. = 'jur thug. Lcang-skya.

•'JOL to hang down too long [robe]. NNV.

•'JOL NYOG = 'dzem med. BBNP 478.

•'JOL BA = nor ba. Lcang-skya. See 'dzol ba.

•'JOL BER TPS 586. A type of textile robe or cape. ZZFC 238.

•'JOL BON Here no explanation for 'jol (here spelled mjol) is offered, but see Tan, Theses 115, n. 14. This is attested (sku gshem mjol bon po rnams kyis...) in an OT text. The 2008 article by Uebach & Zeisler, p. 320.

•'JOL MO 4 253v.3. JD 225. nightingale. Bellezza, L&T 40. Bellezza, D&B 47 ('jon mo).

•RJANG 'bru sogs 'jog sa'i bang ba. Btsan-lha.

•RJUD PA "What in those days [in the famine kalpa] they called rjud pa, is nowadays called 'gyel ba [fainting away]... They [the ones who faint away] could also be called gab tse ba." Lokaprajñapti (Derge version, p. 102).

•RJE Although commonly translated 'lord,' I believe that when used for religious figures it may be more appropriate to translate it as 'master.'

•RJE GOL OT Master & servant. TS5 784. Lord and subjects. rje khol zhes rje dang bran g.yog gi ming. Btsan-lha. This spelling occurs in an inscription on an imperial period Maitreya in stone found in Leh, Ladakh.

•RJE RGYAL lord-king (esp. used of Gnya'-khri-btsan-po). Sources.

•RJE NGAR CHE BA Also, rje ngar chung ba. Shinbones (tibia) and forearms. DD illus. 7, 13, 14.

•RJE DRUNG ecclesiastic official of noble birth. Petech.

•RJE DPON lord-chief (i.e., petty ruler). Sources.

•RJE BLAS OT 'service, duty.' See Coblin in TH&L 63. 'administrative function.' Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 164, 207-8. rgyal po'i las don dang / srid kyi las don gyi ming. Btsan-lha. Official work. See article by Uebach & Zeisler (2008). Dotson, D&L 56, 69. According to Takeuchi, means 'official task, duty.' Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko 67 (2009) 89-108, at p. 102, n. 14.

•RJE'U GTSO BO BRGYAD PA'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 93. Lag-len 66.4. BP 336.6. = gtso bo brgyad pa (Lag-len 37.4). BT 18r.4.

•RJE'U GTSO BO NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 94. Lag-len 67.3. = gtso bo nyer lnga (Lag-len 37.4).

•RJE BTSAN OT = rje btsun. Blaṅ 304.4. mi 'gyur rje btsan chos kyi sku. Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 715.5. rje btsun. Btsan-lha.

klad pa'i RJE ZHABS pons (?). DD illus. 25.

•RJE ZHING royal lands. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•RJE YAB SRAS GSUM rje bdag nyid chen po / rgyal tshab dar ma rin chen / mkhas grub dge legs dpal bzang gsum mo. 600 26.

•RJE YI MGUR LHA BCU GSUM sngar gyi srid pa chags pa'i lha dgu'i steng du / jo bo mchims lha / jo bo ngos gsum / jo bo g.ya' spang / jo bo khug lha bcas bzhi bsnan pa'o // de rnams srong btsan sgam po dang / khri srong lde btsan sogs kyis bsten pa'i srung ma yin pas na rje yi mgur lha bcu gsum zer ro. 600 176.

•RJE'U RIGS vaiṣya caste.

•RJE SA zhe sa. Btsan-lha.

•RJED PA bkur sti phu dud byed pa. don ldan gyis bsngags pa. Btsan-lha.

•RJED 'OS mchod 'os. Btsan-lha.

•RJEN PA [1] raw, unprocessed. [2] naked. Klong-chen-pa 9.10 comm. OT = gcer bu. = rkyang pa. Blaṅ 290.4. gcer bu. Dbus-pa no. 250.

•RJEN NE BA naked.

•RJES SKYES 1. spen pa. 2. nu bo. Blaṅ 528.

•RJES KHYAB amvayavyāpti. Forward-pervasion. Dreyfus, Sound 208.

•RJES BCUGS See rjes gcod.

•RJES CHAGS love, attachment, after-glow. Sky Dancer 196, n. 35.

•RJES 'JUG successor. Sources. See under sngon byung.

•RJES NYAMS [spiritual] experiences coming after meditation session. Norbu, Cycle.

•RJES THOB aftermath. Skt. pṛṣṭalabdha. Thurman. "after a period of contemplation." Norbu, Cycle. BA 290. post-meditation. rjes thob spyod lam dang ji ltar sre ba dang. Zhi-byed Coll. V 515.7.

•RJES MTHUN an accord, a treaty. dgra bo stobs ldan rjes mthun bya. "Make an accord with a mighty enemy [to demolish weak enemies]." Flick, Carrying Enemies 58.

•RJES MTHUN PAR in accordance [with].

•RJES DRAN LNGA As taught in Bka'-gdams Thig-le Bcu-drug: 1. bla ma rjes su dran pa'i bla ma'i rnal 'byor. 2. lus lha'i rang bzhin du sgom pa. 3. ngag la sngags kyi bzlas brjod dang ma bral ba. 4. sems kyi gnas lugs stong pa nyid du sgom pa dang / byams snying rje sgom pa. 5. dge rtsa rdzogs byang du bsngo ba. Dung-dkar 166.

•RJES DRAN BCU sangs rgyas rjes su dran pa / chos / dge 'dun / tshul khrims / gtong ba / lha / dbugs phyi nang du rgyu ba / skyo ba / 'chi ba / lus kyi rnam pa rjes su dran pa'o. 600 147.

•RJES DRAN DRUG rjes su dran pa drug ni / sangs rgyas rjes su dran pa / chos rjes su dran pa / dge 'dun rjes su dran pa / gtong ba rjes su dran pa / tshul khrims rjes su dran pa / lha rjes su dran pa'o. 600 80-81.

•RJES GNANG A level of initiation associated with Kriya or Carya tantras. giving permission, commissioning, entrustment.

•RJES SNANG rgyal po'i rjes snang thob pas gshed ma la myi 'jigs. Zhi-byed Coll. I 310.6.

•RJES DPAG inference, syllogism, conclusion of syllogism. Skt. anumāna. Thurman.

•RJES DPAG TSHAD MA conceptual (inferential) validating cognition. Skt. anumānapramāṇa. Thurman.

•RJES DPAG RIGS SHES inferential rational cognition. Thurman.

•RJES 'BRANG Stein.

•RJES MED without after effects. Klong-chen-pa 11.2-.3, etc.

•RJES 'DZIN Stein.

•RJES GZHIG In bskyed rim meditation, a special term for the 'gradual meditation' as distinguished from ril 'dzin, or 'instantaneous dissolution.'

•RJES ZLOS nachsprechen, nachplappern. Kretsch.

RJES BZUNG Stein.

•RJES GSHIG subsequent dissolution (phase of visualization); it seems to mean dissolving one part of the visualized thing at a time, probably starting from below (like the hūṃ). The spelling rjes gzhig, q.v., seems more justified by usage. See under ril 'dzin.

•RJES SU 'GYOD PA A discussion in Hahn, Ting 116.

•RJES SU NGA RO a term for the anusvāra. See under klad skor.

•RJES SU BSNGAGS PA Skt. Anuṣṭubh. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•RJES SU GCAGS PA rjes su 'gyod pa.

•RJES SU LUS Stein.

•RJES SU YI RANG BA gzhan gyi dge ba byed pa'i rjes su dga' ba'i yi rang ba.

•RJO MO rgyal mo. Btsan-lha.

•RJOD BYED Skt. vācaka. saying.

•LJAGS BSNGO Verdienstübertragung. Kretsch.

•LJAGS MDUD (coll.) a gift given by a very important religious person. MTTP.

•LJANG KHU green.

•LJANG PA [1] post, pillar (?). Skt. stambaka. Mvy. 1402. [2] nang rdzong gi gzungs dngul gyi ljan pa la yi ge brkos ma bris nas... Eimer, NG 364 (section 423). Phyag khri mchog had gone to Nepal with the leftover silver from the making of Atiśa's reliquary and had it made into this ljang pa, perhaps a chest or something, that it emerges held gzungs that were later inserted in the reliquary, so many they wasn't enough room for them. [3] wheat or barley shoots. Yisun.

•LJANG SE light green.

•LJANG SER yellowish green. Jackson.

•LJAN LJIN impurity, contamination. Bsam-gtan Mig-sgron 3.2. filth, dirt. Samdo A V 65r.1 ff.

•LJAB MA LJIB See under chab ma chib.

•LJAR GYIS MNAN PA tshir gyis mnan pa. Btsan-lha.

•LJAR GYIS BSAD PA bskyel te bsad pa'am shar ses bsad pa. Btsan-lha.

•LJI BA fleas. Yisun says it is a bug that sucks blood from the bodies of humans and beasts.

•LJID ljid cha cha nas khur bas rang bzhin gyis rtsa las su rung zhing bar chod myi 'byung ba'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 146.5. gzugs g.yag ro la ljid byi chung myi 'ong / glang 'khor 'dir myi rigs rgod bro ba 'tshog par 'dug. Zhi-byed Coll. II 298.3.

•LJID KYIS MNAN YANG MTHONG POG NAS SO TSHIGS BYAD khur lci go bur yab ma khur gong nas bsam mno btang ba. Gces 585.1.

•LJID RDIG RDIG heavy, sluggish.

•LJIR GYIS BSAD PA bsgyel te bsad pa zhes pa'am shar ses bsad pa. Dpe-chos 505.

•LJUR GYIS BUD gcer bur bud pa. Btsan-lha.

•LJEN PA nges pa dang len pa dang zug pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•LJONG MO Perhaps for lcong mo, 'tadpole'? It bites the heart. Samdo A VI 5r.2.

•LJONGS [1] settled land or territory. [2] [in India] ljongs ni mi rigs bzhi gnas pa'i phyogs la ljongs zhes bshad la. Eimer, Dbyangs 58.

•LJON See rna ba'i phyi ljon.

•LJON PA'I BCUD See gu gul.

•LJON PA'I PHO BRANG (poet.) the palace of gods or devas. MTTP.

•LJON SHING GI RGYAL PO See dong ga.

•BRJE BA Stein.

•BRJE LEN Stein.

•BRJED NGA BA brjed che ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRJED PA OT. Honor, make offerings, worship. = bkur sti. = mchod pa. Also, rim gro, btsun par bya ba. Blaṅ 304.5.

•BRJED BYANG ma brjes pa'i phyir du bris pa'i thog yig lta bu. Chodrag. As a genre term, discussed in Kuijp, Treatise 404.

•BRJED BYED A word used in Rgyud-bzhi for epilepsy (see the chapter tr. in Terry Clifford's book). Yangga's dissert., p. 107.

•BRJOD discussion. Skt. jalpa. Mvy. 4536. Dreyfus, Rationality 55, translate it as 'wrangling.'

•BRJOD 'DOD [1] Skt. vikakṣā. speech intention. See Jonathan Gold's article, Sa-skya Paṇḍita's Buddhist Argument for Linguistic Study, forthcoming in JIP, where he notes "interestingly it also translates the very old, perhaps Vedic, term vaktur icchā — 'the desire to speak' — from which the notion of vivakṣā developed." [2] Yisun defines a particular type of poetic figure by this name.

•BRJOD BYA Skt. vācya. verbal content. what is said, the sayable. The thing to be discussed, the subject matter.

•BRJOD BYED treatment (of a subject).

•BRJOD PA'I BAG KYANG brjod pa'i tha snyad kyang. Btsan-lha.


*NYA*

•NYA [1] fish. This has clear T.-B. cognates (Beyer, CT Lang 99), but the ZZ tsa is difficult to explain! = gser mig can, mig mi 'dzum, mda'i rnga mo. JD 261. SS 538.5. [2] zla ba nya means the full moon. [3] In cursive texts, a syllable appearing like the nya stands as a shorthand way of writing bdag. This is certainly to be explained by the famous mantra used in many sādhana texts, which has the Skt. word aham, spelled with the avagraha as 'ham. The avagraha looks very much like the Tibetan letter nya. [4] Pisces.

•NYWA calf (of the leg). Naga in TJ 24 no. 3 (1999) 70.

•NYA SKYOGS mu tig gi shun pa nya phyis. nya'i rna ba. Btsan-lha. See nya phyi. = nya'i rna ba. YTTM 292.21.

•NYA KHA ? Samdo A V 179v.5.

•NYA KHRA See skyar mo.

•NYA KHRAL fish tax. Sources.

•NYA MKHAN For the metaphor of the Buddha as 'fisher of men', see Wayman, BI 15.

•NYA GA = srang. "currency unit, weighing scale." Kuijp (1986) 36. Samdo A II 302v.3; V 2r.2. Perhaps it means the 'balance beam' of the scales. sbyangs pa'i stobs kyis nya ga mkhyen. Ibid. IV 258r.6. nya ga 'gag la gzab par zhu. Ibid. IV 258v.4 (also, V 2r.2, 118r.6, 209r.5). srang gi nya ga phyi[s] la srang shing khyi la rgyob. Zhi-byed Coll. II 162.5. yar 'gag dang nya gar ma phyin na. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 258.2. 'gag dang nya ga thams cad dang... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (1991) I 335.4.

•NYA GANG full moon. See entry "Full Moon" in EoB.

•NYWA MGO DD illus. 30.

•NYA MGO MI NON Stein.

•NYA 'GYUR cramp in the leg, Charley Horse. On the American expression, see David Shulman, Whence Charley Horse? American Speech, vol. 24, no. 2 (Apr 1949) 100-104.

•NYA LCIBS mu tig gi a ma (lit., mother of pearl). nya phyis. dud pa bya ba ma. Btsan-lha. = dud pa bya bal. JD 171. nya lcibs 'di mu trig gi ā ma la 'jug cing / don du nya phyis yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. See entry in DD.

ltag pa'i NYWA LJANG DD illus. 30.

•NYA NYOG Samdo A V 76v.5, but spelled nyag nyog on p. 77r.1.

gru mo'i NYWA SNYING DD illus. 29. See also lag ngar nywa snying, mkhrig ma'i nywa snying, byin pa'i nywa snying, and dpung pa'i nywa snying.

•NYA DUG KP3 286.1. KP4 455.4.

•NYA DRAG rtsub 'gyur. Btsan-lha. Have noticed it spelled also gnya' drag.

•NYA RDO ? gser dngul rwa yod nya rdos bye brag phye. Zhi-byed Coll. I 289.1.

•NYA LDIR = byin pa. "waist." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•NYA NAS GDA' nyams nas gda'. Dpe-chos 517. Btsan-lha.

•NYA'I RNA BA See nya skyogs.

•NYA PA fisherman. Jamspal, Treasury 80.

•NYA LPAGS fish skin. Its use as a clothing fabric among northern Turkic groups seems to be known to a Dunhuang text (Pt 1283). Otherwise I haven't found many references to fish skin in Tibetan literature. There is an Owen Lattimore article about the "fishskin Tatars."

•NYA SPOS ambergris. See the entry in Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo. It is a concretion from the alimentary canal of the sperm whale. Levey, Aromatic 400. A TBRC search came up with only one example of usage, and it isn't clear from context.

•NYA PHYI = nya skyogs. JD 38. oyster. Zhi-byed Coll. I 454.2.

•NYA PHYIS See mu tig. SS 400.6. DG 95.6. Mother of pearl. It would seem to mean 'fish polish' (or 'polished fish'). Skt. śukti, śuktikā. Mvy. 5993, 9015. The metaphor of confusing mother of pearl with silver is found in Āryadeva, for example (Tôh. 1804, verse 67 in Varghese's version of the text, where it is Skt. śukti). Rin 38 identifies as Pteria martensin (Dunter), and gives alternative names as nya skyogs, nya lcibs, mu tig shun pa, mu tig 'byung gnas, mu tig ma, mu tig skye gnas, nya sog.

•NYA BE NYO BE = nyab nyob. wearily. Soundings 26.

•NYA BRIG KP3 260.5.

•NYA SBRID sa mthor skyes pa'i shing zhig. Nomads 237.

•NYA MA bud med ces pa'i yul skad. 367 II 132.3. a kye. Gces 587.4. 'woman' (this word is not really 'obsolete,' since used in works of DL VII). BBNP 473. Seems to be especially common in Milarepa biographies, for his female disciples and patrons (but also sometimes used there for both male and female disciples / patrons!). Perhaps related to nag ma, another word for 'woman.' There are various opinions: those who say it means bud med, bud med slob ma. ris med slob ma pho mo, a ce [a lce]. Btsan-lha. bu mo dang slob ma. Dagyab. bud med la zer [Goldstein 2001, female disciple/ adherent]. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

[TSHAGS SRANG] NYA MIG fish-eye design embossing tool. Schmied 148.

•NYA MID CHEN PO Also, nya mid che. Lit. huge gullet fish. Although translated as 'whale,' I believe it is just one of the epithets of the makara. Jinpa, Mind Training 425.

•NYA MO nya gser mig can.

•NYA MO KHA A name for the adams apple (ol mdud). See entry in DD.

•NYA RMO MO See entry in DD.

•NYA SMAN PA KP1 136.6. = lhog dug nag po. KP3 291.5. KP4 464.1.

•NYA TSHA khrims chad rta lcag gzhus grangs. Btsan-lha.

•NYA TSHAR GYIS BSKOR BA nya ltar phyi gan du brgal zhing bskor ba. Btsan-lha.

•NYA TSHOD KYI 'KHOR LO sundial. Skt. velācakra. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 167. Mvy. 9157.

•NYWA BZHI muscles of legs and arms.

•NYWA BZHI 'BROS TM IV 108.

•NYA BZUNG MA bag ma. Btsan-lha.

•NYA BZLOG bcos ma. Gces 584.4. Btsan-lha.

•NYA YU rkang pa'i byin nywa. Btsan-lha.

•NYA RA [house]cleaning, fish pond. = gnyer ba. "to search." Kuijp (1986) 36. dogs zon byed pa. Btsan-lha. tshe 'di'i nya ra mkhan la byang chub dka' ste mchi' gsung. Seems to mean the small struggles of daily worldly life ("daily concerns"). Zhi-byed Coll. II 449.2. grags pa gtso bor bsgrubs nas lto rgyab kyi nya ra byas pas chos myi mchi'. Ibid. II 455.2. 'dod na tshe 'di'i nya ra 'jog dgos pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. V 163.3. chos ma 'grub pa'i tshe 'di'i nya ra la dgos pa med de. Zhi-byed Coll. V 470.3. See Yisun. Cuevas, Travels 148, translates it as 'fish keepers,' although I think that ought to be nya ra ba or nya ra mkhan.

•NYA RE NYO RE = nyar nyor. slackly, not tightly bound up. Soundings 26. Zhi-byed Coll. I 444.4.

•NYA LAS SUG NYA CUNG ZAD BGYIS PA nya sha las ma sbyin par cung zad blangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•NYWA LOG SRZT 57. Dag-yig.

•NYWA SHA DD illus. 1.

•NYA SHA KA RA See dong ga.

•NYA SHI does not mean, as it would appear, 'dead fish,' but rather the 15th of the month, = nya stong, = gnam gang. BBNP 477.

•NYA SHING KUN = nye tshad kun. BBNP 482. Btsan-lha.

•NYA SE ? 356 I 14.1, 14.4.

•NYA SRAM the fish and the otter. MTTP.

•NYAG [1] nag. Dbus-pa no. 659. [2] a measurement for salt (?). Cüppers, Remarks. [3] notch (in an arrow). [4] JS says in western Tibet, it can mean the back of the neck (so same as gnya').

•NYAG SKYAG kho na. Btsan-lha.

•NYAG KHYAD As a school subject, the difference sizes of weight measures. Travers, BPPI 122.

•NYAG GE NYIG GE dirtily. Soundings 28.

•NYAG GE NYOG GE muddily. Soundings 28. See nyag nyog.

•NYAG GCIG singular, solitary, seamless (in one piece). Klong-chen-pa 9.10. For thig le nyag gcig, see Achard, L'Essence.

•NYAG NYIL gad snyigs. Btsan-lha.

•NYAG NYUG Samdo A [I?] 141r.1. Samdo A III 188r.5.IV 218r.6; V 120v.5. chung chung. nye ring. Btsan-lha.

•NYAG NYOG chung chung ngam nye ring. Gces 585.4. See under nya nyog. In the sense of 'child' ('little one'?). Samdo A V 228r.6.

•NYAG THAG zur ma myig nas drangs pa'i nyag thag snyen. Zhi-byed Coll. I 287.5. nyag thag brtul tshe gling gi yon tan brjod. Ibid. I 292.3. mya ngan gyi thang chen po la rin po che'i nyag thag gis drangs pas. Ibid. II 246.1. a guy rope (for a ferry boat across a river). Lde'u 332.

•NYAG NON PA so pa'am lta myul mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•NYAG PAG Tan, Theses 119 n. 28.

•NYAG POR GNYEG za ba. Btsan-lha.

•NYAG SPYIN PO'I SKYO MA = 'dam sla mo. BBNP 472. Btsan-lha.

•NYAG PHRA = nyag 'phrag. dünn, fein. Kaschewsky 83.

•NYAG PHRAN also spelled myag phran. tiny notch [?]; hence, arrow. mda'. Dbus-pa no. 195.

•NYAG PHRAN 'KHYAL PA mda' lad po'am nus med kyi mda'. Btsan-lha.

•NYAG MA gcig pu nyid dam nyag re rkyang.

•NYAG MO sna nyag. skyes pas bdag bzung byas pa'i bud med. a woman whom a man has taken to himself. a phyi. Btsan-lha. nyag mo / [58v4] brda gsar du nag mo zer. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•NYANG a clan name. Btsan-lha.

•NYANG LAG NYING LAG Stein in McKay, History of Tibet I 583 n. 95.

•NYAN dürfen. bzhes mi nyan, nicht essen dürfen. Kretsch.

•NYAN THOS Hearers. Skt. Śrāvaka.

•NYAN THOS BRDAR MA kha bde po. Gces 581.4. Btsan-lha.

•NYAN THOS RTSA BA'I SDE BZHI thams cad yod par smra ba / phal chen pa'i sde / gnas brtan pa'i sde / mang pos bkur ba'i sde'o. 600 32.

•NYAN RNA lit., listening ear. messenger, eavesdropper. pho nya. mi mngon par lkog nas nyan pa. Btsan-lha. = phag nyan. Lcang-skya. Lde'u 245 (nyan sna gsang).

•NYAN PA STANGS ZHAN nyan stangs sam nyan lugs mi legs pa. Btsan-lha.

•NYAN YUS See rme mo.

•NYAN RANG an abbr. for nyan thos and rang rgyal.

•NYAN RIN MED nyan rgyu med de / nyan rgyu'i chos su mi byed ces pa'am/ yang na nyan long mi byed ces pa yin nam snyam. 367 I 241.6.

•NYAB See ram bu nyab. See under zhag nyab. (BBNP 482). to be able to reach. NNV.

•NYAB PA sgrub pa'i lam srang mi lta bar tshig gi lo ma nyab pa can. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 111.4.

•NYAB BE NYOB BE [deriv. from nyob, exhausted] lethargically, muddleheadedly. Soundings 22, 28.

•NYAM NGA strategic, serious. Jamspal, Treasury 196.

•NYAM NGA BA [1] a weak or pitiful condition. [2] fearing, shrinking back. Yisun. khu 'phrig gi mtha' nang du sol na nyam nga ba'i g.yang sa phyir 'jig ste. Zhi-byed Coll. II 156.3. Jamspal, Treasury 74. Translated as 'frightful' in Hahn, TSD 54.

•NYAM THAG Alternative spelling for nyams thag, q.v.

•NYAM DROD RTOG gnas tshul shes pa'am nyams rgyus lon pa. Btsan-lha.

•NYAM NONGS An obsolete OT euphemism for having passed away. Uebach, Three 97-100.

•NYAM PAG Haarh, Yar-luṅ 368. barley-dough funerary offering. Uebach, Three 100-102. Better spelling is nyam bag.

•NYAM TSHAD = ya mtshar po. BBNP 484. Btsan-lha.

•NYAMS [1] 'experience.' Gyatso, Apparitions 190. Stein. rtogs pa myed pa'i nyams bskyangs pa la zhen pa mang / bsgom chen pa phal cher 'dir ldus pa yin. There are many who are attached to tending experiences without realization. Most contemplatives leave it at that. Zhi-byed Coll. II 330.3 (more discussion found here). nyams ni mtshan nyid bzhi' ldan du skye ste / bde' / gsal / myi rtog / ngo bos grol / blo gzung 'dzin dang bral ba ka myi rtog pa zhes bya. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 8.7. [2] in contexts of poetics, used to translate Skt. rasa (see under nyams brgyad, below).

•NYAMS KYIS MI LCOGS stobs kyis mi nus. Btsan-lha.

•NYAMS BRGYAD = gar thabs brgyad (OR bcu, OR dgu). 1. sgeg pa, śṛṅgāra, eroticism. 2. drag shul [can], raudra, wrath. 3. dpa' bo, vīra, heroism. 4. snying rje, kāruṇya, compassion. 5. mi sdug pa, bibhatsa, revulsion. 6. bzhad gad, hāsya, humor. 7. rmad byung, adbhuta, marvel (amazement). 8. 'jigs rung, bhayānaka, terror. Mvy. 5036-5045. Dag Yig under nyams. [9]. zhi ba, śanta, peaceful. [10]. gar, tāṇḍava, dance. Eastman, Eighteen Tantras, says these are in the Sarvabuddhasamayoga Tantra. See also Wayman, Yoga of Guhyasamāja 22, 327-8.

•NYAMS CHUNG 'humble' (indicating pious or holy persons). Epstein, Dissertation 216.

•NYAMS MCHAR (= nyams 'char). wunderbar, merkwürdig.

•NYAMS THAG weary, wretched, stricken. Often spelled nyam thag.

•NYAMS SNANG GONG 'PHEL One of snang ba bzhi, q.v.

•NYAMS PA ruined, in decline, gone to waste, deteriorated, impaired.

•NYAMS PA RNAM PA BZHI 40.3 (also, 41.2, nyams pa rnam pa gsum).

•NYAMS PA MED PA unwaning, undiminishing, unimpaired.

•NYAMS BROD CHUNG BA nyams rgyus nyung ba, spro ba chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•NYAMS MYONG [meditative] experience. dper na lang tsho bcu drug pa'i bu mo'i bde ba smra mi shes pa bzhin du / rang gi nyams myong gi ngo bo de yang smra mi shes pa'o gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. I 443.2.

•NYAMS 'UR a feeling of excitement. "a general term that according to my informants can describe anything from excited children, to a yogin performing feats like leaping onto a high rock, to the state of mind just before a vision dawns." Gyatso, Apparitions 223. See under 'ur.

•NYAMS RANGS 'dod pa la lhag par longs spyod pa. Btsan-lha.

•NYAMS LAD nyams chag. Btsan-lha.

•NYAMS LEN experiential practice, putting into practice, practice.

•NYAMS SOD nyams tshod. Namdak.

•NYAR mel tshe. Gces 587.5.

•NYAR NYOR See nya re nyo re.

•NYAR BYED PA to keep.

•NYAR MA chu rdul dang zegs ma. Btsan-lha.

•NYAR MI MDZAD gnyer mi mdzad dam tshags mi mdzad. Dpe-chos 508.

•NYAL GYIS [1] slowly, sleepily, languidly. cham 'gro ba. Gces 587.2. [2] nyal gyis bsad ni bsgyal cing bsad pa. Dpe-chos 517. Btsan-lha.

•NYAL 'GRO (poet.) chu bo. Rtse-le VIII 422.

•NYAL NYIL Stein. 472 118.2. nyal nyil bya ba la mi phan pa mi gzhag pa dang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 325.3. sprang rgan ma shing lo nyal nyil gyi bseb na yod pa zhig. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 217.2.

•NYAL THA sleeping tobacco (i.e., opium).

•NYAL PO sleeping [together], sexual intercourse. 'Gos, Stong-thun 21.1 et passim. incest (of any kind). Kuijp, Earliest 187. A depiction of a couple doing it is labelled nyal po byed pa, 'doing sleeping,' in the medical illustrations.

•NYAL BLA'O nyal bzhin. Gces 586.1. Btsan-lha.

•NYAL LE NYIL LE flaccidly. Soundings 29.

•NYI GU nying khu. Btsan-lha.

•NYI GRI The male nyig, q.v.

•NYI DGA' See bod lcam. See lcam pa. a type of mallow.

•NYI RGA KP1 190.2.

•NYI NGOG Coblin in TH&L 73. nye 'og gam mtha' 'khob. Btsan-lha.

•NYI CAG = nged cag. "we." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•NYI NA DGA' = sur ya bag ti. YTTM 292.7.

•NYI MA See mtshal.

•NYI MA'I DKYIL 'KHOR TMC 45 (98). grangs sel nyi ma'i dkyil 'khor. BT 52r.6. se 'bru nyi ma'i dkyil 'khor. BP 224.6.

•NYI MA BCU GNYIS 'dod 'jo las / dbang po byed po lo ba dang // char 'bab bstod byed sngon mi 'phags / mig gzugs khyab 'jug 'od can dang / chu bdag bshes gnyen nyid kyang ngo // zhes pa ltar ro. 600 156.

•NYI MA BDUN the seven suns that destroy everything in the kalpa of destruction.

•NYI MA'I BU 1. gza' spen pa. 2. gshin rje chos kyi rgyal po. Blaṅ 528.

•NYI MA ME TOG Sunflower. Helianthus annuus. TDD 89.

•NYI MAR GUS PA See bod lcam.

•NYI'I MIG Simioli, AG 60.

•NYI TSE phyogs re'am cung zad. Btsan-lha.

•NYI TSHE BA [1] approximation, simulacrum. nyi tshe ba yi stong par ltung. Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 693.1. Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 342.6. [2] trivialists, particularists (philologists). [3] In the phrase nyi tshe ba'i sems can gyi dmyal ba, it evidently means an 'individually tailored' hell (?). Silk, Dissert. 282. Cuevas, Travels 37, translates it as "ephemeral hells" and says their locations are indefinite. Actually, 'specifically designated' hells may define them better, since according to the Abhidharma Treasury these hells are created by the individual karma of 1, 2 or more beings. [4] The meaning of 'insignificance' may correspond to the literal meaning, 'day' (nyi) 'life' (tshe), as one whose life is but a day (such as moths). Skt. may be prādeśika (local, limited; Mvy.).

•NYI ZLA sun and moon. On the sun and moon as symbol of a religious ruler, see Jamspal, Treasury 108.

•NYI ZLA'I KHA SPYOD a medicinal preparation. BT 39r.5.

•NYI ZLA'I 'KHOR LO gsal byed nyi zla'i 'khor lo. BP 207.6.

•NYI ZLA GYEN ZLOG a medicinal preparation. TMC 45 (99).

•NYI ZLA ZUNG SBYOR 'dzag gcod nyi zla zung sbyor. a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 104. Lag-len 74.5.

•NYI 'OG shar phyogs. Rtse-le VIII 429. Often refers to a specific 'chamber' in a building. See the rather confusing explanation in Das, JTL&CT 77: "an open quadrangle on the roof of a house, enclosed on all sides by walls, in two of which are door-like openings."

•NYI RI SFHB 721.2.

•NYI LAM Walter in Lungta 16 (2003) 29. 'The way of the sun' (meditation on the solar essence).

•NYI LI See go snyod.

•NYI LE erfüllt, voll von... Kaschewsky2.

•NYIG MO The female nyig (a type of wild antelope, perhaps same as the gtsod). Bellezza, D&B 60.

•NYING nye du. rang. yang. Btsan-lha. nying 'di brda rnying yin / brda gsar la rang zhes par 'jug / [Goldstein 2001, 1. oneself. 2. on top of that, moreover, furthermore] Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•NYING KHRUL Stein.

•NYING GRUM rigs ngan. Dbus-pa no. 485.

•NYING GRUL bad type, rotten. rigs ngan. bcud 'chor ba. Btsan-lha. = rigs ngan. Lcang-skya.

•NYING TOR certainly, very much. OT = nges par. Blaṅ 296.2. shin tu. nges par. mtha' gcig tu. Btsan-lha. nges par. Dbus-pa no. 455. nges par. Lcang-skya (apparently spelled nyid dor).

•NYING MTSHAMS SBYOR BA joining of borders, a particular juncture, entering a new [way of] life [or entering a womb]. This expression used in Buston II 28, where it is translated as 'repeated existence,' and the Skt. is given as pratisandhi.

•NYING LAG yan lag gi yan lag. sor mo. Btsan-lha. distant member (of a family). Stein in McKay, History of Tibet I 565.

•NYING SHA OT = rang gi sha. Blaṅ 302.4, q.v. rang gi sha. nyin mo'i sha. Btsan-lha. = rang gi sha. Lcang-skya. Example from Klu-'bum Dkar-po (Bon Kanjur, 2nd ed. LV 252.1): nying sha nying gi[s] za ba (one's own flesh is eaten by oneself [in that evil age]).

•NYING BSINGS chang bcud kyi yang bcud chang do log. Btsan-lha.

•NYID = nged rang. "I, myself." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•NYID GRUL OT = rigs ngan. Blaṅ 296.6.

•NYID MI 'JO rang nyid rang shugs kyis mi 'grub. Btsan-lha.

•NYIN KHUG nyi 'od mang du 'phog pa'i gnas. Nomads 237.

•NYIN THANG A thangka painted in a single day. Jackson in TJ 27 nos 1-2 (2002).

•NYIN MO SPYOD khams sangs la 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•NYIN MO'I CHA BCU BZHI 'dul ba lugs kyi nyin mo'i cha bcu bzhi ni / skya rengs shar ba / nyi ma ma shar ba / nyi ma shar ba / nyi ma'i brgyad cha shar ba / nyi ma'i bzhi cha shar ba / snga dro'i dus / gung tshigs ma yol ba / gung / phyi dro'i dus / nyi ma'i bzhi cha lus pa / nyi ma'i brgyad cha lus pa / nyi ma ma nub pa / nyi ma nub pa / nub nas rgyu skar ma shar ba tsam gyi dus rnams so. 600 181.

•NYIN MTSHAN MED PA all day & all night. MTTP.

•NYIN ZHAG This refers to the normal 24-hour day, as distinguished from lunar days (tshes zhag, divide the periods between new moons). Schuh in ZAS 37 (2008) 215.

•NYIN ZHAG PHRUGS GCIG daily practices. See Pabongka, Liberation II 71.

•NYIN RI See under nyin srib.

•NYIN LONG See 'ug pa. nyin mo long ba, see Jamspal, Treasury 180.

•NYIN SRIB nyin ri dang srib ri zhes pa'i don te / nyin ri ni rtag par nyi ma'i 'od 'phog yul dro ba'i gnas dang / srib ri ni rtag par nyi 'od mi 'phog pa'i gnas kha byang du bltas shing grang ngad dang ldan pa'o. Nomads 266.

•NYIL NYIL chil chil. Gces 583.5.

•NYIL BYED PA Stein.

•NYIL DU wimmelnd. Kaschewsky2.

•NYIL BA to collapse, cave in. NNV. Examples of usage in Lde'u 66, 244.

•NYIS BSTUNG 'khun pa 'chor ba. Btsan-lha. the belching of ruminants?

•NYIS BSTUD (bstung?) 'khun pa 'chor. Gces 586.4.

•NYIS THUG tentatively translated as 'sun protection.' CC, List 84.

•NYIS NA secondly, a second time, once again. OT = rnams pa gnyis su na. = yang na. Blaṅ 287.3. brtags na. Dbus-pa no. 116. = brtags na. = nam pa gnyis su na. Lcang-skya.

•NYU GE kha na ri lu cig nyu ge 'dug nas. Zhi-byed Coll. V 483.2.

•NYU LE Namdak. a kind of spirit. sgrub pa la nyu le ma 'ong ba thar lam gyi dgra yin ba la. Zhi-byed Coll. V 146.5.

•NYU LE MA bslu brid mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•NYUG GIS nyul bas. Gces 587.2. 'bur te. Btsan-lha.

•NYUG NYUG RE BYAS füsseln, fummeln, reiben. Kretsch.

•NYUG PA rubbing, petting. Hahn, TSD 71.

•NYUG TSAM YANG = mgo phyung tsam yang. = phyogs tsam yang.

•NYUG RUM OT = rlig phyung ste btsun mo'i 'khor du 'byung ba. Eunuch, castrated man. Blaṅ 294.5-.6. See Yisun. nyung rum / brlig phyung. Dbus-pa no. 393. = rlig phyung. = 'bras bu bton pa. Lcang-skya.

•NYUNG MA JD 217. SS 527.3. See also bya rog nyung ma. nyung ma cig phyag tu bsnoms nas / nyungs 'bru tsam pa cig las skyes pas 'di 'dra / 'dis nang gi 'phel ba la... Zhi-byed Coll. IV 114.2. nyung ma cig phyag tu bzhes nas nyungs kar tsam las skyes pas 'di 'dra. "A thing like this," he said, taking a beet in his hand, "grows from something the size of a mustard seed." Zhi-bhed Coll. II 148.7. RY dictionary says it means turnip, and this seems correct, but given its sweetness, perhaps beet (nyung dmar, yung dmar?) is more appropriate in Zhi-byed Coll. nya dang nyung ma bsres pa. 'A mixture of fish and turnips.' This a metaphor used for the degenerate state of the Zhijé school's writings. I take it to mean they are not educated enough to distinguish fish from turnips (or go to ridiculous lengths to bring turnips into a discussion about fish, just because of the faint similarity in the sounds of the words). Thuken 164. Turnip. Brassica rapa rapifera. TDD 28.

•NYUNG MA NYI TSHE nyung ma cung zad re. Btsan-lha.

•NYUNG MA PHO SHA rgyal ba bskal bzang rgya mtsho'i dris lan zhig las / nyung ma pho sha ni nyung ma btsos pa / zhes byung / yongs 'dzin khri rin po ches / nyung ma pho sha ni nyu ma so ma la zer ba yin gsung. Dpe-chos 509. Btsan-lha.

•NYUNG DMAR JD 217.

•NYUNG ZAD very little, very few.

•NYUNG ZUG ZZ = rkang pa. Bru II 291.4.

•NYUNGS DKAR yungs dkar.

•NYUNGS 'BRU Achard, L'Essence 229.

•NYUL to roam. NNV.

•NYUL NGA OT = bul ba. = 'gor ba. Blaṅ 299.3.

•NYUL BA spionieren, auskundschaften. Kaschewsky2. bul ba. 'gor ba. Btsan-lha. = 'gor ba. Lcang-skya. Often confused with the originally different verb gnyul ba.

•NYUL MA Spion. Kaschewsky2.

•NYE'U See nye shing.

•NYE KHA Samdo A III 177v.3.

•NYE 'KHOR [1] Immediate circle (of followers), close associates. See Bailey in AM 11 no.1 (1964) 23, where it would seem (at least) to be closely connected to Khotanese īñakä, 'companions, following(?)'. See under nyen kor. [2] As a type of hell, a 'peripheral' hell, that is called in Skt. utsada, see Cuevas, Travels 37. [3] environs [of a city or whatever].

•NYE MGON Hahn, EI 132.

•NYE RGYU near cause, opposite of far cause, or ring rgyu. Yangga's dissert., p. 162.

•NYE LTOS gnyen nye du. Btsan-lha.

•NYE DU [1] bcud tshong. Dbus-pa no. 380. [2] kindred, relation. Suggested (but I sincerely think not so likely) loan from Skt. jñāti. Bhattacharya, LW 353, no. 19. I think "near and dear" is an appropriate translation.

•NYE GNAS Stein. slob bu. Dbus-pa no. 523. Lcang-skya. Generally it means pupil or disciple, although not only a disciple, but an 'attendant.' Acc. to Mvy. no. 8739, it ought to stand for Sanskrit antevasin or antavāsin. It literally means 'one who dwells nearby.'

•NYE BA DRUNG PO close mentor. Sources.

•NYE BA'I LNGA SDE grags pa / dri med / gang po / ba lang bdag / lag bzang rnams so. 600 54.

•NYE BA'I MTSHAMS MED LNGA ma dgra bcom pa sun phyung ba / byang chub sems dpa' nges gnas gsod pa / slob pa gsod pa / dge 'dun gyi 'du sgo 'phrog pa / mchod rten 'jig pa rnams so. 600 56-57.

•NYE BA'I RIGS Skt. upajāti. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•NYE BA'I RIN PO CHE SNA BDUN ral gri / pags pa / khang bzang / gos / nags tshal / mal cha / lham rnams so. 600 87.

•NYE BA'I SA GYU nye bar bstan pa. 'grogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•NYE BA'I SRAS BRGYAD 'jam dbyangs / spyan ras gzigs / phyag na rdo rje / sa yi snying po / sgrib pa rnam par sel ba / nam mkha'i snying po / byams pa / kun tu bzang po rnams so. 600 114.

•NYE BAR 'KHYUD Stein.

•NYE BAR DGONGS hon. of nye bar bsam.

•NYE BAR SGYUR BA In grammar, equiv. to Skt. upasarga (preposition denoting action). TS7 II 1019.

•NYE BAR MCHED PA Achard, L'Essence 127, 175 n. 69.

•NYE BAR 'JAL BA dpe. Btsan-lha.

•NYE BAR BSTAN Skt. upasthitā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•NYE BAR BSTAN PA Skt. upasthita. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•NYE BAR THOB PA Achard, L'Essence 127.

•NYE BAR 'DOGS PA Skt. upacāra. figurative designation, metaphor. Subject of the dissertation of Roy Tzohar, Metaphor (Upacāra) in Early Yogācāra Thought and Its Intellectual Context, Columbia Univ. (NYC 2011), and of his 2018 book A Yogācara Buddhist Theory of Metaphor.

•NYE BAR SBYAR BA Skt. ought to be upahāra, which would mean something like 'offering, presentation, distributed gifts.' Lde'u 179.

•NYE BAR ZHI 1. sdom brtson. 2. me. 3. bzod pa. Blaṅ 528. Translated as 'thoughtfulness' (for welfare of one's students) in Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 30.

•NYE BAR LEN PA Skt. upādāna. A special form of the kleśas, involving 'grasping.' Mvy. no. 2144. EoB VIII 402-408. Wayman, BI 124, where it is translated 'indulgence'.

•NYE DBANG RDO RJE Skt. upendravajrā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•NYE 'BYED cause divisions between relatives or friends. Skorupski, TA.

•NYE TSHAN = bshes gnyen. "spiritual friend." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•NYE ZHO fault, impediment, obstacle. Yisun. Samdo A V 198r.1. nye zho myed pa'i tshang 'tshol khug rta sgrin. Seeking a faultless nest, the khug rta makes its home. Zhi-byed Coll. I 296.3. srin mo'i phang du bu shor nye zho med par log pa'i mi de gang. Zhi-byed Coll. I 218.6.

•NYE ZHO MED PA OT = legs pa. = skyon med pa. = bkra shis pa. Skt. svāstika. Blaṅ 306.5. Btsan-lha. = legs pa. = skyon med pa. = bkra shis pa. Lcang-skya.

•NYE RANG = bdag. "I." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•NYE RING favoritism (and its opposite). Cabezón, Great Debate 87.

•NYE REG OT = khrus. Blaṅ 302.5. khrus. khyim gad dar byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•NYE RONG See dur byid.

•NYE SHING Beyer 261. = rtsa ba brgya pa. JD 139. SS 495.4. = sha ta mū la, ba hu mū la, rtsa ba mang po, shū kra garbha, khu ba'i snying po, ga ta la, bar ba ta, wan ta wa ri, a bhi ru, nel pa, rā ma dū ti, shap ta wa ri, kṣa ra ka ko li, ha ri ma ga ta, nel ma lcags kyu, dag byed, nye sug pa, nye'u. DG 260.5. Mdo 128. For bdud rtsi nye'u shing (or bdud rtsi nyel shing), see KP1 132.5, KP3 289.6, KP4 461.4. nye'u shing pa. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) III 492. Asparagus racemosus. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. Today the popular Indian name of Asparagus racemosus is Satavar, and it is mainly known as a medicinal for increasing male potency. Asparagus adscendens Roxb. TDD 21.

•NYE SUG PA See nye shing.

•NYENG BYED PA chags pa'i nyams 'gyur bstan pa. Btsan-lha.

•NYED RANG nga rang. Btsan-lha.

•NYEN [1] foundation. OT = rmang. Blaṅ 294.4. Lcang-skya. rmang gzhi. Btsan-lha. rmangs. Dbus-pa no. 382. [2] Sometimes = nyan, vermutlich, as in yin nyen 'dug, er ist vermutlich. Kaschewsky 83. [3] to suffer. to face a risk of, be in danger of. NNV.

•NYEN KOR nye 'khor ram nye 'dabs. sman dang mu bzhi yod pa'i dngos rdzas bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha. nyen kor du ni thag nye skor tha na gor kyang zer. Utpal 14.5.

•NYEN KHA danger.

•NYEN TE See gnyen te.

•NYEN SDO mi bsam pa dang mi brtsi ba. Btsan-lha.

•NYEN BRDA' Evid. this means 'danger sign,' sent from a signalling station called 'bod brda khang. BLKC I 51.

•NYEN MED (= nyan med). nicht wert, zu schade. Kaschewsky2.

•NYE'U small fish, minnow, criminal (fishy person?). Karmay, Great Perfection 95 n. 50. nye'u ni nya'i phru gu ste. Dpe-chos 516. Btsan-lha.

•NYE'U GYI OT = bcud tshor. Blaṅ 294.4. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•NYE'U 'DON 'jigs pa las skyabs pa. Btsan-lha.

•NYER SKAD gcong skad. Btsan-lha.

•NYER LNGA For a text on 25 medicinals that each has 25 ingredients, see Three Tibetan Medical Texts 99-116. For Old Tibetan significance of the number 25 as 24 plus one making a totality, see Dotson, D&L 12.

•NYER BRNGAN nye bar mchod pa. Btsan-lha.

•NYER BSNGOGS OT = sta gon. Blaṅ 289.2.

•NYER BCUD Skt. uparasa. Simioli, AG 56.

•NYER 'JAL dper brjod. Btsan-lha.

•NYER LDOG the preliminary. Thondup, BM 300.

•NYER BRDOGS nye bar brdogs pa'am bsdogs pa nye bar brtsams pa sta gon. Btsan-lha. = sta gon. = sngon 'gro. Lcang-skya (here spelled nyer bsdogs).

•NYER BSDU Dung-dkar 148.

•NYER BA stag la sogs pa'i gcan gzan gyi skad. Btsan-lha.

•NYER ZHO MA MCHIS PA skyon cha'am bar chad med pa. Btsan-lha.

•NYEL BA ngal ba. Btsan-lha. Obviously bsnyel & mnyel are related.

•NYES PA ma nyes pa, OT = legs pa; = gros mthun pa. Blaṅ 305.5.

•NYES BYAS fault. In vinaya terminology, these are the more minor rules, of which there are 112, subcategorized in 9 sets.

•NYES DMIGS Stein.

•NYES BSRUBS nyes pa spangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•NYO TING pear (the fruit).

•NYO BA Stein.

•NYO LONG BYA THANG nyon long bya grangs. Gces 587.4.

•NYOG Stein. to get cloudy, muddied [water]. to feel dull. to get disrupted. NNV.

•NYOG SHEL nyag nyog bris pa. Gces 584.2. Btsan-lha.

•NYONG BA OT = zas. [nyod pa?] Blaṅ 287.6-288.1, 516.4.

•NYOD PA = thug pa. "noodle soup." Kuijp (1986) 36. zas. za ba. Btsan-lha. zas. Dbus-pa no. 143. = zas. Lcang-skya.

•NYOD PA NYOD DAM zas zos sam. Have you eaten? Btsan-lha.

•NYOD ROD OT food and clothing. lto gos. Btsan-lha.

•NYON MONGS mental states that are counterproductive to advancement on the Path. There doesn't seem to be a shorter way to say this. afflictive emotion is by far the most usual translation. Skt. kleśa. Thurman. ego-logical emotions. Germano, Poetic Thought 872. destructive emotions (Daniel Goleman). EoB VI 213-222. = chags sogs. Lcang-skya. It's interesting that the Sogdian has a translation that means "pain and suffering," while the Chinese has fan nao, "trouble and disturbance." Tremblay's essay in Heirman, ed., Spread of Buddhism, p. 111.

•NYON MONGS KUN GCOD RTSA MCHOG Sardar-Afkhami, Account 9.

•NYON MONGS LNGA 'dod chags / zhe sdang / gti mug / nga rgyal / phrag dog go. 600 55.

•NYON MONGS PA RWA YOM ME BA / SGRO LDEM ME / RMIG PA SHA RE BA gti mug pa ba 'jo'i rwa bcag / 'dod chags bya'i sgro breg / zhe sdang rta rgod kyi rmig pa shar ba yin. Gces 585.2.

•NYON MONGS GSUM nyon mongs pa'i kun nas nyon mongs pa / las kyi kun nas nyon mongs pa / skye ba'i kun nas nyon mongs pa'o. 600 11-12.

•NYON YID addictive mentality. Skt. kliṣṭamana. Thurman.

•NYOB PA Often understood to be the Tibetan word for 'being bored,' but seems rather to point to a desultory frame of mind, feeling bogged down and ineffectual, or simply drowsy (but geeze, I often feel that way when staring at this dictionary on the computer screen, and maybe that's what boredom is, after all). In one of Alex Berzin's transcribed talks, 'Buddhist Terminology,' he says there are no words in Tibetan (or, it would seem, in Sanskrit) for the notions of emotion, boredom and loneliness. He's surely off mark here (well, yes, the notion of emotion could be considered so culturally specific in its precise parameters that no other culture could possibly have it or even need to have it, but then what is the point of making absolute cultural contrasts? After all, most of the emotional states known to the western world find close matches among the kleśas.)

•NYOB BE A rather unusual word for 'chapter' used in some Bon 'dul ba texts, for example.

•NYOL LCIGS ? nyol lcigs phru gu bsdug bsngal rtsa ba yin // 'di la dgos pa myed de ding ri ba. Zhi-byed Coll. III 88.

•NYOS adopted. Petech in TS6 649.

•GNYAGS Name of a clan. Btsan-lha.

•GNYANG bshang ba'am dri chen. Btsan-lha.

•GNYAN [1] a mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 296. = ru ru, e rgya, kri na sa ra, 'khri snyan sa le. JD 232. SS 498.2. Noble Mountaineer 268. Supposedly this is the name of the argali sheep, Ovis ammon hodgsoni, although I'm not sure of it. [2] a clan. Btsan-lha. T&BS I 327. [3] a type of spirit. Discussed in Karmay, Arrow 253 ff. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 35. In 64 I 79, these spirits are clearly associated with trees (or rocks) just as btsan are associated with rocks, nāgas with water. It seems they are sometimes depicted with cow head (internet). Digging earth and harming trees are the activities most likely to provoke them. For a study, see Jakub Kocurek, Tree Beings in Tibet: Contemporary Popular Concepts of Klu and Gnyan as a Result of Ecological Change, J. of Ethnology & Folkloristics 7 no 1 (2013) 19-30 (PDF). According to him, nowadays most people associate trees with klu, and not with gnyan. [4] used as an adj. in med. contexts: critical, dangerous.

•GNYAN SKRANGS SRZT 58.

•GNYAN KHAMS (Dbus, Gtsang) realm of the Gnyan (i.e., the atmosphere). MTTP.

•GNYAN GAG NAD DANG LHOG PA LA SOGS PA'I 'GOS NAD BSKYED PA'I RGYU RKYEN KHYAD PAR BA ZHIG GI MING. Dag-yig. Text 1, 21, 24, 25, 46, 48, 84.

•GNYAN MGO GZER SRZT 56.

•GNYAN CHEN class of mundane deities inhabiting the middle air (bar snang) between klu and lha. Pre-Buddhist in origin, they were forcibly enlisted to the service of Buddhism. MTTP.

•GNYAN THUB RNAM PA GSUM YTTM 291.8.

•GNYAN THUB PA JD 172. See gnyen thub.

•GNYAN DUG PA = stong ri zil pa can. YTTM 292.6.

•GNYAN 'DUL JD 172.

•GNYAN NAD gnyan gyis bskyed pa'i 'go nad rigs shig ste, 'di la klad gzer sogs nad rigs mi 'dra ba bco brgyad yod par bod kyi sman gzhung du gsal. Dag-yig. Text 39, 43, 70.

•GNYAN PA [1] exalted, dignified, solemn. Karmay, Treasury. [2] ferocious. [3] oarsman.

•GNYAN SBYONG DRAG PO BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. BP 188.6.

•GNYAN RTSE a clan. Btsan-lha.

•GNYAN TSHAD Text 22, 32.

•GNYAN GZER THUNG SRZT 56.

•GNYAN RIMS SRZT 55.

•GNYAN RIMS SNOD BABS SRZT 58.

•GNYAN GYI RE THAG [BZHI] DD illus. 3.

•GNYAN BSHAL GSUM PA a medicinal preparation. Lag-len 96.1.

•GNYAB lag pas rnyab pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNYA' See under khang gnyar.

•GNYA' SKYI g.yar ba dang skyi ba. Btsan-lha. Eimer, Dbyangs 58.

•GNYA' BSKYIS 'JOMS brnyan bskyis 'joms pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNYA' DRAG 'GYUR TSHUL rtsub cing thod rgal du 'gyur ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNYA' 'KHOR 'DAR SHA rhomboideus minor (a type of muscle). Yangga's dissert., p. 278.

•GNYA' GNON 'gying snyel ba. Gces 584.2.

•GNYA' SPYOD PA gnya' skyor ba'am grogs byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNYA' BO OT = dpang po. Blaṅ 285.2. Dbus-pa no. 012. Lcang-skya. dpang po'am drang po. bag ma skyel bsu. Btsan-lha. The one who performs wedding ceremonies and performs gnya' glu. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 60. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 151.

•GNYA' BYED PA rgyab byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNYA' MDZAD PA helfen, unterstützen. Schuh in ZAS 37 (2008) 197.

•GNYA' ZUNGS RGYUD MO lcags thag. Btsan-lha.

•GNYA' SHA 367 I 239. thal gong gnya' sha, cervical part of the trapezium. Yangga's dissert., p. 278.

•GNYA' SHA NAG PO DD illus. 30.

•GNYA' SHING yoke for plowing animals. Illus. in Yisun.

[MNYAN PO'I] GNYA' SRONG mnyan po'i gnya' gnon pa'am 'gran pa. 367 I 240.4.

•GNYAL n. of a clan. Btsan-lha.

•GNYAS BA nges pa. Gces 590.1. Btsan-lha.

•GNYI GA gnyis ka. Btsan-lha.

•GNYI DRO nyi 'od. Btsan-lha.

•GNYI BA lci ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNYI MA nyi ma. Btsan-lha.

•GNYI ZER OT = nyi zer. Blaṅ 295.3. Dbus-pa no. 414. Lcang-skya.

•GNYI ZLA OT = nyi zla. Blaṅ 284.5. Btsan-lha.

•GNYI GZER nyi zer. Btsan-lha.

•GNYIG gcig. Btsan-lha.

•GNYIG TU OT = gcig tu. Blaṅ 296.5. Lcang-skya.

•GNYING PA an odd or old orthography for rnying pa.

•GNYID STABS GCOGS PA Stein.

•GNYID DU gcig tu. Dbus-pa no. 475.

•GNYID MA sleep channel. The name for the part of the lasanā below the navel. Stearns, TRP 633 n. 24.

•GNYID YUR gnyid dro ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNYID YER gnyid med pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNYID LOG DD illus. 3, 4.

•GNYID LOG RTSA carotid artery. See Zhen Yan in Schrempf, Soundings 336. Yangga's dissert., p. 294.

•GNYID SINGS gnyid sangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNYIL to become blunt. NNV. For rnyil or snyil?

•GNYIS SKYES 1. bram ze. 2. bya spyi. 3. so. 4. na le sham dkar. 5. rgyal po. Blaṅ 528. tha snyad 'di bya 'dab chags dang / bram ze / so / rab tu byung ba bcas don du mar 'jug mod / skabs 'dir bya'i ming gi rnam grangs. Gser Sbram 298.

•GNYIS SKYES DBANG PO 1. zla ba. 2. tshangs pa. 3. mkha' lding. Blaṅ 528.

•GNYIS BCU nyi shu. Btsan-lha. See discussion in Hahn, Ting 115.

•GNYIS GNYIS or, gnyis kyi gnyis. Skt. dvandva. Hahn, Striving 141.

•GNYIS 'THUNG See glang po che.

•GNYIS BSDUS the two combined (i.e., both saṃsāra and nirvāṇa). Example of usage in ZC III 73.2.

•GNYIS SNANG Stein.

•GNYUG MA stong nyid. Stein. = gdod ma. Lcang-skya. gnyug mar bzhugs pa / gnyug ma ni gnas lugs sam gdod ma bcas pa'i don la 'jug ste / 'dir 'dod ma ste sngar bzhin gnas pa'am gtan du gnas pa'i don. Gser Sbram 128. A misspelling for myug ma in Zhi-byed Coll. II 296.1.

•GNYUG MA PA Skt. naivāsika. Schopen, JIP, vol. 30 (2002), p. 372. It means 'resident', but perhaps used to refer to some category of resident local spirits.

•GNYUG MA'I GSHIS ngo bo'i gnas lug. gdod ma. Btsan-lha.

•GNYUG MA'I SA dur sa. Btsan-lha.

•GNYUG MAR GNAS PA Vinaya term discussed by Schopen in JIP, vol. 30 (2002), p. 372.

•GNYUGS BU sgo srung. Btsan-lha.

•GNYUGS SU continuously, constantly. This occurs once in the last will of Kun-dga', the Zhi-byed-pa. PD says it is typical Gtsang language.

•GNYUR BA bcur ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNYE PO pho nya. Btsan-lha.

•GNYE BA KP1 74.6. KP3 274.3. KP4 417.5.

•GNYE BO groomsman. Dotson, OTA glossary. Courtier, emissary. Sba 2, 3.

•GNYE MA DD illus. 17. sigmoid colon. Yangga's dissert., pp. 281, 368.

•GNYEN DKAR spun mched gnyen nye ring dang dga' nye blo dkar gyi bsdus ming. Btsan-lha.

•GNYEN SGRIG gnyen byed pa. Nomads 237.

•GNYEN LCUG BZHI 17 II 400.6.

•GNYEN TE bos te. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. 'brel te'am 'dren te.

•GNYEN THUB KP1 19.2. KP4 375.5.

•GNYEN DU SDEBS PA to intermarry. Sources.

•GNYEN BDUN relatives. Bellezza, L&T 37.

•GNYEN PA shan pa. Dbus-pa no. 521.

•GNYEN PO 'joms byed dang zhi byed. overcomer or pacifier. Seems to mean rather a kind of friendly opposition, an antidote (perhaps the most apt and more common translation), a harmony restorer. Counteragent, counter measure, aiding force. bag ma bsu skyel byed mkhan. Nomads 237. Skt. pratipakṣa. Mvy. 1674; also, Ruegg in JAOS 87 (1967) 158.

•GNYEN PO BCO BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. BP 192.5, 256.1.

•GNYEN PO BYA KHYUNG See bya khyung.

•GNYEN PO BZHI Listed as gtsang ba, bdag, bde ba & rtag pa. Yaroslav Komarovski, Reburying the Treasure — Maintaining the Continuity: Two Texts by Śākya mchog ldan on the Buddha-essence, Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 34 (2006), pp. 521-570, at p. 545.

•GNYEN PO LHA GSUM mkhan chen phyag rdor ba'i gnyen po lha gsum ni / rta mgrin / phyag rdor / khyung dang gsum mo. 600 23-24.

•GNYEN MO kinswoman.

•GNYEN TSHONGS Word used for wife-sale (marriage by sale), in opposition to mjal tshongs (?). Used in OT document. I guess it means to be sold by a relative (gnyen).

•GNYEN ZLA fit for matrimonial alliance (as to birth, etc.). Sources. A friend who is also a relative? Usage with what seems to be a different meaning, perhaps partner or counterpart, in Lde'u 196.

•GNYEN LA 'KHANG 'khang ra byed pa'i ming ngo. Eimer, Dbyangs 56.

•GNYEMS PA perhaps cognate to snyems pa, 'prideful, arrogant.' "vigorous, forceful, bold, courageous." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 317. drag po. Btsan-lha. Zhi-byed Coll. II 22.3, 22.6.

•GNYER n. of a clan. Btsan-lha.

•GNYER KA BYED do dam byed. Btsan-lha. sde pa'i gnyer ka chen po byas sam. Zhi-byed Coll. V 310.5.

•GNYER SKYED CIG BYA bdag cig bya. Dpe-chos 512.

•GNYER KHA care, supervision. Samdo A V 228r.6. spelled rnyer ka and snyer ka in Zhi-byed Coll. V 280.2-3. rang gzhan smin pa'i gnyer kha yod. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 276.4.

•GNYER CAG bdag gnyer do dam. Btsan-lha.

•GNYER TE bos te. Dbus-pa no. 494.

•GNYER GDONG See spre'u.

•GNYER PA = mdun na 'don. "official." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•GNYER BA [1] to attend to, to tend. [2] to strive for, seek, apply oneself. [3] to show an angry expression, to wrinkle up in anger. [4] ='bod pa. to call.

•GNYER MI KHUMS gnyer ba'i las 'gan sgrub mi thub. Btsan-lha.

•GNYER BZHI See Dorji Wangchuk's blog "Philologia Tibetica," the entry for May 3, 2014 for a discussion

snag chen GNYER RING DD illus. 6.

•GNYES PA In a list of 5 seating postures. Zhi-byed Coll. I 164.7.

•GNYOD bu mo'i rin. Btsan-lha.

•GNYOD KA OT = 'khos ka. Blaṅ 295.5. nus stobs. sran chung ba. Btsan-lha. = mkhos ka. Lcang-skya.

•GNYOD DKA' 'khos ka. Dbus-pa no. 435.

•GNYOD KHA CHUNG BA 'khos ka chung ba. gtong phod chung ba. sran chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNYOM nyon mongs. Btsan-lha.

•GNYOS rus ming. Dpe-chos 517. Btsan-lha.

•GNYOS KA nus pa. 'jon stabs. Btsan-lha.

•MNYAN PA Stein. Alternative spelling for nyan pa.

•MNYAN DPON (Dbus, Gtsang) = gru dpon. navigator, boatman.

•MNYAM Skt. samānikā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•MNYAM DKAR Michael Hahn, Mnyam dka(r) and Dharmakīrti's Praise of the Buddha's Nirvāṇa: Miscellanea Etymologica Tibetica IX, JCBSSL, vol. 10. PDF. He finds that mnyam dka' is a Tibetan name for the country of Magadha.

•MNYAM RJES [1] equal exchange. Perhaps mnyam brjes is more correct spelling, in which case it means equalizing [and] exchange, the two main initial practices of Blo sbyong. [2] short for mnyam bzhag and rjes thob. Stein.

•MNYAM NYID BCU chos thams cad mtshan ma med par mnyam pa nyid dang / mtshan nyid med par mnyam pa nyid dang / skye ba med pa dang / ma skyes pa dang / dben pa dang / gdod ma nas rnam par dag pa dang / spros pa med pa dang / blang dor med pa dang / chos thams cad sgyu ma dang rmi lam dang mig yor dang brag cha dang chu zla dang gzugs brnyan dang sprul ba lta bur mnyam pa nyid dang / dngos po dang dngos po med pa gnyis su med par mnyam pa nyid de bcu'o. 600 146-7.

•MNYAM PA CHEN PO Great Levelness. Great Equality, etc. Defined in Klong-chen-pa 8.1 comm. as union of 4 Levelnesses. Skt. mahātulya [?], tulya — equal to, in the same class, carrying the same weight.

•MNYAM PA NYID GSUM sangs rgyas kyi mnyam pa nyid gsum ni / tshogs bsags par mnyam pa / chos sku brnyes par mnyam pa / 'gro ba'i don spyod par mnyam pa'o. 600 27.

•MNYAM PA'I 'DUG STANG Christoph Cüppers, et al., Handbook of Tibetan Iconometry: A Guide to the Arts of the 17th Century, Brill (Leiden 2012) 235.

•MNYAM SBYOR Stein.

•MNYAM BZHAG ting nge 'dzin sgom skabs gang zag dang chos kyi bdag med pa'i stong pa nyid la sems rtse gcig tu dmigs nas mnyam par bzhag pa zhes bya la / yang na sems dmigs pa gcig la dmigs te bying ba dang rgod pa'i skyon gnyis dang bral ba'i sgo nas rtse gcig tu 'jog pa zhes kyang bya'o. Gser Sbram 297.

•MNYAL BA ngal ba. Btsan-lha.

•MNYE MA nang khrol zhig. Btsan-lha.

•MNYED PA See mnyad pa (?).

•MNYEN PA Skt. mārdava. Mvy. 2364.

•MNYEL BA OT = ngal ba. Blaṅ 302.6. ngal ba'am thang chad pa. na ba'i zhe sa. Btsan-lha. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 470.1-2. to be tired [hon.]. NNV. = ngal ba. Lcang-skya.

•MNYES PA GSUM Sky Dancer 192, n. 3.

•MNYES GSHIN gces pa. sems rgyud zhi zhing 'jam pa. mdza' ba'i grogs. brtse gdung che ba. Btsan-lha.

•RNYANG brkyang ba. Btsan-lha. to have diarrhea. NNV.

•RNYANG NAD diarrhea. Dhongthog.

•RNYAN ri dwangs kyi bye brag gnyan gyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•RNYI See rwa rnyi.

•RNYI RNYI BA stobs shugs nyams nas rnyid pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNYI THIG See under rwa rnyi.

•RNYI MDEL See under rwa rnyi.

•RNYI BA lci ba rlon pa. Btsan-lha. fresh dung.

•RNYING TSHAD = tshad rnying, 'chronic fever.' SRZT 48. Text 10 et passim.

•RNYID du[r] khrod dbus su rnal 'byor rnyid myi gzim. Zhi-byed Coll. I 292.7.

•RNYID PA (coll.) to wither. MTTP. bslab gsum me tog phreng ba rnyid par gyur. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) II 450.1.

so RNYIL 'gums' DD illus. 18.

•RNYIL GRUGS lha'i bdud ni rnyil grugs. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 76, p. 388.7. Means 'brought to ruin' in some general sense.

•RNYIL GYIS 'BRAD dkan dang so shas 'brad. Btsan-lha. 367 I 238.

•RNYIL BA rdal ba'am sil bur gtong ba. Btsan-lha.

•RNYIS PA OT = rnyings pa. Blaṅ 297.5. Dbus-pa no. 524. Lcang-skya. rnying pa. rnyid pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNYENG OT = zhal gzhal zhal kyang de nyid. [?] Also, byug pa & skyang nul. Blaṅ 298.3.

•RNYENG PA rgyang. Dbus-pa no. 418.

•RNYED DKA' BRGYAD rnyed par dka' ba brgyad. On the history of this list, see Teiser, RW 93.

•RNYED BRTSON gta' ma'i tshul gyis sbyin pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNYEN NO rnyed do'am thob bo. Btsan-lha.

•RNYOG DRA a common modern Tibetan word meaning 'problem.' It's rather mysterious where this came from (muddy net?), but it's interesting that Byangsi has the word nyokṭā with meanings like joking, mimicry. GSB 73-74.

•RNYOG PA Most often has sense of muddiness, as a result of disturbed water, and therefore in a more general sense, 'troubled.' Skt. āvila. Mvy. 6719. Used to translate Skt. kalaṅka in Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 136.

•RNYOGS PA nyug pa'am reg pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNYOGS MA (poet.) = rnyogs pa. dirt. MTTP.

•RNYOGS TSHAD SRZT 48, 84.

•RNYONG OT = gal. Blaṅ 296.1. 'khrul ba. ri dwags 'dzin pa'i rgya. rlag mo'am dri chen rnyang ma. Btsan-lha.

•RNYONG BA OT = brkyang pa. Blaṅ 295.3. = brkyang ba. Lcang-skya.

•SNYA CHAG shes pa'i rtsal myed snya chag ngo re tsha. Zhi-byed Coll. III 43.3.

•SNYA LDA myi chos kyi snya lda srongs na khe grags bdud kyis khyer ba yin pas. Zhi-byed Coll. III 64.6. I suspect it is a strange spelling for gnya' ltag.

•SNYA BA nyal ba'am sems stor ba. lus mdangs nyams nas skya bar gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYA LO JD 145. SS 4844.5. KP1 122.1. KP3 284.7. KP4 453.5. TM IV 97. DG 272.4. Mdo 131.

•SNYAG See rtsad.

•SNYAGS dbyangs. Btsan-lha.

•SNYAGS LHA ? dge bshes pa kun kyang bon po'i snyags lha sbyar ma 'bod. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 118.3.

•SNYANG SNYOGS lazy, dense [minded]. le lo. nyag nyag byed pa. rmugs pa.

•SNYAD BRKO BA pretexter. Sources. Stein.

•SNYAD SNYOD 4X I 125.3. Kun-dga'-rin-chen, Works (2003) III 560.3.

•SNYAD BTAGS false pretext. Sources. mu ge byung la snyad btags nas // snam bu bor tshong ma byed cig. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (1991) I 113.3. Jamspal, Treasury 103. Spelled in OT snyad bthags. Dotson, D&L 45.

•SNYAD MED PAR = tshad med par, = dpe med par. BBNP 469. Btsan-lha.

•SNYAD SE SNYOD SE gossiping. Soundings 33.

•SNYAN SKYO phra ma. Btsan-lha. snyan skyos tshig snyan phra ma'i brda ru go. Khyung-sprul 18.

•SNYAN KHUNG SRAB Although this would seem to literally mean 'tiny ear canal,' it is an expression that acc. to Yisun means believing whatever one hears, unable to distinguish between truth and falsehood. Perhaps 'credulous' is the right translation. I use the translation 'overly compliant' as it occurs in Lde'u 303, since it seems to mean there that the king is too easily swayed.

•SNYAN GONG rna kor ram rna rgyan. Btsan-lha.

•SNYAN GYI GONG RGYAN mdo sde phal po che. Btsan-lha.

•SNYAN 'GRANGS PA snyan gsan zhus nas gnang ba thob pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYAN BRGYUD BZHI chos gang lung dang bcas pa dang / lung man ngag dang ldan pa / man ngag brgyud dang ldan pa / brgyud byin rlabs dang ldan pa. Gser Sbram 114. Seems to mean differently in Bir wa pa'i lo rgyus, contained in: Phag-gru, Bka'-'bum (2003) VI, pp. 1-27, at p. 6.1.

•SNYAN BRGYUD GSANG SMAN a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 47. Lag-len 32.5.

•SNYAN NGAG brda rnying du snyan gsang gi don la 'jug. Btsan-lha.

•SNYAN NGAG GI SKYON BCU don nyams pa / don 'gal ba / don gcig pa / the tshom can / rim pa nyams pa / sgra nyams pa / gcod mtshams nyams pa / sdeb sbyor nyams pa / mtshams sbyor nyams pa / yul dus sogs dang 'gal ba'o. 600 137.

•SNYAN DNGAGS snyan ngag gi brda rnying. Btsan-lha. The difference of spellings, snyan ngag and snyan dngags is discussed by van der Kuijp in JAOS 123 (2003) 230.

•SNYAN SNYUNGS PA snyan sun bzos pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYAN THUB KP3 244.6.

•SNYAN DAR This term is used to mean money offerings to the mountain deity. These might simply be placed in small holes in the ground. See Tandin Dorji, The Cult of Radrap (in RET 15).

•SNYAN DU GSOL to make petition to the [hon.] ear [of the Emperor]. This is a common phrase in OT texts. See Schaik, Prayer 208.

•SNYAN GSHOG 'ear wings', a rainbow colored fan-like item worn at the sides of the rigs lnga hats of mediums. It may have eyes painted on it. Berounsky, Murdered 25.

•SNYAN SENG ZHU (hon.) to report.

•SNYAM SNYOM MI BYED snang dag mi byed. Btsan-lha.

•SNYAM ME SNYOM ME = nges nges mi byed mi kha tsam tshig tsam du song ba. BBNP 483.

•SNYAMS LAS BCAD PA gang bsam gyis nyes gcod byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYAL BA to wash [a baby], to bathe [something].

•SNYAS DOGS Stein.

•SNYI [1] trap, snare. gal. rgya. Btsan-lha. dgos med rgyud la ma brten na 'dod pa'i snyis 'dzin par bstan pa. Zhi-byed Coll. V 452.6. Bellezza, L&T 53. Dotson, Princess 66, note 12. [2] snying rje'i tshan ka ni dbyar kha'i snyi rdol pa bzhin du byung. 24 I 416.1. I take this to be an alternative spelling of snye ma: head of grain, corn.

•SNYI STE gnya'. Btsan-lha.

•SNYI PO snying po. Btsan-lha.

•SNYI PHUL lo tog legs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYI NAG MO = sa rdzi ka. YTTM 292.1. = skyi snye. SS 487.2.

•SNYI PHUNG SNYIL snyi phung snyil / 'di snye ma'i phung po zhes pa tshig bsdus nas snye phung zhes pa yin pas snyi phung zhes [58v5] gu[gi] gu nor / snyil ni phyir snyil zhes pa phyir bskrad pa'i don yin pas snye phung brdal ba'i don yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SNYI BA [1] n. of a clan. Btsan-lha. [2] Codonopsis convulvulaceae. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. JD 194. SS 472.2. = (?) lug mur. Mdo 134.

•SNYIGS to be sunk, settled [to the bottom]. to be at the bottom. NNV.

•SNYIGS MA solidified forms of energy. Germano, Poetic Thought 956. Stein. bodily waste (prior to excretion). byproducts. residues.

•SNYIGS MA LNGA the five dredges. lta ba'i snyigs ma / nyon mongs pa'i snyigs ma / sems can gyi snyigs ma / tshe'i snyigs ma / bskal ba'i snyigs ma rnams so. 600 58. five degenerations.

•SNYIGS LAM bsam pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYIGS BSRING Old word for yun bsring, OR rgyun bsring. 367 I 242.6.

•SNYING Used together with negation, in the meaning of [no] 'chance, opportunity.' khyim gyi bya ba ma btang par dge' sbyor 'grub du re ba'i myi la snying myi gda' gsung [the person who hopes to engage in the virtuous practices without giving up household affairs doesn't stand a chance]. Zhi-byed Coll. II 171.5. 'khor ba'i sdug bnsgal dang du len pa'i myi la snying myed pa'i brda' ru. Ibid. II 172.6.

•SNYING KHA Surface of the chest in the area of the heart. Also spelled snying ga. I think the idea that this is just a synonym for snying po, 'heart,' is mistaken.

•SNYING KHU nying khu. Btsan-lha.

•SNYING KHRAG CAN See thar nu.

•SNYING SGO also called mo snying, it is the central of the 9 sections of the divination mat. Smith, Remarks 6.

•SNYING RJE [1] Skt. karuṇa. compassion, pity (depending on context!). Compassion and empathy, from Latin and Greek respectively, both have to do with the sense of being fellow sufferers. The syllable rje is the verb meaning 'exchange,' and not the noun meaning 'lord'. The hon. form thugs rje is more likely to be used in Buddhist contexts. [2] See nyams brgyad. rig pa may be said to have two aspects — 1) snying rje: the basis for accumulating bsod-nams and clearing away nyon rmongs. 2) stong pa: the basis for accumulating ye shes and clearing away shes bya'i sgrib pa.

•SNYING RJE GSUM sems can la dmigs pa'i snying rje / chos la dmigs pa'i snying rje / dmigs med la dmigs pa'i snying rje'o. 600 17.

•SNYING NYE 'close to heart,' i.e., 'loyalty.' Karmay in BSOAS (1995) 311.

•SNYING GNYIS two-minded. do not become suspicious... Kazushi Iwao, On the Roll-Type Tibetan Śatasāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā sūtra from Dunhuang, contained in: B. Dotson, et al., eds., Scribes, Texts & Rituals in Early Tibet & Dunhuang, Ludwig Reichert (Wiesbaden 2013), pp. 111-119, at p. 115.

•SNYING GTAM Stein. heartfelt advice.

•SNYING STOBS translation of Skt. sattva, one of the three guṇas. Mvy. no. 4550.

•SNYING THAG PA NAS heartfelt, from the heart, earnestly, sincerely.

•SNYING THIG = snying gi thig le. Heartdrop. Germano, Poetic Thought 933, 'seminal heart-essence.'

SNYING DU SDUG PA Skt. hṛdya. Mvy. 2725. dear to the heart, cherished.

•SNYING GI SDOD RTSA inferior vena cava. DD illus. 20.

•SNYING NAD SRZT 79. Lag-len 287.1.

•SNYING SNA 'various hearts.' Clifford, list.

•SNYING PA rnying pa'i brda rnying. Btsan-lha.

•SNYING PO heart, essence. Skt. 1. garbha, heart, womb. 2. maṇḍa, thick part of a liquid (such as cream). 3. sāra, core, pith, marrow, etc., epitome.

•SNYING PO'I BSTAN PA an epithet for the Rnying ma school.

•SNYING PO'I DON heart concern. Skt. sārārtha. In Mahāmudrā ought to be translated 'inner meditational dimension' or something like it. See Schaeffer, Dissert. 245, et passim, where he shows that the phrase is made to stand for the name of Saraha. In Phadampa texts, besides meaning 'inner meditational dimension,' it seems entirely synonymous with Mahāmudrā. Schaeffer, Dreaming 104, 110-111.

•SNYING PO RNAM LNGA 91 I 584.5.

•SNYING PO RNAM PA GSUM This is not clarified in Lde'u 398, although my best intuition is that it refers to the three high (and particular) teachings of the Rnying ma school, Mahā, Anu and Ati.

•SNYING PO MED PA See 'om bu.

•SNYING PO SER PO See tsan dan dkar po.

•SNYING PO GSUM listed in Klong-chen-pa 12.8 comm.

•SNYING GI 'PHAR RTSA aorta. DD illus. 20.

•SNYING 'PHYO snying mi dga' ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNYING RTSA MIG DMAR DD illus. 3.

•SNYING TSHA SKYU RU RU BA = snying 'jigs yer re ba. BBNP 484. Btsan-lha.

•SNYING TSHIM BDAR dge 'dun la dad pa byas pas da ga 'dra red ces snying tshim byed pa'o. Dpe-chos 504.

•SNYING TSHIL the fat [around] the heart. Yangga's dissert., p. 347.

•SNYING TSHOMS mang po'i nang nas 'dams pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYING ZHO SHA See zho sha. Fundamentals 15.3 (item 16). Clifford, list. See under (snying) zho sha. JD 85: Grows in jungles of river gorges and of Mustang (Glo-yul, Nepal). It has a great trunk and thick leaves. The fruits of the very beautiful white flowers are black. The pit of the fruit is heart-shaped, with five openings. Note: There are 3 medicinals called zho sha, which otherwise means 'strength.' The 'kidney (mkhal ma) zho sha is a type of pea. 'Liver' (mchin pa) zho sha is a seed of an arboreal fruit. 'Heart' (snying) zho sha is the pit of an arborial fruit (Dag-yig). The pit of snying zho sha is the part used in medicine. Cedrilla toona. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24.

•SNYING BZHOS PA sems gso ba. gsang gtam smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNYING GZER SRZT 57.

•SNYING RAG PA snying nye ba. Gces 587.6. Bellezza, L&T 63.

•SNYING RAG MA Two different interpretations: snying sra ba'am mkhregs pa. snying nye ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNYING RING herzlos, wtl.: im Herzen weit entfernt. Kaschewsky 83.

•SNYING RING BA gces sems bral ba.

•SNYING RUS courage. cf. the phrase snying la rus pa bcug. Pabongka, Liberation II 122.

•SNYING RE NA Namdak. Example of usage in Lde'u 190.

•SNYING RLUNG 'heart pressure.' Text 59, 81. morbid depression (a respiratory illness that involves severe depression). Stearns, TRP 635 n. 56.

•SNYING LA BCOS auf das Herz einwirken, jmdn. gefallen, von jmdm. gemocht werden. Kretsch.

•SNYING LAM bsam pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYING LAS It would appear to mean 'actions of the heart,' or 'heart karma.' responsibilities, concerns, worries, stress. sems khur, sems khral. Yisun.

•SNYING SHUN DD illus. 2, 20.

•SNYING SEL See a ka ru.

•SNYING SROG LA RLUNG ZHUGS PA Lag-len 269.5.

•SNYING BSRAL CAN dpa' bo. Btsan-lha.

•SNYING HAD KYIS 'GRO BA snying lheb lheb 'gro ba. Btsan-lha. be confused, in turmoil.

•SNYINGS instead of snyigs. Stein.

•SNYID NYEN TVS 167.

•SNYIMS mdzes pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYIL BA toppled, destroyed. gangs ri rtse nas snyil ba ste. Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 687.2. See rnyil. rtog pa'i ri bo bsnyil te thal. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 303.5.

•SNYIS PA nyams pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYUG LCAB traditional punishment. Bamboo snapped against palm (for girls) or cheek (for boys). Nowak, Tib. Refugees 79. Travers, BPPI 123. Probably should be spelled smyug lcag!

•SNYUG KHRON pen box. Essen Catalog 463.

•SNYUG DONG bamboo tunnel. gsang sngags kyi sgor zhugs pa rnams sbrul nyug dong du bcug pa dang 'dra. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 426.5.

•SNYUG MA dper na smyug ma'i 'bras bu rtse mor smyin na rtsa ba rul nas 'gro skad. Zhi-byed Coll. I 438.5.

•SNYUGS Stein.

•SNYUGS SU OT = yun du. Blaṅ 290.4. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•SNYUGS SRING Stein.

•SNYUNG DPYAD nad 'chos pa'i thabs. Btsan-lha.

•SNYUNG BU N. of an animal. Samdo A VI 14v.4. snyung bus btsabs pa 'dra ba 'ong ste. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 64.1.

•SNYUNGS SU dkus su. Btsan-lha.

•SNYUN 'DRI making polite enquiries about health. Lde'u 292.

•SNYUN RMED a polite enquiry about health. snyung gzhi 'dri ba. Btsan-lha. Example of usage in NTSP section NGA 105v.6. There are a few examples of usage in the works of 'Jig rten mgon po (check TBRC).

•SNYUMS fatigue. A formulaic inquiry about tiredness usually came at the beginning of OT letters, in the case of monks asking if they suffer tiredness from their meditations. It was often followed by a 'seasonal greeting.' Schaik, M&T 147-148.

•SNYE Stein.

•SNYE NAG MO See mar dzi ka.

•SNYE PHUNG = snye ba'i phung po. See under snyi phung.

•SNYE PHON 'bru'i snye ma. Btsan-lha.

•SNYE BO gnyen sgrig gi pho nya'am gnye bo. Btsan-lha. gnyen sgrig gi bya ba byed mkhan nam gnyen dpang. Yisun. Translated as go-between (meaning the person who negotiates between engaged or married partners) as it occurs in Lde'u 278. Sørensen, TBH 244, translates it as courtier.

•SNYE MA Skt. mañjarī. a 'cluster' or 'inflorescence' of fruits or flowers or grains, as for instance an 'ear' of corn or a 'head' of wheat. I've noticed it (mistakenly) translated as 'husk.' It is also a mistake to translate it as 'corn' or 'kernel' unless a cluster of them is intended.

•SNYE MI See 'om bu.

•SNYEG PA to be the destiny. to reach high, to reach a high point. NNV. to reach up to. Lde'u 373.

•SNYENG to be afraid. NNV.

•SNYEM PA g.yel ba. snyom las. Btsan-lha.

•SNYEMS RTOG rnam rtog. Btsan-lha.

•SNYEMS PA [1] shyness, modesty. nyam chung ba. Btsan-lha. [2] pride, haughtiness. I wonder how the same word can mean both haughty pride and shy shrinking back or falling apart or even laziness. I think the syllables snyoms, snyems and nyams are being confounded across dialectal boundaries or something. Any better idea?

•SNYEMS BYED blo snyems by[e]d dang bral ba yin gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 180.7. snyems byed kyi gags ma hrol na. Zhi-byed Coll. II 461.2. mda' mkhan gyi rig pa snyems byed kyi mtshams su ma bzhag gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 166.7.

•SNYER n. of a clan. Btsan-lha.

•SNYEL Where Lde'u 396 reads nyan bshad, 'learning and teaching,' the facsimile edition reads snyel bshad, although I suppose the tacit correction is in fact correct. See under bsnyel.

•SNYES See under gzhogs snyes byas pa. sngas. Btsan-lha. 'dis grub pa ji ltar bsnyes na. Zhi-byed Coll. II 75.5. snyes [~rgyab snyes pa] shing nyal la sogs pa yi. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 242.5. nyal zhing snyes pa la sogs pa. Ibid. 244.2.

•SNYO BA smyo ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNYOGS KYIS brtags pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYOGS PA to reach. MTTP. Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 315.

•SNYONG spre'u snyong la zin pa dang 'dra ste. Zhi-byed Coll. II 467.2. 'khor ba sdug bsngal du mthong bzhin du dang du len pa spre'u snyong la rtse ba lta bu. Ibid. II 472.1.

•SNYONGS PA byug pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNYONG BU var. spellings rnyong pu, rnyong bu, myong bu. One of the two main categories of stomach diseases. Yangga's dissert., p. 208.

•SNYOD [1] re ba. 367 II 129.3. [2] past bsnyod, delivered food to mouth, made to eat. zas bsnyod / zas bsnyod pa / snyod pa / kha nas khar 'jug pa'am blad pa lta bu dang byin pa'am gso ba. Ngag sgron 296. [3] to make something of an even thickness (for example, a woolen thread). Yisun. The spinning of the thread to an even thickness.

•SNYOD NA byin na'am za ru bcug na. 367 I 240.4.

•SNYOD PA See under dur rgyags snyod pa.

•SNYON TOL snyon dor ram ham bshad. Btsan-lha. Spelled snyon rtol in Lde'u 262, 267. Evidently refers to some kind of consciously (the rtol means to purposefully let out) false testimony or perjury.

•SNYON PA to make a false accusation, make false statements (to a court). To perjure oneself.

•SNYON MONGS Two different interpretations: sdug bsngal. nyon mongs kyi byed las shig. Btsan-lha. = sdug bsngal. Lcang-skya.

•SNYON RMONGS sdug bsngal gyi brda rnying. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 158.

•SNYOM SNYOM MI BYED dbus par la snyam snyom zhes 'byung ba ltar te nang rtags mi byed ces pa'o. Dpe-chos 503.

•SNYOM PA OT = g.yel ba. = snyom las. Skt. tantrī (rather, tandri or tandrā, lassitude, exhaustion, laziness). Blaṅ 292.2. sgyid lug gam sgyid skyur. g.yel ba. Btsan-lha. General meaning of 'fainting away' [from doing something, for whatever reason]. = g.yel ba. = snyom las. Lcang-skya.

•SNYOM SEMS the tshom. Btsan-lha.

•SNYOMS CHUNG modest, humble. Stein.

•SNYOMS 'JUG equilibrium.

•SNYOMS 'JUG DGU bsam gtan dang po'i dngos gzhi snyoms 'jug / gnyis pa'i dngos gzhi snyoms 'jug / gsum pa'i dngos gzhi snyoms 'jug / bzhi pa'i dngos gzhi snyoms 'jug / nam mkha' mtha' yas / rnam shes mtha' yas / ci yang med / srid rtse'i snyoms 'jug bzhi / 'gog pa'i snyoms 'jug rnams so. 600 122-123.

•SNYOMS 'JUG GNYIS 'gog pa'i snyoms 'jug dang / 'du shes med pa'i snyoms 'jug go. 600 6.

•SNYOMS 'JUG BZHI bsam gtan gyi snyoms 'jug bzhi ni / bsam gtan dang po'i snyoms 'jug / gnyis pa'i snyoms 'jug / gsum pa'i snyoms 'jug / bzhi pa'i snyoms 'jug go // gzugs med pa'i snyoms 'jug bzhi ni / nam mkha' mtha' yas / rnam shes mtha' yas / ci yang med / srid rtse'i snyoms 'jug go. 600 40.

•SNYOMS STAR snyoms pos lag len bstar ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNYOMS BYED See a ru ra.

•SNYOMS LAS snyoms las ni le lo'i bye brag ste / nyal ba dang 'phres pa la sogs pa ni snyoms las kyi le lo'o. Gser Sbram 251.

•SNYOL BA lay to rest, smoothe down the hair.

•BRNYA SKYI borrowing. Jamspal, Treasury 195.

•BRNYA BA brda rnying gzugs 'gyur ba'i bya tshig cig. An old verb that changes its form (in the tenses). Btsan-lha. g.yar ba. Dbus-pa no. 613.

•BRNYANG BA khog pa 'khru ba. Btsan-lha. 'khru ba. Dbus-pa no. 069. = 'khru ba. Lcang-skya.

•BRNYAD PA OT = 'khru ba. Blaṅ 286.3.

•BRNYAN 'khor g.yog. Btsan-lha.

•BRNYAN TOL kha mchu 'dzugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRNYAN PA OT = g.yar ba. Blaṅ 299.4, 306.1. g.yar po. g.yar ba'i rdzas e longs spyod nas slar rdzas bdag la rdzas de ngo ma sprad pa. Btsan-lha. = g.yar ba. Lcang-skya.

•BRNYAN PO g.yar po. Dpe-chos 507.

•BRNYAS BCOS belittle, dominate.

•BRNYAS THABS Eimer, Testimonia 45. thub tshod, mthong chung. Yisun. humiliation. Hahn, TSD 19.

•BRNYAS PA OT = g.yas pa. = chas chod, etc. Blaṅ 299.5, q.v. g.yas pa. nyos pa. Btsan-lha. = g.yas pa. Lcang-skya.

•BRNYIGS SHING YANG BRNYIGS snyigs ma'i yang snyigs. Btsan-lha.

•BRNYINGS PA rnying pa'i brda rnying. Btsan-lha. solidified. Simioli, AG 53.

•BRNYIL BA dor ba. Dbus-pa no. 070.

•BRNYENGS PA rnyed pa'i brda rnying. Btsan-lha.

[SKRA] BRNYEN OT = [skra] chab. Blaṅ 302.6.

•BRNYOGS PA dkrugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRNYOD gsos pa. bzung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRNYOS PA bzung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYAGS Namdak.

•BSNYAD See bsnyed.

•BSNYAD PA bshad pa. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 309. Lcang-skya.

•BSNYAMS OT = mnyam. Khetsun Sangpo, History 186. pf. of snyom pa (make something even).

[LAG PA] BSNYAL BA OT = [lag pa] bkrus pa. Blaṅ 286.3. bkrus pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYIL BA expel, shoo away. OT = dor ba. = phyir skrad pa. Blaṅ 286.3. = dor ba, = bskrad pa, = lhung ba. BBNP 477. To sweep out (with a broom). Gold Ms. III 339r.6 (where it is spelled bsnyal). phyir 'don [pa]. Dbus-pa no. 745. = bskrod pa. = dor ba. = phyir 'don. Lcang-skya.

•BSNYIS PA nyams pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYU GSOL khams bde 'dri ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYUG PA 'byug pa. skyugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYUGS BSRINGS 367 I 237.

•BSNYUNGS PA OT = nyung ngur byas pa. Blaṅ 296.1.

•BSNYUGS BSRINGS rgyun bsrings. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYUNGS PA nyung ngur btang ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYUR BA brtson 'grus. rtsol ba drag po. Btsan-lha. Evidently related to smyur te ('quickly').

•BSNYUL BA bkrus pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYE BA 'jigs pa. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•BSNYENGS PA OT = 'jigs pa. Blaṅ 288.4. Dbus-pa no. 165. na ba. khengs dregs med pa. 'jigs pa. Btsan-lha. 'jigs pa dang bag tsha ba'i brda rnying. Gser Sbram 160.

•BSNYED PA OT = bshad pa. Blaṅ 292.6. Compare bsnyad, as in lo rgyus bsnyad, in Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 204.4. blud pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYEN BKUR bstod bkur sogs mchod pa'i rnam grangs. Utpal 21.3.

•BSNYEN BKUR NYIN GANG whole day's service (practice of offering to a monastery or nunnery the cost of food for an entire day). Also called nyin gang bsnyen bkur. Thubten Kunga Chashab, A Study of Religious Expenditure in Tibet in the 19th Century Based on the Biography of Dharmabhadra, Acta Orientalia, vol. 63 (2002), p. 196, etc.

•BSNYEN SGRUB mantra recitation/visualization. Dargyay, Ausbildung 111.

•BSNYEN CIG shog cig. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYEN GNAS = bsnyen te gnas pa. Skt. upoṣadha (upavāsa?). [1] The two days each month set aside for recitation of the monastic vows. [2] A temporary fast, a one-day observance of (eight) vows. It may have originated from the lay practice of offering a feast to the monks on their upoṣadha (Pāli uposatha) day. Probably originally a Brahmin observance adapted to Buddhism as (first) monastic and (later) lay observance. See EoB VIII 449-456.

•BSNYEN GNAS KYI SDOM PA'I SPANG BYA YAN LAG BRGYAD srog gcod pa / ma byin par len pa / 'dod pas log par g.yem pa / rdzun du smra ba / chang 'thung ba / dus ma yin pa'i kha zas za ba / 'phreng sogs gar sogs gcig tu byas pa / mal stan che mtho rnams so. 600 103. These vows are main subject of Vasiṣṭha Sūtra.

•BSNYEN PA [1] BA 737. bsnyen pa ni nye ba zhes pa'i brda rnying. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. = nye ba. Lcang-skya. [2] gsang sngags kyi gnad kyi gang la me tog phog pa de lhag pa'i lha yin bas / de'i bzlas brjod dus dang grangs dang mtshan ma'i snyen pa gang yang ma 'thems na / rang rgyud byin brlabs dang mi 'grogs pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. V 360.5. access, approach. Hahn, EI 18.

•BSNYEN SRING OT = nye ring. Blaṅ 296.1.

•BSNYEMS PA OT = nga rgyal. Blaṅ 288.4. Lcang-skya. nyam chung. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYEMS PA'I PHYIR ZA BA zhe sdang gis za ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYER BA khro zhing gnyer ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYEL BA to forget, to be sick, weary. BBNP 466. ngal ba'i zhe sa ste sku bsnyel ba zhes pa lta bu. Gser Sbram 412. = brjed pa. Lcang-skya.

•BSNYOD PA = kha zas ster ba, = zar bcug pa. BBNP 472. Btsan-lha.

•BSNYON to deny the apparent. Sopa in JIABS III, no. 1, p. 78.

•BSNYOL TOL CAN skyon dang ldan pa'i sgra dang ham gtam.

•BSNYOMS BZHUGS g.yo med du gnas pa. Btsan-lha.


*TA*

•TA See 'tshod.

•TA KI 'dod pa. It is a word for sexual union in Rgyal-mo-rong language. Btsan-lha.

•TA GA (Dbus) tag, tap. MTTP.

•TĀ GHA RA See a gar dmar po.

•TA NYE RO See thar nu.

•TA SNYU (sp?) KP3 334.6.

•TA TA'O MED PA nges po med pa'am rtag brtan med pa. Btsan-lha.

•TA ṬI BHA bya tri tri zhes pa'i tshang rgya mtsho'i 'gram na yod pa rgya mtsho'i rlabs kyis tshang dang sgo nga rgya mtsho'i nang du khyer ro // der bya des rgya mtsho zad par 'dod nas gshog pas rgya mtsho'i chu phyir 'bo bas / drang srong zhig na re dud 'gro mthu chung ba rgya mtsho la ci byar yod zhes khrel rgod byas pa la / bya khyung de na yod pa thos nas khros te gshog pa gcig gis rgya mtsho bkab / gcig nam mkha' la 'phyar bas klu rnams skrag ste / tshang dang sgo nga de ma thag phyir bton te btad do zhes grags pas bya tri tri zhes pa deng sang yul skad la bya dru dru zhes pa che chung phug ron tsam mdog skya bo zhig yod pa de yin nam snyam. Eimer, Dbyangs 57. ta ḍi bha la, the Taḍibha bird. Jamspal, Treasury 150.

•TA THA'O de bzhin pa ste ji bzhin pa. Gces 584.1.

•TA NA GA NA This would seem to be some kind of Indic borrowing to stand for 'union & liberation' (sbyor sgrol). Kunsang, tr., The Lotus-Born, p. 214, n. 11, 286. Gyatso, Apparitions 83. 87 I 205.2. Skt. tana means 'propagation of a family,' while gana must come from the roots ghna or han.

•TA PI HRI TSA zhang skad de / 'od kyi khye'u chung zhes pa'i don. 506A 338.

•TA BA iron pan. LW 479.

•TA BAG tha bag. Btsan-lha.

•TA BLA MA a half-Chinese title granted to mkhan drung che ba & other high ecclesiastical dignitaries. Petech.

•TA DBEN a title, derived from Chinese. ta dben / 'di yang rgya nag gi skad. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•TĀ MA KṢI RI See cu gang.

•TA MĀ LA generally, tamālapatra, which was known in Roman times as a popular Indian import (for spice and medicinal purposes) which they called Malabathrum (see Hobson-Jobson; Greeks left of the 1st syllable thinking it was their own definite article). It's much mentioned in the Periplus, dating from the 1st century. As suggested by its name, it is practically synonymous with darkness and blackness. In Aśvaghoṣa's Saundarananda (chap. 4, verse 20) a paste made from this leaf is used for making painted designs on the woman's cheeks. Sometimes called the Cinnamon Laurel, it is rather like the common Bay Leaf, but has a cinnamon-like taste, and a strong fragrance (and it's very much larger). Although in fact it sometimes has been (by western writers), it should never be confused with the leaf used in betel preparations, which is correctly called tāmbūlapattra (tambul). For a discussion of the blackness of its flowers, see Helen M. Johnson, Tamāla and Vetra, JAOS 64 (1944) 224.

•TĀ MA LA KA See stabs seng.

•TĀ SMRA See bstod.

•TA TSA See gser rdo.

•TA TSI KA See se rgod.

•TA TSHA See 'u su.

•TĀ TSHWA LW 518.

•TWA RA NA In generation of the seat of the deity, "twa ra na'i rgyab yol." Zhi-byed Coll. I 13.5. Obviously this derives from Skt. toraṇa, which is usually translated into Tibetan as rta babs. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 370.6 (here it means the 'gateway,' equivalent to rta babs).

•TA RE [1] zhal 'gyur ta re ni zhal 'gyur sgrol ma. BBNP 477. [2] For use following verbs as a 'warning particle,' see Beyer, CT Lang, pp. 355-356, in which case it might be translated 'beware.' Note also the form nor ra re. H.H. said it means 'undoubtedly.' Walter Simon wrote two articles about this: The Tibetan Particle re, BSOAS, vol. 30 (1967) 117-126. Tibetan re its Wider Context, BSOAS, vol. 31 (1968), pp. 555-562 (references supplied by Nathan Hill).

•TA LA As in: ta la sbyin. OT deriv. from Skt. ta la (tala?). = sgron me (the tree?). Blaṅ 309.4. ta la'i sdong po bregs na mgo rtsa gnyis ka skam. Zhi-byed Coll. I 310.1 (here it means the palm or palmyra tree). In quote from 'Jam dpal rtsa rgyud: gzhan yang ta la'i mgo bcad ltar // tshul khrims 'chal bar gyur pa la // gsang sngags yon tan mi skye zhes. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 105.1. See bu ram. See spos dkar. Several meanings of tāla are discussed in EoB V 506. In Lalitavistara the face of the Buddha Gautama is compared to the brilliant yellow ripe fruit of the Tala palm. Samia Al-Azharia Jahn, Comparative Studies on Different Concepts about the Origin of Writing on Palm Leaf: Botany, Traditional Technologies, Divine Teachers. Asiatische Studien 60 no 4 (2006) 921-961.

•TA LA LA OT = sgron me. Blaṅ 296.1. mar me 'bar ba lta bu zhes bya ba mar me zad kar rtse mo ta la la 'gro ba lta bu'i snang ba 'byung ngo. "an appearance called 'like a burning butter-lamp.' It is like the sputtering point of a butter-lamp flame when it is about to go out." Lati Rinbochay, Death 38. Occurs in a Kanjur title (Toh. nos. 847, 848), in which it translates Skt. ulkā ('shooting star, firebrand...').

•TA SYA See gser rdo.

•TA HUR ta hur / 'di yang rgya nag gi skad bod du bsgyur [58v6] na gos kha dog mtshar ba'i spyi ming bye brag dmar po shin tu dwangs pa zhig la 'bod pa de yin pas ta hung zhes pa la ta hur gyi ra yig nor. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. Actually, I've seen the spelling tā hu, and while the word may have been used in China, it was of Manchu or (more likely) Mongolian origins.

•TWAG PA se gol twag pa cig mdzad nas de'i steng du gnyis 'dzin gyi blo skye khom mam gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 165.7. From the context, it would have to do with the snapping of fingers (se gol gtogs pa!).

•TAG SHIR See cu gang.

•TAG SE game of cards. Murakami Daisuke, Aspects of the Traditional Gambling Game known as Sho in Modern Lhasa, RET 29 (Apr 2014) 245-270 at p. 245.

•TANG See 'on tang.

•TANG KU = tang kun. JD 152. SS 464.2. KP4 550.2. LW 515.

•TANG KUN See tang ku. Mdo 137 has the plant-name tang kun nag po. The word is evidently a borrowing from Chinese.

•TANG KUN DKAR PO Pleurospermum hookeri. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26.

TANG BTAB PA gtang rag gtong ba'am gzengs bstod byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•TANG SMAN [communist] party medicine.

•TAN KRU LU Simioli, AG 59.

•TAN TRI KĀ See sle tres.

•TAB CIG LA adv. momentarily. C&LT 169.

•TAB TAB PO 'brel dngangs tshub tshub po. Btsan-lha.

•TAB TAB POR adv. suddenly, all of a sudden. C&LT 169. =rtab rtob par.

•TAB TOB stabs shog. Gces 586.4. tab tob ni tsab tsub. Dpe-chos 514. tsab tsub bam 'tshab 'tshub. Btsan-lha.

•TAṂ KA NA See mtshal.

•TAṂ BAL kāśmarya. T&BS I 207.

•TAM BU RA A musical instrument. It would seem to mean the Indian musical instrument, but it was used as accompaniment by a Chinese princess in Tibet. Sba 3.

•TAM BU LA = so rtsi. 'betel.' BBNP 471. Btsan-lha.

•TĀM RAṂ See zangs.

•TAR telegraph. Borrowing from an Indian word for 'wire'. Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet."

•TAR KA prob. should be corrected to star ka, 'walnut tree,' in a list of trees in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 173.1.

•TAR DKAR See star bu.

•TAR SKUD telegraph wire. Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet."

•TAR CHAS telegraph set. Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet."

•TAR MI Types: dkar po, smug po, khra bo. DG 99.3.

•TAR RE'I LO KA OT spelling for Trailoka, noted in Dge-'dun-chos-'phel-gyi Gsung-rtsom (1990) I 263.

•TAR HAN From Mongol darqan. Norbu & Takeuchi in TH&L 383.

•TAL [1] myur ba. Btsan-lha. See twal. [2] This appears in mss. as a bsdus-yig for dkyil 'khor, maṇḍala, acc. to Dge-'dun-chos-'phel-gyi Gsung-rtsom (1990) I 264.

•TWAL yid twal skyes kyi rtog pa rang yal du rtogs par gyis la. Zhi-byed Coll. III 6.7. twal skyes kyi shes pa ngos zung dang. Zhi-byed Coll. III 50.1. tol skyes kyi shes pa ngos zung cig. Zhi-byed Coll. I 242.7. skad cig twal skyes la phug thag bcad pas [phu thag bcad pas] 'chi ba la brod pa'i dus ni. Zhi-byed Coll. III 143.3.

•TWAL GYIS Samdo A V 104r.5. See tol gyis.

•TAL TOL Samdo A III 230r.6.

•TAL PHYIN mar me'am sgron me. Btsan-lha.

•TAL TSAM adv. momentarily. C&LT 169.

•TI KA man ngag 'grel ba. Btsan-lha.

•TI GA thig. kham gang tsam gyi sha dum bu. Btsan-lha.

•TI GU PHI LW 517.

•TI TI the cry of a bird (perhaps borrowed from Skt. titti). Perhaps the bird that makes this sound (Skt. tittira or tittiri, 'partridge'). The Jim Valby dict. defines as "Podoces humilis Hume."

•TI TI PHU PHU See phu tig.

•TI TI RA Skt. tittira. partridge, francolin partridge. It has nothing to feed on except drops of dew, but still it refuses to beg... Hahn, TSD 15, 35-36. Hahn, VG 402.

•TI TIG GU LING See skyar mo.

•TI TO ti to ni te'u le pa zhes pa gcan gzan gyi rigs bong tshad byi la tsam dri ngan gnam pa tshutshtshundha ra'i pags pa la brten pa'i las tshogs zhes rdo rje 'jigs byed kyi las tshogs la yod pa de yin zer. Dpe-chos 514. In 'Jam-dpal-rdo-rje's materia medica, it appears as: ti lo, q.v. It's larger than a cat, with yellow face and black belly. It's supposed to have tiger claws.

•TI THUG PA = gti thug. smallminded, denseheaded, thickskulled. Samdo A III 166v.4; V 136r.4, 194v.5, 195v.1. blun po'i ming.

•TI PO dam pa. sra mkhregs. tshabs che ba. Btsan-lha.

•TI BA zas zhim po. Btsan-lha.

•TI BI material used to make outer wrapper for books. DTK5 133.

•TI MA'I MDZOD rgya mtsho. Btsan-lha.

•TI MU SA See bya rkang. Delphinium candelabrum Ostenf. Mdo 140 & color plate.

•TI MU SA PA See rta mig.

•TI TSA zinc. Also called sngo chog. Rin 67. Vitali, Tho.ling 138. ti tsha byugs pa'i rdza ni so btang da ni skol bas chog. Zhi-byed Coll. I 219.7. = 'og gdan. Lcang-skya. On the history of zinc production (done earlier in India than in Europe, but in China earlier than both, in 900 CE or so; there is a Nāgārjuna text describing it), see Joseph Needham & the History of Indian Technology, Indian J. of Hist. of Sciences 35 no 3 (2000) 245-274, at p. 270 ff.

•TI BTSUGS u tshugs. Btsan-lha.

•TI TSHA SS 408.1. See ti tsa. BLKC I 344, with alternative name sngo chog (or sngo 'khyog).

•TI TSHA DKAR PO JD 44. DG 112.4. = sngo chog.

•TI TSHA SER PO JD 58. DG 115.5. = zha nye. Sphaleritum (i.e., sphalerite). Rin 75.

•TI RA RO Stein.

•TI LA Skt. tila. sesame seed. Mvy. no. 5655. See Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 168 (no. 7).

•TI LAṂ See rgya skyags.

•TI LO N. of a clawed animal. See under ti to. JD 247. = stag gi sder mo. See also ga bur ti lo.

•TI SHI ti shi 'di rgya nag gi skad dpe 'gar ti shir yod. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•TIG Seems to mean 'one' or singularity or a condensed essence. But often interchangeable with thig, q.v. tig dang gnyi ga. Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 415.6. See under drang tig (BBNP 472). gang tig ni gang mos. BBNP 470. According to Yisun, it means a concealed essence, or abbreviated summary (snying po bsdus pa).

•TIG COL Samdo A V 152v.3 ff.

•TIG TA TR XIV no. 4, p. 16. Karmay, Arrow 347. = kha ba. JD 130. Varieties: rgya tig, bal tig, bod tig. KP1 135.6. Varieties: gser tig, dngul tig. KP3 291.2 KP4 463.3. SS 442.3. TM IV 60. Three kinds of gentian. Clifford, list.= te za ra, kla klo, ko so lo, ji ra. DG 245.3. tig ta rnam pa gsum, YTTM 290.21. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 191. Saxifraga umbellulata. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27.

•TIG TA DGU PA'I SMAN MAR a medicinal preparation. RR 80.

•TIG TA BRGYAD PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 4. Lag-len 8.5. TMC 13 (19). BP 314.3. BT 21r.6.

•TIG TA CHEN PO See Velm I 66, and med. vocab.

•TIG TA NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 58. Lag-len 40.5. TMC 13 (20). BP 123.3, 316.1.

•TIG TA DRUG PA'I LDE GU a medicinal preparation. RR 79.

•TIG TA'I MANG SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 127.4.

•TIG TA GSER MAG (sp?) See lga chung ba.

•TIG TIG 476 IV 456.1. Simioli, AG 59, "tiktik," where it is identified with tig ta.

•TIG TIG PO MED nges nges med. Gces 588.4.

•TIG PA nges pa gsal po. Btsan-lha.

•TIG PO nges po. Gces 589.3.

•TING [1] small offering bowl, especially the metal bowls filled with water on Tibetan altars. Suggestions for Chinese origins in Hill, Aspirated 488. [2] the sound of a bell or similar instrument, like the ting sha (?).

•TING KYOG name for the page-heading (yig mgo) punctuation mark Bonpos call dang thog. Discussion in BYNP 324-325.

•TING KHA 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 523.3.

•TING KHEBS altar cloth depicted in Essen & Thingo, Die Götter des Himalaya 290.

•TING NGE 'DZIN Germano has an interesting etymological discussion of this term. Jan Nattier believes it involves a direct borrowing of Chinese ting i, like ting alone, used to translate Skt. samādhi. Germano believes it comes from a 'reduplicating' of the Tib. syllable gting (like sal le from gsal). Mental focus on an object (not always necessarily meditative, although usually it is). EoB VII 650-656. See now Michael Hahn, Miscellanea Etymologica Tibetica VIII: Ting nge 'dzin et alia, contained in: Brigitte Huber, et al., eds., Chomolangma: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburtstag (Bonn 2008), pp. 107-118, where a purely Tibetan origin is postulated. Guillaume Jacques has written to me that a borrowing of the Tibetan from the Chinese can be ruled out.

•TING NGE 'DZIN GYI RGYAL PO A way of referring to the miraculous lights Buddha displayed when teaching the Heart Sūtra. Zhi-byed Coll. III 98.3 ff.

•TING NGE 'DZIN BRGYAD listed in Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 420.

•TING NGE 'DZIN GSUM [1] 1. de bzhin nyid kyi... 2. kun tu snang ba'i... 3. rgyu'i... Said to be speciality of Rnying-ma. Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 244.5. Schaik in JIABS 27 (2004) 177. [2] In all the New Schools, the three samādhis are: 1. dang po sbyor ba. first yoga (initial application of wisdom and means together). 2. dkyil 'khor rgyal mchog. supreme king maṇḍala. 3. las kyi rgyal mchog. supreme king deeds (meditation that corresponds to Buddha deeds of Body, Speech and Mind). [3] 1. mtshan bcas rtsol bcas kyi ting nge 'dzin. 2. mtshan bcas rtsol med kyi ting nge 'dzin. 3. mtshan med rtsol med kyi ting nge 'dzin. yang na rnam thar sgo gsum la dmigs pa'i ting nge 'dzin. 600 16. [4] The Prajñāpāramitā's three samādhis are those of emptiness, signlessness and wishlessness. Yoke Meei Choong, The Prajñāpāramitā in Relation to the Three Samādhis, JIP (June 2015), forthcoming.

•TING NGER adv. quietly. Norbu, Cycle.

•TING NAM water. Karmay, Treasury.

•TING PHOR This modern Tibetan way of referring to the water bowls used in usual altar offerings Dagkar Namgyal Nyima believes to be correctly explained as containing the ZZ word for 'water,' ting (he believes that the recent lexical explanation of ting as meaning a 'small offering bowl' is not really correct).

•TING MUR ZZ. skye shi ting mur khros pa'i rtag tu 'byin. 273A I 270.1. Bellezza says it means 'blood offerings.' ZZFC 251, and especially footnote no. 147.

•TING TSUG A type of kinnara, evidently. Mimaki in Karmay, New Horizons p. 112, n. 22.

•TING BZHI me tog ting bzhi. YTTM 291.7.

•TING LO ritual lamp. Norbu, Drung 86. Tucci, Religions 177. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 65.

•TING SAG SGYUR See pri yang ku.

•TIM PI kid leather. LW 471.

•TIR TI RI See sreg pa.

•TIL JD 215. SS 528.4.

•TIL MAR sesame oil. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 21, points out [the obvious fact] that til is a borrowing from Skt. til, 'sesame.'

•TIL DMAR See zar ma.

•TIL DMAR 'DAB CAN See tsan dan dkar po.

•TU YI (sp?) See btsag rdo.

•TU RU KU See du ru ku.

•TU RU SKA See spos dkar.

•TU LA A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 300. LW 497.

•TUG 'brug cig tug zer na'ang ni / 'brug skad drag tu gces bsgrags na'ang zhes pa'o. 367 II 128.6.

•TUG GIS Samdo A V 202r.5.

•TUG GIS THUG sgos su thugs. Gces 586.3. tug gis thug tsa na / gal che la thug dus zhes pa'i don te. Btsan-lha. tug gis thug pa'i dus su. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 66.1 (part of a text title); IV 111.2.

•TUG CHOM Also, tug chum. noise of a wooden rattle, or of trotting horses heard in the distance (Das). nags gseb cig na 'ur sgra dang / tug com du song 'dug nas bltas pas / dug sbrul cig gis cig skyed par gcad nas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 82.6.

•TUG TUG Acc. to Yisun, a low and muffled sound, like the pattering of children's feet. Samdo A IV 215v.1. A sound that, according to vinaya, should not be made by shoes.

•TUNG TUNG PA sgam por bzhud 'dod kyi dgongs pa tung tung pa byung pa. Gold Ms. I 7r.2. tung tung byed na ltogs 'gong yin. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 94.3. de yang rje btsun zhal snga nas // shugs las byung na dngos grub yin // tung tung byed na ltogs 'gong yin. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 120.5. rlung log 'byung ba'i rgyu ni / tung tung dang tsab tsub tu song bas lan no. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 457.1.

•TUM lto ba. Dbus-pa no. 239.

•TUR KHYUD dran rtog 'phro ba. Btsan-lha.

•TUR GYIS Samdo A V 137v.5. clearly, vividly (?). dus der bla ma tur gyis dran. Samdo A VI 164r.2, 226v.4. btang snyoms rgyun la mi ltos par skad cig ma'i thog na rtog pa ci 'dug tur gyis bsgrims nas rbad kyis bcad pas. Zhi-byed Coll. III 154.3.

•TUR GYIS DRAN glo bur du lhang lhang dran pa. Btsan-lha.

•TUR CHUNG cung tsam. Btsan-lha.

•TUR TUR [1] a meaningless sound. don med sgra. [2] adv. quickly. Suggested loan from Skt. tvara, the tura in turaga, Prakrit tura. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 22. rnam par shes pa'i khams rig rig tur tur po 'byung ste. Gnyos 40.

•TUR TUR BYED PA las dang bya ba myur du byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•TUR SNA For thur mtha', 'rein end[s].' TPS 592.

•TUR PO Samdo A IV 55v.6.

•TUR PHOG PA lhong phog pa ste gegs sam bar chad kyi rtags mtshan byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•TUR MEN single file.

•TUR RE dma' ba. Gces 584.6. tur re sems pa'i snying med por song ba'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 111.1. vividly. C&LT 169.

•TUR RE BA sra thang nge'am wal le ba. Btsan-lha.

•TUL DRI CAN rul dri can Btsan-lha.

•TUL BA gad mo dgod pa. Btsan-lha.

•TE ? te phyir thon la 'ong phugs su chug. Zhi-byed Coll. II 255.1. Perhaps see under gte (or ste).

•TE SKYAM Nishida, TTDD 145.

•TE TE small drum. Samdo A III 117v.6. The beating of it seems to be metaphoric for events worth celebrating (and perhaps the small drum is the beating of the heart in the chest from the excitement!? Just a guess...).

•TE PU ZZ = sems. Bru II 291.3.

•TE POR adv. very, extremely. OT = shin tu. = rab tu. Btsan-lha. shin tu. Dbus-pa no. 003. Lcang-skya. [2] tight, hard, tough, serious. = dam pa. = sra ba. = drag pa. = tshabs che ba. Blaṅ 282.4-283.1; BBNP 475. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 151. Hahn, Ting 118.

•TE POR GSOL = drang por zhu. BBNP 475. Btsan-lha.

•TE PHOR shin tu. rab tu. Btsan-lha. Spelled de phur du. Sba 5.

•TE BOR GTAL BA shin tu'am rab tu brdeg pa'am brdung ba. Btsan-lha.

•TE BOR BA khu ba bton pa'i snyigs ma. Btsan-lha.

•TE'U CHU a food vessel. BA 614.

•TE ZA RA See tig ta.

•TE LA KHA name of a tent. Karmay, Treasury.

•TAI LA PARṆI KA See tsan dan dkar po.

•TE'U LE PA See under ti to.

•TE LO 206 579.1. SS 546.1. Rhoton, CD, p. 171 translates as 'skunk' (but with a question mark). Occurs in a list of animals, paired with the zer mo [porcupine], in G.yung-drung Bon-gyi Bka'-'gyur Rin-po-che, Khedup Gyatso, TBMC (1985) III 336.5.

•TE'U LO PA Skt. chucchundara. In title of Toh. no. 472. Decleer translates as musk shrew. It could also be understood as a type of water rat (chu byi). A kind of polecat, acc. to Rona-Tas in Oriens 17 (1964) 240.

•TEB TEB See under rteb rteb.

•TEB PO snod bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•TEL PA an instrument used in moxa. Pictured in JD 283.

•TEL BA = slebs pa. "to have reached." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•TO as a verb, perhaps spelled gto. bud myed brten pa to 'am myi gto' zhus pas. Zhi-byed Coll. [vol. no.?] 214.2, but on following line it is spelled sto. des na khyim pa dang ral pa yod pas cang mi to. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 75.5. rdo rje'i ra gur bsgoms kyang mi to. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 121.5.

•TO DOG borrowing from Chinese. 'commander.' Coblin in TH&L 81. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 206. HP,PE 16. Dotson, Dissert. 257 n. 264. Takeuchi Tsuguhito, "The Tibetan Military System and Its Activities from Khotan to Lop-nor," contained in: Susan Whitfield, ed., The Silk Road, The British Library (London 2004), pp. 50-56, at p. 55.

•TO PI the topi, as in Nepali for 'hat.' dbu zhu to pi gsol 'phro gcig. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 467.5. Hindi, topī (see Hobson-Jobson under topee). I noticed an instance of usage in Rog's account of the Rma lineage of Zhi-byed.

•TAU RA MA LI DG 84.1.

•TO HI TIS (Tangut) = se rgod.

•TOG This is likely to be related to Indo-European words for top, roof, house, etc. As in dach, English thatch (but it also seems to have cognates in ancient Chinese). There is a brief discussion of this syllable in Hill, Aspirated 480-481.

•TOG GE 'bru rigs shor ba'am bkrab byed kyi yo byad cig. Btsan-lha.

•TOG CES BLANGS PA yongs rdzogs blangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•TOG PHUD the next to highest grade of woolen material. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 27.

•TOG TSHA a clan. Btsan-lha.

•TOG 'TSHE hoes like pickaxes with wide blades. In Lhasa, called 'jor. Dargyay, TVC 56.

•TOG 'DZIN official designated for a position (as especially the rdzong dpon position) but not yet holding it. Petech.

•TONG KU Transcription of a Chinese medicinal, angelica root. See Hoong Teik Toh, Ch. Qiong ~ Tib. Khyung; Taoism ~ Bonpo — Some Questions Related to Early Ethno-Religious History in Sichuan, Sino-Platonic Papers, no. 147 (March 2005) 5 n. 8.

•TONG KUN 356 I 18.5, 30.2. This is a place name, in both cases, I think.

•TONG TSE Said to be a white metal, I wonder if it isn't just dong tse, q.v. ZZFC 239.

•TOM CHOL go rim la mi gnas pa'i che 'dod dang spyod pa rtsing ba. Btsan-lha.

•TO'U PHYI A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293.

•TO'U LO A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293.

•TOR RA = stor ba. "to scatter." Kuijp (1986) 38.

•TOL GYIS Also, twol gyis. Samdo A IV 13v.2, 15v.2. Perhaps identical to twal, q.v. suddenly. C&LT 169.

•TOL TOL Samdo A VI 215v.2.

•TOL BA = phyin pa. "to have gone (to that place)." Kuijp (1986) 38. slebs pa. Btsan-lha. tsā ri nang du tol tsa na sdig pa dag pa'i rtags 'ong bas shin tu brod par byung gsung. 64 I 42.4.

•TRA KRA See shing tsha.

•TRA TA TRO TA See kra ta kro ta. Samdo A IV 140v.2, 140v.6.

•TRA TSA See shing tsha.

•TRA TSTSHA See shing tsha.

•TRAN GONG CHU deriv. from Ch. cheng guan qu, an administrative division below the level of a muicipality (Ch.: shi).

•TRAM PA tough. Beyer, CT Lang 85.

•TRI TRI n. of a bird. See under ta ṭi bha.

•TRI PI TI See suk mil. See dur byid.

•TRI BYED TA See dur byid.

•TRI DZI TA RI See dom mkhris.

•TRU DRUG TRES See tsi tra ka. Spelled kru trug tres in Emmerick, On Ravigupta's Gaṇas, BSOAS 34 no. 2 (1971) 375.

•TRUG TRUG DG 232.1.

•TRE MA sbrang bu tre ma / mdung gsum ldan pa'i sbrang bu zhig gi ming. Gser Sbram 45.

•TREM Yangga's dissert., p. 218.

•TRES SAM a Zhang-zhung word occuring in medical works. Blaṅ 312.3. It seems to mean 'powder.'

•TRO TA nya tro ta'i sa bon smyin par rkyen. Zhi-byed Coll. I 286.3.

•TRON brtson 'grus. dge ba la 'bad 'bungs te gtsug lag khang du dge bskos la bsdongs nas las kyi grogs byed pa. Btsan-lha. See Das and Yisun.

•TROM diligence. Beyer, CT Lang 85.

•GTAG rdung rdeg gtong ba. Btsan-lha.

•GTANG KA Haarh, Yar-luṅ 370.

•GTANG GZHAG tshod 'dzin pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTANG RAG skad kyi gtang rag gis gdon par bya'o, one must recite [it] with measured intonation. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 165. The usually meaning is: thanks giving.

•GTAD evil spells. Skorupski, TA. Havnevik, Dissertation 283. magic imprecation. Stein.

•GTAD KA spelled stad ka in Zhi-byed Coll. V 349.7, 350.2 ff.

•GTAD PA as a specialized meditation term, may correspond to Skt. arpaṇa. See Encyclopedia of Buddhism under "appanā." nyam nga. Dbus-pa no. 330.

•GTAD MED unsteady, unreliable, unstable, unpredictable.

•GTAD MED DU adv. unpredictably, unexpectedly.

•GTAD MED BYIS PA Translated as 'aimless child' in Cuevas, Hidden History 237, note 32.

•GTAD YAR Something used in ritual. 476 III 66.7. LZ defines it as "offering substances needed during rituals for the dead, designed to send them to good rebirths." Perhaps it means 'upward sending'?

•GTAD RA (= gtad sa). Ziel. Kaschewsky2.

•GTAD RABS BDUN bstan pa'i gtad rabs bdun ni / nyan thos chen po 'od srung / kun dga' bo / sha na'i gos can / nye sbas / dhi dhi ka / nag po / legs mthong rnams so. 600 96.

•GTAD SO predictable/conservative. Klong-chen-pa 12.9. Neg.: gtad so med. See so. objective. Thondup, BM 271. blo gdengs 'cha' ba'i yul lta bu sogs. Dagyab. Like the object in which one places trust, etc. point of reference. Stearns, SR 57.

•GTAN KHRA Stein.

•GTAN KHRIMS permanent rules.

•GTAN GYI BDE BA phugs kyi bde ba'am thar pa lta bu'i bde ba mthar thug. Gser Sbram 356.

•GTAN GYI RJE Takata Tokio, A Note on the Lijiang Tibetan Inscription, Asia Major 19 nos 1-2 (2006) 161-170, at p. 163.

•GTAN DEB Vitali, Tho-ling 5, corrects to rten deb, register of icons. However, it may not requre correction, and would mean 'permanent inventory' or 'inventory of permanent [possessions of the temple].'

•GTAN NAS adv. completely.

•GTAN PA [1] dge slong gi chos gos sra brkyang. Btsan-lha. sra bskyang. Dbus-pa no. 542. Lcang-skya. [2] door bolt, door bar. Lde'u 57.

[MGAR BA'I] GTAN PA See stan pa.

•GTAN PA MED rgyun chad med. Btsan-lha.

•GTAN MA THOB never obtained [initiation].

•GTAN MED perishable. Stein.

•GTAN MED DU BTANG BA totally did away with [something].

•GTAN GTSIGS gtan tshigs. Btsan-lha.

•GTAN TSHIGS [1] Scherrer-Schaub in TH&L 434 n. 39. As a general term for 'edict,' see French, Yoke 267. [2] In logical literature, corresponding to Skt. hetu, I am not sure whether to translate it as 'logical proposition/statement' or 'logical justification.' It means one or the other or both (or neither).

[SNGAGS KYI] GTAN TSHIGS GSUM = lung man ngag rig pa. Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 188.5 (here it does look like it is equiv. to tshad ma gsum!).

•GTAN ZHAL husband and wife, couple (lit. meaning seems to be 'constant face'). This modern term descends no doubt from O.T. (and Bonpo) stangs dbyal, q.v.

•GTAN LA PHAB PA finalized. A term used in many canon colophons. This is Paul Harrison's translation, which seems to be a fine one. In other contexts it may be better to translate it, 'systematically described' or 'codified.'

•GTAM talk, discourse, report (not necessarily even oral). Gyatso, Apparitions 245.

•GTAM 'DRES PA OT = phebs par smra ba Blaṅ 301.2. Lcang-skya. phebs par smra ba. phan tshun gtam 'dres shing smras pas ngo shes pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTAM PO ? Dotson, Dissert. 331.

•GTAMS PA OT = khangs pa. = bcol ba. = bshad pa. = bstan pa. Blaṅ 302.6, 305.3 ff. khengs pa. bshad pa. bcol ba. bltams pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTA' gte ma. Something made to substitute for wealth taken. pawn. Btsan-lha.

•GTA' GAM PA nar son bong tshod zhan pa. lang tsho la ma bab par rgas nyams ston pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTA' CHEN sbas pa chen po. Btsan-lha.

•GTA' NYI RI gte ma'am gta' ma nyis 'gyur gyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•GTA' MA pledge, pawn. lo bcu gnyis tshun chad la ma byung na ngas gta' mar spyan bzhag gi gsungs / de ltar mi byed na nga gta' mar ci 'jog gsungs / de yang rim gyis pa... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 157.5.

•GTAR KA DRUG Hackin, Formulaire 3. Skt. tarka. Appears with the spelling ltar ka sde drug in Lde'u 238.

•GTAR GA 'bleeding as medical treatment, phlebotomy.' Text 8 et passim. Some translate as 'venesection.'

•GTAR 'JUG PA gta' mar 'jog pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTAR RDO Namdak. Example of Bon usage in Gzi-brjid XI 173, bt here spelled gtar dho.

•GTAR DPYAD bleeding treatment. Jamspal, Treasury 178.

•GTAR DMIGS points for phlebotomy, = gtar ga'i gdab dmigs. See DD 203.

•GTAR TSHAN gtar tshan ni lcags dang rdo sogs me la bsregs pa'i dmar 'bar ba de'o. From Namdak, Bzo-rig 119. Namdak. Example of Bon usage in Gzi-brjid XI 173.

•GTAL brgyab pa'am brdegs pa'am brdungs pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTAL BA brdeg pa'am brdung ba. Btsan-lha.

•GTI SKOR blun po'i u tshugs. fool's persistence. Btsan-lha.

•GTI THUG mthar thug. Btsan-lha.

•GTI BA OT = smra ba. Blaṅ 297.4. Dbus-pa no. 516. Btsan-lha.

•GTI MUG gnas lugs kyi don ma shes pas gti mug byung. 91 I 582.1. Gser Sbram 298. See phag. Translated as 'disorientation' in Almogi, Materiality 257.

•GTI LUM PA = gtu lum pa, as in 'drunken' (with desire). BBNP 469. Btsan-lha.

•GTIGS rtsam pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTIGS PA 'khrigs pa. Lcang-skya.

•GTING (Lanzen-)Schaft. Kaschewsky2. Stein.

•GTING RDO [1] anchor. See Sylvain Lévi, "Ikari, 'Ancre'," contained in Mémorial Sylvain Levi (Delhi 1996), pp. 341-342, where Lévi discusses the curious fact that words for 'anchor' in so many Eurasian languages, stretching from English to Japanese, are closely related. Of course the Tibetan word is an exception. [2] fishnet weighting stone. Yisun. [3] plumb line.

•GTING PHYIN PA OT = dpyis phyin pa. Blaṅ 286.2. Dbus-pa no. 064. Lcang-skya.

•GTING TSHOD knowing the depth.

•GTING RING thab lo. Dbus-pa no. 061.

•GTING GSAL Achard, L'Essence 68 n. 31, 170 n. 50.

•GTIN = smre ba. Lcang-skya.

•GTIB CHAD PA rdib pa dang chad pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTIBS PA 'khrigs pa. Dbus-pa no. 415.

•GTU LUM intoxicated, drunk, numbed. OT = bzi ba. Blaṅ 296.3. Lcang-skya. = bzi ba, 'intoxicated.' BBNP 469. See gti lum pa. Btsan-lha. bze ba. Dbus-pa no. 459.

•GTUG THUG CHU BA DD illus. 16.

•GTUG GSHAR Also, gtug bsher. contest. Karmay, Treasury.

•GTUGS PA [1] exhausted, cut off. zad pa. chad pa. Btsan-lha. May be spelled rtugs pa (rdugs pa). chad pa. Dbus-pa no. 162. = chad pa. Lcang-skya. [2] compared [to the mother text] by bringing into close proximity.

•GTUN pestle.

•GTUN KHUNG mortar. Jackson.

•GTUN BU phag sna'i gtun bu (pig-nosed pestle?). 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 412.4.

•GTUN SHING sked pa nyag cing rtse gnyis zum po 'bras sogs rdung byed kyi shing. thrashing stick (notched around the middle, with the two ends rounded). Btsan-lha.

•GTUM a clan. Btsan-lha.

•GTUM PO See bong nag.

•GTUM PO DMAR PO See bong dmar.

•GTUM BU rdo ril yas gtun mas gtun zhes mchig gi yas rdo mas rdo. Btsan-lha.

•GTUM MO Germano, Poetic Thought 910. Sa paṇ ridicules Tibetans who explain it by saying that troubling thoughts 'blanket' (gtum pa) Dharmaity (gtum mo'i sgra bshad rnam rtog ni // chos nyid gtum par 'chad pa dang). Rhoton, CD 169. The Greek word thumos also had meaning of swirling heat in the body, evidently. Evagrius Ponticus knew of two difficult to manage irrational powers of the soul called epithumia & thumos that resemble the passions of attraction and aversion, in the sense of pleasure-seeking and aggression (they can be either useful or destructive); see Columba Stewart's article “Evagrius Ponticus and the 'Eight Generic Logismoi'.” See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 84. Nebesky, Oracles 534, describes it, but spelling it thu mo.

•GTUR BU = shubs. Blaṅ 516.4. gos kyi shubs sam dra phad lta bu'i gtur bu dag mnyam por bsdams pa'i bam po. Btsan-lha. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 168. = chos gos kyi snod. Lcang-skya.

•GTE PA mistaken Tib. for gta' ma. Blaṅ 311.5. gte par mi gzhag pa (do not place them [the books] as pawns). Gold Ms. I 118r.1. "hostage," acc. to Francke Antiquities II 105, in a note by K. Marx, where it is said to also be spelled ste pa. ste phyir thon la yong phugs su chug. Zhi-byed Coll. II 453.4. See under bu gte.

•GTE BA smra ba. nor sogs kyi gta' ma. Btsan-lha.

•GTE BAR 'DZUD gta' mar 'jog pa ste / gzhan las nor blangs pa'i nor tshab la 'jog pa'i don no. Dpe-chos 505. Btsan-lha.

•GTE MA security for a loan. The thing given as a security generally was higher in value than the loan itself. Jampel Kaldhen, Interest Rates in Tibet, TJ 1 no. 1 (1975) 109.

•GTEBS PA 'debs pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTEMS PA = bltem pa. activate. Germano, Poetic Thought 818, 940. As example of an irregular Old Tantra term, corresponding to bstim pa ('make to dissolve into, throughly combine'), see the work of Dge-rtse in Rnying Rgyud 1973 XXXVI 455.

•GTE'U nyes can gtso bo'am rtsod gzhi mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•GTER DGU padma can / dung can / padma chen po can / chu srin can / rus sbal can / rnga yab can / dga' ba can / sngon po / sbyin byed rnams so. 600 120.

•GTER LTA SHES PA a specialist in finding mines, expert in finding hidden treasures. Mvy. 3753.

•GTER TSHWA Havnevik, Dissertation, p. 56.

•GTER SRUNGS treasure guardian. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 349.

•GTO See Beyer, index under "danger." Tucci, Religions 177-8. Discussed in Karmay, Arrow 246. There is an interesting example of an early 13th century gto ritual in Blue Annals, p. 575. Kun-dga'-ye-shes, Bon-gyi Shes-rig-las Byung-ba'i Snga-rabs Gto Gzhung dang De'i Rig-gzhung Rin-thang-gi Thog-ma'i Dpyad-gleng, contained in: Mu-khri-btsan-po’i Dpyad-rtsom Bdams-bsgrigs (Chengdu 2015), pp. 345-358.

•GTO GLUD gto dang ngar glud. Nomads 237. See Lin Shen-Yu, Tibetan Magic for Daily Life: Mi pham's Texts on Gto-Rituals, Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie, vol. 15 (2005), pp. 107-125.

•GTO BCOS a purely mechanical magical act with no appeal to a supernatural agency necessary to compel results. Epstein, Dissertation 12 (for discussion of gto, gto po, etc., see also note on p. 19) gto la brten nas bcos byed pa. Nomads 237.

•GTO ZOR See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 7.

•GTOGS PA gzhan nor phrogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTONG SGO See dge bshes gtong sgo. Stein. Dreyfus, Sound 255. A feast offered by a candidate for the Dge bshes degree. I've seen it translated as 'expense.'

•GTONG DEB register of things to be sent (from the district headquarters to Lhasa). Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 13.

•GTONG PHOD ability to give, magnanimity, generosity. ster sbyin gyi snying stobs. Yisun. Lde'u 269 has an example where it must mean that ability to give that only the wealth can demonstrate. Misspelled stong phod in HS LVI 422.4.

•GTONG BA used in the sense of 'donor' in Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 132, or 'charity' in verse 137

•GTONG MA Beute, Kampfpreis.

•GTONG RTSA funds given to monasteries that are supposed to generate yearly interest. Vitali, Tho.ling 139.

•GTOD a kind of spirit being, a gnyan, presiding over stones. TPS 727.

•GTON See 'don.

•GTOR KHUNG chu phyi rol tu 'gro ba'i chu khung. Btsan-lha.

•GTOR RGYAB = gtor rgyag. See refs. in Velm I 124.

•GTOR BA [1] scatter. [2] let go to waste (see stor ba).

•GTOR BU container. Namgyal in TJ 23 no. 4 (1998) 14. chos gos kyi snod. Btsan-lha.

•GTOR MA See long discussion in Encyclopedia of Buddhism under "Bali."

•GTOR MA CHA GSUM phyogs skyong / 'byung po / bgegs la gtor ma sbyin pa'o. 600 14. Explanation of the 'three parts' in Das, JTL&CT 134.

•GTOR MA ZA See bya rog.

•GTOR MAR MA Tormas decorated with butter. LaRocca, Warriors 45.

•GTOR LEN Poetic term for the crow, 'torma taker'. Kapstein, ILIT 785. Skt. balibhuj. Compare gtor ma za.

•GTOL MED PA OT = thabs med pa. = rgyus med pa. Blaṅ 291.5. cha med. nges med. thabs med pa. rgyus med pa. gdeng med pa. Btsan-lha. without certainty. Jamspal, Treasury 219. = cha med. = thabs med. Lcang-skya.

•GTOS mchu zheng gi tshad. lto ba. Btsan-lha. size, dimension.

•GTOS PA = tshad med. Lcang-skya.

•GTOS BSE gtos bse bya ba ni / thag gru che ba'o. A large tow-rope? [unlikely] A very great extent? See Mkhas-pa Mi Bzhi commentary on Mdzod-phug, p. 43.

•BTAGS PA brdeg pa'am brdungs pa. khrims bsgrags pa. phal pa. Btsan-lha. triturated. Simioli, AG 54.

•BTAGS SO thag chas bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•BTANG SNYOMS Gser Sbram 399. equanimity. EoB VIII 442-449.

•BTANG BTANG See = drang tang tang. Kretsch.

•BTANG DPYAL khyo shug gam bza' tshang pho mo'i zhe sa. Btsan-lha. See stangs dbyal.

•BTANG BA spangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTANG MI BRA BA spong mi phod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTANG GZHAG dismissing/settling (preparatory to meditation period). Klong-chen-pa 10.1.

•BTAB PA MI BRO BAR MA BTAB PA PHA TSHAN BRO gang bsam dgos pa de mi 'char bar bsam mi dgos pa sha stag sems la shar. Btsan-lha.

•BTA' BA smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•BTU BA THANG thub ta re. Btsan-lha.

•BTUG PA btub pa ste chog pa. Dpe-chos 516.

•BTUNG BCIL sbyangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTUNG BA spyod pa. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•BTUNGS PA OT = bsad pa. Blaṅ 306.4. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. Dotson, OTA glossary. See Nathan Hill's article "Verba moriendi in The Old Tibetan Annals," where he translates it as 'massacred' and gives examples.

•BTUD DE restrained. Thondup, BM 364.

•BTUN NGES PA bab col lam rang bzo. Btsan-lha.

•BTUB KYI btub kyi ni skabs 'dir 'gro yang zhes pa ste / spyir btub pa ni chog pa dang nus pa dang 'gro ba sogs mang por 'jug pas skabs thob la sbyar nas shes dgos so. Dpe-chos 508.

•BTUB THANG thub ta re. Gces 583.1. thub na thang. Btsan-lha.

•BTUB DRAG PA RANG ha cang thub pa zhig. 367 II 126.5.

•BTUB PA = rung ba, = chog pa, = nus pa, etc. BBNP 465. = nus. = rung. 367 II 126.4. 'gro ba. chog pa. nus pa. rung ba. thub pa. Btsan-lha. This is an obsolete spelling for gtub pa.

•BTUR GYIS ring gis. Gces 589.2. Btsan-lha.

•BTUL BCIL 'dul sbyong byas pa. Btsan-lha. sbyangs pa. Dbus-pa no. 447. Lcang-skya.

•BTUS PA sa nas bsgrugs zin pa lta bu. For instance, things that have been gathered from the earth.

•BTEG PA khyer ba'am bting ba. Btsan-lha. See 'deg.

•BTOGS PA OT = phrogs pa. Blaṅ 305.3. Btsan-lha. = phrogs pa. Lcang-skya. 'phrogs pa / gzhan gyi rdzas ma byin par shed mo dang g.yo thabs kyis phrogs pa sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•BTON RA Rausschmiss. Kretsch.

•BTOL BA Haarh, Yar-luṅ 344, 358, 361, etc., where he thinks it means 'making incisions.' Probably an obsolete form of gtol ba. Or, it just means the 'arrival' of the embalmed corpse at the tomb, or its 'taking out of concealment.' slebs pa. gsang ba brtol ba. Btsan-lha. Tan, Theses 122 n. 47. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BTOS PA tshad med. Dbus-pa no. 304.

•RTA [1] horse. The horse has a symbolic meaning of something in constant galloping motion, and (in general) as a bearer of other things besides itself. This is discussed by Daniel Berounsky in his article "Wind-horse Galloping." On ritual use of horse in human funerary rites, see summary with further refs. in Dotson, Naming 6. [2] Specialized medical meaning, see sman rta. 'Horse,' the substance on which the medicine figuratively 'rides' into the body. Generally it means sugar, molasses, honey, and possibly beer. SS 546.5. = bang ldan, rtag za, rnga rngog 'dren byed, chu 'thung, gshogs pa can. JD 244. SS 501.6. See dor rta.

•RTA KLAD 'horse brain, agate.' Supposed to be a 'loan translation' (a calque) from Chinese. Beyer, CT Lang. 142. See also rdo klad.

•RTA RKYA skya mi. Btsan-lha.

•RTA SKOM See ma nu.

•RTA SKYIN A mammal. The name suggests that it is a horse-like skyin (q.v.). See Sandberg, Tibet 297, where it said to be Budorcas taxicolor (i.e., the takin). See Sardar-Afkhami, Account 10. John F. Neas & Robert S. Hoffmann, Budorcas taxicolor, Mammalian Species, no. 277 (Feb. 27, 1987), p. 1-7, according to which Tibetans, depending on locality, call them "ye-more, ya-go, shing-na, or kin." It says that "Takin" is a name used by the Digaru Mishmees.

•RTA 'KHRID PA ceremonial horse grooms. Velm I 135.

•RTA GAD khong rgod byed pa. so tshis byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTA GRAB Tan, Theses 106.

•RTA GRI Lit., 'horse knife,' this means an accidental death due to horses. Lde'u 375.

•RTA MGO n. of an administrative (census) district comprised of two dud chen. TPS 14.

•RTA MGRIN a disease? Text 21.

•RTA RGA KP4 574.5.

•RTA RGOD MA'I KHA Also called rta gdong me, or, rta gdong gi me. Skt. vaḍavāmukha or vaḍavānala or vaḍavāsya. This ocean whirlpool is far out at sea, in the south, and poses a special danger for sea merchants. It's mentioned in the Kāraṇḍavyūha. The Tibetan translation of the Jātakamālā, ch. 14, translates as rgya mtsho'i klong ('ocean whirlpool'). Mvy. 6796: rgya mtsho'i grong gi kha, rta rgod ma'i gnyod, rta rgod ma'i kha, rgya mtsho'i klong grong gi sgo.

•RTA SGRO I believe this simply means a saddlebag.

•RTA NGAN A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 299.

•RTA RNGA Horsetail hair. Samdo A IV 167v.5. In phrases like rta rnga tsam, it means 'even the least bit' or 'the tiniest bit' (a horse's tailhair being something quite trifling) [thanks to Christoph Cüppers, for correcting my earlier mistranslation]. This is quite common in 12th century Bka'-brgyud-pa works. khab rmig tu rta rnga btsud la sgom. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 269.5. 'khor ba las rta rnga'i 'dres cig 'phag ma nus. Zhi-byed Coll. V 23.3. rta rnga chur bcug pa la srog chags su gyur pa bzhin. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 547.2. Almogi, Materiality 253.

•RTA CAG rta bcags sam rta bcibs pa. Btsan-lha. Also spelled rta chag.

•RTA LCAG horsewhip used for legal punishments. French, Yoke 322.

•RTA LJANG Discussion in Decleer, Tragkar verse 7. One of the 7 horses that pulls the sun, the middle one, is green, while the other six are red.

•RTA LJANG CAN 1. brgya byin. 2. nyi ma. Blaṅ 528.

•RTA THABS dgra 'dul thabs. Btsan-lha.

•RTA MTHUR [1] 'horse's halter.' BLKC I 401. [2] n. of a [bodily] vein. TM #4, 61. DD illus. 24.

•RTA'I DRI MA See a shwa gandha.

•RTA DREL rta dang dre'u. Nomads 238.

•RTA BDUN DBANG PO the sun. For an explanation, see Gser sbram 385.

•RTA NOR rta drel dang g.yag. Nomads 237.

•RTA GNAS See a shwa ta (BBNP 476).

•RTA SNAD RO rta rmas ma. Btsan-lha.

•RTA PA horseman. rta pa'i gdugs lam rkang thang gi zhag lam. "A half day's journey for a horseman, by foot a whole day." Schaik, Prayer 193, 205.

•RTA LPAGS = me tog phreng ba, pa ri pa (sp?), ha'u pa. JD 205. SS 455.4. KP1 67.4. KP3 270.6. KP4 411.5. Mdo 143. Identified as wickweed by Czaja in Schrempf, ed., Soundings 360. Phlomis rotate. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26.

•RTA BABS Germano, Poetic Thought 919, 'portico.' pho brang sogs kyi sgo chen gyi phyi rol tu yod pa'i khang rtseg dbyibs can gyi phyi sgo. bang rim. Btsan-lha. Mvy. no. 5528 gives the Skt. toraṇa.

•RTA BAR =rta dbyangs bar pa. Medium lengthed melody.

•RTA BOG rta dang me mda'. Nomads 237.

•RTA BYA See gser rdo.

•RTA BRES horse corral, stable, feed trough (?). rta 'dogs sa'i ra. Btsan-lha.

•RTA BRO horse dance. a ritual action. Khams-smyon Dharma-seng-ge, Rtsa-gsum Rab-'byams Rgya-mtshor Mchod-pa'i Tshogs-kyi 'Khor-lo'i Rnam-bshad Bde-chen Rab-'bar, Sonam Tobgyel (Tashigang 1983), pp. 146-7.

•RTA BLA a kind of winged beetle or fly (bung ba'i rigs), about thumb sized, with yellow black and red coloration. JD 255. Dag-yig.

•RTA 'BOG rta la 'gel bya'i khug ma. Nomads 238.

•RTA SBANGS horse manure. TM IV 64.

•RTA MIG = gza' dug khra ba, ti mu sa pa. JD 195. SS 480.6.

•RTA MON PA KP3 334.4. KP4 549.1.

•RTA RMIG [1] 'Horse hoofprint,' a part of the design on the entryway to the maṇḍala. See Doboom, Buddh. Path to Enlightenment, p. 62. David-Neel, My Journey to Lhasa 267. See rta rmig ma. [2] Cowslip, marsh marigold. Caltha palustris. TDD 31.

•RTA RMIG MA 'horse-hoof ingot.' Pabongka, Liberation II 109. An example is illus. in Precious Deposits V 104-5.

•RTA ZAM 79 n. 111. This would seem to literally mean 'horse bridge,' but it actually means a halting spot where one could get fresh horses. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 37.

•RTA ZI DMAR PO a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 21. Lag-len 18.1. TMC 30 (61). BP 173.1.

•RTA ZI RIL BU a medicinal preparation. BP 339.4.

•RTA RA horse corral or stable.

•RTA RAG I saw this in a list of animals in the Ma-ṇi Bka'-'bum, among the wild animals (and the horse is listed in a separate list of domesticated animals).

•RTA RUG PA See bong rna ba.

•RTA ROL PA Skt. aśvalalita. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•RTA LAS GZHOL BA rta las babs pa. Btsan-lha.

Dpyi yi RTA SHA DD illus. 30.

•RTA SUG SKAM PO Samdo A V 3r.4.

•RTA SO 'horse tooth.' Could perhaps be translated (squared) zigzag (crenelation, in the case of walls)? As an architectural term (see illus. in Pho-brang Po-ta-la [1988], illus. no. 15 following p. 29). Po-ta-la (1996) 17. See also Yisun. As decorative motif, TS7 II 1087. As a special kind of stitching pattern used for sewing together monastic robes (distinguished by its squared zig-zag pattern from the 'birdfoot stitch' which has a triangular zigzag; Kieschnick's article on Chinese robes). Kieschnick, Impact 92.

•RTA HRAG rta dmag 'thon chog tu yod pa. Nomads 238.

•RTAG KHONGS ltag kong. Btsan-lha.

•RTAG RNGU rtag tu rngu. N. of a plant. TR XIV no. 4, p. 16.

•RTAG RNGU'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 289.4.

•RTAG CHAD MU BZHI See 9 60.

•RTAG TU NGU 'forever weeping.' Varieties: spyan ras gzigs rtag tu ngu, phyag rdor rtag tu ngu, 'jam dbyangs rtag tu ngu (= 'jam dbyangs zil can). JD 191.

•RTAG PA BZHI 242 III 209.2.

•RTAG RTSEN PA rgyun chad med par rtag tu rtse ba'i sgo nas gnas pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTAG ZA See rta.

•RTAG BZLAS khas rtag bzlas kyang ni khas shom ra 'then kyang zhes pa'am kha nas rtag tu bzlas brjod byas kyang zhes pa yin snyam mo. Dpe-chos 509.

•RTAG RES 'KHOR rtag tu sbyor ba'i zas. Btsan-lha.

•RTAGS As the 3rd term of a syllogism, 'the reason.' Dreyfus, Sound 206-207.

•RTAGS 'GRUB the reasoning is established. The negative, rtags ma 'grub, is much used.

•RTAGS DAM symbol seal. These were simple seals used by the Dalai Lama for personal letters and the like, without much in the way of letters on them. They would likely have one of the 8 auspicious symbols. See Verhufen in Essen Catalog, p. 443.

•RTAGS MTSHUNGS NANG 'BREL an internal meeting of like signs (a neologism for homosexual activity). Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 144.

•RTAGS GSAL 'CHAD Dreyfus, Rationality 49.

•RTAD PA blo bur. Dbus-pa no. 173.

•RTAB RTAB [= bstab stob] schnell, plötzlich, unversehens. Kaschewsky 83.

•RTAB RTAB PO bred pa. rings pa. Btsan-lha. Skt. sasambhrama, 'flurried,' 'bewildered,' 'agitated.'

•RTAB RTOB 367 I 242.6.

•RTAB BE RTOB BE = rtab rtob. adv. hastily. Soundings 33.

•RTAB SHOR BA tsab langs pa. Dpe-chos 505. Btsan-lha.

•RTABS PA ma rtabs pa, OT = mi rings pa. Blaṅ 303.5-.6. brel ba'am 'tshab pa. byed pa. rings pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTA'U See rkang 'gro.

•RTAR an old or odd orthography for gtar.

•RTAS PA OT for rgyas pa, as in the increase or generating of bodily elements. BBNP 472. brtson 'grus rtas drag pa ni brtson 'grus dos drag pa ste shugs drag po zhes pa'i don no. Dpe-chos 517. rgyas pa. Sometimes: lus zungs skyed pa'am nad pa gso ba. Btsan-lha. rtog pa mthu' rtas pa'i snang ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 199.4. steng du gtor ba lta bu'i zas kyi[s] rtas par 'gyur ro. [The early stage embryo] starts growing with food that is as if scattered on top of it. 'Gos, Stong-thun 24.1.

•RTI PA = sor mo(?). "toe, finger." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•RTIG GTAD blo gtad pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTING Stein. Evidently this is a term for the fetlocks of a horse.

•RTING DKAR the white socks of a horse.

•RTING GNON to supply backing, or backup for someone. rgyab skyor. Btsan-lha. Spelled ting gnon in Lde'u 259.

•RTING PA the heel [of the foot]. Skt. pārṣṇi. Mvy. 4016.

•RTING PA'I CHU BA = Rting chu. DD illus. 1, 6, 30. Heel blister?

•RTING MA rjes ma'am phyi ma. Btsan-lha. Stein. the later or final one.

•RTING BZLUM PA'I 'DUG STANG Christoph Cüppers, et al., Handbook of Tibetan Iconometry: A Guide to the Arts of the 17th Century, Brill (Leiden 2012) 234.

•RTING SOR in Zukunft. Kretsch.

•RTUG KHUNG phyi sa'i khung. Btsan-lha.

•RTUG GIS THUG PA glo bur du thug pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTUG RING distant beat. thag ring ba'i rdza rnga'i sgra. Btsan-lha.

•RTUGS PA rdugs pa. Btsan-lha. mdzo' rnal cus gyod la rtugs pa yin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 303.5 (compare II 145.2: gyod la gtugs). it goes back to (is due to).

•RTUL PHOD OT = snying stobs che ba. Blaṅ 303.1. sran thub pa. snying stobs che ba. Btsan-lha. boldness. Hahn, TSD 63.

•RTUL BA [1] to blunder, make blunt, become foolish. [2] To draw to a close, draw together. [3] to tame. [4] brtson pa'am rtsol ba. bya ba rnams bsdus pa. Btsan-lha. rtul pa ni brtson pa'am yang bya ba rnams bsdus pa la 'jug pas las 'phro rnams bsdus la gyis zhes pa'i don. Eimer, Dbyangs 58. The verb is used in this sense in the Mañjuśrīnāmasaṅgīti, in some Tibetan translations at least.

•RTUL BRAL rdul bra. Btsan-lha.

•RTUL ZHUGS don la gzhol ba. Btsan-lha.

•RTUL ZHUGS GSUM rtul shugs gsum ni / lus kyi rtul shugs seng ge nang 'thab pa lta bu / ngag gi rtul shugs ser nam gyi 'brug lta bu / rig pa'i rtul shugs brag la thog brgyab pa lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 283.3.

•RTE ? Arch. of TB 194.

Glo bo RTE MIG DD illus. 2, 19. lit., foal eye, colt eye. anterior pulmonary lobe of the lungs. Yangga's dissert., p. 286.

•RTE LE ? de bzhin du gzhan don byed pas kyang rte le shes par bya'o gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. I 450.6.

•RTEN 'reminder' (Dagyab), support, prop, dependency, object of veneration. Skt. āśraya, niśraya, etc. For discussion of āśraya, see Ruegg in JAOS 87 (1967) 164, where he says it means the psychosomatic basis for practice and transformation.

•RTEN SKOR See under 'bum 'khor.

•RTEN MKHAR kind of shrine. Huber, Pure Crystal 119.

•RTEN SGAM See Bellezza, Divine Dyads 389.

•RTEN 'GRO rol mo mkhan gyi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•RTEN THABS BU BTSUGS PA lha rten du btsug pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTEN THEBS rten gzhi, ma rtsa (investment capital, colateral).

•RTEN PA to rely upon, lean on. Sometimes better translated 'to resort to, make use of.'

•RTEN 'PHYE rkang lag bzhir brten nas 'gro ba. going on all fours. Btsan-lha.

•RTEN BYED PA 'symbolize' Dhongthog.

•RTEN 'BREL = rten cing 'brel ba[r 'byung ba]. "Emerging through containment-connection." Usually tr. as interdependent origination, etc. "Arising through a situation of connectedness and dependence." Each 'thing' so produced is connected with the 'others' to the point of containing them. Therefore, concepts of linear causation do not apply. Each is a necessary (but atemporal) result (pratītya) of all the others as a totality... not so much one following from the other. 'Supporting links' in Germano in JIABS 17 no. 2 (1994) 259. Gyatso, Apparitions 179. Colloquial usages approach the meaning of 'coincidence,' 'circumstances,' also, 'omen,' a 'connection' with a particular teaching or teacher. It may also perhaps be used in the sense of 'provisions' (see under gal te). There is much discussion of Tibetan meanings of the term in T. Thurston, An Introduction to Tibetan Sa bstod Speeches in A-mdo, Asian Ethnology, vol. 71, no. 1 (2012), pp. 49-73.

•RTEN 'BREL GYI KHANG PA As a symbol that, if you don't block the doors of the senses, you might go to the roots of Awareness — Many times his eyes would travel to the threshold of the Interdependence House. Zhi-byed Coll. 143.4. A kind of explanation at BA 935 (also, 961).

•RTEN 'BREL GYI 'KHOR LO mdo' long du rten 'brel gyi 'khor lo thugs khar 'dzin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 144.3.

•RTEN 'BREL GYI CHE BA a phrase used in Zhi-byed Coll. frequently to mean "the greatness of Phadampa's insight into interdependent connectedness" {meaning that he had mastered skilful means}. rten 'brel gyi che ba sna tshogs myed pa las shar ba'i brda' ru / bal thul nam mkha' la bzhag. Zhi-byed Coll. II 151.5.

•RTEN 'BREL GYI YAN LAG BZHI 'phen pa'i yan lag / 'phangs pa'i yan lag / mngon par 'grub par byed pa'i yan lag / mngon par grub pa'i yan lag go // dang po ni / ma rig pa dang 'du byed dang rnam shes so // gnyis pa ni / ming gzugs skye mched drug reg pa tshor ba dang bzhi'o // gsum pa ni sred len srid pa gsum mo // bzhi pa ni / skye ba dang rga shi'o. 600 39.

•RTEN 'BREL YAN LAG BCU GNYIS ma rig pa / 'du byed / rnam shes / ming gzugs / skye mched / reg pa / tshor ba / sred pa / len pa / srid pa / skye ba / rga shi rnams so. 600 153-4.

•RTEN 'BREL GSUM gang zag cig grub pa thob par byed pa khyad par gyi rten 'brel gsum tshang dgos / tshogs sog pa'i rten du bla ma la / dngos grub kyi rten du yi dam / bar chod sel ba'i mkha' 'gro ma gsum sbrel dud gos bya ba bla ma sku drin can gsung ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. V 316.6.

•RTEN GZHUG The practice of inserting relics and relic-texts as sacralizing objects inside sacred objects like images and chortens. I believe rten gzhug is a shortened version for “rten la gzungs gzhug,” meaning insertion of dhāraṇīs into supports.

•RTEN SO rten gzhi. Btsan-lha.

•RTEB RTEB Also, teb teb. [sound of] snapping fingers. Hahn in JoBS 4 (2006) 68.

•RTE'U colt. rta'i phru gu. Dpe-chos 516. Have seen this spelled rti'u.

•RTE'U MIG shing gi phor pa'i nang du shing gi rte'u mig gis / yun ring du dkrugs pas dngul chu dngos med du sngon por 'gro. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 347.4.

•RTE'U LO See te lo.

•RTOG KHANG ra yod pa'i khang pa bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•RTOG GU CIG rdog po gcig. Btsan-lha.

•RTOG GE There is an etymological discussion in Hahn, Ting 115, where he identifies it as an intensive form of rtog pa, taking it to mean 'intensive reasoning.' I think rtog ge ba is indeed sometimes used as a name for the type of person who relies too heavily on logic.

•RTOG GE MGO KHREGS Stein.

•RTOG GE SDE LNGA See phyi rol pa'i rtag par smra ba'i rtog ge sde lnga.

•RTOG GE SDE DRUG See phyi rol pa'i rtog ge sde drug.

•RTOG GE'I TSHIG DON BRGYAD See tshig don brgyad.

•RTOG CHEN PA spy. Karmay, Great Perfection 28. so pa'am bya ra ba. Btsan-lha.

•RTOG PA [1] Skt. vitarka. thought, conceptual thought. EoB VIII 712-716. [2] as type of tantric text, see 166 492. See general discussion of several meanings of rtog pa and kal pa in Almogi, MA thesis 212.

•RTOG PA'I RGYUD kalpa tantra. See Dalton, Crisis 152-153.

•RTOG PA BCU See rnam g.yeng gi rtog pa bcu.

•RTOG PA'I RNAL 'BYOR conceptual yoga, a synonym for bskyed rim practice.

•RTOG PA MED undistracted, without psychic whirligigs (that disturb the meditative flow). Skt. akalpa [= avikalpa]. Klong-chen-pa 2.8.

•RTOG PA RANG GSAL DU GZUNG BA'I GSANG BCUD GNYIS listed in Klong-chen-pa 12.8 comm.

•RTOG PA'I ZHEN GZHI basis of conceptual adherence. Thurman.

•RTOG DPYOD BRAL BA without deliberation or research.

•RTOGS BRJOD = rtogs pa brjod pa. Avadāna. What makes an avadāna different from a jātaka? A jātaka is a special kind of avadāna that has the Buddha as its main character. An avadāna may have as its main character a past life of a person in the Buddha's audience.

•RTOGS LDAN 1. mkhas pa. 2. sangs rgyas. Blaṅ 528. Stein. Has a special meaning, particularly in the 'Brug-pa Bka'-brgyud-pa, of a renunciate (whether or not they have full monastic vows) yogi / contemplative. For a negative view, see Rhoton, CD 146.

•RTOGS LDAN MKHAS PA In Dge-lugs-pa usage, means a learned and reflective person.

•RTOGS PA [1] realization. Early Zhi-byed-pa and Bka'-brgyud-pa take care to distinguish this from 'understanding' (go ba). However Sa paṇ, in his Sdom Gsum Rab-dbye, disagreed with this distinction as being simply 'Tibetan' (see Rhoton, CD 147). For one discussion of the difference, see Zhi-byed Coll. II 329.6 ff. (and following are definitional distinctions between nyams myongs and rtogs pa). [2] in a specialized tantric sense, in context of the preparation of elixir, it may have the meaning 'transforming.' Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 318.6. [3] as a name for a particular type of text. Lde'u 134. But I believe here it is just a slight misspelling for rtog pa, Skt. kalpa, as a genre term.

•RTOGS SHIG soms shig. Btsan-lha.

•RTOD PA rtsod pa. Btsan-lha. to place a domestic animal out to pasture tied to a tether rope (rtod thag). Haarh, Yar-luṅ 215, line 6. Karmay, Arrow 263.

•RTOD PAS BCINGS phur par btags pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTOD PHUR tethering post. 367 I 232. gzung 'dzin gyi rtod phur nang nas bton pa. Zhi-byed Coll. II 233.3. 'dzin pa'i rtod phur theng pa ('to yank at the tether post that binds one'). Gling-ras-pa, Bka'-'bum I 115.6. In Zhi-byed Coll., sometimes misspelled as stong phur and bstod phur.

•RTOD PHUR CHE CHUNG 'BRING GSUM tshe 'di'i zhen pa che chung 'bring gsum. Btsan-lha.

•RTON PA OT = 'dod pa. = rjes su 'brang ba. Blaṅ 290.3-.4 q.v. = 'dod pa. = rjes su 'brang ba. Lcang-skya. = 'dod pa, = rjes su 'brang ba, = yid brtan rung ba. BBNP 472. yid ches pa. 'dod pa. rjes su 'brangs pa. Btsan-lha. Imperative of rten pa. Laufer, Bird Div. 48. See yid rton.

•RTON PA BZHI chos la rton pa / don la rton pa / nges don la rton pa / ye shes la rton pa'o. 600 31. See also mi rton pa bzhi.

•RTOB SHA thob bya'am sbyin bya. Btsan-lha.

•RTOL N. of an ox-like animal. TMP 213 no. 81: "Ox or hybrid bull/dzomo (skom po zhes rtol; Bos taurus q)." See skom. An inferior cross-breed of cattle, acc. to Nine Ways 298.

•RTOL GOG nal bu'am rtol le. Btsan-lha. glang dang mdzo mo 'dus pa'i be'u / rtol pho'am rtol mo zer ba. Ngag sgron 306.

•RTOL PO hybrid yak. Bellezza, L&T 62.

•RTOL BA = phyin pa. BBNP 481. slebs pa'am 'byor ba. rnag sogs brdol ba. phyin pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTOL MED = nges pa med, = thabs med pa. BBNP 473. Btsan-lha.

•RTOL SHES rang bzhin gyis shes pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTA GA LA how should one be able to... Hahn, VG 399 (verse 33).

•LTA SGRE lta ther. Dbus-pa no. 332.

•LTA CI SMOS since you see it there is no reason whatsoever to talk. not to mention...

•LTA RTOGS PA scrutiny.

•LTA STANGS de chag pas dbang po'i lta stangs la / sing yer hrig gsum gyi rtsal mi 'byongs. Zhi-byed Coll. V 236.6. pha wang gi lta stangs. Zhi-byed Coll. V 284.4. rus sbal gyi lta stangs. Zhi-byed Coll. V 285.1. seng ge'i lta stangs. Zhi-byed Coll. V 285.5. glang po che'i lta stangs (gaze used by Buddha in Vinayavastu). Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 158.

•LTA STANGS LNGA See Zhi-byed Coll. III 125.1 ff, 134.1.

•LTA STANGS DGU rig pa mkha' lding dang nam mkha' spang du btsugs la / lta stangs dgu la zhugs sa myi skye rang myi skye. Zhi-byed Coll. V 60.5.

•LTA STANGS BZHI Beyer 304-5.

•LTA STANGS GSUM Germano, Poetic Thought 948, 949.

•LTA BA look, way of looking, way of seeing things, view, philosophical view. Klong-chen-pa 9.22, 10.9.

•LTA BA LNGA log lta / 'jig lta / mthar lta / tshul khrims brtul zhugs mchog 'dzin gyi lta ba / lta ba mchog 'dzin no. 600 55.

•LTA BA BZHI (Virūpa) 1. snang stong. 2. gsal stong. 3. bde stong. 4. rig stong. 27 58.

•LTA BA'I GZHAG THABS GSUM listed in Klong-chen-pa 12.8 comm.

•LTA BO considering, concerning. Similar to lta na, a topicalizer. Dotson, D&L 69.

•LTA MI searchers. Lde'u 368.

•LTA SMOS RE SKAN zer dgos pa ci zhig yod de med do. Btsan-lha.

•LTA ZHOG let alone…

•LTAG [1] nape (of the neck or something analogous). Bellezza, L&T 57. I've seen it misspelled rtag. [2] gri ltag means the back (or dull) side of the knife.

'Dzam bu LTAG DGYE SRZT 60.

•LTAG SGRE OT = ltag ther. Blaṅ 293.3. Lcang-skya. mgo ltag spu med pa ltag ther. Btsan-lha.

•LTAG GCOG PA ldog phyogs nas brtag dpyad gcod pa'am sun 'byin ltar snang lta bu ste. Btsan-lha.

•LTAG CHAG lost pride, lost confidence (Penpa).

•LTAG CHU neck tendon. Yangga's dissert., p. 298.

•LTAG CHOD sun 'byin ltar snang. rang bzo. Btsan-lha.

•LTAG BRNYAN mdzangs spyod dam nus mthu. Btsan-lha.

•LTAG SNED sgur 'khyog can. Btsan-lha.

•LTAG PA gdong chung gi ltag pa ston. 367 I 232.

•LTAG PA'I NYWA LJANG DD illus. 30.

•LTAG PA'I SDUD SGO DD illus. 11.

•LTAG PA'I RUS PA DD illus. 10, 11.

•LTAG SPROD 'gal 'du ltag sprod ni / phan tshun mi mthun pa gnyis phyogs gcig tu 'dus pas rgyab sprod pa'am ltag pa sprod pa ltar song ba. 367 II 128.3. mi gnyis kyi ltag pa sprad pa ltar 'gal 'du can mi 'dra ba gsung zhes pa'i don no. Dpe-chos 503.

•LTAG DBYUG gnya' ltag la gzhu ba'i dbyug pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTAG TSHAR A way of wearing the hair. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 5.

•LTAG RDZONG upper citadel. built in position overlooking some of the principal rdzongs situated on hillsides (in Bhutan), they were used for last-ditch stands. Sources.

•LTAG ZHU In a list of types of hats in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 438.

•LTAG ZUR SPU 'KHYIL DD illus. 6.

•LTAG 'OG before & after, earlier and later. OT = snga phyi'i gong 'og. Blaṅ 301.3. snga phyi. gong 'og. snga phyi'am gong 'og. Btsan-lha. = snga phyi. = gong 'og. Lcang-skya.

•LTANG ldang ba'am lang ba. Btsan-lha.

•LTANG LTENG ko chung ltang lteng tsam ni ko mig gi chu chang nge chung nge tsam zhes pa ste spang thog 'ga' zhig la chu dum re dum re tsam chags pa'o. Dpe-chos 515.

•LTANG LTONG Samdo A III 230v.2.

•LTANG BU BAB Dotson, D&L 55.

•LTANG RTSE rkyal pa'am sgro ba chung chung. Yisun. See lhang tse, ltang tshe.

•LTANG TSHE rkyal pa'am snod 'grangs pa rgyags pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•LTANG 'DZIN Namdak.

•LTANG YOR [1] an epidemic disease of livestock. nor phyugs kyi 'gos nad cig. Btsan-lha. [2] plunder (?). Dotson, OTA glossary. Discussed in Beckwith & Walter's article "Dating & Characterization," pp. 66-67.

•LTANGS SPYAD PA yag nyes zhib dpyod byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTANGS PHUL snyan zhu 'bul ba. Btsan-lha.

•LTAN LTAN OZZ 118.

•LTAN PA 'byor pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTAM LTEM g.yo tshul can. Btsan-lha.

•LTAMS skyes pa'am 'khrungs pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTAR LTAR PO rtsa a ba dhu tī yang sha'i ltar ltar po. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 423.4.

•LTAR SNANG a [mere] similitude, counterfeit.

•LTAS PA legs nyes kyi mtshan ma lta mkhan. Btsan-lha. pos pa [bos pa? spos pa?]. Dbus-pa no. 109.

•LTAS MYED untrustworthy. ZZFC 222.

•LTAS MTSHAN BRTAGS PA 87 LXVIII.

•LTIR As in, dngul ltir (i.e., dngul ldir), a type of pitcher illus. in Yisun.

•LTIR GYIS GANG mer gyis gang ba. Btsan-lha.

•LTIR RIR BYUG PA mthung por byug pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTUNG TA RE lhung yong ngo. Btsan-lha.

•LTUNG BA lhung bar byed pa. Btsan-lha. Stein.

•LTUNG BA SDE LNGA 'dul ba nas byung ba'i ltung ba sde lnga ni / pham pa / lhag ma / ltung byed / sor bshags / nyes byas kyi sde'o. 600 58.

•LTUNG BA 'BYUNG BA'I SGO BZHI mi shes pa / ma gus pa / bag med pa / nyon mongs mang ba'o. 600 39.

•LTUNG BA BZHI dge slong gi rtsa ba'i ltung ba bzhi ni / mi tshangs par spyod pa / ma byin par len pa / srog gcod pa / rdzun du smra ba rnams so // 'di la pham pa bzhi yang zer. 600 39-40.

•LTUNG BYED See phye ma leb.

•LTUNG BYED 'BA' ZHIG PA the solitary causes of downfall. Vinaya term. There are 9 groups with ten rules each.

•LTUNG RUS OT = ltung 'bras. Blaṅ 298.4. Dbus-pa no. 564. Btsan-lha.

•LTUM STAG = phur leb, sngo leb spu can. JD 184. = ldum stag.

•LTUM BU A RU See lug rtsi do bo.

•LTUR TE THUL sems rgyud rab tu'am mthar phyin par 'dul ba. Btsan-lha.

•LTE BA On the source of the English phrase "navel gazing," see Karl Baier, Thesophical Orientalism and the Structures of Intercultural Transfer: Annotations on the Appropriation of the Cakras in Early Theosophy, contained in: Julie Chajes & Boaz Huss, eds., Theosophical Appropriations, Ben-Gurion University (Beersheva 2016) 309-354, at p. 341. One wonders how the 'solar plexus' got its name. Kha che Pha lu seems to use it in a special sense; see RET XXXIX 82.

•LTE BU lta bu. Btsan-lha.

•LTE ZUR GNYIS "A pl. for moxabustion." TM IV 108.

•LTENG KA char chu 'khyil ba'i gshong bu'am rdzing bu'am mtsho chung lta bu. chu gzar por 'bab pa. Btsan-lha. Probably related to English 'tank.'

•LTENGS PO sgom pa'i dus na yang zhi gnas ltengs por myi sgom. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 264.6. ngar myed ltengs po la gnas pa'i bsam gtan khyi yin. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 49.6.

•LTEB MGO MA a booklet format that is folded (and perhaps stitched) at the top. Also, ltebs mgo ma. BYNP 11-13.

•LTEB BE Samdo A III 235v.1-2; V 139v.6.

•LTEBS ZUR MA a booklet format folded (and perhaps stitched) at the side. BYNP 14-16.

•LTEBS RIS MA accordion-style book format. BYNP 13-14.

•LTEM GYIS Samdo A IV 173r.2, 174r.2. mer gyis. Btsan-lha.

•LTEM PA na ba'i zhe sa. Btsan-lha.

•LTEM ME 367 II 130.6. Sba-bzhed (Stein) 67.8.

•LTEMS KYANG fickle, too strong or too weak, unstable. mos gus thang lhod shor ba. bla ma rje dang mjal ba la mos gus ltems kyang ma byed. When you meet the Lord Lama, don't have veneration that is too strong or too weak. Zhi-byed Coll. II 424.1. Also spelled ltem rkyang [ltems rkyang?] or ltem rgyang. Btsan-lha. The spelling in Yisun is ltem rkyang.

•LTEMS SE GANG mer gyis gang ba. Btsan-lha.

•LTO Rock, Nāga Cult II 668. TPS 725. As n. of the ritual, it is often spelled gto, q.v.

•LTO GAR This presumably means the 'thick' or gar po, letters in raised relief in the front of traditional Tibetan books. Used in longer phrases like yi ge lto gar 'bur ma, gser bris lto gar. Cüppers, Remarks.

•LTO GAR BA people who make the lto gar, q.v.

•LTO GOL zas g.yos mkhan bran g.yog. Btsan-lha.

•LTO GLA payment (by apprentice to master craftsman). Man LXI, no. 102, p. 83a.

•LTO 'GRO See sbrul. Schlange. Kaschewsky2.

•LTO RGYAB 367 I 237.

•LTO RGYAB BSNYEL 'gre ldog rgyag pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTO RGYAB MI PHYID SBYONG lto zas dang rgyab gyon pa mi 'byor bar sdug. Btsan-lha.

•LTO BSGYUR BA 'tsho ba je bzang la song ba. Btsan-lha.

•LTO BCOS rim gro'i sgo nas nad sogs rkyen ngan sel byed kyi bcos thabs. Btsan-lha.

•LTO THEM lta sgom nyams su myong na lto them zan byed na yang byed du gda'. Zhi-byed Coll. V 470.1.

•LTO 'THUD food allowance. See mgron 'thud. Sources.

•LTO GDUNGS NAN TAN CHE BA lto'am bza' btung la yid gdungs pa'am chags nas de'i ched du nan tan che ba. 367 I 240.3.

•LTO MDUN CAN ser sna can. brkam chags che ba. Btsan-lha.

•LTO NAG Haarh, Yar-luṅ 351.

•LTO PHYID lto zas kyis phul thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTO 'PHYANG lug. Btsan-lha.

•LTO 'PHYE rang gi lto bas 'gro ba. Btsan-lha. Also spelled lto phye. This would seem to be a mistaken rendering of Sanskrit uraga, which means 'one who moves on his chest.' This occurred, apparently, because the translators saw some Prakritic (?) form of udara, 'belly,' in uraga, or simply confused the words (this explanation by Guillaume Jacques, in a forthcoming paper).

•LTO BA [1] generally means 'stomach'. [2] But in the case of mountains, 'interior, cavity' (Skt. kukṣi), which might also be expressed by sul — as in ri'i sul, a 'fold' in a mountain.

•LTO BO g.yo sgyu'am khram pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTO 'BAB meal visits (paid on households by government officials). Sources.

•LTO SBYONG 'khru ba. Btsan-lha.

•LTO MOD NYI DRO Stein.

•LTO GZAN lit.: eater of (the master's) food. menial, orderly. See nang gzan. Sources.

•LTO 'OG TU SONG BA mgo skor 'og tu song ba. Btsan-lha.

•LTO LU rich food, milk thickened with flour. T&BS II 278.

•LTO LOG mdun. Dbus-pa no. 280.

•LTO BRLANG Namdak.

•LTOG MO skyes rdzongs. khud pa. Btsan-lha. khud pa. Dbus-pa no. 176. = khud pa. Lcang-skya.

•LTOGS PA Stein. hungry, starving.

•LTOGS DRI probably more correctly spelled ltogs gri. death from starvation. Zhi-byed Coll. II 244.6.

•LTOGS ZAS (Gtsang) food. MTTP.

•LTOGS RIR SHI BA ltogs nas shi ba. ltogs grir shi ba. Btsan-lha.

•LTONG Bellezza, L&T 52, 53, where it is translated as nock (of an arrow). The word for [arrow] notch is often spelled ltong ga, ltong ka, stong ga, stong ka, etc.

•LTONG GOMS mda' la byang zhing goms pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTONG 'GONG tshogs ma bsags ltong 'gong can gyi gang zag la nges shes myi skye. Zhi-byed Coll. II 189.1.

•LTONG LA MNAN — rang sar bkag pa. snod du bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTONGS 4 201R.3 la ltongs, 4 281v.5.

•LTONGS PA rmongs pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTOD PA rtsod pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTON BU ? Haarh, Yar-luṅ 404. lto ba'am khog pa'i nang gi bu (a child inside the stomach or abdomen). Btsan-lha.

•LTOM ZHING MCHIS PA 'ga' zhig yod pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTOMS PA dgos pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTOS size, dimension. A kind of ritual, also spelled lto. TPS 725.

•LTOS 'CHA' blo sems gtad pa. Btsan-lha.

•LTOS DANG BCAS PA gnyen 'brel dang bza' tshang 'khor bcas. Btsan-lha.

•LTOS PA Stein. depend [on].

•LTOS MED GSUM LDAN GYI MI 4 285v.4.

•STA occurs in 5th nail of the 21 Nails text of Bon Dzogchen (Kurt Keutzer's edition), with apparent meaning of 'penis' — de'i snga ro du yab kyi sta dang yum gyi mngal zhes bya bar grub ma myong pas... I don't know of other examples.

•STA ZUR OT = dpyi mgo. Blaṅ 304.4. (hip) bone. DD illus. 7, 14.

•STA YU sta yu la khrag ma dmar ba bzhed par gda' bas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 155.5. See Yisun under yu ba.

•STA RI axe (for wood chopping). sdong po 'gyel tshe rta ri so lung bra. Zhi-byed Coll. I 289.4. nyes pa'i rtsa ba gcod par byed pa'i rta ri yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 241.1.

•STA SHING See cu gang.

•STAG [1] tiger. See Sandberg, Tibet 292. N. of a clan. Btsan-lha. JD 237. = gcan gzan khra bo, lus bkra. SS 498.4. Note smug stag. People of Assam are compared to tigers, while Tibetans are compared to yaks. Stearns, King 240. There is a rare Vedic term stegas with a meaning that is only guessed at, although seeing that it is associated with fangs perhaps it means the tiger? [2] spark. See under me stag.

•STAG KHYI dred. Btsan-lha.

•STAG KHRA See phye ma leb.

•STAG DGON yul gyi ming. Nomads 238.

•STAG MGO tiger-headed button, a sign of a military rank (tr. from Chin. or Mong.). TS5 671. See under stag gi thog bu, apparently a synonym.

Glo ma STAG MGO DD illus. 19. a posterior pulmonary lobe of the lungs. Yangga's dissert., pp. 286, 299.

•STAG CHUNG sre mo stag chung. KP1 130.6. KP3 288.7. KP4 460.2.

•STAG CHUNG BA See srin shing sna ma.

•STAG CHUNG DMAR KHRA See byang pa.

•STAG GI THOG BU sngar btsan po'i dus rabs su dpa' bo rnams la stsal pa'i chas shig. Btsan-lha. I believe this refers to the 'button' called stag bu (q.v.). Note Kazushi Iwao, A Newly Found Old Tibetan Land Registry, p. 68, where stag gi thog bu is translated as 'fur cloth of tiger.'

•STAG GI MDEL RDZI mda' kha 'tsho mkhan. Nomads 238.

•STAG 'DUR funeral rite for young men.

•STAG LDAN See kaṇṭa ka ri.

•STAG GI SDER MO See ti lo.

•STAG GI RNAM PAR RTSEN PA N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•STAG PA birch tree. Man LXI, no. 102, p. 83a. JD 123. For dngul shing stag pa, see KP1 45.5, KP3 259.3, KP4 396.4.

•STAG GI SPAR THABS 'jal byed kyi tshad bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•STAG BU CHUNG See srin shing sna ma.

•STAG SBRANG hornet. Norbu, Drung 48.

•STAG MA JD 107. = an chen. KP1 171.2. KP3 307.1. KP4 491.1. DG 218.4. Rhododendron przewalskii Maxim. Mdo, 146 & color plate. Rhododendron arboreum. TDD 159.

•STAG SMAN (Amdo Khams) men & women, or boys & girls (stag shar = men, mo sman = women). MTTP.

•STAG TSHER n. of a herb. Beyer 290. See ga bra. = kaṇḍa ka ri smug po. YTTM 291.18. red raspberry, etc. Clifford, list.

•STAG ZIL bhin 'du gnyis rtseg stag zil gyi 'od can la dmyigs pa gtad de. Zhi-byed Coll. III 76.1. rtag zil lcags kyu lta bu'i bzlas pa bya. Zhi-byed Coll. I 25.2. stag zil lta bur gnas pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. I 53.7. rtag zil la dung gi mdog re ba lta bu'o. Zhi-byed Coll. V 238.3 (here it is saying that changing the usual mind in old age is like changing the color of the rtag zil to white). SS 414.1: stag zil mdangs ser la sul mang ba dang / mdangs ser la sna ring zhing mnyen pa dang gsum 'byung bas tsha ba rgyas pa rnams thog babs su gsod cing / lus la yun ring du rnying shing zhen pa'i tsha ba rnams rtsad nas 'byin no. The dictionaries are no help with this, but my present guess is that it is some kind of quite colorfully shelled sea creature (or a flower) with a name meaning 'brilliant tiger' which suggests that it had tigerlike stripes. The only word even remotely similar to this found in any dictionary is stang zil, q.v.

•STAG ZIL GA BUR JD 72.

•STAG GZIG [1] Persia (or a neighboring territory?). [2] See Geshe Sopa's autobio. (2012) 69 for an explanation. Has been explained that the tiger means boys, while the leopard means girls. RET XXXIX 129, with tr. on p. 101.

•STAG GZIG ME TOG Madonna lily. Lilium wallichianum. TDD 109.

•STAG RAL See under dong pa (BBNP 467). tigerskin quiver. Berounsky in FBTB 107.

•STAG RU ? Haarh, Yar-luṅ 202, 209. Todd Gibson, dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 138 note 22: btsad po sha ru'i rgyal dur byas.

•STAG RU PA See bong rna ba.

•STAG SHA JD 169. SS 456.3. KP1 34.2. KP4 387.4n. TM IV 64. Oxytropis falcata Bunge. Mdo 149 & color plate. sngo stag sha. Oxytropis reniformis. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26.

•STAG SHAR a full grown youth. skyes pa dar ma. Dagyab. See also Chödag. Note that dman shar means 'maiden.'

•STAG SHUN 'tiger skin.' silk with pattern of rgyan bzhi minus the water & rocks. Velm I 137. For a tiger skin seating carpet used as mark of distinction in the court of the Dalai Lama, see Alexandre Andreyev, Tibet in the Earliest Photographs by Russian Travelers, Studio Orientalia (New Delhi 2013), p. 46.

•STAG SLAG CAN stag lpags kyi gos can. Nomads 238.

•STAG LHA pho lha (stag lha me 'bar). Nomads 238.

•STANG gzhu stang 'gengs ni gzhu la mda'i stongs sprad de 'gengs pa. Dpe-chos 513.

•STANG PO stag shar ram skyes pa. Btsan-lha.

•STANG ZIL See lig bu mig. JD 48. SS 405.1. DG 127.3. ga pur dang dngul rdo dang dngul rdo'i nang gi phag ze ltar nag pa zhig dang bsha' rdo dang bsha' dkar la'ang stangs zil zhes snang. Chödag. A black and opaque stone of crystaline structure. Also known as Rdo bung ba, skra 'dra, stong tshe rog po. Rin 204.

•STANGS Art und Weise. ZAS VII 474.

•STANGS DBYAL See de Jong in IIJ 31 (1988) 164; de Jong in BSOAS 36 (1973) 488 (long list of references to variant translations of the term); and Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163, 194, where one also finds the pair sribs gdags. Both stangs dbyal and sribs gdags (q.v.), may represent or reflect the Chinese concept of yin-yang, or a still more ancient Sino-Turkic-Tibetan (Central Asian?) concept. Occurs in the Bsam-yas bell inscription. Often found in Bon texts. The stangs is the 'male' and the dbyal is the 'female.' The spelling stangs zhal, q.v., very clearly appears with the same meaning as stangs dbyal in Ka chems ka khol ma, pp. 143, 270, 290 et passim. For Thu'u bkwan's discussion of the (in some degree) analogous Chinese cosmogonic concept li'ang yī (Ch. liangyi), planter of seed and holder of seed, see Thuken 340. Example of spelling stang dpyal, with meaning of yab yum. HS LIV 379.3. husband and wife. Dotson, OTA glossary. In modern language this term has survived in the modified form of gtan zhal, meaning 'husband and wife.' This occurs twice in the Guhyagarbha Tantra (as R.A. Stein pointed out), but nowhere else in the Kanjur and Tanjur. Sometimes steng zhal (search for this spelling in the internet) occurs and confuses it as meaning "upper face" (a term that sometimes occurs in iconographical descriptions).

•STANGS ZHAN dbyibs ngan pa. Gces 583.2. dbyibs ngan pa. byed stangs mi legs pa. Btsan-lha. weak position? 'o na pan tri ta stangs re zhan na zhus pas / stangs zhan pa dang de men kyang mang gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 318.4.

•STANGS ZHAL yab yum mam khyo shug gi zhe sa. Btsan-lha. Seems same as stangs dbyal, q.v.

•STANGS SHES THOS PA glo bur du rna bar lhang nger thos pa. Btsan-lha.

•STAN Stein.

•STAN STON bod kyi stan ston rnams phyogs cig tu zhe thag pa nas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 264.7.

[MGAR BA'I] STAN PA = gtan pa. anvil. Amboss. Kretsch. stan pa'i 'og na ni sgo gtan gyi 'og na. Dpe-chos 517. zin pa stan par byas pa seng ge stod la gnan pa lta bu / stan pa las su rung ba rdza la so btang ba lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 476.5.

•STAN GLINGS PA nang tshangs can ma yin pa'i phying gdan. Btsan-lha.

•STABS Stein.

•STABS MA SNGA brel stabs ma snga'am ma rings. Btsan-lha.

•STABS SU mnyam du'am lhan cig. Btsan-lha.

•STABS SENG = spyi zhur, 'del ba, shing sngon, bai ḍūr chur bsgyur, be sa ra, tā ma la ka, seng ge'i 'o ma. JD 119. SS 443.5. DG 238.4. For the herb (sngo) stab seng, see JD 171. Unidentified. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27.

•STAMS LAS BCAD PA Also, stams las gcod pa. "oppression." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 316.

•STAR KA [1] walnut tree. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 124, in the phrase: mtsho la star ka byas nas yur bar drang ba dang. Haarh takes it to mean flood-gates by fixing it to stor kha, and relating it to stor khung (this is just too many steps to follow!). I think the phrase means dipping a walnut shell into the lake for irrigation purposes. Aziz 32. Used as a [mis]translation of Skt. kṣīrī, 'fig-tree.' See Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 167, where it has fruits, but no flowers. When used in Vinaya texts in a list of fruits, it corresp. to Skt. akṣoṭa. See tar ka. See H.W. Bailey in BSOAS 20 (1957) 51, according to which the Tibetan word doesn't at all resemble Middle Eastern terms for walnut (he misspells the Tibetan as "tharka"). Still, the Tibetan does have the look of being a possible loan.

•STAR KHA Walnut tree. Juglans regia. TDD 100-101.

•STAR GA See star ka. = star 'bras. JD 102. DG 211.5. KP3 345.5. Walnut? T&BS I 333, n. 66. This word is actually found in a so-called 'Old Zhangzhung' text. See Y. Nagano, ed., Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics, National Museum of Ethnology (Osaka 2009) 163.

•STAR BU Hippophae, a medicinal fruit which has recently been placed in the small class of 'adaptogens' which increase resistance in general. Subject of a paper by Subhuti Dharmananda in a PDF file in the internet. JD 94. KP1 110.6. KP3 280.2. KP4 446.4. Varieties: tar dkar, tar nag. TM IV 61, 94. A tree. SS 423.1. Mdo 152. = gla ba tsher ma, gle tsher, 'tshas tsher. DFG 206.1. Skt. āmlavetasa, ambuvetasa. Mvy. 5780. sea buckthorn is a thorny bush, with clusters of orange berries all along its branches, which grows in dry and salty soil. Hippophae rhamnoides. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. Acc. to H.W. Bailey in BSOAS 20 (1957) 51, the Skt. is āmlavetasa, and this means sorrel. See the discussion in ATPP 32.

•STAR BU LNGA PA a medicinal preparation. BT 54v.4. BP 216.3. TM IV 62.

•STAR BU BCU DGU a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 114. Lag-len 83.2. TMC 61 (136). BP 257.4.

•STAR BU BCU GCIG a medicinal preparation. bP 257.5.

•STAR BYANG a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 53. Lag-len 35.3. TMC 65 (146).

•STAR MO triangular tent. CC, List 85.

•STI STANG mnyes par byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•STI BA to rest. NNV.

•STI BYA Here translated as swallow (the bird). Zurchungpa, Testament, p. 171. However, an alternative text reads thi bya, which must mean pigeon.

•STIGS Occurs in OT phrase chab gsang gi stigs. Snellgrove in BSOAS 21 (1958) 651.

•STING TSHIG dngos bstan dang shugs bstan mi mthun pa'i gzhan la rgol ba'i tshig. Btsan-lha.

•STIBS 'khrigs pa'am thibs pa. Btsan-lha.

•STIR MED mnar med. Btsan-lha.

•STUG KHROD mun pa. nags tshal chen po. Btsan-lha.

•STUG PA Stein. yul la bstugs tsam na. Zhi-byed Coll. III 161.3. 'jug pa yul la ma bstugs na rkyen ngan gyi gdong myi zlogs. Ibid. II 439.3.

•STUG PO thick, dense. mthug po. bar med tshags dam. tshogs pa'am tshang ba. Btsan-lha. clumped tightly together, closely spaced [beads], impenetrable [jungle, thicket].

•STUNG = gzeb mal. = gzeb. a box or pannier made of split cane (Tsangla dialect). See thung ba.

•STUNGS SHIG 'bud zhig. Gces 588.1. thung du gtong bar gyis shig. Btsan-lha.

•STUD PA gnyis bstud gsum bstud. 367 I 237.

•STUR BA gnyid yur ba'am khams dub pa. Btsan-lha.

•STE KHA 'DRA BA medical implement in the class of 'spoons' (thur ma). JD 278 (item 4).

•STE PA See under gte pa.

•STEG CING SPYAD PA SPYOD PA sgeg cing 'gro bar byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•STEG PA sgeg pa. Btsan-lha.

•STEGS As a form of 'deg pa, q.v. See Chödag. Likely to be related to Indo-European, as in German steigen, etc., although it also seems to have cognates in Old Chinese. See Tsung-tung Chang, Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese, Sino-Platonic Papers (Jan. 1988) 10. Alexander Lubotsky, The Indo-Iranian Root *stig-, contained in: L. Kulikov, M. Rusanov, eds., Indologica: T. Ya. Elizarenkova Memorial Volume, Book 1: Orientalia et Classica, Papers of the Institute of Oriental and Classical Studies series no. 20 (Moscow 2008), pp. 305-313. PDF.

•STEGS BU altar. Wayman, Buddhist Tantras 70-71. Skt. vitardi. Mvy. 5593. Skt. kapoṭamālā. Mvy. 9345.

•STEGS SHING a part of a loom. See Dag-yig 325.

•STENG RKANG CAN seng ge rkang pa brgyad pa. Btsan-lha.

•STENG SGRIGS "rectangular-shaped ceiling joists." Alexander, Temples 319.

•STENG PA nags. Btsan-lha.

•STENG MER in an archaic Tibetan cosmology, it represents one of the multiple levels of the heavens, evidently the 15th (and highest?). The 14th is called kha yel. Lde'u 228, 243.

•STENGS NA Stein.

•STEN PA Usually it means to rely upon or attend upon or seek the help of (a teacher of doctor or the like). The main difference this has with the similar verb rten pa is that it takes direct objects, while the latter requires a dative-locative.

•STEM PA rdeg pa dang rdung ba. Btsan-lha.

•STEM BYED rten byed dam gang dang mthun par byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•STE'U Bellezza, D&B 24-25 et passim, identifies this as the ritual behind the illustrated funerary manuscript of M. Mokotoff. It seems to be same as a ritual object depicted as a cruciform structure or tree tipped with foliage and other objects. See especially Bellezza, D&B 82, for what would seem to be an illustration of the ritual object ste'u with a fairly clear description.

•STE'U KA MA sta re chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•STE'U 'DRA medical implement in class of 'spoons' (thur ma). JD 278 (item 3).

•STEL BA to reach. Snellgrove & Skorupski, Cultural History of Ladakh II 84.

•STES legs pa. stabs legs pa. Btsan-lha. Example of usage in Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra (Derge Kanjur version) 60.7.

•STES KYIS by chance. Jamspal, Treasury 148.

•STES PA ma stes pa, OT = ma legs pa. Blaṅ 294.3. Walter Simon, Tibetan stes, stes-te, Etc. and Some of Their Sanskrit Correspondences, BSOAS 42 no 2 (1979) 334-336.

•STES DBANG OT = stobs shugs. Blaṅ 294.3. Lcang-skya. stobs shugs. stabs legs pa. Btsan-lha. Spelled ste dbang (or ste bang) in Zhi-byed Coll. V 234.3, for example. stes dbang rang dgar ldog pa nam yang mi srid pas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 352.4. through chance, by chance. Jamspal, Treasury 37.

•STO See so sto. Blaṅ 304.5. See mi sto ba. Gces 586.2. Samdo A V 120r.3, 120v.5 (here in negative form, mi sto). mi sto / gnod pa med pa'am skyon mi snang ba. Gser Sbram 78. sna tshogs dkar dmar 'khrugs kyang mi sto. Zhi-byed Coll. V 272.4 (also, 273.1).

•STO KA OT Skt. = chung ngu. Blaṅ 307.2. chung ngu'am cung zad. Btsan-lha.

•STO SKOR N. of a game. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 38.

•STO BA [1] guiding. khrid pa. Btsan-lha. [2] ci yang mi sto, it doesn't at all matter, it makes no difference. See under mi sto. See under to.

•STONG [1] thousand. [2] notch in an arrow. ST. See stong kha. [3] n. of an ancient Tibetan tribe. [4] indemnity paid for the death of a person. mi bsad stong 'jal lam srog tshab. kha skongs che ba. Btsan-lha. Nomads 238. = dge stong. manslaughter fine. Sources. [5] new [moon]. [6] unidentified Bhutanese fruit. [7] in the compounded term stong zam, I believe the stong might mean dikes (chu rags being the usual Tibetan word for dikes), although I'm not sure if it's justified (still, see under stong ra). [7] a metal alloy made by mixing zangs rag & zi la. There are two varieties: stong dkar & stong ser. BLKC I 339 (note usage on p. 379).

•STONG SKUD (coll.) = gos skud, silk thread. MTTP. Nomads 238.

•STONG KHA notch of the arrow. Tucci, Religions 178. It seems to me that the syllable kha alone means 'notch,' and what this means, therefore, is 'empty notch,' with stong alone occasionally being a shortened form of stong kha. The Sanskrit kha means a space, hole, aperture, hollow. Although this spelling is frequent, it may also be spelled ltong (example in Lde'u 341) or ltong kha, ltong ga, etc.

•STONG 'KHRUG a serious disorder with symptoms including back pain (stod gzer), dry mouth (kha skom), severe restlessness [stabbing pains that change location] (gzer 'pho ba), and dementia (smyo 'chal). Cuevas, Travels 156 n 8.

•STONG CHUNG head of the sub-thousand district (stong bu chung), also called stong bu rje. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•STONG NYID THOD LDAN mgo stong ngam klad pa med pa'i mi rigs. Rtse-le VIII 426.

•STONG LTA Stein.

•STONG STONG tausendfach. Kretsch.

•STONG THANG amount of an indemnity. Lde'u 262 (meaning 269, where this meaning doesn't make sense!). See entry in Yisun, where it means differentiated indemnities for wrongful death.

•STONG THUN Cabezon translates it 'dose of emptiness.' (See his A Dose of Emptiness, note 41 on pp. 403-404 for a long discussion.) It may mean 'a thousand sessions, thousand doses.' Dudjom, Nyingma History, p. 655, translates it as 'Lecture notes.' Almogi, MA thesis 16, shows that this is used by Rong-zom-pa (and it was also used by 'Gos Khug-pa Lhas-btsas).

•STONG DEB Perhaps similar to stong ldab. See Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 78, 190, where it is called an 'empty exchange.' One such symbolic payment is made to the parents of a novice nun at her ordination.

•STONG LDAB perhaps a different spelling for stongs gdab pa, q.v. mi lus stong ldab byas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 447.4. nor bu'i gling du tshud nas stong ldab ma byed. Ibid. II 448.5.

•STONG SDE chiliarchy. This OT administrative unit consisted of a thousand households, and the primary reason for its existence would seem to be to serve as a tax and draft base. See Takeuchi's paper in TS6.

•STONG PA benefit, assist. = phan pa. = grogs. Lcang-skya.

•STONG PA KHO NA 'od srung gi mdo'i stong pa kho nar lta ba ni gsor mi rung zhes pa ni / stong nyid la bden par zhen pa'am stong pa'i don ye med du 'dzin pa la byed. Dpe-chos 517.

•STONG PA NYID Germano, Poetic Thought 873.

•STONG PA NYID BCO BRGYAD See Poussin, Catalogue, no. 701.

•STONG PA BZHI stong ba / shin tu stong ba / stong ba chen po / thams cad stong ba'o // de bzhi ni rim pa bzhin / snang ba / mched pa / nyer thob / 'od gsal dang sbyar ro. 600 46. Dasgupta, ORC 45-47, 197.

•STONG DPON chiliarch. Head of a stong sde, q.v. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•STONG PHUR In Zhi-byed Coll., often seems to be a misspelling (or alternative spelling, since prescript 'ga' is often replaced with superscript 'sa' in this manuscript) for gtod phur, q.v. khyim gyi bya ba spong dgos te / 'di 'khor ba'i stod phur yin pas. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 118.5. tethering stake (for animals).

•STONG BA to remain vacant. Example of usage in Lde'u 248.

•STONG 'BYAMS stong 'byams lhags pa 'gam ni lag stong du 'khyams te rlung 'gam pa. Dpe-chos 517.

•STONG TSHAD SRZT 46. TM II 68.

•STONG ZIL stong zil lam stong ri zil pa ni gnyan dug pa zhes pa'i sngo sman zhig. Btsan-lha.

•STONG GZUGS Seems to me it often refers to visionary phenomena, signs of spiritual development (as in Kālacakra) and the like. Hartzell, Dissert. 717, says it is a Tibetan translation of sūkṣma-śarīra, 'subtle body.' While admitting that such a translation might have some merit, generally speaking I believe it doesn't hold. See discussion in Ruegg, JSBO 82.

•STONG RA [1] See under ma ṇi stong ra, below. I'm thinking the general meaning is a type of wall that isn't enclosing or containing anything, which could just as well suit a dike or embankment as a mani wall. [2] Visualization of the body as a transparent shell through which the subtle body may be seen (see stong rwa). See Harding, NLI 267.

•STONG RWA a meditation done prior to purifying the paths of the psychic veins. lam sbyong ba'i sngon du bsgom bya zhig. Dagyab. This practice is described along with 'khrul 'khor, in C.A. Muses, Esoteric Teachings of the Tibetan Tantra, chap. 4, "The Steps of Practice in the Path."་

•STONG RI a type of Corydalis. Discussion in ATPP 67.

•STONG RI ZIL BA JD 168. See gnyan dug pa. TM I 51. Mdo 155. See stong zil. The identification of this plant is discussed in a forthcoming paper by Olaf Czaja. Corydalis gerdae. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25 (in the thesis itself this herb's properties are analysed). Czaja in NTFC I 101-104.

•STONG GSAL void-clarity. Klong-chen-pa 5.11 comm.

•STONG GSAL DGONGS PA'I DANGS DRUG Klong-chen-pa 12.8.

•STONG GSUM Germano, Poetic Thought 831. trichiliocosm. stong gsum gyi stong chen po, great trichiliocosm.

•STONGS GROGS grogs byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•STONGS GDAB PA phan grogs bya. Btsan-lha.

•STONGS PA [1] help, assist. OT = ban pa. = grogs. Blaṅ 302.1. mi stongs pa ni mi phan pa. 367 II 127.2. Gces 586.5. stongs pa ni phan pa dang grogs byed pa dang gzhan dang mthun par 'jug pa sogs mang por 'jug pas skabs 'dir phan pa'o. Dpe-chos 514. phan pa'am grogs bya ba. Btsan-lha. [2] disappearing [snow]. The small Lde'u, p. 143: rje'i blon po snyags thogs po bya ba rkus nas bsad de ro gangs kyi stongs nas byung.

•STONGS MO mang pos las rogs byed pa. Btsan-lha. Schopen, Menial 242, 243.

•STOD mi phyugs kyi lus kyi lte ba yan gyi ming ste. Dag-yig.

•STOD KOR See under kor.

•STOD 'GAG name for the monastic vest, also called rgyan drug, q.v. This was a distinctive garment of Tibetan monks not worn by Indian and Chinese monastics. Heather Stoddard calls it a waistcoat. It is sometimes simply called the 'upper garment' (stod gos). Jackson, MB 40. Discussed in Stoddard, Early 46.

•STOD RGYANGS Text 11.

•STOD JA See rdo ja. See Cüppers' contribution to JNRC 12 (2001) 40, where it is tr. as "Acacia catechu resin."

•STOD PHYAG phu thung. Btsan-lha.

•STOD 'TSHANGS Text 1, 15, 53. Lag-len 11, no. 16. 'Crowding' ('tshangs) of the upper part of the body (stod, i.e., everything between the navel and neck).

•STOD GZHAS TR XV, no. 10, p. 9.

•STOD LI See ga dur.

•STOD LUGS Highland System. For some medicinals made according to the Highland System, see sman ser chen mo, or, spang rtsi bcu gnyis.

•STOD LHE collar garment. Vitali, Tho.ling 61.

•STON THOG Stein. 367 I 236.

•STON PA TSUG SPED PA TSUG ston pa zer sbas pa zer. Gces 482.5. ston pa 'dra mo sbed pa 'dra mo. Btsan-lha.

•STON MO feast. During the course of their labors, workmen were treated to three feasts: 1. The opening feast called 'jugs ston, or 'dzugs ston. 2. The intermediate feast half-way through the job called sgang ston or bar ston. 3. The closing feast called grol ston, or grub ston. Cüppers, Remarks.

•STON SHID dga' spro'i ston mo dang mya ngan gyi shid chos byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•STON SER = ston gyi ser bu, the winds of autumn. MTTP.

•STON SLA ston zla. Btsan-lha.

•STOB PA OT = 'brim pa. = ster ba. = mgron du gnyer ba. See also bstabs pa. Blaṅ 287.2.

•STOB SHA thob bya'am sbyin bya. Gces 588.1. Btsan-lha.

•STOBS 1. rgya khyon stobs. 2. khu ba. Blaṅ 528.

•STOBS BSKYED See gangs sbal. See dbang lag.

•STOBS LNGA blo sbyong las 'byung ba'i stobs lnga ni / sa bon gyi stobs / 'phen pa'i stobs / sun 'byin pa'i stobs / goms pa'i stobs / smon lam gyi stobs rnams so. 600 62. Jinpa, Mind Training 377.

•STOBS BCU gnas dang gnas yin pa mkhyen pa'i stobs / las kyi rnam par smin pa mkhyen pa'i stobs / mos pa sna tshogs pa mkhyen pa'i stobs / khams sna tshogs pa mkhyen pa'i stobs / dbang po mchog dang mchog ma yin pa mkhyen pa'i stobs / thams cad du 'gro ba'i lam mkhyen pa'i stobs / kun nas nyon mongs pa dang rnam par byang ba mkhyen pa'i stobs / sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran pa mkhyen pa'i stobs / 'chi 'pho ba dang skye ba mkhyen pa'i stobs / zag pa zad pa mkhyen pa'i stobs rnams so. 600 150. Germano, Poetic Thought 943. Lopez, Heart Sūtra Explained, p. 195, n. 42 (has further refs.). IN Pabongka, Liberation I 151, n. 95. Listed in 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 579.

•STOBS LDAN Name for a type of corpse cutter (ranked more highly than the rag rgyab pa). See Veronika Ronge, The Corpse Cutters of Sera, Tibet Journal 29 no. 2 (2004), pp. 3, 6.

•STOBS LDAN ME TOG power flower (i.e., opium). LW 464.

•STOBS PA mgron du gnyer ba'am / 'brims pa dang / 'bul ba / ster ba dang / thogs pa'am 'dzin pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•STOBS 'TSHAG PA stobs dang ldan pa'am lus mdangs rgyas pa. Btsan-lha.

•STOBS ZHUGS face value. Thurman.

•STOBS BZHI Thondup, EL 120, 151 n. 6. Pabongka, Liberation I 208. Sobisch, Dissert. lists these in his chap. 9: [1] rten gyi stobs (reliance). [2] rnam par sun 'byin pa'i stobs (repentance). [3] nyes pa las slar ldog pa (not repeating the fault). [4] gnyen po kun tu spyod pa (antidote). These are for repairing transgressions of bodhisattva vows.

•STOBS RAB See byu ru.

•STOR KHUNG mi gtsang ba 'dor sa'i snod. btsog chu 'dor ba'i khung bu. Btsan-lha.

•STOR BA gzod pa. Dbus-pa no. 419.

•STOS rgya khyon. Btsan-lha.

•STOS PA 'brim pa'am sbyin pa. Btsan-lha. = 'brim pa. = ster ba. Lcang-skya.

•BRTA BA OT = rgyas par bya ba. Blaṅ 287.2. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•BRTA RTSA DD illus. 3.

•BRTAG THABS SUM CU RTSA BRGYAD See Yontan Gyatso in TJ XXVIII no. 3 (2003) 101.

•BRTAG THUB PA su 'dra zhig gis brtag kyang yid ches pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTAG PA MTHA' BZUNG to adopt a hypothetical position for the sake of investigation. See Rhoton, CD 223.

•BRTAG PA RNAM PA BRGYAD sa gzhi brtag pa / rin po che brtag pa / gos brtag pa / ljon shing brtag pa / skyes pa brtag pa / bud med brtag pa / rta brtag pa / glang po che brtag pa rnams so. 600 105.

•BRTAG DPYAD [1] critical examination, critical analysis, research, experimentation, investigation. [2] probe, medical implement. a class of medical implements. 'examining instrument,' 'probe.' various types pictured in JD 272-273.

•BRTAG RIL a divination ball (for drawing lots). LaRocca, Warriors 47.

•BRTAGS PA OT = gus pa. = sgrin pa. Blaṅ 303.6. Btsan-lha.

•BRTAGS MIN 'GOG non-analytical cessation. Thondup, BM 301.

•BRTAD SKYEN PA rtsol ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRTAD PA OT = glo bur ba. Blaṅ 288.5. Lcang-skya. glo bur ba. 'tshab pa'am brel ba. glo bur du bya ba rtsom pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTAD PA LAS BYUNG BA glo bur ba'i rnyed pa la brten nas byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRTAN BRTAN GCAG GCAG 'gyur med rtag brtan. Btsan-lha.

•BRTAN PA May be name for the pole star, which has many epithets.

•BRTAN PA'I DREG See (rdo) dreg.

•BRTAN PO Stein.

•BRTAN MA in a list of spirits that reside in the wilderness. Samdo A V 52v.4.

•BRTAN MA BCU GNYIS rdo rje kun grags ma / rdo rje g.ya' ma skyong / rdo rje kun bzang / rdo rje bgegs kyi gtso ste 'di bzhi bdud mo'o // rdo rje spyan gcig ma / kha rag khyung btsun rdo rje dpal gyi yum / rdo rje klu mo / rja ri rab 'byams rdo rje grags mo rgyal te 'di bzhi gnod sbyin mo'o // kong btsun de mo rdo rje bod khams skyong / btsan la lo ro rdo rje sman gcig ma / sman btsun rdo rje g.ya' mo sil / rdo rje g.yu sgron ma ste 'di bzhi ni sman mo yin no // bcu gnyis kyi sde tshan las brtsams pa'i rab tu byed pa ste bcu gcig pa'o. 600 173-174.

•BRTAB PA brtag pa ni tsab langs pa. Dpe-chos 508.

•BRTABS PA bred pa'am tsab langs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTAS PA expansion, enhancement. OT = rgyas pa. Blaṅ 287.3. = rgyas pa. = dar ba. 367 II 132.2. Btsan-lha. = rgyas pa. Lcang-skya. rnam par thar pa'i rjes 'jug pa'i // brtas par gyur pa'i thabs 'di brtsam. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 453.2.

•BRTUD PA mu mthud pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTUN NGES PA OT = gzu lum. = rang gzo. Blaṅ 295.5. gzu lum. 'ur gtam. rang bzo. gzhan la gnod pa. 'dod pa che ba. rtsol ba drag po. Btsan-lha. Mvy. 2966.

•BRTUN PA OT = brtson pa. Blaṅ 292.1. Dbus-pa no. 282. Lcang-skya. brtun cing byed pa ste / myur du brtson 'grus rtsom pa. Btsan-lha. de ring nyid du brtun la gyis. Diligently finish it this very day. Jamspal, Treasury 227.

•BRTUN SHING See 'chang bstun rgyag pa.

•BRTUL OT = bsdus pa. = 'jam pa. Skt. mṛdu (soft, tender, pliant). Blaṅ 303.1 (see note there for explanation of brtul zhugs). bsdus zhes pa'i brda rnying ngo. Dpe-chos 503. bsdus. Dbus-pa no. 744. = bsdus pa. 'jam pa. Lcang-skya.

•BRTUL BA [1] great effort. = 'bad pa chen po. BBNP 475. 'bad pa. Btsan-lha. [2] combined, summed up. bsdus pa. Btsan-lha. [3] soft. 'jam pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTUL BA BRTAN PO 'bad pa chen po. Btsan-lha.

•BRTUL ZHUGS lus ngag gi cha lugs sna tshogs nges med rnams bsdus nas gcig tu nges pa'i cha byad 'chang ba. Btsan-lha. Acc. to Rong-zom-pa, the Sanskrit for this is vrata. BA 701, says vīrācāra, 'heroic practice.' Stein. bya ba snga ma bsdus nas phyi ma la zhugs pa ste tha mal rang ga ba'i spyod pa brtul nas thun mong ma yin pa'i spyod pa'i gnas la zhugs pa yin la / dbyangs can dga' blos brtul zhugs zhes pa'i brtul ni bsdus pa'am 'jam pa zhes 'byung zhegs gsungs so. Gser Sbram 114. Stearns, King 59 ff.

•BRTUL ZHUGS LNGA See lhas sbyin gyi brtul zhugs lnga. See Stag-tshang, Grub-mtha' Kun-shes 66.

•BRTUL YONG bsdus pa dang 'jib pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTUL SHUGS An old orthography for brtul zhugs. Eimer, Testimonia 14.

•BRTE BU lta bu. Btsan-lha.

•BRTEN NAS GDAGS PA dependent designation. Skt. upādāyaprajñāpti. Thurman.

•BRTEL BA phyin pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTOD gdos. Gces 583.6.

•BRTOD PA btags pa'am bcings pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTON = yid brtan rung. Lcang-skya.

•BRTON PA blo 'gel ba'am yid gtod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTOL BA slebs pa'am phyin pa. Btsan-lha. brtol ba is pf. of rtol ba. nang brtol seems to mean internal rupture (or internal bleeding). Yangga's dissert., p. 339.

•BRTOS PA gzu ba [gzu pa, 'witness'?]. Dbus-pa no. 215.

•BLTAD PA sbyin pa'am sprod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLTAMS PA OT = skyes pa. = 'khrungs pa. Skt. jati. Blaṅ 303.1. 'gengs pa'am gang ba. skyes pa'am 'khrungs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLTAS Stein.

•BLTEM PA = gtems pa. activate. Germano, Poetic Thought 818.

•BLTOD NAS skrag nas. Dbus-pa no. 526.

•BLTOL See spyi bltol che ba. Blaṅ 305.1.

•BSTANG phan 'dogs. Gces 589.4.

•BSTANG PA OT = mgon. = grogs. Blaṅ 301.6.

•BSTANG BA phan pa'am mgon dang / grogs. byi dor legs pa dang / yod pa sogs. Btsan-lha. = mgon. = grogs. Lcang-skya.

•BSTANGS NA grogs byas na'am / phan btags na. Btsan-lha.

•BSTAD PA blo'am gdong sna gtad pa dang / kha phyogs pa'am / gtad pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•BSTAN DKA' BA nyams pa. nyam thag pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSTAN BCOS śāstra. See the etymological passage translated in Verhagen, SIBH4 592-593. According to Vasubandhu, only the word of the Buddha can be said to constitute a real śāstra.

•BSTAN BCOS DGU don med pa'i bstan bcos / don log pa'i bstan bcos / don dang ldan pa'i bstan bcos / ngan g.yo'i bstan bcos / brtse bral gyi bstan bcos / sdug bsngal spong ba'i bstan bcos / thos pa lhur len pa'i bstan bcos / rtsod pa lhur len pa'i bstan bcos / sgrub pa lhur len pa'i bstan bcos rnams so. 600 128. This is based in a Yogacaryābhūmi passage.

•BSTAN BCOS LTAR SNANG DRUG don med pa'i bstan bcos / don log pa'i bstan bcos / ngan g.yo'i bstan bcos / brtse bral gyi bstan bcos / thos pa lhur len pa'i bstan bcos / rtsod pa lhur len pa'i bstan bcos rnams so. 600 76.

•BSTAN BCOS RNAM DAG GSUM don dang ldan pa'i bstan bcos / sdug bsngal spong ba'i bstan bcos / sgrub pa lhur len pa'i bstan bcos rnams so. 600 20.

•BSTAN CHOS OT = bstan bcos. Blaṅ 284.5. (wohl für bstan srid). Kirchliche und politische Regierung. Kaschewsky2. As a spelling for bstan bcos, see discussion in Kuijp, Treatise 392. It seems that between the mid 13th and 16th century there were those who believed that the spelling bstan bcos was outdated (i.e., bstan chos is not an 'archaic' spelling at all).

•BSTAN 'CHOS bstan bcos. Btsan-lha.

•BSTAB STOB See rtab rtab.

•BSTAB PA gzabs. Dbus-pa no. 062.

•BSTAB PAR MI BYA 'bul bar mi bya'am / sbyin par mi bya. Btsan-lha.

•BSTABS PA OT = brims pa. = byin pa (see also stob pa). Blaṅ 287.2. 'bul ba. ster ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSTAR BA OT = byi dor legs pa. = gzabs pa. = spras pa. = sems la sgom pa. = yod pa. Blaṅ 286.1-.2. = byi dor ram gzabs pa sogs. = rdul phyis. Lcang-skya. byi dor ram rdul phyis pa. legs pa. sbyangs pa. gzabs pa. spras pa. sems la sgom pa. yod pa. Btsan-lha. See star ba. Namdak. chas bzhag bstar bas dgra bo gdul. "The enemy is to be tamed by being prepared and armed." Hahn, TSD 16.

•BSTI STANG bkur sti. lus kyi gus 'dud. Btsan-lha.

•BSTI GNAS ngal gso'i gnas. khyim mam gzhi phab ste 'dug pa'i gnas. 'byung khungs kyi mthil. snying po. Btsan-lha.

•BSTI BA OT = ngal gso ba. Blaṅ 285.6. Dbus-pa no. 045. Btsan-lha. = ngal gso. Lcang-skya.

•BSTIGS TSHIGS 'phya ba'am zur za. Btsan-lha.

•BSTING TSHIG OT = sun 'byin pa'i tshig. (mi ngan pa la mi ya mtshan can ces brjod pa lta bu). Blaṅ 302.1. tshig ngan pa. Gces 584.4. zur gyis smod pa'i tshig. sun 'byin pa'i tshig. Btsan-lha.

•BSTING SLAD tshod lta. zur gyis dri ba'am smod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSTIR BA mnar ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSTIR MED OT = mnar med. = ngal gso med pa. Blaṅ 288.1. ngal gso med pa'am dmyal ba mnar med pa. Btsan-lha. mnar med. Dbus-pa no. 147. = mnar med. Lcang-skya.

•BSTU BA OT = len pa. = bcags pa. = dngos po yid dang rna bar 'thad pa. Blaṅ 290.5.

•BSTUNGS PA shortened. nye ba'am thung du btang ba. nyung du btang ba'am bsad pa. Btsan-lha. ring lam 'khor los bstung ba bya ba ci la zer ba lags zhus pas. Zhi-byed Coll. V 318.

•BSTUD See nyis bstud. Gces 586.4.

•BSTUD NAS (adverbial) successively, one after another. Lde'u 394.

•BSTUD PA mthud du 'jug pa'am / brgyud pa bar mi 'chad pa. yang yang ngam / bskyar ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSTUN PA Stein. to put things together to compare them, place in correspondence, correlate.

•BSTEGS PA bkol ba dang / spyod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSTEN Sometimes could be better translated as: to take part in, to undertake, to seek, to apply oneself.

•BSTEN BDO TSA NA bstan ran dus su. Btsan-lha.

•BSTEN PA 'dod pa. Dbus-pa no. 243.

•BSTONGS PA grogs byas pa'am gzhan dang mthun par rjes su 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSTOD CHEN BZHI rje rin po che'i bstod chen bzhi ni / rten 'brel bstod pa / byams bstod mnyes gshin ma / 'jam bstod bstod sprin rgya mtsho / rnam rgyal ma'i bstod pa sa gsum 'gro ba'i re skong ma rnams so. 600 50.

•BSTOD PA praise. This seems to be a hidden borrowing from Sanskrit, like bskal pa is.

*THA*

•THA'U peach. LW 515.

•THA KA PA 'thag mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•THA SKAR KB 30.1.

•THA SKAR RDO RJE KP3 339.6. KP4 561.2. Probably same as thal ka rdo rje, q.v.

•THA KHOB rigs gzhung ma dar ba'i sa khul. Btsan-lha. Identical to mtha' khob.

•THA GI OT = zhi ba. Blaṅ 298.6. Dbus-pa no. 583. Lcang-skya. cung zad. cung zhig. snying po. mtha' tsam gyi bar. Btsan-lha.

•THA GRU rgya khyon. Dbus-pa no. 153. Also spelled thag gru. A synonym compound meaning 'area, country, territory.' Tan, Theses 120 n. 40. Stearns, SR 36.

•THA RGOD wild & uncultivated (barren, fallow) ground. Samdo A V 2v.1. rang rgyud tha rgod dul na rin chen mchog tu 'gyur. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 177.5. tha rgod ltar du mkhregs pa. 24 I 400.4. Lde'u 254.

•THA CU rgya che ba. Btsan-lha.

•THA CHAD Two different ideas: mtha' chad pa'i gad kha'am g.yang kha. mtha'i don min par ma rabs dang sdug shos. Btsan-lha. ngan pa. Dbus-pa no. 091. = ngan pa. Lcang-skya.

•THA CHAD PA OT = ngan pa. Blaṅ 286.6.

•THA SNYAD conventional designation, technical terms, words designating what they cannot 'point to,' i.e., a conventionally accepted designation (even for something that is beyond verbalizations). "Conventions." Thurman. Stein. Skt. vyavahāra (has in it a sense of legal precedence, lawsuit, judgement, sentencing). Mvy. 2775, 6546.

•THA SNYAD KYI YUL referent of a conventional designation.

•THA SNYAD BCU BDUN This list, as well as a list of 50, in Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 389.4.

•THA SNYAD 'DOG MA Dotson, D&L 43.

•THA SNYAD PA'I TSHAD MA conventional validating cognition. Skt. vyāvahārikapramāṇa. Thurman.

•THA SNYAD GSUM "Three technical terms." 1) Bodhicitta (Byang chub sems). 2) Special powers (Rtsal). 3) Playacting (Rol pa). Klong-chen-pa.

•THA THAD tha dad de gcig ma yin pa so so ba'i don. Gser Sbram 136.

•THA DAD PA Stein.

•THA NA [1] police station, a Hindi term used in Havnevik, Dissertation 177, Hobson-Jobson 896. [2] See Jaeschke for other meanings, including 'even, so much as, up to, [at end of an enumeration] finally also.' [3] At beginning of a clause: At the very least, at the bare minimum.

•THA BA wasteland, barren field. Figuratively: hard and unresponsive [mind]. OT = rengs pa. Blaṅ 287.4. nyon mongs. Dbus-pa no. 117. = rengs pa. = nyon mongs. Lcang-skya. hard sterile [ground]. Samdo A VI 7v.3, ff. fallow, unplowed [ground]. Samdo A V 23v.6 (but note likewise that tha rgod occurs on p. 24r.1). nyon mongs pa chags sdang gti mug gi tha ba gsum. sa zhing rengs pa'am sra mkhregs can. Btsan-lha. like hard rough ground. Stein. yid ches dad pa'i sa gzhi 'di // nyon mongs kyi tha bar ma gzhag cing ang. Zhi-byed Coll. III 16.1. yon tan gyi chu ma chags na gdul bya'i tha ba myi 'bangs / gdul bya'i tha ba ma bangs na smon lam gyi rtsi myi 'khrung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 306.1. sems kyi tha ba nyes pa'i gzhi bcom zhing. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 339.4. This word might very well derive from the Buddhist Hybrid Skt. and Pāli term thala, 'dry land.'

•THA BI THI BI [deriv. from thib, to darken] = thab thib. cloudily, gloomily. Soundings 23, 26.

•THA BE Skt. jīraka (cumin seed). Mvy. 5801.

•THA 'BAN gos hrul. Btsan-lha.

•THA MA dman pa. Dbus-pa no. 307. It may refer not only to the 'last' or 'final' in a temporal sense, but also the 'least' in terms of rank. Hence, 'low.'

•THA MA KHA tobacco. Other spellings like tha mag, da mag, etc., are possible.

•THA MA'I CHA MTHUN LNGA kun sbyor gsum gyi steng du 'dod pa la 'dun pa dang / gnod sems gnyis bsnan pa'o. 600 57.

•THA MA LO 'PHROM YANG SHAM CAN A type of armor used by working people or by traders in foreign countries. ZZFC 241.

•THA MAL PA Sinitic vocab. for so so'i skye bo. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•THA TSE chen po. Btsan-lha. This is evidently ZZ.

•THA TSHAN mtha' dag gam thams cad. Btsan-lha. This is quite evidently ZZ.

•THA TSHAN HI SANGS SKYES ZZ. See 506A 337. The initial 's' in sangs should be read as 'p'. This is certainly Zhang-zhung, not Tibetan.

•THA TSHIG meaning of a word. OT = tshig gi don. Blaṅ 285.6. root. rtsa ba. Dbus-pa no. 042. = rtsa ba'am tshig gi don. Lcang-skya. Karmay, Great Perfection 46, 57, 58. Acc. to Jinpa, it means 'final word,' and is therefore used in the sense of 'this is the real meaning of the whole thing' (after various positions have been discussed). Example of usage; Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 229.

•THA TSHON mthar thug pa. Btsan-lha.

•THA RAM [1] OT = ngan pa. Blaṅ 286.3. Dbus-pa no. 068. = ngan. [2] Lcang-skya. gtams pa, 'to fill.' Dbus-pa no. 218. [3] lock. For tha rams, q.v. Occurs in title of a book of Stag-bla Padma-ma-ti (1591-1637), Dri-ba Lung-gi Tha-ram, pub. 1985 (it is a zhu lan text). In Darma language, daram means 'door,' and tarom means 'key.' [4] the herb. = be khur. JD 196. SS 489.4. KP1 39.1. KP3 255.6. KP4 391.5. YTTM 293.17. = a sha. YTTM 292.19. Mdo 158. Plantago erosa. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. Greater plantain, ripple grass. Plantago major. TDD 138. The seeds are known in S. Asia as Sat Isabgol (fleaseed husks, psyllium husks), used against diarrhea (several varieties of Plantago may be used, not just Plantago erosa).

•THA RAMS [1] filling. gang ba'am gtams pa. Namdak. Btsan-lha. OT = gtams pa. Blaṅ 289.6. = gtams pa. Lcang-skya. [2] binding rope. 'ching thag. Namdak. Btsan-lha. [3] lock. This word is used at the beginning of the main text of the Gab-pa Dgu-skor, where none of the just listed or other meanings found in the dictionaries work. Here is a sample sentence: nyon rmongs tha rams sngon po dam // de 'byed 'phrul gyi lde mig stor // "[To] the solid blue lock of negativities [we have] lost the miraculous key that opens it." This word is also found in the Gsang-ba Bsen-thub. Also found in Bon vinaya text (192-vol. Bon Kanjur CLXXIV 252): tha ram btsan byed lde mig rnyed bzhin dga' ba'o. Have located it in an early collection of Zhi-byed works: tha rams myi 'byed pa'i lde dmyig la dgos pa myi gda' gsung ['there is no need for a key that does not open a/the lock']. Zhi-byed Coll. II 168.1 (for example). This word is actually preserved in Darma language as tarum, 'key' (Shree Krishan's article in Nagano & LaPolla, eds., New Research on Zhangzhung, p. 394).

•THA RE thar pa. Btsan-lha.

•THA RE THO RE [deriv. from thor, scattered] sparsely. Soundings 22.

•THA RENGS Stein.

•THA LING a tha ling tha ling tha ling lang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 340.5.

•THA LE chu gtsang ma. Btsan-lha.

•THA LE SHAR unvergesslich. Kaschewsky2.

•THA SHAL tha chad dang / tha mal pa. Btsan-lha. baseness. Jamspal, Treasury 57.

•THA SE ? tha se mo spyan drongs zer nas / de'i gam du thal mo sbyor. Zhi-byed Coll. V 170.6 (also, 171.5).

•THAG as used to form comparatives or superlatives, see under chung thag (BBNP 469).

•THAG KA 'brog mi tshos lug 'o 'jo ba'i tshe bzhon lug rnams kyi mgo bo rnams phan tshun du bsnol te thag khug 'grol chog tu bzos pa'i bar du bcings pa. Nomads 266. The way nomads tie together their sheep or goats for milking.

•THAG GI THUG GI touching here and there. Soundings 29.

•THAG GRU OT = rgya khyon. See also mtha' gru & tha gru. Blaṅ 288.2. Btsan-lha.

•THAG CAN rlon pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAG BCUG PA pham par byed pa'am / tshar bcad pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAG CHU mos gus kyi thag chu ma btang na. Zhi-byed Coll. II 462.4.

•THAG NYE BA Stein.

•THAG THOG See thog thag.

•THAG 'THEN rope pulling, tug of war (perhaps the modern form of the game). See also sgur 'then (apparently the traditional form of the game).

•THAG MDUNG Skt. prāsa. Mvy. 6080. The Skt. means a thing for throwing from a distance (since the thag is apparently the same as in thag ring), a dart, javelin or spear. Example of usage in Lde'u 274. Prefer javelin.

•THAG PA BSDOGS PA wind up the rope. thag pa 'khyil ba'am / bsdus pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAG MA 'jam pa'am mnyen pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAG GZHUG PA thal bar brlags pa'am / dma' 'bebs pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAG BZHUR rope sliding. "rGyal-mkhar-thag-bzhur, sky rope sliding." An extreme sport once practiced in Lhasa, sometimes witnessed by travellers. Precious Deposits V 86. Baumer, Tibet's Ancient Religion Bön 73. Richardson, Ceremonies 20.

•THAG RAN btag pa. Dbus-pa no. 342.

•THAG RING PO distant, faraway.

•THAGS [1] yarn. [2] weave. [3] spacing [of teeth]. Dotson, Dissert. 306-307 leaves it untranslated.

•THAGS KHRI Loom. For drawing with parts labelled, see Dag-yig 325. Illus. in back of Yisun.

•THAGS MA sne zur. Dbus-pa no. 747. Lcang-skya. 'jam dbyangs dang thugs rje chen po la sogs pa'i thags ma. HS LV 205.1.

•THAGS ZANGS snam bu thags pa'i shing. Btsan-lha.

•THAGS RAN OT = btags pa. Blaṅ 293.4. gos btags pa. Btsan-lha. = btags pa. Lcang-skya.

•THANG [1] need. khro mi thang ni khro mi dgos. BBNP 470. [2] soup, 'decoction' (boiled down to 1/3 its original volume). 'dose.' TM IV 108. For related words, see the entry "tam" on p. 188 of Larry Clark, "The Turkic and Mongol Words in William of Rubruck's Journey," JAOS 93 no 2 (Apr 1973) 181-189. [3] A porcelain mark on cups made at Thang-po-che (hence the syllable thang) during the Sa-skya rule. Rinchen Sandhutsang, 'Tibetan Porcelain,' Tibet Soc. Newsletter no. 12 (Fall 1984). [4] OT 'rank.' Dotson, Note 80. "authority, jurisdiction, rights and duties, value, level, valuation." Dotson, OTA glossary. [5] OT having to do with death somehow. Bellezza, L&T 90. [6] OT. rate (of taxation). Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko 67 (2009) 89-108, at p. 96.

•THANG KA [1] field. 'Gos, Stong-thun 15.6. [2] thangka paintings. For existence of thang-kas in India, see BA 852-3. The Newari word paubha is explained (by Gautama V. Vajracharya in Pal, HAA 282) as a modern cognate of the classical word patibahāra, which in turn comes from Buddhist Sanskrit pratibhaṭṭāraka, which means 'represented deity'. Kimiaki Tanaka has argued that the Tibetan word thang-ka/kha may be a phonetic transcription of the Chinese word dangɦua and that dang in dangɦua was frequently used for translating the Indian term paṭa in Buddhist scriptures such as the Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa. The meaning & etymology discussed in Singer, PCT 87.

•THANG DKAR ISTS 40. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 419, where it is a mythical white bird, sometimes used as mount of Bon deities. Bellezza translates as lammergeier. Bellezza, D&B 63, with discussion. Bellezza in RET 42 (2017) 23. See go bo.

•THANG DKAR BCAD 'BYOR See brag spos.

•THANG BKRANGS sbang thang bkrams pa ni gos chu la sbang ba thang la bkram pa. Dpe-chos 508.

•THANG KHUG Stein. "A skin bag (thang khug) is often used to prepare tsampa." RET XXXIX 103.

•THANG KHEBS The dust cover of a thangka. The cloth is usually yellow, with tie-dyed patterns or 'flowers' of green and red. Huntington, Iconography 193.

•THANG KHOB An eccentric spelling for mtha' khob. Lde'u 7, where it is actually the name of an eon.

•THANG KHRAG = som thang shing, 'bo le, 'bo lo, bya bal. DG 244.6.

•THANG KHRAM 'bangs dang dmag gi lag 'dzin yi ge byang bu. Btsan-lha. Helga Uebach, From Red Tally to Yellow Paper, RET (Oct. 2008) 58. Dotson, OTA 259.

•THANG KHRIMS This rare formulation appears in the Khotan Prophecy and a few other places, its meaning uncertain. Bellezza has suggested it has to do with prescribed funerary rites. I think it has to do with inherited popular mores that govern behavior, but no idea more specific than that.

•THANG KHROM Stein. Datura. TR XIV, no. 4, p. 16. Also spelled thang phrom.

•THANG GONG DD illus. 1.

•THANG GOR TSHAN DAN See sgron shing.

•THANG RGYUGS Also called thang shing, the dowels or rods used in the framing of thangkas. The lower rod is tipped by finials called thang tog. Huntington, Iconography 194.

•THANG SGO Also called rtsa ba, it is in the lower part of the thangka frame, the small fabric 'patch.' It is said that dhāraṇīs (gzungs) may be found beneath this patch. Huntington, Iconography 191.

•THANG NGA = bla gos. "religious clothing." Kuijp (1986) 37. This at least resembles the word of similar meaning mthang.

•THANG NGI THUNG NGI bit by bit. Soundings 29.

•THANG CIG Skt. lava. Mvy. 8220. briefly, momentarily. Lde'u 306, where it is (mistakenly) corrected to read thengs gcig, which means one time.

•THANG CHU decoction? DG 243.6. tree resin. Chayet in Facets 74.

•THANG CHU LNGA a class of medicinals. KB 48.5.

•THANG CHEN BRGYAD PA a medicinal preparation. BP 173.1.

•THANG CHEN BCU PA a medicinal preparation. BP 335.6.

•THANG CHEN NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 10. Lag-len 11.3. TMC 21 (40). BP 133.4, 320.3.

•THANG MNYAM thob thang mnyam pa (equal rights). Btsan-lha.

•THANG MTHA' The brocade framing of thangkas. The patch at the bottom is the 'door' while the areas on both sides of it are 'earth', and of course the 'sky' is the part above the thangka. Huntington, Iconography 191.

•THANG PO tight coughing. Yangga's dissert., p. 204.

•THANG PHROM JD 137. SS 465.2. = dha du ra. KP1 95.6 (da du ra). KP4 435.3 YTTM 292.10. Varieties: dkar po, khra bo, nag po. DG 257.3. Datura, the psychotropic herb used by Carlos Castaneda. Its effects were also known to Tibetans (see Zurchungpa, Testament, p. 188) and to Indian sadhus.

•THANG PHROM DKAR PO JD 137. = dkar po chig thub, glang chen smyon pa (q.v.), wa ta, 'dod snang dgu 'gyur. Varieties: rgod, g.yung. DG 257.6. Mdo 161.

•THANG PHROM DKAR PO G.YUNG BA = kha shog pa, ro tsa, snang ba dgu 'khrul. DG 258.1.

•THANG PHROM KHRA BO See lang thang rtsi.

•THANG PHROM NAG PO = dug thang phrom, khra shog pa, thang phrom dmar po, rtsa gcig sdong dgu. JD 137. Mdo 164. Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher. Mdo color plate. Scopolia lurida. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27.

•THANG PHROM DMAR PO See thang phrom nag po.

•THANG PHROM SER PO See lang thang rtsi.

•THANG 'BRAS pineapple. CTEV 29.

•THANG MA [1] bkram pa. Btsan-lha. [2] a type of female spirit. Matthew Kapstein, "The Commentaries of the Four Clever Men," East and West, vol. 59, nos. 1-4 (2009), pp. 107-130, at p. 116.

•THANG MA SGRON See sgron shing.

•THANG MO RDOL thang mar rdal ba'am snyoms par byed pa / rdol ni rdal ba'i skul tshig go. Gser Sbram 92.

•THANG MTSHAMS See under mtha' mtshams.

•THANG MTSHAMS SU PHAB I believe this phrase, used several times in the small Lde'u, as well as Lde'u 359, means "Let fall onto the edge of the plain" as a way of getting rid of rivals to the throne or incompetents. I'm told by some knowledgeable authorities that it just means to demote members of the ruling class and banish then to a distant post, although I'm not yet convinced. See under ri thang gi mtshams. For a new interpretation that involves the 'bastardization' of the prince, see Dotson, Naming 13-14, 25. I need to read the article by Anne Chayet Dotson makes reference to with the title "Les frères écartés."

•THANG 'DZAR The two ribbons that hang down in front of the thangka. Huntington, Iconography 193.

•THANG RDZOGS PA See thang phrom nag po.

•THANG ZHU Hat illus. in Yisun.

•THANG YAG Evid. just an odd spelling for zangs yag, q.v.

•THANG YIG record. Dotson, D&L 69.

•THANG G.YE sa cha ri med pa'am thang kha rgya che ba. Btsan-lha.

•THANG LA OT = bkram pa. Skt. saṃkārṇa. Blaṅ 292.2. Lcang-skya.

•THANG LAM bkram pa. Dbus-pa no. 286.

•THANG SHA GCOD PA [1] dka' spyad byed pa, 'bad brtson byed pa. to make serious effort. See LZ 99. [2] ko ba sogs rlon skam gyis 'then zhing 'khum rgyu med pa bzo ba. to make leather, etc., keep its size by stretching it dry and wet... See LZ 99.

•THANG SHING See sgron shing. = dhe ba dha ru. YTTM 292.17. Skt. devadāru. Deodar tree. Gsom thang shing is the form found in TDD 43.

•THANG SHING NGAR PA See tsi tra ka.

•THANG SHO PA KP1 148.2. thang shol ba in KP2 296.6. KP4 472.3.

•THANG SO RE SKYES phran bu re skyes. Btsan-lha.

•THANG LHOD = sgrim lhod. 367 II 132.6. dam glod. Gces 588.3.

•THANGS SKU = thang ka. "thanka painting." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•THAD KA THAD KAR Stein. thad ka thad kar mchi' tshad rang grol du ma shes nas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 25.6.

•THAD THAD SO SO rang rang so so. Btsan-lha.

•THAD THED thad thed kyi thog tu breng gis 'gro ni thor thor ram bor skyur byas pa'i thog tu shar te 'gro. Also, see Btsan-lha.

•THAD DU drung du. Dbus-pa no. 145.

•THAD SO See the T-T dicts. Stein.

•THAN [1] les signes imprécatoires. Karmay in JA (1995) 166. An impurity derived from bad omens. TS6 131. This may perhaps be a 'hidden' borrowing from Skt. tandrī (bad omens seen in dreams). [2] As ex. of an irreg. Old Tantra term, corresponding to phrin, see the work of Dge-rtse in Rnying Rgyud 1973 XXXVI 455. [3] lan ['response']. Btsan-lha. [4] drought (see than pa). A paper on the topic of than was given at the 11th IATS by Rase Konchog Gyatso entitled Bod mis "than" ltas ngos 'dzin gyi lta bar thog ma'i gleng slong. Connections with Ch. tien & Thai (non-Buddhist) thaen (associated with phi, which resembles phywa) also seem possible.

•THAN KOR OT = nye 'khor. Blaṅ 294.3. Dbus-pa no. 374. = nye 'khor. Lcang-skya. Also, than skor. Blaṅ 298.3.

•THAN SKOR drung ngam rgyal phran. nye 'khor. Btsan-lha. See than kor.

•THAN SKYEL = 'phrin skyel ba. "to deliver a letter, message." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•THAN 'KHOR nye 'khor. Btsan-lha.

•THAN 'GROGS than 'grogs dka' thub la gyis. Zhi-byed Coll. II 453.7.

•THAN THUN bka' gdams kyi chos than thun thos mod kyang des ma tshim. Las-chen, Chos-'byung II 228.6. than thun gyi mi slongs slongs cig slongs na bar chad cho 'phrul shin tu che ba 'ong gsung. 64 I 79.2.

•THAN PA drought. spu rangs kyi chu 'di than pa'i dus su 'byung par 'dug gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 163.4.

•THAN PHAG a med. term describing a kind of blister borrowed from Chinese; see Gerke, PT 9.

•THAN 'BYED ltas ngan. Btsan-lha.

•THAN YAN phyi'i bar chad la smon pa thang yan gyi rtul shugs kyis. Zhi-byed Coll. V 381.7 (also, 382.4).

•THAB [1] Tibetan oven (bod thab) illus. in Yisun. hearth. Beyer. Labelled illustration in Nomads 269. [2] thab / rengs pa / 'jig rten pa'i zhing 'debs ma thub par lo gcig las gnyis las kyis rtswa sngos gang ba la rengs pa zer ba / dper [62r6] mtshon na chos kyis ma dul pa'i skor gsum rengs pa sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•THAB KYI YA THOD Name for the upper part of the Tibetan oven. Nomads 267-269.

•THAB KROL rtsod pa'am tshig rtsub po smra ba sogs. Btsan-lha. gon rgyu. Dbus-pa no. 320.

•THAB MKHON offence vs. hearth god. Skorupski, TA. This is a short form of thab gzhab mkhon 'gras, "la plainte du dieu du foyer [thab lha] concernant la pollution du foyer." Karmay in JA (1995) 166.

•THAB KYI TSHIG pot black. DG 142.2.

•THAB GZHOB me thab nang sha rus sogs tshig pa. Btsan-lha. bad smoke that comes from burning animal products.

•THAB ZLA chung ma. Btsan-lha.

•THAB G.YOG Küchendiener. Kaschewsky2. kitchen helpers. TS7 I 191. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 275.

•THAB BI THIB BI obscurely. Soundings 29.

•THAB LAG CAN See chu rtsa.

•THABS [1] means, method. [2] This has a special meaning in OT, as a type of title/name. HP,PE 17, etc. Ruegg in JA (1981) 311, gives Sna-nam Zhang as an example (when it is used in front of the name Ye-shes-sde). I wonder if it may or may not correspond to the nomen, the part of Latin names that refers to the person's gens. I really don't know. "rank." Dotson, OTA glossary. [3] sway (of the ruling power). Lde'u 269.

•THABS MKHAS skilful means, stratagem. thabs la mkhas pa. EoB VIII 439-442.

•THABS CHAGS PA es ist notwendig, es besteht die Notwendigkeit. Kretsch.

•THABS NYI SHU RTSA GCIG listed in Klong-chen-pa 12.8 comm.

•THABS DANG SBYAR NAS According to [one's] means, as resources would allow. Lde'u 363.

•THABS RDUGS bereft of means, at wit's end, with nothing left to do, with no way to [...]. BY.

•THABS LAM Thondup, BM 40. Stein.

•THABS SU YOD chos kyi mu ge'i thabs su yod ni chos kyi mu ges thebs yod ces pa'am mu ge byung yod. BBNP 467.

•THAM to be agreed upon. Coblin in TH&L 88, 96.

•THAM KA dam phrug. sealing (for documents). Also spelled tham kha & tham ga. Clearly a borrowing of the wellknown Mongolian word.

•THAM THAM [seng ge] khros te ral pa sig gi byas / so tham tham byas pas. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum II 157.5.

•THAM THUM gnyid tham thum gyi dus (a light and fleeting sleep; see thum). Samdo A IV 171v.5.

•THAM PHRAN bu gu dgag pa'i lcags gzer mgo leb. Btsan-lha. a flat-headed pointed metal hole stopper.

•THAM MA THOM ME tham ma thom me gzi 'khyom du gyur pa. Btsan-lha. fatuously. Soundings 29.

•THAM LAG OT = man ngag. Skt. upadeśa. Blaṅ 298.5. Lcang-skya. gdams ngag gam man ngag. Btsan-lha. I've noticed this word used in the commentary by Avalokitavrata (see Toh. no. 3859, or better yet the ACIP data version of the same). See also thams lag.

•THAM LAGS PA mthun pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAMS KYIS SONG BA ngo bo dbyer med du song ba. Btsan-lha.

•THAMS CAD This fairly consistently translates Skt. sarva in Mvy., while kun is not very consistently used to translate Skt. viśva.

•THAMS CAD DU YUD YUD BYAS PA thams cad kyi rtsar rgyug rgyug byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAMS PA blo sems mthun pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAMS LAG man ngag. Dbus-pa no. 573. See also tham lag.

•THAMS SU BCUG dong du bcug pa'am / btson du bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAR [1] to escape, to pass through [a hole]. NNV. [2] a type of rite. Bellezza, L&T 54.

•THAR GYIS ZHAG PA ngos 'jam shing 'jur mdud med pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAR CHAGS Freely put forth. A term used in gter ma literature, explained by Gyatso in JIABS 9 no. 2 (1986) 21. See also mthar chags. Yisun defines it with rim pa; by stages.

•THAR CHUNG See khron bu.

•THAR CHEN Mdo 167.

•THAR NU = khron chu, 'o 'dzag btsun mo, btsun mo yid 'ong, dkar mo nya. JD 149. SS 492.4. TM IV 65. KP3 274.6. KP4 437.3. = byi tra gsang phrum. YTTM 291.25. = dra ban ti, kum bha, ta nye ro, ka mo nya, bri ti pra tra, hir baṃ, swa sti, da di sib, 'o ma 'dzin, nu zho 'dzag, gser sbrul 'o ma, 'o ma snying khrag, snying khrag can, reg 'joms, gab pa phrum, dngul zil can, dngul gyi phrom phrom, sa'i zho chen, sig mo nya, lung gi dur byid, re 'byams nag po, glang chen khri 'phang. DG 274.5. Euphorbia spp. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. Wallichi's spurge. Euphorbia wallichii. TDD 77. Arch. of TB 42.

•THAR NU BCO LNGA a medicinal preparation. BT 54r.1.

•THAR PA BTANG rab tu byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•THAR BU yo byad sna tshogs. Btsan-lha.

•THAL [1] ZZ = dpyi. Bru II 291.4. See under mo thal. [2] Coming at the very end of a statement ("thal lo") in debate (or debate-like compositions), it indicates the logical consequence ('It would follow that' [this] implicates [that]). It is usually followed by a separate statement ending in phyir, which indicates the reason. [3] with the construction …r thal. Simply indicates a question mark (in formal debate-style language). [4] gone through, completed [doing something]. [5] dust, or the color of dust. See tha la. suggested loan from Skt. dhuli. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 23. [6] As a mineral, called rdo thal, = bya rdo [bird lime?], zho rdo, rdo zhun. JD 53. SS 409.4. = tshos rdo, zhun rdo, brag rdo, rdo dkar. DG 133.5. Note bya thal.

•THAL KA RDO RJE JD 185. a tree. SS 420.5. = o ṭi, sha ri raṃ. DG 203.5. Cassia tora. It grows in both South America and Bhutan. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. Foetid cassia, sickle pod, sickle senna. TDD 42.

•THAL DKAR whitish grey. See glang po che.

•THAL KHA ash colour, grey. glang chen thal ka ni glang chen dkar po. Utpal 16.3.

•THAL GROL unhindered. Thondup, BM 363.

•THAL SNGON bluish grey. Jackson.

•THAL 'GYUR Inference. N. of an Ati-yoga Tantra often quoted in Klong-chen-pa. Usually consequence is a better translation. A consequence statement differs from a proof syllogism in having only 3 parts: the subject (chos can), the [implied] predicate (gsal ba) and the reason (rtags, Skt. liṅga). Dreyfus' example: It follows that the subject, the sound, is impermanent because it is produced. Dreyfus, Rationality 47.

•THAL CAG RGYAB PA to 'strike a palm blow,' to give a slap with the palm. Zhi-byed Coll. II 288.5. Kun-dga'-rin-chen, Works (2003) III 564.2. Devadatta slays an elephant - thal cag gcig brgyab te - killing it. Lde'u 52.

•THAL CHE BA Tib. deriv. of sthu la, q.v. Blaṅ 307.5.

•THAL 'CHAG thal ba 'phyag pa dang chu 'chag btab pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAL NYAL BA 'dust sleeper,' sweeper. BA 602.

•THAL TRES See lug ru smug po. Indian sarsaparilla. Clifford, list. Indian Sarsaparilla is Hernidesmus indicus, of the Asclepiadaceae family. Skt. sariva (sp?), Hindi anantmul. Czaja in NTFC I 92.

•THAL BRTING chags pa. Dbus-pa no. 075.

•THAL THANG 'ash thangka,' or black background painting. Jackson, Patron 16.

•THAL DRES See ba sgrub.

•THAL SPYOD See mtha' dpyod.

•THAL PHYIR It follows... because. Dreyfus, Sound 208. Dreyfus, Rationality 47.

•THAL PHRAN lcags gzer. Btsan-lha.

•THAL BA [1] dust, powder, ashes. [2] consequence. Skt. prasaṅga. Thurman. 'bad med du grol bar thal ba'i phyir ro. Since it would be absurd that (they) be effortlessly liberated. Lati Rinbochay, Death 47. [3] bodily waste (result of digestion). [4] to go beyond, go beyond the mark. shing tog shing rtse las blang gi // de las thal na sa la lhung. While you may pick fruits from the top of a tree, if you go beyond [the top] you will fall to the ground. Jamspal, Treasury 167. Example of axes and saws going beyond their intended mark in Lde'u 287. [5] inordinate [love, affection]. Jamspal, Treasury 173.

•THAL BA LNGA a class of medicinals. KB 48.5.

•THAL BA'I SNYING PO See a ka ru.

•THAL BA'I MTHAR ending in ashes (the body).

•THAL BYANG dust board (used for writing practice). BLKC I 270 ff.

•THAL BYI A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 299.

•THAL BYUNG ma lus. Dbus-pa no. 183. Lcang-skya.

•THAL 'BRAS See a shwa gandha.

•THAL SBYOR As in: bdud rtsi thal sbyor. This is a mistaken translation of the original Indian language, which should be rendered: bdud rtsi thab sbyor. Blaṅ 311.4-.5.

•THAL MO [1] 'Palm' [of the hand]. Note: The Greek word[s] behind 'palm' mean both palm of the hand and the palm tree. The Sanskrit word tāla goes back to a Babylonian name of the date palm. (I suggest that the Tibetan word has similar origins.) [2] The length of the palm and fingers, synonym of cha chen. Jackson.

•THAL MO JAB LJAB PO thal mo'i nang cung zad khong stong du gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•THAL SMAN metallic ash. Gerke, PT 11.

•THAL TSHWA lit., ash salt, a type of mineral salt. JD 71. SS 431.3. Rin 166.

•THAL LE Stein. Stearns, SR 102.

•THAL SHAR raise dust. According to Toni Huber's article, Violence in Tibetan Buddhist Societies, note 7, where it appears in the name of a particular person's gun.

•THAS JI The Chinese taiji, here defined as: "rab kyi mthar thug pa zhes pa rang bzhin dang rang gi ngang tshul lam chos nyid dang gnas lugs." Thuken 340.

•THI ? de rung dang thi rung na. Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 219.1.

•THI'U See under the'u.

•THI GI chung chung ngam cung zhig. Btsan-lha.

•THI GU evidently a diminutive of thag, "rope." See under the gu, as well as thig gu. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 546.2. bya rkang la thi gu btags pa dang 'dra bar slar yang ngan song dang 'khor bar ltung ba las. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 488.4.

•THI THOR KO THOR Seems to mean 'everyone out for their own gain.' Vitali, Tho.ling 48.

•THI PHU LANG N. of China root, in Ch. tufuling, drunk as a decoction. Gerke, TP, p. 18.

•THI BA pigeon. 476 III 27.3. bya thi ba ni phug ron. Dpe-chos 503. thi ba lta bur rtsis gdab med. Samdo A V 97r.4. Clearly means 'pigeon' in Samdo A V 97r.4. phug ron. sreg pa. Btsan-lha. phug rong gi ming yin par skabs 'gar bshad. Eimer, Dbyangs 57. Jamspal, Treasury 158. See also bya thi ba. I've noticed the (mis?)spelling sti ba. Some dictionaries (Das for instance) identify with other words like lapwing, sandpiper, swallow, and so on.

•THIG [1] to be accurate (divination). to be precise (measure). [2] to figure out. NNV.

•THIG RKUD chalk line. Jackson.

•THIG RKYAL powder bag for chalk line. Jackson. Actually, I guess this is the name for the string that was kept in the powder bag? Travers, BPPI 124.

•THIG SKUD Beyer 265.

•THIG KHANG proportional grid of exactly positioned lines. Jackson.

•THIG KHYAB CAN See brag spos.

•THIG GU thig. Gces 581.6. dbu skra la thig gu btags. 602 20r.6. lham la thig gu ser po zhig btags nas btang bas. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum II 227.2. See thi gu.

•THIG SGAM rtsed mo zhig. Nomads 238, 270. A kind of knotted rope pulling game.

•THIG CHEN major proportional class. Jackson.

•THIG NAG a type of hell. Skt. kālasūtra. Cuevas, Travels 37.

•THIG NAG 'BAM Text 46.

•THIG PHRAN Germano, Poetic Thought 910.

•THIG 'PHAGS rtsed mo zhig. Nomads 339, 271.

•THIG MA a lesser grade of more coarse woolen material. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 27.

•THIG TSHAD proportions of a figure laid out with the aid of lines. Jackson.

•THIG LE [1] drop, spot. Skt. tilaka, freckle, sesame seed, mark worn (in India) on the forehead; bindu, generally meaning 'drop,' like a 'drop' of water. May mean 'spot,' like a 'spot' of land, or a leopard's 'spot,' or spotting on the skin indicating a disease. [2] It also means the numerical zero which, like the form of the numeral actually used in both 3rd century CE Sanskrit Bakhshali ms. and in Arabic, is shaped like a spot, or dot. [3] Also means reproductive substances of male and female (this meaning generally restricted to medical analogies or contexts, and is very much rarer than the other meanings). "sphere, bead." Norbu, Cycle. a) small circle. b) disc. c) centre, nucleus, focus of attention. d) essence, germ. MTTP. seminal nuclei. Germano in JIABS 17 no. 2 (1994) 307 & elsewhere. Gyatso, Apparitions 193.

•THIG LE CAN See gzig.

•THIG LE NYAG CIG Karmay, Great Perfection 22, 118 n. 55. For an occurrence in the Āli Kāli Tantra, see Zhi-byed Coll. I 20.6. Phag-mo-gru-pa's sūtra citation text cites a passage employing this term in the sūtra called Bdag-med-pa[s] Dris-pa. I use the translation 'integral drop.' Matthew Kapstein, "The Commentaries of the Four Clever Men," East and West, vol. 59, nos. 1-4 (2009), pp. 107-130, at pp. 109, 111.

•THIG LE STONG PA'I SGRON MA Germano, Poetic Thought 874.

•THIG LE DRUG Listed in Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 374.6 ff. Karmay, Great Perfection 25, 118, 130 n. 55.

•THIG LE BZHI sgom pa'i thig le bzhi ni / snying ga'i thig le / nor bu'i thig le / sprul pa'i thig le / mi shigs pa'i thig le'o. 600 47.

•THIG LE'I LUS 1. sbrul. 2. gzig. Blaṅ 528.

•THIG SHING ruler, wooden straightedge (not necessarily for measurements, but for drafting straight lines). Jackson. For an example, see Essen Catalog 464, 466.

•THIGS PA Stein. drips, precipitation.

•THIGS TSHAGS khang thog nas thigs pa rgyag sar bya rgyu'i bcos tshags / char dus ma shar gong nas ao kha thigs tshad nan tan byed dgos. Yisun. Lde'u 371.

•THING pünktlich; (ein Ziel) treffen; (zeit od. Entfernung) abschätzen. Kretsch.

•THING (M.T.) deriv. from Ch. ting. Government department or office at the level of a province or autonomous region. Barnett, Resistance.

•THING GI an ancient Tibetan ancestor. Btsan-lha. An ancient king in Lepcha lore?

•THING LHAD 'phya smod. Btsan-lha.

•THIB to darken (weather). to degenerate (memory). NNV. OZZ 118.

•THIB NON rdib kyis non pa. Btsan-lha.

•THIB BU mun pa. Btsan-lha.

•THIB BREG PA pickpocket. French, Yoke 258.

•THIB SE THIB flattern (Lautmalerei). Kaschewsky 83.

•THIBS SE billowing [clouds]. Bellezza, D&B 92.

•THIM PA RNAM GSUM As a yogic process, see BA 556.

•THIM PA BZHI lta ba dbyings su thim pa, bsgom pa dbyings su thim pa, spyod pa dbyings su thim pa, 'bras bu dbyings su thim pa. Zhi-byed Coll. I 208.6.

•THIM BU A spelling for them bu, q.v.

•THIM ZI See shing mngar.

•THIM YIG Vitali in TS9 I 86.

•THIL DU BGYIS dbus su bgyis pa'am / dkyil mar bgyis pa. Btsan-lha.

•THIL YI See shing mngar.

•THIS A word found in titles of some Bon works (example, Karmay, Treasury 149). ZZFC 254, has a discussion.

•THIS PHUR NIS PHUR Samdo A III 105r.4; V 150r.6.

•THIS RA khrom mam / tshong ra. Btsan-lha.

•THU khag po. Gces 582.6. ngan pa'am khag po. Btsan-lha.

•THU KHUD 'dir thu khud kyis sa skyos cig gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 241.6.

•THU THU KA copper sulfate. tutthaka (?). Simioli, AG 56.

•THU NA rgod na'am / dpa' na. Btsan-lha.

•THU BA Stein. Namdak. See pho thu ba. thod pas nam mkha' chus la 'dir lhug gsung nas thu ba'i grwa bzed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 167.2. chos kyi gegs su song bas / slar la thu bar gda' ste. Zhi-byed Coll. V 101.2. [1] As a verb, it means to pick (flowers, etc.), [2] while as a noun it means the lower flap of a chuba, which might be used for collecting fruits, etc. [3] and as a adjective, extra or bad (despicably ordinary).

•THU BYA BA spit out of spite. gshe nas mchil ma btab pa. Btsan-lha.

•THU MI a Tibetan clan. Btsan-lha.

•THU RU colt. rta'i phru gu rte'u. Btsan-lha.

•THU RU BA sprul sku thu ru ba rnams kyi nang na mchog tu 'gyur bas 'dzam bu gling gi brgyan cig po. Zhi-byed Coll. II 51.4.

•THU RE DRAN PA blo'i shugs ma nyams par bar ma chad par dran pa. Btsan-lha.

•THU LU See bying bying thu lu.

•THU LU LU See Dagyab.

•THU LUM [1] a ball, or something rolled into a ball. sgong ba'am / gong bur sgril ba. Btsan-lha. Something that has been rolled into a ball or lumped together. Usually used in sense of a lump [of metal], as for instance a cannonball or ingot (including a molten ingot), but I've seen it also for a 'ball' (of leaves, that might be burned). To judge from its most frequent metaphoric usage, its usual meaning is a [fresh hot metal] ingot, one that would be hard to swallow. The word is used a few times in the translation of Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakośa commentary. I couldn't locate it in OTDO. [2] mallet. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 167. [3] I wonder if this could be a borrowing from Mongol tulum, which was certainly borrowed into Manchu, meaning a 'whole skin' that, being inflatable, was used as a leather storage sack, or as a flotation device when crossing rivers. See Serruys in BSOAS 44 (1981) 111, 117. I now believe this word to be of Turkish origin (you have it still today in modern Turkish). For discussion, see p. 168 of Krystyna Chabros, Beckoning Fortune. See also Ligeti's contribution to L. Ligeti, ed., Tibetan & Buddhist Studies, vol. 2, p. 49. A note in a book by Denis Sinor says that this word has been examined in detail by one Hubschmid (not yet traced). Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 223, says tho lum is a kind of celestial metal stone. Example of Bon usage in Gzi-brjid XI 184, in a listing of weapons: tsogs pa'i thu lum.

•THU LES 'DEBS thu lud 'debs pa. Btsan-lha.

•THU SHU From Chinese, this means a document-of-appointment. Kuijp in Lungta 14 (2001) 61. Equivalent to sbel kha.

•THUG A trident-topped banner, with an animal-hair plume hanging down from it, used as an ornament on monastery roofs, illus. in Yisun. Illus. also in Pho-brang Po-ta-la [1988], illus. no. 5 following p. 29 (here spelled thugs). Tucci, Religions 188. For dkar thug dmar thug, see Stein. Everding in TS9 I 121. Alexander, Temples 320 (here spelled tug). BLKC I 20. I believe it quite likely has something to do with the "tupha," a Turkish name of a horsetail standard (the word tupha is used as a way of describing the tail of what is evidently the wild yak in Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography, Book 11). This horsetail standard of the Turks is sometimes called "tug." See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 103 note 63. See also Esin, History of Pre-Islamic 107 et passim. These standards were carried by Mongols during their invasion of the Middle East. See Thuken 367, for an interesting story about how in Peking they didn't understand their significance and turned them into long wooden things that the Chinese call chis kan (Ch. qigan). I've noticed a text printed in 'Bri gung Thel as section ZA of a larger collection with the title, Rnga thug rten 'dzugs kyi cho ga 'dod don kun 'grub. There is an interesting general discussion of this object as used throughout Eurasia by John R. Perry in a book entitled New Perspectives on Safavid Iran, p. 88. Maria Magdolna Tatár, New Data about the Cult of Cinggis Qan's Standard, contained in: Bernt Brendemoen, ed., Altaica Osloensia (Oslo 1990). PDF.

•THUG KAR See Norbu, Drung 51 ff.

•THUG KHEBS a kind of chastity belt for male animals to prevent premature mating. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 40.

•THUG KHOG This means a type of headdress for women, its shape perhaps resembling the 'soup pot' suggested by its etymology (although it may be a disguised form of a borrowing from Mongolian). See Karsten, MT.

•THUG CHES BKYE BA 'thab pa. Btsan-lha.

•THUG THUG = reg pa. to touch. MTTP. Perhaps it means [to make a] tap on something. Give [them] a smack. RET XXXIX 128, with tr. on p. 101.

•THUG THUB CAN btsan thabs can. Btsan-lha.

•THUG RDOR extra provisions (allowed to persons making tax rounds). Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 14.

•THUG PA soup, gruel. Skt. yavāgū. Mvy. 5754. Banerjee, Sarvāsttaivāda Literature 129.

•THUG PHRAD LNGA Listed in Klong-chen-pa 12.8 comm.

•THUG GZUNGS Everding in TS9 I 120, 121.

•THUG LUM ? Something suffered by lepers? Samdo A V 69v.1, 70r.3.

•THUG GSHER trial. Sources. an action or case (against a criminal), [criminal] prosecution. Have seen this spelled thugs gsher, thug bsher and gtug gsher.

•THUGS Gibson in TJ 23 no 4 (1998). See discussion of possible OT meanings by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 89 ff. and in a forthcoming paper. The mental principle of the deceased. Schaik in JIABR 1 (2013) 250 et passim.

•THUGS KAR ME MNYAM See dom mkhris.

•THUGS KYANG KHENGS PA thugs kyang zin pa. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS RKYEN governor (controller) of the soul. Tan, Theses 118 n. 27.

•THUGS BSKYED Discussion in Decleer, Tragkar verse II.1.

•THUGS KYI GRWA sems kyi gting nas sam / thugs sems kyi ra ba nas. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS KHAB heart needle. anterior pulmonary lobe of the lungs. Yangga's dissert., p. 286.

•THUGS RGYAL (hon.) [1] pride. Hon. of nga rgyal (ex. in Eimer, NG 88). [2] wrath or indignation.

Glo bu THUGS KHAB DD illus. 2, 19.

•THUGS GUR 'soul image.' Tan, Theses 115 n. 7. Discussion in Uebach, Three 104, where she tends to concur with Stein in interpreting as a veiled image of the emperor used in the funerary rite.

•THUGS DGONGS GSUM bsnyen rdzogs skabs nas 'byung ba'i thugs dgongs gsum ni / kun slong / bsam pa / 'du shes so. 600 22-23.

•THUGS NGAN low spirits, sadness, depression. Lde'u 189.

•THUGS RJE Germano, Poetic Thought 852.

•THUGS GNYEN [1] close relatives. Dotson, D&L 48. [2] Michael Willis's article "From World Religion to World Dominion," p. 250, where it seems to be interpreted to mean a kind of officer of state.

•THUGS THUB TU [1] btsan thabs su. forcibly. Btsan-lha. [2] abruptly. Dotson, D&L 43. Hahn, EI 132.

•THUGS DWANGS 'scarf of conciliation.' Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 70.

•THUGS DAM [1] Stein. Schaik, Prayer 191. "holy object for personal practice." Jackson, MB 68. divine form of high aspiration. [2] High aspiration or vow (to construct an icon or temple). [3] a special state of meditation of a dying Lama, said to end when substances emerge from the nostrils. In every instance, thug dam is used on an honorific level, and is in fact honorific for several expressions of different meaning. To follow BY 1407 (same as Yisun), there are four meanings: 1. dam bca'. 2. nyams bzhes. 3. mo. 4. yi dam (noting that yi dam itself can sometimes have the meaning of 1, but not 2 and 3). Discussion of its meaning in Stoddard, Early 120 notes 149-150.

•THUGS BDE sku khams bzang. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS BDEN Stein.

•THUGS NONGS shi ba'i zhe sa. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS DPAG consideration. Dotson, D&L 69.

•THUGS 'PHRIG thugs dogs. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS BAG zhus pa gnang ba. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS BAD DWANGS PA thugs dgongs dwangs pa'am zhus pa gnang khrol byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS MI THUB thag gcod byed mi thub. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS MYI NUR thugs dgongs ma 'tshoms. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS GTSEGS CHE rtsis che ba. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS RTSER sems mtsher ba'am zhum pa. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS TSHIG ZA BA sich ärgern, zornig werden. Kretsch.

•THUGS TSHOM hon., = the tshom. doubt. MTTP.

•THUGS 'UR khro ba'i zhe sa. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS LA BTAGS thugs rje che. Btsan-lha. I have born in mind, I am grateful for...

•THUGS LAS 'phrin las. activity (of an honored person), heart's concern. Sba 1.

•THUGS LAS CHUNG mdzad pa chung ba'am 'phrin las chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS SU BYON PA sems la song ba'i zhe sa thugs la bab pa. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS BSER thugs 'tsher ba. Btsan-lha.

•THUGS BSEL thugs khral lam sems khral. Btsan-lha.

•THUD a confection of tsampa, butter, sugar and dried curd. Dargyay, TVC 69. A mix of cheese, butter and molasses, which may include tsampa, especially used as a traveller's food. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 46.

•THUD DKAR NAG 'phyur thud dang gro thud. Nomads 239.

•THUD SHOR las don nam las ka 'chug pa. Btsan-lha.

•THUN [1] dose. [2] session. [3] part, broken into pieces, many made into few. cha shas. dum bur bcad pa. mang po las nyung ngur bsdus pa. Btsan-lha. A particular measure made with a special deep spoon used only in medicine. It has been suggested by Wolfgang Keim that (as a syllable used in mantras) this might be a Tibetanization of Skt. duna or dhuna, which should mean something like 'agitated' or 'roaring.' See Dgra thun.

•THUN SKYOGS Namdak. Example of Bon usage in Gzi-brjid XI 173.

•THUN KHA (work) shift. Sources.

•THUN DRUG six watches, six sessions. See English, Vajrayoginī 479.

•THUN RDO ZZFC 217 (paragraph xix). See dkar gong.

•THUN 'BRAB rdung ba. Btsan-lha.

•THUN 'TSHAMS Also spelled thun mtshams. "Thun is the regular word for a watch or a stage (prahara) and mtshams means that which is intermediate. It translates saṃdhi = junction." Snellgrove in BSOAS 14 (1952) 398. The period between meditation sessions. Other meanings in Yisun. In order to express both the ideas of meditation sessions and the breaks between them, one ought to use this phrase: thun dang thun mtshams.

•THUN BZHI four sessions (predawn, post-tea, after lunch and evening). BA 555.

•THUN BZUNG TS7 I 146.

•THUN SHAS ston thog gi khral. Btsan-lha.

•THUB CHOD mi 'os pa'i bya ba. Btsan-lha.

•THUB CHOD CAN spyi brtol can nam tho co can. Btsan-lha.

•THUB PA to be equal to (the task), capable of withstanding, able to bear, able to overcome. NNV. Example of usage in Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 173: sbrul gdug sman dang sngags kyis thub. 'Snake poison can be overcome by medicine and mantra.' Lde'u 144. Beware that thub may be the impv. of btub, "Cut!"

•THUB PA DRUG Germano, Poetic Thought 817.

•THUB GSUNG eliptical for 'Buddha's word.'

•THUM KLOG BTAB PA gzhung go rim med par 'ur 'don byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•THUM SKOGS lus 'di dar zab kyis g.yogs kyang mi gtsang pa'i thum skogs yin gyis 'phyor dang rgeg chos ma che. Zhi-byed Coll. II 300.1.

•THUM PO [1] beehive. sbrang rtsi'i thum po mthong ba'i dom snying rje ba yin (pity the poor bear who sees the thum po of honey). Zhi-byed Coll. II 162.1. mas sbrang ma'i thum po mthong bas bu'i drung du 'gro dogs myed / bu ngang thung kyang ma phan pa yin gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 155.3. [2] Elsewhere, it seems to mean a small ball of something, perhaps a package or a bundle. rten 'brel gyi gal te nas sman sna tshogs bsres pa'i thum po cig bston nas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 296.4.

•THUM PHRAS gnyid thum tsan re thum tsam re byed pa ste gnyid srab mo dang 'jigs skrag la'ang 'jug. Dpe-chos 515.

•THUM 'PHRAS thum tsam gyis gnyid srab mo. Btsan-lha.

•THUM RIL GYIS SONG = sib kyis thim song. BBNP 484. Btsan-lha.

•THUMS KYIS Samdo A V 137v.3.

•THUR 'JUS thur nas yar 'jus. Gces 584.1. Btsan-lha.

•THUR THUR the most highly prized cut of meat, reserved for the emperor. Dotson, Dissert. 79.

•THUR MTHA' rein end[s]. TPS 592.

•THUR DU ZUG PA sticking downward. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 364.6.

•THUR BA 'khrug pa. Dbus-pa no. 322.

•THUR MA [1] spoon. [2] chopstick. Chopsticks in cases together with knives illus. in Precious Deposits V 122. [3] A class of medical instruments pictured in JD 277 281. [4] For a specialized meaning, referring to an especially hazardous probing into the lungs, heart or stomach, see Schrempf in Schrempf, ed., Soundings 114-115. Yangga's dissert., p. 261, translates as "mild surgical techniques." [5] In Vinaya, a measuring stick used in telling the time from shadows, it should be four inches ('fingers') in length. Banerjee, Sarāstivāda Literature 126.

•THUR MA'I PHYAG RGYA Gyatso, Apparitions 84.

•THUR RE BA 'phral ma nyid du Btsan-lha.

•THUR SHING gnomon, for gauging the position of sun's shadow. Illus. in the book A Concise Introduction to Tibetan Astrology (Dharamsala 2012) 25.

•THUR SEL RLUNG The 'downward voiding air.' Text 14.

•THUL a type of cloak made of a full animal pelt. Huber in N-L I 274 ff.

•THUL KA phyugs zog ngo grangs nges can zhig yod pa'i khyu tsho. Btsan-lha. a property or pastureland measurement. See Dotson, D&L 6.

•THUL KHA a pelt tax imposed on herder households. Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko 67 (2009) 89-108, at p. 91.

•THUL GOG thul gog [~spu yod pa'i zla gam] dang... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 189.5.

•THUL PA See g.ya' srub pa. A type of robe (seems generally it was made of animal fur) once worn by Tibetans. ZZFC 227. made of eagle feathers. Bellezza in RET 42 (2017) 22.

•THUL BA yongs su smin pa. Btsan-lha. a type of ri sgog. Dagyab.

•THUL SBYONG bzod g.yel byas pa'am / glo bur du go gnas phyir 'then byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•THUL RTSIS Haarh, Yar-luṅ 122. In spite of Haarh's translation it seems to mean rather 'counting herds.'

•THUL RUG See under rug. thul rug khu ba ston pa 'grangs par bza'. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 254.

•THUL LE adv. diffusedly. Related to thu lu lu, q.v. C&LT 169.

•THUS chog pa. Btsan-lha.

•THUS KA As example of an irregular Old Tantra term, corresponding to mthar thug ma snying po (I think this should be read mthar thug gam snying po), see the work of Dge-rtse in Rnying Rgyud 1973 XXXVI 455.

•THUS MA female yak. 'bri'am g.yag mo. Btsan-lha.

•THE Aris, Discourse 65 n. 10. TPS 718-719. to include in. NNV.

•THE'U Namdak. Seems to be a name for the striker for a gandi. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 168. nang dar ser po kha the'u ma nyams pa gcig dang / dmar po kha the'u ma nyams pa gcig dang / srugs kha the'u ma nyams pa gcig dang gsum 'bul zhing mchis. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 191.3. zab chen kha the'u ma nyams yug gsum dang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 525.1. ha pu ngur dmar rab kha the'u ma nyams pa yug gcig 'bul zhing mchis. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 289.1.

•THE GI cung zad. Btsan-lha.

•THE GU thag pa phra mo. I think 'cord' or 'yarn' are usually the more appropriate translations. Btsan-lha. Zhi-byed Coll. II 146.3, 212.4. In a list of small creatures in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 441 (but see also p. 59, where it seems to mean 'yarn'). the gu'i las yin pa la de ngo tsha bas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 256.2. shing bal gyi the gu - cotton yarn. Lde'u 282. There is some discussion in Dotson, Dissert. 400.

•THE GE sheep or goat 'knucklebone' (called astragalus) or rather a bone from the heel, used as a kind of dice or marker in various games and divinations. John Bellezza wrote an important blog about them in May 2014, depicting examples made of brass alloys.

•THE GE ZAD DU BSKYAL BA rgyang tsam bskyal ba. Btsan-lha.

•THE PHUR NE PHUR 476 V 8.2, 16.7. de yang gsung rdog po re re la the phur ne phur byas nas nyams su blangs pas nyams su myong ba skye. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 416.5. Also, the spur ne spur in 476 V 94.5.

•THE BA a type of bird. See Bellezza, D&B 72.

•THE BER This term is used for 'private parts' in a description of the 32 signs of Lord Shenrab (so perhaps it might be Zhang-zhung?). For tebu ('father') & tebur as a word for masculine gender, see John Avery, The Ao Naga Language of Southern Assam, American Journal of Philology, vol. 7, no. 3 (1886) 344-366 (Ao is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by Nagas near the Burmese border).

•THE TSE de tshe [tsho?] nub rting la 'bras the tse byung ste khebs par mi skye bar 'o skol gyi zhing lta bur skye ba byung. Then in the depths of the evening, there grew the the-tse grain, but except that it did not grow sufficiently it grew like [the grain] in our fields [today]. 'Gos, Stong-thun 15.2. My best guess at the moment is that this grain might be identified with millet.

•THE TSOM doubt, vacillation. blo mtha' gnyis su dogs pa'i the tshom. Btsan-lha.

•THE TSHOM doubt. Skt. vicikitsā. EoB VIII 561-564.

•THE TSHOM ZA BA to give way to indecision (the 'mild' translation by Kawamura).

•THE'U RANG gnome. Imagined as a small man with a hammer who strikes the dragon that causes thunder; see Geshé Sopa's autobio. (2012) 24. Karmay in JIABR 1 (2013) 24. Rolf Stein's The World in Miniature, p. 196. For their association with games of chance, see Murakami Daisuke, Aspects of the Traditional Gambling Game known as Sho in Modern Lhasa, RET 29 (Apr 2014) 245-270, at pp. 261-263.

•THE RE des don dang myi ldan ba'i tshig the re snol du song bar ngo phrad pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. V 76.3. chos dang gang zag tu 'jol ba ni the re snol du song ba'o. Ibid. V 104.3. der dam pa'i chos dang the re snol du song ste. Ibid. V 213.1. gzungs 'dzin the re snol yin te. Zhi-byed Coll. V 214.7. kho ga nas kyang the re snol du bsgrub. Zhi-byed Coll. V 398.7. Seems to mean to get something turned around, confused.

•THE REG the gtogs lag reg. Btsan-lha.

•THE REL Perhaps for the reg? drang srong gis sbyor bas byung bar rig nas rdzas the rel rnams sgrubs te. Zhi-byed Coll. II 77.6.

•THE LE [1] thu lud dam mchil ma. Btsan-lha. nyi ma mun par mthong pa'i zhag dmyig can de la the le thob gsungs so. Zhi-byed Coll. II 19.6. [2] name of a game. Buffetrille in NTFC I 51.

•THE LE LE evidently an expression of despair. Zhi-byed Coll. V 150.5.

•THE SE da lta the se mo de bsod nams che. Zhi-byed Coll. V 344.6. See under thel tse, meaning seal.

•THEG GI TSAM cung zad tsam. Btsan-lha.

•THEG CHEN GNYIS pha rol tu phyin pa'i theg pa dang / gsang sngags rdo rje theg pa'o. 600 7.

•THEG PA vehicle is the accepted translation. The Skt. yāna can mean both a pathway and the vehicle that goes on that pathway. See EoB VIII 778. theg gcig theg gnyis theg dang gsum // theg pa lnga la bsam mi khyab // theg pa mtha' dag ngas bstan te. Rnying Rgyud 1982 II 568.3. (Dbus, Gtsang) = phyin pa. to go, to set off. MTTP. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 24, suggests that this is a loan from Indic languages.

•THEG PA DGU For Bon and Rnying-ma, listed in 600 126-127 (including the name for the 9th vehicle "ma zhu ba," which was evidently originated in the Bka'-thang Sde Lnga.

•THEG DMAN Hīnayāna. The form found in Mvy. 1253 is dman pa'i theg pa, although theg pa dman pa may also be located in no. 186.

•THEG TSHE A medium or inferior type of porcelain. Dung-dkar 139.

•THEGS impv. of 'degs pa.

•THENG CHOG See dar ya kan smug po.

•THENG PO See under mi theng po.

•THENG LHANG Fussbeschwerden, Lahmheit. Kaschewsky2.

•THENGS ma thengs ni ma phyin nam ma skyel. Gces 582.1. slebs. Gces 589.1. Btsan-lha. pf. of theng ba.

•THED rotten remains of a carcass. Samdo A V 65r.4, 66r.2. Jamspal, Treasury 103. to be torn. NNV.

•THED LA carelessly. C&LT 170.

•THED LA BTANG yal bar dor ba. Btsan-lha.

•THED LA BOR 367 I 234.

•THEN KOR nye 'khor ram / mtha' skor. Btsan-lha.

•THEN KHYER = ca re. Lcang-skya.

•THEN CHEN OT = ca re. Blaṅ 285.3.

•THEN CHER ca re'am rtag tu. Btsan-lha. then cher / [62r4] ca re / ka lanta ka'i dri lan du / ca re gcig tu 'dug par bdag mi khom / zhes pa ltar de'i drung du ca re bsdad ces sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•THEN MED sha tsha med pa. Btsan-lha.

•THEN TSAM srib tsam mam hrib tsam. Btsan-lha.

•THEN TSHER ce re. Dbus-pa no. 023.

•THEB KU Beyer 324. Tucci, Religions 177.

•THEB KYU ritual object mentioned by Blondeau in Karmay, New Horizons 258, although no definition is given. Rhoton, CD 125 translates as 'thumb-dent' (an impression in a kind of gtor ma, used to hold liquid).

•THEB CHAG theb chag tu bla ma skyabs su mchi'o zer ba'i jo bo de 'khrul ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 322.2.

•THEB MO gro ga theb mo gang la nyi ma cig la rdzogs par bris te. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 244.6. de la ltos pa'i yi dags theb mo gang gi sa tsam. Zhi-byed Coll. V 250.6. Variant spelling for mtheb mo, 'thumb.'

•THEB LHU Part of the lock used on Tibetan doors. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 4.

•THEBS PA hit, struck.

•THEBS PAD a childhood game. Travers, BPPI 123.

•THEBS PO mi mngon pa. Btsan-lha. = mi mngon. Lcang-skya.

•THEBS MED RDO RJE bshol thabs med pa rdo rje lta bu. Btsan-lha.

•THEBS RANG the'u rang. the brang. Btsan-lha.

•THEBS LEN thebs len yig rten ma mchis pa. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bteka'-'bum IV 476.4.

•THEM See ya them and ma them.

•THEM SKAS laddar, as symbol of liberation or of the 'sky rope.' Ramble in Mandala & Landscape 187.

•THEM MTHO (M.T.) residency permit, also used for ration permit. Barnett, Resistance.

•THEM DEB census book. Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 13.

•THEM BU [1] rung (of a ladder). [2] stopper, cork. In this latter meaning, at least, also spelled thim bu. [3] drainage tube (for bringing out pus from the body). Yangga's dissert., p. 53.

•THEM BU KHA An instrument used to introduce medicine into the throat. Yisun.

•THEMS PA past form of 'them pa, q.v.

•THER [1] srod kyi ther la bla ma a rka si ti byon nas... Zhi-byed Coll. IV 348.1. [2] adv. entirely (?). rtsam pa ni ther zad. The tsampa had entirely run out. Lo-ras Rnam-thar 72. [3] the smooth part of the stomach (distingushed from the rdzems). Yangga's dissert., p. 361 (see also 364, where it is the smooth part of the large intestine).

•THER CHAGS go rim dang ldan pa. Btsan-lha.

•THER TO rtse mo. Lcang-skya.

•THER THER flat, level (land, plain).

•THER 'DON (M.T.) 'expose' [guilty parties]. Schwartz, Circle of Protest 113.

•THER BA gos na bza' ther ba dang gru bzhi. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 189.5.

•THER MED A word used in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 341.6: bod ther med du zhabs kyis ji ltar bcags pa dang...; also, IV 342.5.

•THER ZUG permanent, unchanging. = brtan pa. = 'gyur ba med pa. 91 I 567.3. = 'gyur med. Lcang-skya. glo bur ni sprin bzhin ste / ther zug ma yin. Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 387.1, 388.5. Used by 'Jig-rten-mgon-po in 476 I 468.4. SKC 237.2. Btsan-lha. See Stearns, Buddha from Dolpo. 'gyur med. Dbus-pa no. 387.

•THER ZUG NER ZUG Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum V 187.5. Forever-ever?

•THEL GYIS 'BEBS PA rang bzhin gyis grub pa. Btsan-lha.

•THEL RTSE = the se, thel tshe etc. 'seal' (probably a Chinese loanword, although not clarified which Chinese word). Kuijp in TH&L 291. Spelled the'u tse in Essen & Thingo, Die Götter des Himalaya 292. A seal or sealed letter.

•THES Samdo A VI 257v.6. to need. Samdo A V 68r.6 (the negative form ma thes also occurs here).

•THES PA grangs su gtogs pa'am rtsis pa. Eimer, Testimonia 45.

•THES PO asthma. Yangga's dissert., p. 204.

•THES PHUR NES PHUR gang 'dod pa de kho na la thes phur nes phur byas pa las. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 585.1.

•THES MED PA = don med pa, = dgos pa med pa. BBNP 469. Btsan-lha.

•THES SRUD ? Text 1.

•THO [1] = gal. Lcang-skya. [2] "a register or marker used to record a solemn action such as the taking of an oath, the issuing of a decree, or the discharge of a momentous ritual act." Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 206. As a boundary marker, with official seal attached (mtshams tho phyag rgya can), see Iwao, Preliminary. [3] list. May occur as a misspelling for mtho, q.v. See lha tho.

•THO 'KHOR nye 'dabs sam nye 'khor. Btsan-lha.

•THO GU See spra ba'i tho gu.

•THO GE a 'secret' way of saying 'eleven,' used by gamblers. Norbu, Drung 229.

•THO RGYA zhing bar gyi sa rtags. Btsan-lha.

•THO RGYAN divining cloth (?).

•THO CO shameless or bold. See Snellgrove's vocab. gang la'ang 'dzem dogs mi byed pa. 367 II 132.1. Samdo A III 307r.2 (used 3 times; once spelled tho cho), 307v.2; V 51v.6. Namdak. spyi brtol lam spobs pa. Dagyab. shameless or bold or showoff behavior. See Snellgrove's vocab. tho co sna tshogs ma yin pa. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 317.3.

•THO COR skad chen po. Gces 584.2. don med kyi skad chen po'am ca co. Btsan-lha. groundless boast? dpa' sdeng gi ngar ma chags na / spyod pa rtul shugs su mi 'gyur bar tho cor 'gyur ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 302.1.

•THO CHEMS testimentary record. Sources.

•THO CHO See under tho co.

•THO 'CHOL CAN Spassvogel. Kretsch.

•THO THA See big ban.

•THO THAG mgo nas mjug bar thams cad. Btsan-lha.

•THO THO bon po'i ming dang bod rgyal lha tho tho ri gnyan btsan gyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•THO THOD 356 I 279.1, 276.2. su tho thod la bstan na dam tshig nyams nas... Samdo A IV 69r.1, 163r.2, 234r.3. de su tho thod kyis myi shes pa ni. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 144.5. See under su tho tod.

•THO PHYI gzhan thams cad tshig nas slob dpon gyi tho phyi ma tshig ste. Phag-gru, Bka'-'bum (2003), vol. 6, p. 26.4. Nye 'khor dang nye ogs. Yisun.

•THO PHYIR rje btsun mi la ras pas kyang / mi tho phyir byung tsam na a bshags pa la tham tham / 'og mig 'dzer 'dzer mdzad cing / chos gsha' mar byed pa ni med / nga'i tho phyir dgos pa med. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 304.5.

•THO BA for various types of hammers, see Schmied 145. Namdak. skal myed log lta skye ba 'khor bar 'khyam du tho ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 307.3. Compare Hindi hathauḍī. Bellezza, D&B 89.

•THO BO 'marker stones' placed in the way of the groom; at each one he must answer the song of the marriage broker. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 70. There are supposed to be 80, but these are represented by 17 actual stones. Spelled tho lo in Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 151 (here there are 8 of them).

•THO ME BA blank state. Cuevas, Travels 73. Compare thom me.

•THO TSAL See the re ba.

•THO BTSAM PA 'gran pa'am brnyas bcos byas nas gnod bskyal ba. Btsan-lha. Used in a sūtra. See Silk, Dissert. 382.

•THO BTSUN 'diviner.' See Cuevas, Hidden History 151.

•THO RTSE tho re ba'am tog tsam re. Btsan-lha. Spelled mtho rtse. Lde'u 200. For flags called ma ṇi mtho rtse, see Buffetrille, PMK 208.

•THO 'TSHAM rivalling, harming, scoffing, mocking. co 'dri. Dbus-pa no. 185.

•THO YUL Samdo A IV 9v.6, 14v.5.

•THO YO rang rgyud ma grol spyod pa tho yo che. Ma 56.1.

•THO YOR monolith. scarecrow (made of earth and stone, with a clay pot on top with a face painted on it). This is often translated as cairn, which is indeed one of the meanings. See Yisun. sdong dum la sogs pa gyen du bslang ba. Btsan-lha. 476 V 50.4. tho yor la myi yod ma myong zhes pa. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 186.7. See mtho yor. In Lde'u 338, rtsa'i tho yor seems to mean a haystack.

•THO RA RA (?) See thor ra.

•THO RA RA CHA BA 'thor 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•THO RIS KYI YON TAN BDUN rigs kyi yon tan / gzugs kyi yon tan / 'byor ba'i yon tan / dbang phyug gi yon tan / shes rab kyi yon tan / tshe ring ba'i yon tan / nad med pa'i yon tan no. 600 91. See Jinpa, Mind Training 322, where they are not identified, but are attributed to Vasubandhu.

•THO RU [1] Among Pha dam pa's extraordinary abilities was this one: tho ru'i rten 'brel shes pa. Zhi-byed Coll. II 385.2. I wonder if it might be a reduced way of spelling thor bu (see under thor ra ). [2] a colt in its 2nd year. Yisun.

•THO RU PA thub pa'i bstan pa de nyid byin rlabs kyis // rab tu rgyas mdzad sprul pa tho ru pa // mkhas dang ku su lu bsogs bsam myi khyab. Zhi-byed Coll. V 527.3.

•THO RE LONG Also, tho re long nge ba. Scattered, not in detail, taking a bit here and there without making sense out of it.

•THO LE Namdak. re dga' re skyid tho le rgyal. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 115.5.

•THO LE DKAR PO chalk. Dhongthog.

•THO LE GRAGS tho le grags ni bu'i ming. Dpe-chos 513.

•THO LE BA 'phyur re ba. Btsan-lha.

•THO LE LE Namdak.

•THO SHU a writ of authorization accompanying the presentation of an official seal. TS5 671.

•THOG Also, tho ge. A secret way of saying 'eleven,' used by gamblers. Norbu, Drung 229.

•THOG DKAR MGO DGU See spang rtsi do bo.

•THOG KHEBS steng khebs. Nomads 239.

•THOG GU rtse mo. Btsan-lha.

•THOG LCAGS TS7 I 214. Some nice examples illus. in Precious Deposits II 310, III 80. JD 42. DG 110.2. Rin 61.

•THOG THOG OT = dang po. Blaṅ 301.3. dang po. thog ma'i dus. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 762. = dang por. Lcang-skya.

•THOG MTHA' BAR GSUM from beginning to end. Soundings 20.

•THOG DRUNG steng shod dam mtho dman. 367 II 132.6. nye ring ngam rtsa rtse'am rgyu 'bras. Btsan-lha.

THOG MDA' thunderbolt. Lit., lightning arrow. Example of usage in Lde'u 343.

•THOG RDE'U 'thunder pebbles.' objects (artifacts) found under the ground. Tucci, Lhasa 138. 56 34.

•THOG NAG MGO DGU See pa yag.

•THOG POR thog nyams pa. Btsan-lha. thog nyams. Dbus-pa no. 662. = thog nyams. Lcang-skya.

•THOG TSHAD the height of one story. Jackson.

•THOG RDZIS stepping on, controlling. Thondup, EL 123. seng ge'i snying khrag 'thung ba bya ba thog rdzis la zer ba yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. V 477.4.

•THOG SHAS ston thog 'bru'i phud. Btsan-lha. I think the literal meaning is 'share of the harvest.' rkum chad pas chod ngos kyis thog shas dbul lo. Punish the thieves and we will offer you a portion of the harvest. 'Gos, Stong-thun 15.6. It's the word used for the shares of crops the first people offered to the first king in return for protecting boundaries (of their fields and possessions).

•THOG SO Stein.

•THOGS THUG In the Ding ri brgya rtsa, also spelled thog thug, thog thub. obstruction, hindrance (something that gets in the way).

•THOGS PA Skt. pratigha. resistance. The intermediate state being doesn't encounter resistance from anything, not even diamond. Kachru in JAOS 137 (2017) 671.

•THOGS RE dus yun thung ba. Btsan-lha.

•THONG = mthong. "to see." Kuijp (1986) 38. Impv. of gtong ba.

•THONG ram (the animal). S. Hummel, On Zhang-zhung, LTWA (Dharamsala 2000), pp. 105, 108 n. 7.

•THONG KA brang. thong ga. Btsan-lha.

•THONG SKOR khor yug gam nye 'dabs. Btsan-lha.

•THONG KHOR OT = gar bu. Blaṅ 298.2. gar bu. gong bu. Btsan-lha. = gar bu. Lcang-skya. gar bu / gser gyi gar bu sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•THONG LCAGS lcags sdong. zhing rmo byed kyi thong pa'i lcags. Btsan-lha.

•THONG LCOGS iron spike (of a plow).

•THONG MDA' wooden shaft (of a plow). Dargyay, TVC 56.

•THONG PA A name for an early stage of development of a lamb or kid. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 38.

•THONG BU gsar du bu btsas pa. Btsan-lha.

•THONG MI PA rang nyid gsod par 'dod pa. Btsan-lha.

•THONG MYI dgra sha len par yong mkhan. Also spelled thong myig. Btsan-lha. Dotson, D&L 10. homicide. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•THONG MYI KHRIMS law of homicide. Dotson, D&L 69.

•THONG 'DZIN validation of a travel document (lam yig) by a District Commissioner. Goldstein, Taxation 17.

•THONG GSHOL plow. Illus. in Yisun.

•THONGS impv. of gtong ba?

•THONGS CHA dar skud. Btsan-lha.

•THOD [1] turban. [2] skull. [3] forehead. See gar thod. gtod pa'am sprod pa. Btsan-lha. Stein.

•THOD KAR In OT text, interpreted as 'white turban' (worn by Gshen priests). ZZFC 227.

•THOD DKAR Bellezza, D&B 154. As a possible spelling for the thug kar spirits, see Norbu, Drung 51.

•THOD DKAR SMUG PO SS 530.6.

•THOD GAL DU rim pa 'phar ba. Gces 583.2. Btsan-lha.

•THOD GRI gos sogs 'dra byed kyi gri dang gri khug. Btsan-lha.

•THOD RGAL Clearing the peak, crossover. A 'leap-over' on the Path to Enlightenment. A special practice of Ati-yoga. Klong-chen-pa 8.9 comm. Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 685.6. Germano, Poetic Thought 841. Gyatso, Apparitions 301-2. Guenther, Buddhist Philosophy 230, n. 23. This term appears in the Abhidharmakośa. See the English version, p. 968, where 'phar, Skt. pluta, 'jumper,' cognate to English 'float,' is one who is able to leap over, without abiding in, the intermediate states. The text of the commentary also defines the 'half-jumper' (ardhapluta, phyed 'phar). The term thod rgal itself occurs in Abhidharmakośa, chap. 8 (English version, p. 1248, where it is translated 'transitional absorption'). lar gang zag dbang po rab thod rgal du grol ba yang yod. Zhi-byed Coll. II 320.3. snying rje thod rgal du skye ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 264.5. For the 'leaper' in Asaṅga, see Wayman, BI 94, 315.

•THOD RGYAL go rim steng nas rgal ba'am rim pa 'chol ba. Btsan-lha.

•THOD TO mgo skra gyen du bcings pa'i thor cog. Btsan-lha.

•THOD THOD gang byung mang byung. Gces 582.4. ci thod thod ni rung rung ngam ci byung byung. BBNP 466. ci thod thod ni ci byung byung ngam ci rung rung dang ci phrad phrad sogs kyi ming. Dpe-chos 509. Btsan-lha. gang thod thod du. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 480.5 (481.1: gar thod thod bzlas pas).

•THOD RDING dbu'i gtsug tor. Btsan-lha.

•THOD PA CAN thod pa can gtsang sbra can du bsgyur du btub ni thod pa bzung nas gtsang tsog la mi 'dzem pa gtsang sbra can du bsgyur thub ces pa'o. Dpe-chos 517.

•THOD PA DANG 'GROGS PA rang gi thod pa gong du khur nas de dang mi 'bral ba ltar chos gong du khur nas de dang mi 'bral ba'i don no. Dpe-chos 512. Btsan-lha.

•THOD PA BOR CHOG enough to toss off the skull (metaphor for being done with life). Lde'u 411.

•THOD RUS BCU PA a medicinal preparation. BP 122.5, 354.1.

•THOD LE KOR JD 52. The dictionaries (Jaeschke, Das) say it is alabaster. thod lo skor gyis nam mkha' mtshon myi nus. Zhi-byed Coll. I 277.4. thod le kor ni rdo dkar po ri mo 'bri bskyed. Utpal 13.2. See ha shig. Thad le kor gyi phye ma, Skt. pralepaka, pralapaka (a kind of powdered lime plaster made from calcined seashells). Mvy. 5997, 5998. It could mean chalk or lime (as a construction material) or plaster (a compound of various materials?), I am not yet sure of it. Translated 'chalk' in Cabezón, Great Debates 77.

•THON KOR nye 'khor. Btsan-lha.

•THON BU BTSAS PA dang por gsar du btsas pa. Btsan-lha.

•THON TSHOD PO 'as much as you can draw [from the word and no more].' As a way of describing what literalness (sgra don) means. In effect, means inherent expressive capability [of a word].

•THOB Strike! Don't confuse the verb thob pa ('obtain') with the impv. of 'debs pa, as in gsol ba thob ('Pray!').

•THOB KYIS 'JAL BA OT = thabs kyis gzhan nor 'gugs pa. Blaṅ 301.5. Btsan-lha.

•THOB RGYAL [1] gzhan nor thabs kyis thob par byed pa. Btsan-lha. [2] pl. n.

•THOB TU YE MA THANG BA gtan nas thob mi thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•THOB PA MED PA Skt. aprāpti. See entry in Encyclopedia of Buddhism.

•THOB PA GSUM Achard, L'Essence 180 n. 95.

•THOB YIG Record of teachings received, including their lineages. For this and the similar but more respectful word gsan yig, see Alex Wayman, Untying the Knots in Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass (Delhi 1997), p. 221, note 8.

•THOB SHA 'share of meat,' dispute over allotments of other things, a scramble to get things that would appear to be up for grabs. Scrambling for one's share. Related to hab sha, of which it may be regarded as a synonym. Example of usage in Lde'u 200.

•THOM See mgo thom.

•THOM THOM thom thom don med bsmyon pa 'dra. Samdo A V 273r.2.

•THOM ME See zi thom me. See tho me ba.

[SHES PA] THOM YU RE BA = [rig pa] 'thom me ba. 367 I 242.5.

•THOMS KYIS Samdo A IV 189r.1.

•THOMS SHIG OT = soms shig. Blaṅ 301.2. Btsan-lha. soms shig. Dbus-pa no. 674. Lcang-skya.

•THO'U me tog kha ma 'bus pa'i gang bu. Btsan-lha.

Chu THOR blister. Dhongthog.

•THOR KHANG gar bu [ball, lump]. Dbus-pa no. 550.

•THOR COG topknot. Benjamin Bogin, The Dreadlocks Treatise: On Tantric Hairstyles in Tibetan Buddhism, History of Religions, vol. 48, no. 2 (2008), pp. 85-109, at p. 108.

•THOR COG CAN See do ker can.

•THOR TO OT [1] peak. [2] pointer (in a balance scale). [3] hair tuft. = rtse mo. Blaṅ 306.4. rtse mo. thor tshugs ('hair tuft'). Btsan-lha. [Śrīgupta thinks his wife will reveal his secret plan to kill the Buddha], so he grabbed her by the hair tuft, put her in the house, and stuck in the door bolt. de'i thor to nas bzung ste khyim du bcug nas sgo gtan bcug go. Toh. no. 217 (Śrīgupta Sūtra), p. 541.3. Also spelled thor tho, q.v.

•THOR THO rtse mo. Btsan-lha. Also spelled thor to.

•THOR PO rdza ri'i ming. Nomads 239.

•THOR BA thor ba ni rma shu thor. Dpe-chos 516. Evidently this can mean diseases that include pustules, like smallpox.

•THOR BU [1] scattered bit (including scattered or miscellaneous literary works). [2] young person, teenager. Yisun gives it as a synonym for gzhon nu. [3] a skin disease. pags nad kyi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•THOR 'BRUM 'rash.' Dhongthog.

•THOR TSHUGS hair tuft. thor rtsug la bzung btsun mos g.yang la dkyur. Zhi-byed Coll. I 284.7.

•THOR RA thor bu. Gces 587.6. Btsan-lha.

•THOR RE THOR RE sman rang gis za ba thor re thor re tsam las myi 'dug gsung ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. III 162.2.

•THOL SKYES suddenly arisen.

•THOL GYIS adv. suddenly. C&LT 170.

•THOL THOL easily. ZZFC 234.

•THOL BYUNG BA suddenly produced (rnam rtog). 91 I 605.1. glo bur du byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•THOL TSHANGS rang gi nyes pa ci yod mi gsang bar bshad pa. Btsan-lha.

•THOL LE gsal le. Gces 587.4. gsal le ba. Btsan-lha.

•THOS PA'I YON TAN Skt. śrāvakaguṇa. The three qualities of listening are: thos pa mang ba, thos pa'i gzhi can, and thos pa bsag par bya. Verhagen, SIBH4 566.

•THRA lham gyi sgra zhig. Btsan-lha.

•THRIG THRIG squeaking of shoes. Beyer, CT Lang. 85, 147. A sound that, according to vinaya, should not be made with the shoes. ko lham 'khrogs pa'i sgra lta bu. Btsan-lha.

•THRIGS lus kyi ljid phab nas 'dug skabs kyi sgra lta bu. Btsan-lha.

•GTHANG OT gthang / thang zhes pa'i brda rnying. Gser Sbram 11.

•MTHANG See bla mthang. (mthad?) = smad. Blaṅ 516.6. mdangs. smad. sha'am nang khrol. Btsan-lha. sang phyod kyi tshis byed pa'i mkhan po tsho 'khor 'das kyi sha mthang 'byed pa'i dus 'dir rang gis rang ma bslu'. Zhi-byed Coll. II 230.2. Here it obviously means entrails, innards. khyod kyi sku gsung thugs la 'khrul pa yi // nyes pa'i dri ma byung ba mthang re rkan. Eimer, Testimonia 52 (other mss. read mtheng and mthong).

•MTHANG GRANG Prob. bad spelling for mkhrang thang. See Kuijp in JAOS 111, p. 100. mtha' ma 'khyol ba. Btsan-lha.

•MTHANG GOS Outer part of the lower part of the monastic robes (the 'skirt'), prescribed in vinaya texts. Skt. antarvāsa. Perhaps best translated as the 'inner robe,' it had to be worn at all times. It might be the only one of the 3 robes worn on hot days working inside the monastery. The bla gos (q.v.) might be added, and finally the rdul gzan (q.v.) which was draped around the other two.

•MTHANG COG nang ngam nang sha. Btsan-lha.

•MTHANGS kun nam thams cad. Btsan-lha. Matthew Kapstein, "The Commentaries of the Four Clever Men," East and West, vol. 59, nos. 1-4 (2009), pp. 107-130, at p. 115: "of uncertain meaning, though no doubt referring to a type of sortilege."

•MTHAD an old or alternative spelling for 'thad.

•MTHA' SKYA Haarh, Yar-luṅ 366.

•MTHA' BSKOR RI BSKOR BYAS to go all the way around the outer edge, all around the mountain. An expression for seeing something from every possible angle. Pabongka, Liberation II 29.

•MTHA' KHOB border barbarians is the usual translation. G. Hazod in his article "From the Good Tradition to Religion," p. 14, says the syllable khob here means 'raw.'

•MTHA' GONG SHAN gos kyi mtha' dang / gos kyi phu dung gi rtse dang / gong ba bcas par ras sam gcan gzan gyi pags pa'i shan cha sbyar ba'o. Nomads 271.

•MTHA' GRU OT = rgya khyon. See also thag gru & tha gru. Blaṅ 288.2. Lcang-skya.

•MTHA' GROL Karmay, Great Perfection 189 n. 71.

•MTHA' BRGYAD MU BZHI Gser Sbram 363.

•MTHA' GCIG in a place apart, in privacy, in isolation. Skt. rahas (but more usually translating Skt. ekāntam, 'solely, exclusively, invariably'). Aśvaghoṣa, Buddhacarita, chap. 3, verse 17.

•MTHA' GCOD PA similar in meaning to thag gcod pa, but used in a bit more philosophical contexts.

•MTHA' BCAD outlining along an outer edge. Jackson.

•MTHA' CHAGS kha tshar gyi mtha' btsems pa. Btsan-lha.

•MTHA' CHAGS SU rim pa bzhin du. Btsan-lha.

•MTHA' CHEN A kind of ultimate 'end' of A ti / Dzogchen. As possibly name of an orally transmitted tradition, see TTT 2.

•MTHA' GNYIS rtag pa'i mtha' dang / chad pa'i mtha'o. 600 5.

•MTHA' RTEN Germano, Poetic Thought 857.

•MTHA' RTOGS PA namkha'i mtha' mthong ba'am mthar phyin. Gces 584.6.

•MTHA' BRTUL mjug sdud pa. Btsan-lha.

•MTHA' DRUG TSHUL BZHI Broido in JTS II. Stein. 397 V 5.

•MTHA' SDUD picking up the loose ends, putting together the details (?). Klong-chen-pa 12.19 comm.

•MTHA' DPYOD detailed investigation. Vostrikov, Critical 63, 71 ff. Often misspelled thal spyod & thal sbyor & mtha' gcod. This signifies the MOST detailed form of commentary which brings out arguments for & against various things contained in a text & tries to establish veracity through use of syllogistic logic. Acc. to Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 18, this is a kind of teacher's guide devoted not to a general outline, but to specific difficult points in the subject to be studied.

•MTHA' BRAL [= mtha' bzhi bral ba] devoid of the 'four extremes' (Skt. caturanta), that Buddhists must, by definition, avoid. 'Without extreme views.' Klong-chen-pa 3.6 comm.

•MTHA' MI foreigner. Karmay, Great Perfection 29.

•MTHA' MTSHAMS border, border area. The small Lde'u consistently spells it as thang mtshams.

•MTHA' BZHI 'dul ba lung las / bsags pa kun gyi mtha' 'dzad cing // mthon po rnams kyi mtha' lhung 'gyur // phrad pa'i mtha' ni 'bral ba ste // gson pa'i mtha' ni 'chi ba yin zhes gsungs pa ltar / bsags mtha' 'dzad pa dang / mtho mtha' lhung ba / 'dus mtha' 'bral ba / skyes mtha' 'chi ba ste bzhi'o. Gser Sbram 296.

•MTHA' BZHI'I KHU BA BZHI LDAN a medicinal preparation. BP [?].

•MTHA' BZHI THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 5v.5.

•MTHA' ZUR 'welt.' Dhongthog.

•MTHA' ZEGS PA gos kyi mtha' zad ral byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•MTHA' YAS 1. sa gzhi. 2. klu rgyal bye brag pa. Blaṅ 528.

•MTHA' RU SKYED PA Stein.

•MTHA' LU See bya po mtha' lu. "fine cock." Skorupski, TA.

•MTHA' SHAN 'welt.' Dhongthog.

•MTHA' GSEB mtha' yi bar. Btsan-lha.

•MTHAR GYIS OT = rim gyis. Blaṅ 287.4. Btsan-lha. mthar gyis ni rim gyis zhes pa'i don. Gser Sbram 297. = rim gyis. Lcang-skya. gradually, eventually. C&LT 170.

•MTHAR GYIS BZHAG PA 'jur mdud med pa. Btsan-lha.

•MTHAR CHAGS ='thar chags. Skt. sāvadāna. Mvy. 8567. Acc. to Silk, Dissert. 347, this word is used in context of the rules for begging rounds, meaning that one should go in a regular and systematic order (not skipping houses here and there).

•MTHAR THUG actualized. Skt. niṣṭa; paryanta. Klong-chen-pa 5.6.

•MTHING azurite, deep blue color. mthing chu: light, watery azurite paint. mthing 'bru: deepest azure-colored paint. mthing shul: medium blue azurite pigment. mthing shog: black paper. mthing skya: light blue. mthing zhun: azurite (the substance). Indigo blue. Anyetsang in TSB 15 (1980) 6. = mthing zhun. JD 55. SS 505.4. (I believe mistakenly) translated as sapphire in ZZFC 223. Identified, along with the Skt. rājavarta that it translates, with lapis lazuli. Simioli, AG 57.

•MTHING KHA mthing gi kha dog. Btsan-lha.

•MTHING RGYUS JD 51. serpentine. A lightish green variety is called spang rgyus. Rin 120.

•MTHING SNGON Azurite. Also called mthing, ku su'i khams, dus kyi me tog, bya khyung rdo, mig sman sngon po, me tog mig sman, me tog ze, gsal ldan, gsal ba can. Rin 129.

•MTHING BRANG mthing ni mdog sngon dang brang ni gur la 'jug pas gur sngon po'i don yin par bshad. Gser Sbram 11.

•MTHING RIL JD 259. = 'jam sgra ldan.

Skam pa MTHING RIL MCHU lit., 'wild duck beak.' surgical pinchers pictured in JD 275 (item 1).

•MTHING RIL BYA bya ka dam pa. Something like a pigeon, but with redder beak. Btsan-lha.

•MTHING SHUN Said to be copper sulphate, which is blue in its main form. Hence it is used for a deep blue color. Lde' 341. I believe an incorrect spelling mthing shing is interpreted as powder of 'monoliths of turquoise' in Simioli, AG 54. Discussion in ATPP 67.

•MTHING SHOG This type of paper is mentioned in 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 192.4. Its making, at least in time of 5th Dalai Lama, involved sizing with animal brain matter. Cüppers, Remarks. BLKC I 245.

•MTHING SLAD smod pa'i tshig. Btsan-lha. mthing slad ni / phal skad la / skyon gtam zer ba ltar. Kun-dga'-rin-chen, Works (2003) III 560.2.

•MTHIL [1] palm [of the hand] or sole [of the foot]. [2] the measure of the length of the palm and fingers of the hand, a synonym for cha chen. Jackson. [3] essence, heart, chief [of a group of persons or things]. snying po. gtso bo sogs. Btsan-lha. See under thil (or even thel), which seems to have same range of meanings.

•MTHIL GTOD PA Stein.

•MTHU BSGYING klu. Btsan-lha.

•MTHU BSGRAGS nyi ma.

•MTHU BA lhag par ram ngan pa. Btsan-lha.

•MTHU ZOR magische Wurfwaffe. Kaschewsky2.

•MTHUG PO LNGA Refers to the five aspirated letters, gha, jha, bha, dha and ḍha, which are not used in Tibetan. Naga in TJ 24 no. 3 (1999) 67.

•MTHUD join, connect. Hill, Review 175.

•MTHUN RKYEN favorable condition[s].

•MTHUN 'JUG to make adjustments to conform with something else. conformity. ting nge 'dzin rgyud la skye ba la phyi'i mthun 'jug spong dgos pa. Zhi-byed Coll. II 168.7; IV 233.7, 234.4, 240.1. ngo srung mthun 'jug 'jig rten pa'i chos lugs yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 280.5 (further discussion follows). mthun 'jug ni byang chug gyi dgra yin no gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 71.6. The problem of harmonizing the concept of harmony as a positive virtue, and conformity as a negative virtue is a difficult one. Hajime Nakamura wrote an article called "The Significance of Harmony in Buddhist Thought." Perhaps there is some answer there.

•MTHUN 'JUG GI GROGS khyo shug. Btsan-lha.

•MTHUN PA SPUN BZHI Pabongka, Liberation II 270.

•MTHUN PA'I DHARMA Karmay, Great Perfection 95, 97.

•MTHUN SHAS ston thog gi phud dang / dpya khra. Btsan-lha.

•MTHUB 'thib. Btsan-lha.

•MTHUR See under rta mthur. An early example of usage in Bellezza, L&T 49: gser mthur ser mo mthur.

•MTHUR MDA' halter-rope, = mthur thag. bod sna leb pas lha la mthur mda' ma thogs pas. Flat-nosed Tibetans have not attached their halter-ropes to the deity. Zhi-byed Coll. II 252.3. dngos grub kyi mthur mda' myi thogs. Ibid. II 463.7. mchog la mthur mda' thogs na thun myong zhar la 'byung ba yin no. "Those who have attached their halter-ropes to the supreme, will in the course of things have the ordinary [accomplishments]." Zhi-byed Coll. IV 42.2.

•MTHUS MA TSHUR KHRID MA n. for a 'bri when it has given birth to its first yak calf. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 38.

•MTHE 'KHOR See Aris in BSOAS XXXIX (1976) 632.

•MTHE BO'I LTO GANG mthe bong gi zheng tshad kyi sor gcig gi tshad. Btsan-lha.

•MTHE BONG thumb. The size of the Atman; see Matthew Kapstein, "The Commentaries of the Four Clever Men," East and West, vol. 59, nos. 1-4 (2009), pp. 107-130, at p. 110.

•MTHE'U CHUNG Skt. kaniṣṭhakā trikā. Mvy. 3982. = the'u chung. Skt. kanīnikā. Mvy. 3981. The little finger.

•MTHEB Used in a metaphor (rang gi mtheb gang po ma shor bar) explained in 367 II 129.5.

•MTHEB KYIS SHA NON PA shed che zhing gzhan gyis bsdo bar mi phod pa. Btsan-lha.

•MTHEB DRES pickpocket. Norbu in TTT 238.

•MTHEB MDZUB BAR GYI GAR SHA DD illus. 1.

•MTHEB LONG mthe bong la bskon rgyu'i krad kor. Btsan-lha. shu gu theb long gang la. Zhi-byed Coll. III 77.5.

•MTHO 'span.' The distance from the extended thumb to the tip of the middle finger, = cha chen. Jackson. Vitali, Tho.ling 66. The bde bar gshegs pa'i mtho gang, 'span of the Tathāgata' is a measurement equivalent to 1 and 1 half cubits of a medium sized man, in vinaya terminology (this acc. to Dalai Lama XIV, Advice from Buddha Shakyamuni; note that Karma Lekshe Tsomo, Sisters in Solitude, p. 160, says it is equivalent to 1 foot and 2 inches). BA 624. Stein.

•MTHO DOGS Stein.

•MTHO LDING n. for 'thunderstones.' See under thog rde'u. 56 34.

•MTHO BLA the highest ranking monastic official. Vitali, Tho.ling 139.

•MTHO BTSAMS PA 'gran pa. gtses pa. Btsan-lha.

•MTHO BRTSAMS PA 'gran zla'am brnyas bcos sam gnod pa byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•MTHO YOR mi 'greng ba lta bu'i rdo rtseg. Btsan-lha. See tho yor. 'khrul pa gzhi' la myed pa mtho' yor la myi'i ngo bos stongs pa lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 471.7. mtho' yor myi ru shes pas de tshe 'jigs dang bral. Ibid. I 311.1. lus mi rtag mtho yor dang 'dra ste 'jig pa'i chos can. Zhi-byed Coll. V 133.6.

•MTHO RIS YON TAN BDUN Epstein, Dissertation 175. Gser Sbram 360.

•MTHO RIS GSHEGS lha yul du gshegs zhes shi ba'i zhe sa. Btsan-lha.

•MTHO LAM I thought maybe a mistake for thu lum (?), but it occurs several times in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 233.1, 234.2, and seems to mean something like high position or pride of status (or in one's goodness; see ibid. IV 238.5). mtho lam ma snyogs pa'i dman sa myi rtsis med pa. Zhi-byed Coll. V 195.5. chos kyi mthun rkyen 'jig rten pa'i mtho lam men bar bstan pa. Zhi-byed Coll. V 463.7.

•MTHONG BKUR privilege and honour. Sources.

•MTHONG KHYAB stong sde las che ba'i srid 'dzin las khungs. Btsan-lha. Roberto Vitali has also argued against it being an ethnonym in favor of it being a particular military unit composed of various clan elements.

•MTHONG GA OT = brang. Blaṅ 286.3. Lcang-skya.

•MTHONG RGOL bar snang la 'phyo ba. Btsan-lha. OZZ 116.

•MTHONG RGYUN Shortened version of the phrase mthong ba brgyud pa'i phyag srol. Customs transmitted by sight (and not through verbalizations of any kind). See Michael Aris, review of the G. Lodrö history of 'Bras spungs contained in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 41, no. 2 (1978), pp. 398-400.

•MTHONG BRGYUD Longer form: mthong ba brgyud pa'i phyag bzhes. Practices learned through seeing them done. Gerke, BKT 870.

•MTHONG CHOS Samdo A III 271r.1. See mthong ba'i chos.

•MTHONG PHUL mthong rgya. Btsan-lha.

•MTHONG BA'I CHOS Skt. dṛṣṭadharma (Pāli diṭṭhadhamma). obvious or evident thing. Mvy. 2774. the here and now, the secular realm. See the long entry for diṭṭhadhamma in Malalasekera's encyclopaedia, vol. 4, pp. 635-638.

•MTHONG BA'I CHOS LA MYONG BAR 'GYUR BA a type of karma whose results will be 'seen directly' during the same lifetime. Pabongka, Liberation II 266. experiencing effects of actions in the here and now.

•MTHONG BZHED a type of mirror (?). ZZFC 239.

•MTHONG SROL customary privileges. Sources.

•MTHONGS an opening in a forest canopy (also, sky light). bar mtshams stong pa'i don. Gser Sbram 299. de nas gnam gyi mthongs phye. Then he opened the skylight of the firmament. Lde'u 235. Alexander, Temples 23. An upper viewing deck of a building. Lde'u 290. For the 'smoke hole' see Rolf Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 147, where he lists its four possible functions as 1. smoke hole, 2. sky light, 3. door [going back to times when people lived underground] and 4. opening for rainwater [associated with a cistern]. On p. 156, he gives as synonyms dkar mthong, skar mthong, sbas mthong, gnam mthong and rgya mthong.

•MTHONGS KA lus kyi brang. Btsan-lha.

•MTHON TING sngon po. Btsan-lha.

•MTHON BA heights. See Bellezza, D&B 106.

•MTHON MO mtshan mo. Btsan-lha.

•MTHOR YAS mthor yas srangs su 'jug dgos. Zhi-byed Coll. II 24.4. rang rgyud la mthor yas kyis dbang byas nas. Ibid. II 24.7 (also, 25.2).

•MTHOL smras. Dbus-pa no. 676. = smra ba. = mi spong pa. Lcang-skya. confess. Hill, Review 175.

•MTHOL CIG smros shig. Btsan-lha.

•MTHOL BA OT = smra ba. = mi sbed pa. Blaṅ 301.2.

•MTHOS abbr. of mtho ris? Valby.

•MTHOS PA jo sras ma khyod rang myig spangs mthos pa yin gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 306.2. 'khor ba las blo ma log par 'bras bu byang chub thob tu re ba lta ba mthos pa yin gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 166.4. [regionalism] too high, very high. Yisun.

•'THAG to get boiled down. The transitive form is gdu. NNV.

•'THAG THANG See under gos sku.

•'THAG DRUB MA woven thangka. Jackson. Silk handwoven tapestry. Anyetsang in TSB 15 (1980) 7.

•'THAG PA I wonder why this verb may mean both grinding (as in milling flour) and weaving (as in cloth).

•'THAD PA [1] be agreeable. [2] correspondence. Klong-chen-pa 13.8 comm.

•'THAN PO 'gyur ba med pa'i brtan po'am nan po. Btsan-lha.

•'THAB KROL gnod rgyu sgrub pa. 'thab mo dang gnod pa. Btsan-lha. rtsod gzhi'am 'thab mo'i rgyu. Utpal 13.3. = gnod rgyu. Lcang-skya.

•'THAB GROL OT = gnod rgyu. Blaṅ 293.2.

•'THAB CHAD fight penalty. Sources.

•'THAB NOR 'dab nor. Gser Sbram 136.

•'THAB PHYOG GCIG SGYUR United Front, an organ of the party which tries to form broad pretended alliances ('united fronting') with non-party groups and ultimately coopt them for the party's purposes. Barnett, Resistance.

•'THAB BER go khrab. Btsan-lha.

•'THAB MO Stein.

•'THAB MO DKROL rtsod pa slong ba. 'thab mo'am gnod pa'i rgyu. Btsan-lha.

•'THAB RTSOD KYI SDUG BSNGAL Expl. in Gser Sbram 19.

•'THAB RA = 'dzing ra. = 'jigs ra. battle-fence, stockade. Sources. 'thab rags. Nomads 239.

•'THAM embrace, hold. Tan, Theses 153 n. 16.

•'THAM PO = sha la g.yu ri. YTTM 293.15.

•'THAMS PA OT = byams pa. Blaṅ 300.2. Lcang-skya. See shi spar 'thams. gtam chad byed pa. phan tshun gtam 'dres pa dang / phebs par smra ba. byams pa. spyo ba. brda byas pa sogs. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 634.

•'THAMS MED PA legs skyes sam 'khyos ma. Btsan-lha.

•'THAMS SHIG song zhig. Btsan-lha.

•'THAS PA btab pa'am khag po. Gces 582.1.

•'THING [1] certain. nges pa. Btsan-lha. [2] See mthing.

•'THING SLAD yid kyis brnyas thabs byed pa'i sgo nas 'phya ba dang smod pa. Btsan-lha.

•'THIB GNON gnyid 'thib bzhin pa'i skabs / glo bur du gzhan gcig gis mnan pa lta bu'i snang ba byung ba la zer. A feeling of being pressed down upon (by a ghost or spirit) in one's sleep. Gser Sbram 136 (and see Norbu Chophel, Folk Culture of Tibet, p. 28).

•'THUG PA mthug pa'i brda rnying. Btsan-lha.

•'THUG PO OT = stug po. Blaṅ 284.5.

•'THUNG BYED PA Skt. dodhaka. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•'THUD allowances (supplied in kind by the public to officials on tour). Sources. mthud pa'i brda rnying. Btsan-lha.

•'THUN PA mthun pa. Btsan-lha.

•'THUB PA gtub pa. Btsan-lha.

•'THUR get angry. TS6 130.

•'THUR BA 'khrugs pa. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•'THUL DU BCUG chad pas bcad pa. Btsan-lha.

•'THUL BA to spread widely. Jamspal, Treasury 218.

•'THENG RKANG MA See tshig 'theng po (BBNP 466).

•'THENG KHYER LING NGE CHA NGES rkang pa 'theng 'khyar re ling ling nge byas te 'gro nges zhes pa ste cha nges ni 'gro nges sam rgyug nges zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 513. Btsan-lha.

•'THEN With meaning of 'descended from.' Lhagyal in Karmay, New Horizons 438.

•'THEN 'KHYER contention.

•'THEN PA Stein.

•'THEB mchod rgyun gtong ba'i thebs. Btsan-lha.

•'THEB MA lhag ma. Btsan-lha.

•'THEM to be completed (up to an aimed-for amount). NNV. Example of usage in Lde'u 167.

•'THEMS NAN nan tan. Btsan-lha.

•'THEMS PA made effort. Zhi-byed Coll. I 462.1, II 153.4 (also, line 7), 165.4.

•'THEMS PA MI 'PHYUG PA chad lhag spong ba'am / kha tshang ba dang / mnan pa. Btsan-lha.

•'THOG PA Namdak. to pluck (feathers). Jamspal, Treasury 85.

•'THON to emerge, depart, come out (of hiding). NNV.

•'THON RTSIS Stein.

•'THON SHOG Stein.

•'THOB PA See 'debs pa.

•'THOB PAR LCOGS PA NA GNAS PA lag pa slebs pa'i thag nye na gnas pa. Btsan-lha.

•'THOM PA dam pa da mgo 'thom par 'dug zhus pas / mos pa drag po myi byed gsol ba shi dungs pa myi 'debs par mgo' bas mjug ma yang 'thom par mchi yis gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 338.7.

•'THOR 'THUNG mngon par bzlas pa'i chus khrus byas pa. Btsan-lha. Mantrified bathwater.

•'THOR 'THUNG BYA BA'I GNAS kha bshal ba dang / gdong dang lag pa sogs bkru ba'i sa cha. Btsan-lha.

•'THOR BA Stein.

•'THOR RA = 'thor ba. "to become scattered." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•'THOL BA mthol ba. Btsan-lha.

*DA*

•DA schon (already). Kretsch.

•DWA dwa phrug. Btsan-lha.

•DA KI NAS Stein.

•DA KO OT = da ni. Blaṅ 287.3. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 111. Lcang-skya.

•DA GIN da gin gyi mi, the just-mentioned man. Lde'u 199.

•DA GIN NAS adv. some time ago, quite awhile back. C&LT 170.

•DA GIN RANG adv. just a little while ago. C&LT 170.

•DA RGAN TM IV 44. Yangga's dissert., p. 207.

•DA RGOD LW 472.

•DA CI awhile back, just recently.

•DA CHU dngul chu. rgya mtshal. Btsan-lha. JD 70. See dngul chu. See mtshal. SS 406.2. DG 105.4, 116.6. Simioli, AG 44. Gerke, TP 17. Hydragyrum sulphidum (mercury sulfide). Rin 80.

•DWA JA See rdo ja.

•DA TRIG See Das (an added note suggests it might be Zhang-zhung). JD 91. SS 448.2. KP1 177.3. KP3 309.7. KP4 496.1. = am bhi ya, skyur mo. DG 199.2. Rhus semi-alata. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27.

•DA TRIG DGU a medicinal preparation. BP 184.3, 239.2.

•DA TRIG NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 108. Lag-len 77.5. TMC 52 (113).

•DA TRIG BDUN a medicinal preparation. BP 184.3.

•DA DA GI See a byag.

•DA DI SIB See thar nu.

•DA DU RA See thang phrom.

•DA DUNG adv. still. da dung ma slebs. Still has not arrived. C&LT 170.

•DA DHA KHRA BO KP1 212.3. dha dha khro bo in KP3 322.5.

•DA GDOD da cha'am 'di dag. Btsan-lha. da gdod ni da nas nam zhig na'am par zhig na zhes pa la 'jug go. Eimer, Dbyangs 58. now and then. Jamspal, Treasury 209. subsequently, thereafter, thereupon. now (but often used in a regrettable situation). C&LT 170.

•DA NUR OR, da bur. "place for burning." = sreg gnas. Lcang-skya (here spelled da bur). A term used to translate Skt. kandu in the translation of Siddhasāra. Borrowed from Persian. Velm I 67. This da nur might be the Persian (and Biblical Hebrew, etc.) word for 'oven,' even if Emmerick didn't think so. The spelling da nur does in fact occur once, in sense of a kind of oven, in Vinayavibhaṅga. Actually, it seems well established that the Hebrew word is finally from Akkadian (tīnūru, 'oven'), which is probably Sumerian tinur. From this comes the Aramaic, Syrian and finally Arabic (tannūr). It is even behind the 'tanduri' in tandoori chicken. In the Hebrew Bible, it occurs a number of times as a portable stove or fire-pot. (I think that both the Hebrew and the Tibetan words were most likely borrowed from Persian.) In the following discussion the word is misspelled "dbur," and the glossary maker is aware that this happened because of a misplacement of the dividing tseg syllable-marker: sreg gnas / tsha sreg gi gnas lta bu / li shi'i gur khang dang / li shi'i me tog tu / dbur ni sreg gnas zhes yod pa dang / 'dir dbur zhes phyung ba bar tsheg nyams [63r1] pa'i skyon byung. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•DA PO giraffe. Yongdan, TCW 105.

•DA PHUR burning place. bsreg gnas. Dbus-pa no. 300. See da nur, and notice also the form da bur.

•DWA PHRUG Waisenkind ('orphan'). Kaschewsky 83. Samdo A II 285r.6. da phrug ma dang phrad pa yis / the tsom dri ma sel bar byed. Zhi-byed Coll. I 304.5. Spelled do phrug in the following: gnyer byed myed pa'i do phrug gos sar pa'i re thag chad pas. An orphan who isn't entrusted to anyone has no hopes for new clothes, but isn't unhappy in wearing wornout ones. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 120.3. Daruka (Tib. Dwa-rog??), meaning 'young boy,' is a name of Shiva's son. On orphans and widows joining monasteries and nunneries, see Wayman, BI 47.

•DWA BA JD 146. SS 469.5. = g.yar zhu. LW 472. TM IV 64. Das. = sa 'og bdud rtsi, srin 'joms, 'bro ma rtsi, ldum rgod, a lu, kha skrangs, kha tsha ba. DG 271.6. Snake plant. Jack in the pulpit. Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. TDD 18.

•DA BU Bellezza, D&B 142 (da pu).

•DA BUR sreg gnas. Btsan-lha. See da nur.

•DWA BUR gcig pu'am gcer bu. Btsan-lha.

•DA BYID Or, dwa byid. lizard. See gangs sbal. KP1 183.1.

•DA BYID DKAR PO KP1 26.4. = la thod dkar po, bya rgod sug pa. DG 261.6. KP3 249.1. KP4 381.5.

•DA BYID BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. BP 285.6.

•DA BYID GSANG BA DGU SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 286.6.

•DA BRAG da bar. Btsan-lha.

•DA MAG = tha ma kha. tobacco. LW 532.

•DA TSUG BYED da ni ci byed. Btsan-lha.

•DA TSHA = shing tsha thug po. YTTM 292.9.

•DA TSHUR RY dictionary says it means alum. So does Rin 160, where we find synonyms: dkar tshur, tshur dkar, mtshur dkar, rgya mtshur dkar po. Also spelled dar tshur. See dkar tshur.

•DA TSHOD LW 472.

•DA ZHOG (Amdo) = da nang, this morning. MTTP.

•DA GZOD = slad ma. "later." Kuijp (1986) 34. Translated as "over the course of time" in BA 604.

•DA 'UR glo bur. Btsan-lha.

•DA 'OG up until now. Zhi-byed Coll. II 426.

•DA YANG in Zukunft. Kretsch.

•DA G.YUNG LW 472.

•DA RA or, dar ba, 'buttermilk.' Havnevik, Dissertation 299. Dhongthog. Have seen it spelled dar ra.

•DA RA KA CHE sog skad de / dmag srid gnyis kar dbang ba'i dpon po che gras kyi go gnas shig. Gser Sbram 136.

•DA RI DRA sprang po'i bya bral ba. Rtse-le VIII 427.

•DA RI BA Pomegranate juice. Chag 97.

•DA RIS See under da res.

•DA RUNG once again, even now, now then, what is more... It may translate Skt. adya, or adyāpi.

•DA RE See under ta re.

•DA RED nun, wohlan denn. ZAS VII 474.

•DA RES Sometimes da ris, da rwis, dwa ris, etc. this turn, this time around.

•DA LI JD 106. = ba lu. SS 488.5. = 'bal bu sur dkar. = dung shing, sur dkar, bdud rtsi da li. DG 217.4. KP1 61.5. KP3 267.4. KP4 406.2. Mdo 170.

•DWA LI DKAR PO Rhododendron anthopogon. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27.

•DWA LI BCU DRUG a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 16. Lag-len 15.3. = da li bcu drug. TMC 25 (49). BP 162.2, 332.6. BT 28r.1.

•DWA LI BCO BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 79. Lag-len 56.3. = dwa li bco brgyad. TMC 54 (118). BP 246.3, 383.4.

•DA LI DRUG PA a medicinal preparation. RR 77. BT 22r.5. BP 146.1.

•DA LI BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. RR 77. BP 146.2.

•DWA LI NAG PO Rhododendron lepidotum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27.

•DWA LIS A kind of rhododendron? = da li. Fundamentals 15.3 (item 16). Singh (p. 179): From Sanskrit tālīśa, perhaps Taxus baccata Linn. or more likely a species of Rhododendron. Clifford, list.

•DA LES = pa lu. YTTM 291.26.

•DA SHUL YOGS SU da lta phebs shor du'am lam zhor du. Btsan-lha.

•DA HA NA See tsi tra ka.

•DAG as a suffix syllable, sometimes used after numbers and so on, it isn't exactly a plural marker, but is doing something else. For a discussion of what it does, see Michael Hahn, "On the Function and Origin of the Particle dag," Tibetan Studies (Zurich 1978), pp. 137-147.

•DAG GU phye ma. Btsan-lha.

•DAG CING RNAM NGES Skt. śuddhavirāj. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•DAG THER GNANG purify, refine.

•DAG DUG gos sogs ngan pa'am rnying pa. Btsan-lha.

•DAG SNANG Acc. to Rnying ma pa teachings, received in vision, distinguished from gter ma & dgongs gter.

•DAG PA [1] pure. [2] correct. [3] sometimes, 'uniformity, unanimity.'

•DAG PA 'JIG RTEN PA'I YE SHES A term used by Śāntipa in his Hevajra sādhana, for the ye shes in post-meditation phase, rjes thob (aftereffect of the āvikalpajñāna in meditative equipoise, mnyam gzhag). Skt. śuddhalaukikajñāna.

•DAG PA GNYIS nyon mongs pa dang shes bya'i sgrib pa gnyis dag pa'am / rang bzhin gyis dag pa dang glo bur gyis dri mas dag pa gnyis / de gnyis ldan pa'i dbyings mthar thug ni sangs rgyas ngo bo nyid sku'o. Gser Sbram 160.

•DAG BYED 1. rtswa ku sha. 2. rlung. 3. rlung lha. 4. chu. 5. me. 6. kha dog dkar po. Blaṅ 528. See nye shing.

•DAG RA ra ba. Btsan-lha.

•DAG SA GSUM dag pa'i sa gsum. The three highest of the ten bhūmis.

•DWAGS SMAN BCO LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 66. Lag-len 45.1. TMC 17 (31). dwags po'i sman nag bco lnga. BP 327.5. Trungram, Gampopa 42.

•DANG Acc. to Stein, equiv. to rang.

•DANG KA (sp?) KP4 555.2.

•DANG KA 'BYED PA zas za bar spro ba. Btsan-lha.

•DANG KO dwangs po Btsan-lha.

•DANG KYOG The name for the 'opening crook'. Synonym of dang thog, and yig mgo, evidently. It is of Indian origins. It may originally have been meant to represent the spiral of the conch. CHWT 311.

•DANG KHA LDOG PA zhen kha log pa. 367 II 132.2.

•DWANG GA Central Tibetan for yi ga (q.v.).

•DANG THOG Evidently a contraction of the words dang po & thog ma, meaning the very first or the original. Used several times in Bon Kanjur (192-vol. version) CXLII 41-42, to mean the yig mgo (the 'leading letter,' or snake-heads used at the beginning of a dpe cha page). I searched TBRC and could not locate a single true match among the 200 'hits.'

•DANG DING Zhi-byed Coll. II 260.2. Bellezza, D&B 63. See under 'a 'u.

•DANG DU BLANG BA undertake [to do something], take it upon one's self, apply yourself to, accept responsibility for. accept voluntarily. Jamspal, Treasury 24.

•DANG DU BLANG BA RNAM PA GSUM bla ma dang du blang na gdams ngag 'byung / sgom pa dang du blang na nyams skye / ting nge 'dzin dang du blang na rtogs pa 'phel lo. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 38r.2.

•DANG PO'I MGON PO In generation stage of Guhyasamāja, the initial deity form that is said to correspond to the death of the bar do being. In Nāth literature, see discussion in Dasgupta, ORC 195.

•DANG PO'I RDO RJE initial Vajra. The Vajra that appears in the mngon byang lnga. Equivalent to sems dpa'i rdo rje.

•DANG BA Stein. dga' ba dang dad pa don gnyis la 'jug par 'dir phyi ma'o. Gser Sbram 43. pure integrity, enthusiasm (quite difficult to encapsulate in one English word).

•DANG MO dang po. Btsan-lha.

•DANG ZHUS When this appears at the end of a manuscript it means it has undergone an initial proofreading. See, for example, Harrison in Steinkellner Festschrift, p. 239.

•DANG ZAM Namdak.

•DANG RA ra skor ram bla gab med pa'i ra ba. Btsan-lha. ZZ for 'lake.' Namdak.

•DANG RU for dang rus. gro ga dang zhing ras la bya rog dang 'ug pa'i dang ru dang / ma rkang gi snyug gus dug khrag gis ling ka bris pa'i tshe. Zhi-byed Coll. V 142.7. thang kar gyi dang ru dang mda' bya rgod ma. Zhi-byed Coll. V 215.5. Acc. to Yisun, it means sgrog rus, which in turn means the collarbone.

•DANG LA thog mar. Dpe-chos 508. thog ma. rdzing, rdzing bu. Also, dang len. Btsan-lha. rdzing bu. Dbus-pa no. 326. Zhi-byed Coll. II 423.5. = rdzing ba. Lcang-skya.

•DANG LA CHE lta ci smos. Dpe-chos 511. Btsan-lha.

•DANG LEN Short for dang du len pa. Taking up a task (voluntarily and even with enthusiasm).

•DANG SAM DU 'DUS PA'I CHUNG MA gzhon nu pho mo rang mos kyis 'dus nas bza' tshang byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•DANGS distilled essence. Klong-chen-pa 10.35 comm.

•DWANGS Jinpa suggests 'vividness.'

•DWANGS PA Acc. to Stein, equiv. to thig le.

•DWANGS PO clear and vivid.

•DWANGS MA Germano, Poetic Thought 956. rab dang mchog. Btsan-lha. = thig le, = khu ba (Chödag). Juice, sap, sperm, pure, refined substance; distillation. Goldstein. Chyme and Chyle. Dhongthog. Chyle. Das. Text 40. a plant, with two varieties: gser po, sngon po. KP1 213.6. KP3 323.3. KP4 525.4.

•DWANGS MA CHU 'DREN a medicinal preparation. TMC 37 (54). BP 167.1, 333.5.

•DWANGS MA GNAS 'JOG a medicinal preparation. TMC 18 (33).

•DAD CHE BA sometimes translated as 'greedy,' I think it rather means a total addiction.

•DAD DAM GTSANG MA dad pa dang / dam tshig gtsang ma. Btsan-lha.

•DAD PA faith, belief. Skt. śraddhā. Mvy 1933. EoB, vol. 7, pp. 601-605. willingness to participate. Norbu, Cycle. Stein. Gser Sbram 296. Sometimes it means desire or love (of some food or the like).

•DAD PA GSUM dang ba'i dad pa / mngon par 'dod pa'i dad pa / yid ches pa'i dad pa'o. 600 15. defined in Samdo A II 307v.3-5. Pabongka, Liberation II 31. Pema Tsering, "Tibetische Geschichten zur Erläuterung die drei Formen des Glaubens (dad pa gsum)," Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 2 (1976) 133-163.

•DAN an unidentified animal. Karmay in Lungta, vol. 16 (Spring 2003), p. 9. It appears to be a type of gazelle in Bellezza, D&B 53.

•DAN KONG 'jim pa'i ril bu 'phen du rung ba'i yo byad cig. Btsan-lha.

•DAN KHA khas blangs pa'am gtan 'khel byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•DAN KHRA = danda khra bo, dri za'i lag pa, gan dhar bha ba hasta. DG 201.4.

•DAN GROGS stongs grogs sam phan grogs. Btsan-lha.

•DAN TA See dan rog.

•DAN TI See dur byid.

•DAN RTAGS tshe sngon gar skyes pa'i mtshan ma tshe 'dir gsal ba. 'grig pa'i rtags mtshan. Btsan-lha.

•DAN DUM See lang thang rtsi.

•DAN PO mi bzang po. Btsan-lha.

•DAN YIG gros dan byed pa'i yi ge. Btsan-lha.

•DAN ROG = danda rog po. JD 92. = dan ta. YTTM 292.13. SS 446.1. DG 200.6. Ricinus communis. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27. This is commonly known as the castor plant, in modern Hindi, rendi, Skt. eraṇḍa. TDD 161. Called dan-da in Ruth Meserve, “On the History of Medicinal Plant Research in Mongolia,” Studia Orientalia, vol. 97 (2003), pp. 155-167, at p. 159.

•DAN ROGS bzang grogs byed mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•DAM [1] bound, fast. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 25, suggests it is an Indic loan. tight, strict. C&LT 170. [2] a loan from Persian or Chinese meaning 'jug' or 'carafe.' For example see under ja dam.

•DAM RGYA OT = khrims. Blaṅ 293.3. Dbus-pa no. 329. Lcang-skya.

•DAM BCA' = phyogs, 'position, thesis.' Skt. pratijñā. Thurman. Stein.

•DAM BCA' CHEN PO dge sems stobs can skye ba'i tshe // dam bca' chen po'i stobs kyis bsgrub. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 93.5.

•DAM BCA' CHEN PO BDUN Listed in Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum I 43.1 ff.

•DAM BCA' BA defender (in a debate). Perdue, Debate. khas blangs pa. Dreyfus, Sound 211. The opponent is called the rigs lam pa. Dreyfus, Rationality 45.

•DAM BCA' GSUM LDAN See rā ma ṇa'i mda' dam bca' gsum ldan.

•DAM DUM tham thum mam thar thor. Gces 585.6. tham thum mam thar thor. chung ngu bas kyang chung ba. Btsan-lha. gdams pa dam dum bsgrags nas byin ba'i dus der lhag par dga' bar 'dug. Zhi-byed Coll. V 312.7.

•DAM DEM dam bca' ba. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 409. = dam bcas. Lcang-skya.

•DAM DOM OT = dam bca'. Blaṅ 295.2.

•DAM PA [1] holy. [2] rngams pa. Dbus-pa no. 205. [3] Preceded by genitive: the very best of... Example: yon gyi dam pa, the very best of gifts. See discussion of this construction in connection with the phrase dkor yi dam pa. Bellezza, L&T 41; Bellezza, D&B 22.

•DAM PA RNAM PA GSUM Beyer 29.

•DAM POR 'DZIN PA n. of rus sbal.

•DAM PHUD See Kuijp in Lungta 14 (2001) 61, where it is defined as a seal container.

•DAM BU KA RA JD 170. See 'dam bu ka ra. KP1 144.2. KP3 294.7. KP4 469.4. Aletris pauciflora. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. Czaja in NTFC I 89, 94-95.

•DAM ME DUM ME "in bits." Soundings 29.

•DAM RDZAS sacred items. Karmay, Treasury.

•DAM TSHIG Germano, Poetic Thought 851. Stein.

•DAM TSHIG BRGYAD special vows for Mahāmudrā. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 228.5 ff.

•DAM TSHIG CHEN PO BZHI Germano, Poetic Thought 852.

•DAM TSHIG NYI SHU RTSA BRGYAD Almogi, MA thesis 192.

•DAM ZHU DOM RA a hat made of bear skin. Karmay, Treasury.

•DAM BZHAG PA gnyer ba. Btsan-lha.

•DAM LOG Beyer 356.

•DAM SEL Stein.

•DAMS PA = nyams pa. Lcang-skya.

•DAR [1] silk. LW 489. [2] flag, banner. Short for dar cha, when used in compounds. [3] See under dar ba. [4] ice (that forms on the surface of something). [5] ZZ = dpung pa. 'shoulder and upper arm.' Bru II 291.2.

•DAR Comes from Uighur torgu, acc. to Beyer, CT Lang. 141. Satin (?). Laufer, in his Indo-Iranica, gives torgu as one of several Turkish words for silk.

•DAR DKAR SKUD PA Achard, L'Essence 131 (also, dar dkar snal ma).

•DAR DKAR THOD PHUD PA (poet.) kha ba zhu ba. Rtse-le VIII 423.

•DAR DKAR SNAL MA n. of a channel-vein. Germano, Poetic Thought 959. Note that snal ma is a spelling for the word meaning 'thread' or 'yarn'.

•DAR KHA kha dar, dar rgyas. Nomads 239. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 373.1.

•DAR KHA CHE from Mongolian. = dbang che ba. Blaṅ 311.3.

•DAR GYIS Namdak.

•DAR RGAN BYIN Mongolian loan word. Blaṅ 311.3.

•DAR RGOD See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 11. A kind of 'prayer flag' with nothing printed on it. It may have streamers ('phan lce) in the five colors, explained in Nomads 272, with a diagram.

•DAR RGYANG See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 11.

•DAR CIG hrib tsam mam rib tsam. Btsan-lha.

•DAR CIG TSAM = rib tsam. BBNP 469.

•DAR LCOG Gebetsfahne. Kaschewsky2.

•DAR CHEN [1] the sail of a ship. [2] great flagpoles erected around the Jokhang in Lhasa. See Henss, CMT 41.

•DAR TE gnod 'tshe btang ba. Btsan-lha.

•DAR THAG Seidenband. (Verbindung zur Ḍākiṇī Welt). Kaschewsky 83.

•DAR THOD In a list of types of hats in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 438. Usually it is understood to mean a turban (perhaps diadem, in the old sense of the word, is more accurate?).

•DAR MDUNG dar lcog. Btsan-lha.

•DAR 'DAM Mud reinforced with cloth used in making images, etc. Vitali in Lungta 14 (2001) 30.

•DAR SNABS kha chu 'byar bag can. Btsan-lha.

•DAR PA Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 197. gnod 'tshe byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•DAR PO CHE ship's sail. Also, a very large flag (on a pole).

•DAR PO SHIN TU CHE BA äusserst gedeihlich. Kretsch.

•DAR DPYANGS 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 361.3.

•DAR GYI DPYANGS THAG BCU GSUM See Yontan Gyatso in TJ XXVIII no. 3 (2003) 103.

•DAR GYI PHO LONG ball of silk thread. lda ldi. Btsan-lha. las des mnar med du song ba dar gyi pho long gdabs pa tsam yin. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 104.4. Lde'u 207. Seems to be mostly used in the sense of 'bouncing back' immediately from an unfortunate destiny.

•DAR 'PHYING so kha dar ba'i 'phying ba. Nomads 239.

•DAR 'PHRU Fahne, Wimpel. Kaschewsky2.

•DAR BA [1] As a word for "dar ma" meaning 'young man,' see Dpe-chos 507. [2] buttermilk. Havnevik, Dissertation 299. [3] flourish, spread. I recommend, for the terms snga dar and phyi dar, earlier and later 'flowerings.'

•DAR 'BU See srin bal.

•DAR 'BOG square silken cloth used for wrapping (and then carrying) documents. Seen worn by mgron gnyer only. Velm I 137.

•DAR MA [1] As a Tibetanization of the word 'Dharma,' see Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 182-3; Scherrer-Schaub in JIABS 25 (2002) 288. In OT times it generally referred to the Dharma in its scriptural form, and especially the volumes. [2] But beware, since this form in C.T. almost always means 'young man.' As part of Tibetan proper names (as in Glang-dar-ma, Dar-ma-mdo-sde, etc.), it is often (mistakenly in my view) Sanskritized as Dharma. [3] Pr. n. of a part of Zhang zhung (where the Darma language is still spoken).

•DAR TSAM adv. momentarily. C&LT 170.

•DAR BTSAG ras btsag. Btsan-lha.

•DAR TSHAN It might mean a 'banner unit' or something like that. Takeuchi in TS6 859 n. 30.

•DAR TSHUR See under da tshur & tsha la.

•DAR TSHE Chayet in TH&L 32.

•DAR ZHU In a list of types of hats in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 438.

•DAR ZAB fine silk, brocade.

•DAR ZOM 'o ma dkrog snod cig. Nomads 239.

•DAR YA KAN This word is shown to be a Tibetan borrowing of the word theriac in an article by Christopher Beckwith. R. Yoeli-Tlalim's article on urine analysis notes a chapter on this topic in the So-ma-ra-dza. KP1 37.5. = ha lo dmar po. KP3 255.1. KP4 390.4. SS 454.3. Mdo 174. See spang mtshan spu ru. On klu bdud nag po dar ya kan, see KP1 32.4, KP3 252.2, KP4 386.4. For chu mig nang skyes dar ya kan, SS 454.4. For 'chi med dar ya kan, see pa re pa kon. For bdud rtsi dar ya kan, see dbang lag, bhi sha grom. For dmar po dar ya kan, see KP1 82.3. See discussion in Anna Akasoy & Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim, Along the Musk Routes, Asian Medicine, vol. 3 (2007), pp. 217-240, at p. 234.

•DAR YA KAN SMUG PO JD 192. = theng chog. smug po dar ya kan in KP3 330.3.

•DAR YOL middle age or late middle age (the period of life just before actual old age). Of the five stages of human life it is the 4th. It seems to mean, literally, the 'fading of adulthood.' Example of usage in Lde'u 54. Acc. to Mvy. 4098, the Skt. is gatayauvana, which also suggests lost youth, and here a Tib. synonym is supplied: phyid.

•DAR RA See dar ba.

•DAR RA KHA CHE A Mongolian title, see Kuijp in CAJ (1995) 294.

•DAR RE dar cig. Gces 588.4. dar cig gam yud tsam. Btsan-lha.

•DAR LA ras srab mo. Btsan-lha.

•DAR LA'U dar la'u ni dar lwa ste dar srab mo. Dpe-chos 517. Btsan-lha.

•DAR LUNG MA n. of the string holes in manuscripts. BYNP 283, 285. Also appears on Dorji Wangchuk's glossary, as found in a work of Gendun Choemphel. Evidently for the 'fat silk thread' used in some early Tibetan book bindings mimicking the Indian.

Pho ba'i DAR SHA DD illus. 5, 29.

•DAR SHAM a kind of silk? BA 931.

•DAR SHING JD 100. DG 214.2.

•DAR SO CHE BA popular. Karmay, Treasury.

•DAL I've noted in a work on Guhyasamāja by Red-mda'-ba that the syllable dal may be used as a short-hand for maṇḍala (i.e., dkyil 'khor, the initiatory maṇḍala and not the offering maṇḍal). I've seen this in still earlier texts than his.

•DAL KHA diseases. Kramer, rNgog 97.

•DAL GYIS adv. slowly. C&LT 170.

•DAL GYIS 'BAB PA Skt. mandākinī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•DAL GLAGS dal ba'i skabs. Btsan-lha.

•DAL 'GRO 1. chu. 2. gza' spen pa. 3. ngang pa dkar po. 4. rus sbal. Blaṅ 528.

•DAL RGYAGS rgyo rgyag pa'am chang sa rgyag pa. Btsan-lha.

•DAL CI NI cinnamon. A borrowing from Indic languages. LW 476. = shing tsha. Dhongthog 66.

•DAL DUB a frequent [mis]reading in place of ngal dub.

•DAL BA BRGYAD de brgyad [mi khom pa'i gnas brgyad] dang bral ba'i lus rten no. 600 101.

•DAL BREL degree of busy-ness.

•DAL 'BYOR GYI ANG GA dal 'byor gyi go rim. Btsan-lha.

•DAL 'BYOR LUS RTEN GYI 'BYOR BA BCU rang 'byor lnga dang gzhan 'byor lnga ste / rang 'byor lnga ni / mi yin pa / yul dbus su skye ba / dbang po tshang ba / las kyi mtha' ma log pa / gnas la dad pa'o // gzhan 'byor lnga ni / sangs rgyas 'jig rten du byon pa / des dam pa'i chos ston pa / bstan pa gnas pa / de'i rjes su 'jug pa / gzhan phyir snying brtse ba rnams so. 600 140.

•DAL MO dpyi mgo g.yas g.yon gyi rgyab gzhung gi sha mtshang ra. Btsan-lha.

•DAL RIM Karmay, Arrow 368

•DI NAR pe shag gam shog sgor. Obviously, a borrowing from Greek. Btsan-lha.

•DI HI ra ro can. Btsan-lha.

•DIG schwer. Kretsch.

•DIG PA [1] Tib. deriv. from Skt. dhik, an indeclinable interjection of menace or reproach. = ngan pa. = mi glan pa. Blaṅ 309.1. fie. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 26 suggests this is a loan from Skt. dhik. [2] speech impediment (difficulty making sounds come out of the mouth). Yisun.

•DIG MA dig mas tshig tu smras pa myed. Zhi-byed Coll. I 297.6. dig mas rmyi lam smra ma shes. Ibid. I 303.7.

•DING as a sentence-beginning word, I translate this as 'here and now' in the Bon consecration literature. I assume it is supposed to be deng sang or something similar. Yisun gives as definition de ring.

•DING KHRI SPAR MA KP1 28.5. KP3 249.6. ding khri spag ma in KP4 383.2. = ra mnye.

•DING KHRIS BAR MA See ra mnye.

•DING MA a kind of fruit wine ('bras chang) produced in Mon-yul. Bka' thang sde lnga (1986), p. 182.

•DIR BA schallend. Kretsch.

DIL DMAR BA'I RIN CHEN BYUR DMAR NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 111. Lag-len 80.4. = byur dmar nyer lnga (Lag-len 38.1).

•DU KU LA'I RAS Mvy. 9162: daukūlaka. Silk, Dissert. 378. Dukūlu is a term for a type of fine white cloth, used by many poets including Kālidāsa, and so much discussed in the kāvya commentaries.

•DU KHU smokey liquid. Huber in Huber, Sacred Spaces 93.

•DU GA a slight deformation of Skt. duḥkha. Zhi-byed Coll. II 25.7.

•ḌŪ DI MA See se 'bru.

•DU NA One of those strange 'double endings' that happen sometimes. See under gzhan du na, gsum du na.

•DWU DPAL the finest quality of woolen material, from which Dalai Lama's garments were made. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 27.

•DU BA Namdak.

•DU BA MJUG RING Most English-Tibetan dictionaries give this as the name for comet. It literally means long smoke tail. There is supposed to be a comment on the sighting of a comet in the Bai ḍūrya Dkar po. See p. 161 in Winfried Petri's article Tibetan Astronomy, which says this might mean the Encke's comet.

•DU MA [1] some, a number of, many. [2] many times. [3] In Rdzogs-chen works, sometimes, "the manifold" (of saṃsāra and nirvāṇa).

•ḌU MĀ MA YA See rgya skyags.

•DU RU du ma'am mang po. Btsan-lha.

•DU RU KA [= tu ru ka] From Skt. tu ru ṣhka, forgetting that it meant only gar log, they thought it just mean ngan pa and, so, could say bskal pa du ru ka/ me du ru ka/ chu du ru ka/ sa du ru ka/ , etc. Blaṅ 310.3. du ru ka dang ma ki ta'i ri lu. Zhi-byed Coll. III 76.7.

•DU RE BA adv. continuously. C&LT 170.

•DUG On poison folklore, see David-Neel, My Journey to Lhasa 303. Maraini 54-5. Also, McGovern's travel book. Refers to contaminants of all sorts and not 'poison' exclusively. Sha dug (meat contamination) for instance, means contamination found in flesh foods, what we would popularly know as 'food poisoning' (although of course it is likely to be caused by microorganisms). Reg dug (touch contamination) may at times refer to syphillis. Tibetan medicine recognizes many different types. Text 10, et passim. On medically recognized categories of poisons, see ATPP 48: btsan dug, sbyar dug, gyur dug, rang bzhin dug, nyi zla'i zer dug, rma bya'i sgong dug, dbyig dug, rdo dug, sha dug, rtsi yi dug, spu dug, sngo dug, dngos dug, reg bya'i dug, dri dug and kha rlangs so yi dug.

•DUG KHANG = khrus khang. = bsro khang. Lcang-skya.

•DUG CAN GLANG RJES CHU rgya mtsho dang ba lang gi rmig rjes chu. Btsan-lha.

•DUG CAN PA rgya mtsho. Btsan-lha.

•DUG 'CHER Giftdorn.

•DUG LTANG dug lang ba. Btsan-lha. dug ldang??

•DUG STER CHAG TSHANG gzhan la bsam sbyor ngan pas dug ster mkhan dang / dug de sbyor mkhan nam g.yo bskol byed mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•DUG THANG PHROM See thang phrom nag po.

•DUG NAD SRZT 131 ff.

•DUG PA ngan pa. rnying pa. Btsan-lha.

•DUG PO dug tse ste gos rnying lhan pa can lus rgyab dros pa tsam la brten. 367 I 241.3. dug po spung nge ni gos rnying ral chad spung nge bar byas nas zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 516. hrul ba'i dug po gon. Zhi-byed Coll. II 441.2.

•DUG PO SPUNG NGE gos rnying ral chad spung nge bar byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•DUG PO HRUL LE BA gos rnying ral chad. Btsan-lha.

•DUG PHYUNG As a Bon ritual, see Karmay in JA (1995) 173.

•DUG SBRANG Recorded in Lonely Planet Phrasebook as a word for 'mosquitoe.'

•DUG MA female poison giver. Havnevik, Dissertation 243. dug gtong mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•DUG MO NYUNG JD 184. = indra, dbang po. YTTM 291.23. = ga byin. YTTM 292.27. a tree. SS 421.6. TM I 51; IV 63, 77. Clifford, list. Mdo 177. Beaumontia grandiflora. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. Conessi tree, Tellicherry tree. Holarrhena antidysenterica. TDD 92.

•DUG SMAN DPA' BO NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 119. Lag-len 90.1.

•DUG TSHA rus chen sbra'i khongs gtogs kyi rus ming zhig. Btsan-lha.

•DUG ZAN See rma bya.

•DUG RO SLONG bag la zha ba rkyen gyis slong ba. Btsan-lha.

•DUG SHO (coll.) a plant that thrives under dirty environmental conditions. MTTP.

•DUG SHOG poison paper. Arch. of TB 189.

•DUG SEL to guarantee against poison, by taking the first sip or bite. MTTP.

•DUG SEL LNGA THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 8r.6.

•DUG GSUM 'dod chags dang / zhe sdang dang / gti mug go. 600 11.

•DUGS 'to place a compress.' TM IV 109. compress therapy. Yangga's dissert., pp. 116, 259.

•DUGS KHANG khrus khang. bsro khang. Btsan-lha. khrus. Dbus-pa no. 567.

•DUGS PO gos hrul rnying pa. Btsan-lha.

•DUNG = shaṃ kha, chu srin gshin rje. JD 39. SS 400.6. DG 97.1. = ni'u sha ni. YTTM 291.10. = rtsal po che. YTTM 292.23.

•DUNG conch. śaṅkha. Mvy. On rightward spiraling conches, see Bell, Religion 112. On its ability to slay makaras, see Jamspal, Treasury 111. On the conch (in these cases paired with Padma) representing one of the 'nine treasures' (nidhi) of Kubera, god of wealth, see EoB VII 731, with discussion of the iconography. In Rin 40, identified as the "right turning conch," and Rapana bezoar (Linnaeus), with yet other types of conches given separate names and identities on pp. 41-44. Its alternative name given as skye ba lnga pa, bkra shis dung, and rgyal po 'khyil pa.

•DUNG to become awake.

•DUNG DKAR Rapana bezoar (Linnaeus). Rin 42.

•DUNG KHANG 'conch house.' i.e., brain, or rather 'skull'? Karmay, Great Perfection 187. Germano, Poetic Thought 857. Achard, L'Essence 163 n. 22.

•DUNG GI SBRANG MA (poet.) conch colored bee, hence, anything very rare. MTTP.

•DUNG SGONG dung gi sgo nga. 'conch egg,' in cosmogony. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 256, etc.

•DUNG CHUNG Nomads 278.

•DUNG THAL ash of seashell. TM IV 62, 94.

•DUNG THOD BCINGS BLON See re lcag.

•DUNG DUNG BYED verliebt sein in. Kretsch.

DUNG 'DRA See 'bu skyogs. DG 127.1. A kind of fossilized spiral-shaped shellfish found in Tibet. Identified in Rin 102 as "Sinospirifer."

•DUNG DPON dung 'bud mkhan gyi gtso bo. Nomads 239.

•DUNG PHYUR n. of a very large number. Stein. May be spelled dung 'gyur.

•DUNG PHRENG Also called simply phreng. In architecture, the large round white dots in the upper part of the pillar design. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3.

•DUNG 'BUD lit., 'blow the conch,' name of a channel. Yangga's dissert., p. 299.

•DUNG DMAR Rapana Thomasiana crosse. Rin 43.

•DUNG RMOG DKAR PO a kind of armor/helmet worn by queens when they observe battles, equipped with bird horn and khyung horn (bya ru & khyung ru). ZZFC 241.

•DUNG TSHER MA CAN 'thorny conch,' identified with Murex triremis (Perry) in Rin 44, said to have alternative name dung rwa can.

•DUNG YAG mi mngon par yal 'bro ba. Btsan-lha.

•DUNG RWA (Amdo Khams) = shwa rwa, the antlers of the stag, which become light-colored when full-grown. MTTP. Nomads 278.

•DUNG SHING See da li.

•DUNG SO 'conch tooth.' Ramble in Mandala & Landscape, p. 160. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 202, 208 et passim. Lde'u 347. It seems to me that this conch-like nature of the teeth refers to their whiteness, and not to their shape. Still, I've heard tell that growing an extra tooth that has a conch shape is a possible sign of success in mantra repetition.

•DUNG RU BCO BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. BP 155.2.

•DUNG RUM ? (used to pelt someone). Gold Ms. I 19v.2.

•DUNGS PA zhen chags sam / yid la 'chang ba. gus pa. Btsan-lha. to long [for something]. NNV.

•DUD KRAL dud khral. Btsan-lha.

•DUD KHA smoke colour. Jackson.

•DUD KHU du ba'i mdog. color of smoke.

•DUD KHU a disease. BT 18v.4. Text 82.

•DUD MKHAN See bong bu.

•DUD 'GRO'I ME See gi wang.

•DUD RNGOG CHAGS dud 'gro lus la spu yod pa'i rigs. Btsan-lha. This phrase at end of the first section of the OTC is interpreted quite differently in Hill in RET 10 (2006) 99.

•DUD SNGON bluish smoke color. Jackson.

•DUD CHUNG "small smoke, small household." Unlike the khral pa, these did not hold significant amounts of land and did not hold it for long term. Their tax burden was light. There are two types, "tied" and mi bogs. Goldstein, Taxation 5. Dargyay, TVC 27. Epstein, Dissertation 203. TPS 14.

•DUD RDUL 'khrug pa. Btsan-lha.

•DUD RDOG Haarh, Yar-luṅ 231.

•DUD GNAM LA BTANG TSHAD SHOG "Whoever sends smoke to the sky... come!" A drafted labor tax only occasionally invoked for public works projects such as canal repair. Goldstein, Taxation 20.

•DUD SNA PHO LO rgyu nor dang phyugs zog thams cad 'phrog pa. Btsan-lha. A problematic phrase in OTC; Hill in RET 10 (2006) 93.

•DUD PA [1] Also, dud grangs. Here 'smoke' means a household, used in Mongol period census (Petech 1983: 186). [2] pruned, bowed [tree]. Jamspal, Treasury 25.

•DUD PA BYA BAL 'smoke bird wool'?? See nya lcibs.

•DUN TSE = ban log, a lapsed Buddhist. Buddhist (but from context, derogatory). Karmay, Treasury.

•DUN TSE ZZ = ban log. See gyer tse. = btsun pa. Bru II 290.5. Karmay, Treasury.

•DUN LA ZUNG = yid la zhog. "watch out! attention!" Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DUB PA See under bud med kyis dub pa. btsan pa. Dbus-pa no. 604. Somehow in Lcang-skya, dub pa turned to rab pas in the recopying.

•DUBS SU dus su. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•DUM PA [1] = cung zad tsam. "a trifle." Kuijp (1986) 34. [2] 'chad pa'am mthun pa. Btsan-lha. Namdak. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 27, suggests it is an Indic loan.

•DUM PA RE a little. Stein.

•DUM BU Achard, L'Essence 134. Matthew Kapstein, "The Commentaries of the Four Clever Men," East and West, vol. 59, nos. 1-4 (2009), pp. 107-130, at p. 110, where 'fragment' appears in a title (as we find also in ZC). Note also the dum dum in Kapstein, Dialectic 285.

•DUM BUR 'THUD piece together the puzzle. Example in ZC III 72.5.

•DUM BU BZHI rnal 'byor rgyud kyi dum bu bzhi ni / rdor dbyings kyi dum bu / khams gsum rnam rgyal gyi dum bu / 'gro 'dul gyi dum bu / don grub kyi dum bu rnams so. 600 45-46.

•DUM YANG las dpon. Btsan-lha.

•DUMS ldum pa'am mthun par byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•DUR OT = zhes pa. Blaṅ 292.4.

•DUR KHANG OT = zhes pa (?). Blaṅ 292.4-.5.

•DUR KHROD KYI CHAS BRGYAD mi mgo'i dbu rgyan / mi mgo'i do shal / glang chen gyi pags pa'i stod g.yogs / zhing lpags kyi g.yang gzhi / stag lpags kyi sham thabs / zhag gi sor ris / khrag gi thig le / thal chen gyi tshom bu rnams so. 600 108.

•DUR KHROD BRGYAD shar du gtum drag / byang du tshang tshing 'khrigs pa / nub tu rdo rje 'bar ba / lhor keng rus can / dbang ldan du drag tu rgod pa / mer bkra shis tshal / bden bral du mun pa drag po / rlung du ki li ki li'i sgra sgrog pa rnams so. 600 109.

•DUR GYIS gna' bo'i dus kyi mi rigs shig. Btsan-lha. Looks like Türgesh to me.

•DUR RGYAGS SNYOD PA dbus par la snyag pa zhes snang / don ni mi 'chi khar tshe 'di'i za skal zad pa'i rtags su dur du 'gro ba'i lam rgyags lta bur zas snyag pa ste don du gnyer ba'am yang na snyod pa ste za ba dang 'dra zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 504.

•DUR BA brel 'tshub bam 'tshab 'tshub. Btsan-lha. = ram pa, tshigs brgya ba, ram pa'i se'u. JD 165. SS 519.2. YTTM 292.8. See Gyalzur, Spells 179. Mdo 180. Skt. durvā (dūrvā is correct!). Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 28.

•DUR BYA See srin bya.

•DUR BYID = rtsal ldan rgyal po, myur mgyogs pho nya, myur rta. JD 148. KP1 138.5. SS 492.3. castor. TM IC 61, 96. Clifford, list. KP3 292.4. = tri byed ta. YTTM 291.24. = nye rong, tri pi ta, tri byi ta. YTTM 292.12. = shyam, dan ti, ma du ka, ni kum ba, hri pa, dri nya re. Euphorbia griffithi. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. Sunspurge, Wartwort. Euphorbia helioscopia. TDD 76. Euphorbia pallassii. Czaja in NTFC I 92.

•DUR MA 'BRI RTSE See re ral.

•DUR SMAN See se rag dur sman.

•DUR MTSHAD dur khrod dam dur du bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•DUR YU phyi rol. Btsan-lha.

•DUL KHANG khrus khang. Btsan-lha.

•DUS SKYES See a ka ru.

•DUS KYI 'KHOR LO As a name for a kind of time keeping device, a 'clock,' used in Indian monasteries, see Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 168 ff.

•DUS KYIS GCUS PA stobs kyis sdud pa'am / dbang du bsdus pa. Btsan-lha.

•DUS KYIS 'CHU BA OT = dbang gis 'chu ba. Blaṅ 306.2. Lcang-skya. dus kyis 'phrog pa ste dbang gis 'phrog pa. Btsan-lha. [63v6] dbang gis 'chu ba / btsan po'i stobs kyis 'phrog pa'am bcus pa la zer ram snyam la spyir brda rnying gi 'chu ba zhes pa / shu bar bshad pa'ang yod. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. See Tropper in CHWT, pp. 363-370, at p. 366, where it is translated 'forcefully press.'

•DUS GO BA timekeeper. Kuijp in JAOS (1994) 605. Kollmar-Paulenz in Brauen, VH 54, simply translates it 'observer.'

•DUS KYI SGO NAS PHYE BA'I LAS GSUM mthong chos myong 'gyur gyi las / skyes nas myong 'gyur gyi las / lan grangs gzhan la myong 'gyur gyi las so. 600 14-15.

•DUS GCIG SKYES PA'I MA BU = mgron bu bu ma. YTTM 293.20.

•DUS CHEN BZHI sangs rgyas kyi dus chen bzhi ni / cho 'phrul chen po'i dus chen / mngon par byang chub pa'i dus chen / chos kyi 'khor lo bskor ba'i dus chen / lha las babs pa'i dus chen no. 600 49.

•DUS MCHOD an offering ceremony done at regular intervals.

•DUS BTAB MA bud med 'dod ldan ma. Btsan-lha.

•DUS DEB periodical (magazines & journals).

•DUS DRUG dpyid / so ga / dbyar / ston / dgun stod / dgun smad rnams so. 600 71. nyin mtshan dus drug ni / snga dro / nyin gung / phyi dro / srod / nam gung / tho rangs te drug go. 600 71. zhu ba ma yin pa'i dus drug ni bla ma'i thugs mi khom pa'i dus drug la chos mi zhu ba'i don. Dpe-chos 512.

•DUS 'DAS time past (passed away, dead). shi ba. Dbus-pa no. 646. Lcang-skya.

•DUS LDAN See a ka ru.

•DUS GNON nyin gung yin nam. Dpe-chos 515. Btsan-lha.

•DUS PO CHE OT = 'dzin pa che ba. Blaṅ 302.1. Lcang-skya. ser sna che ba'am / 'dzin pa che ba. 'chi ba. Btsan-lha.

•DUS BAB 'chi ba. Dbus-pa no. 645. Lcang-skya.

•DUS BOR dus chad byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•DUS BYED mi 'tsho. Dbus-pa no. 649. Lcang-skya.

•DUS BYED PA shi 'phos pa. Btsan-lha. to die. A Sanskritism, from kālaṃ kṛ. Roesler in Facets 161.

•DUS KYI DBANG inexorable passage of time. Kawamura.

•DUS KYI DBYINGS synonym for the mind's Dharma Proper that exists in all. Samdo A II 93r.4. "the Realm of [beginningless] Time."

•DUS MA YIN PA'I ZAS untimely food, food eaten at times it is not permitted. Skt. vikālabhojana. EoB VIII 605-607.

•DUS MA YIN PAR 'CHI BA untimely death. The 9 types are listed in Cuevas, Travels 23.

•DUS TSHIGS Vostrikov, Critical 68.

•DUS TSHIGS LNGA [1] dgun gyi dus / dpyid kyi dus / dbyar gyi dus / dbyar thung ngu'i dus / dbyar ring po'i dus so // dang po ni / hor zla bcu pa'i bcu drug nas gnyis pa'i bco lnga'i bar ro // gnyis pa ni / hor zla gnyis pa'i bcu drug nas drug pa'i bco lnga'i bar ro // gsum pa ni / hor zla drug pa'i bcu drug nas bdun pa'i bco lnga'i bar ro // bzhi pa dbyar shi thung ngu ni / hor zla bdun pa'i bcu drug go // lnga pa ni / de'i bcu bdun nas hor zla bcu pa'i bco lnga'i bar te zla ba gsum la zhag gcig gis ma tshang ba'o. 600 59-60. [2] The Chinese teacher Zhiyi divided the scriptures into five periods. For these, see Thuken 361.

•DUS TSHOD 'DZIN See bya.

•DUS KYI ZHAGS PAS BCINGS PA 'chi ltas kyis 'gugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•DUS BZHI four times (past, present, future and timeless times). Thondup, BM 354 n. 178. lo gcig gi dus bzhi ni / dbyar dgun ston dpyid bzhi'o. 600 34-35. Germano, Poetic Thought 889.

•DUS GZIR dus 'khrug. Btsan-lha.

•DUS SU MA SBAL dgos dus su ma btang na. Btsan-lha.

•DUS RUNG food not restricted by time (Vinaya). Opposite of dus min.

•DUS GSUM 'das pa dang / ma 'ongs pa dang / da lta ba'o. 600 11.

•DE as a relative pronoun, it doesn't refer to the most recently mentioned subject matter, but to the matter before that. Therefore it can sometimes mean 'the former.' 'di is used for the immediately preceding subject matter.

•DE KA YIN no need for argument (so be it).

•DE KO de ni. Btsan-lha.

•DE'I SKYES BU tatpuruṣa type of compound. Mvy. 4728.

•DE KHO NA NYID BZHI bdag gi de nyid / sngags kyi de nyid / lha'i de nyid / ye shes kyi de nyid do. 600 47.

•DE GIS = de bas [na]. deshalb. ZAS VII 474.

•DE RGYAGS = de rnams. "those." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DE NYID BCU See under nang gi de nyid bcu and phyi'i de nyid bcu.

•DE NYID RTOGS PA Sa paṇ insists that this would be a perfectly correct Tibetan translaiton of Tathāgata. Rhoton, CD 172.

•DE STE 'on te. Btsan-lha.

•DE 'DRU = de 'dra. "like that." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DE 'DROG 'phral. Btsan-lha.

•DE POR shin tu'am legs pa. Btsan-lha.

•DE PHO See bya.

•DE PHUR shin tu'am rab tu. Btsan-lha.

•DE PHRAL adv. immediately after that. C&LT 170.

•DE BA Mdo 183. SS 477.5. For tsan dan de ba, see KP1 168.3. KP3 306. KP4 489.1.

•DE BA DA RU SS 509.4. See shug pa.

•DE MA 'DROG 'phral lam de ma thag. Btsan-lha.

•DE MAD de ltar na. Btsan-lha.

•DE MO OT = dgos pa. Blaṅ 298.5-.6. Dbus-pa no. 578. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•DE TSA NA de ltar na. Btsan-lha.

•DE TSUG de 'dra'am / de ci 'dra. Btsan-lha.

•DE TSUG LAGS [1] de ltar red. So it is. Btsan-lha. Notice the mistranslation in JIABS 28 (2005) 383-384. [2] Why should that be? Why so? (perhaps intended was ci tsug lags? Otherwise it is hard to see why it has to be a question...) Example of this latter usage in Lde'u 239. In any case, this is a question addressed to someone on a higher social level (in these cases, kings).

•DE TSUG SO NA MED LA DOG de ltar byas na de ma thag tu ldog. Btsan-lha.

•DE TSE de'i tshe. Btsan-lha.

•DE TSO de dag gam de rnams. Btsan-lha.

•DE WA shing de wa. = bri had ru, (shing) 'del ba. JD 124. SS 478.1.

•DE BZHIN NYID Suchness. = de kho na nyid (Skt. tattva)? Sometimes: de nyid. Skt. tathata.

•DE BZHIN GSHEGS PA yum las / byang chub sems dpas de bzhin nyid 'di rjes su rtogs // de phyir de bzhin gshegs zhes sangs rgyas mtshan gsol to. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 70.2.

•DE BZHIN GSHEGS PA'I SNYING PO Or, de gshegs snying po. Tathāgatagarbha. For Sa paṇ's views the correct understanding of it, see Rhoton, CD 49 ff.

•DE BZHIN GSHEGS PA BZHI rgyal ba rin chen mang / gzugs mdzes dam pa / sku 'byams klas / 'jigs pa thams cad dang bral ba'o // bzhi tshan las brtsams pa'i rab tu byed pa ste gsum pa'o. 600 51.

•DE ZUG de ltar ram de gang. Btsan-lha.

•DE YO de kun nam / de thams cad. Btsan-lha.

•DE SHED DU de 'dra zhig tu'am / de'i skabs su. Btsan-lha.

•DENG [BA] = rings par phyin. "to have gone away for a long time/far." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DENG BA song ba'am / phyin pa. Btsan-lha.

•DENG TSE = deng rtse. Samdo A V 123r.2, 129r.4.

•DENG RTSE NA steng thog na. Dpe-chos 505. Btsan-lha.

•DENGS = gding/gdeng/rdengs. Go away, dissolve. Klong-chen-pa 13.

•DENGS PA dissolution. Term used in Crossover (thod rgal) teachings, wrongly called 'convictions' in Sky Dancer 198, n. 50. rnying pa'am / rnying hrul. Btsan-lha. vanishing, disappearing, worn out, ruined.

•DENGS PA GSUM See Karmay, Treasury 53, n. 1.

•DENGS LA song la zhes pa'i skul tshig. Btsan-lha.

•DED 'DREN Acc. to Mvy. 8014, this ought to be the Tibetan equiv. of Skt. vāhana.

•DED DPON Namdak. Skt. sārthavāha. Sogdian sartapao. Newar sāhu. See Wayman, BI 14. See Martin Schwartz, “Sārtha & Other Caravan Words,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute, n.s. vol. 23 (2009). For discussion of the largely unrecognized Chinese borrowing of Sārthavāha, which is transcribed as sabaoi, safu, sabo, or sahe, and is used for foreign merchants, see Antonino Forte, "Iranians in China: Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Bureaus of Commerce, Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 11 (1999) 277-290.

•DEN PO 'byung po'i rigs shig. Btsan-lha.

•DEB [1] the herb, sngo deb. JD 178. [2] a type of treatment for limb injuries. Yangga's dissert., p. 66.

•DEB THER For derivation, see Beyer, CT Lang. 140 where he says it may come ultimately from Greek diphtherā ('parchment'), and so is related to English diptheria (because of the 'parchment' that forms on the skin of the afflicted person). Similar ideas found in BYNP 16. I've often seen the form deb gter, which seems to me to be a 'Tibetanizing' mistake.

•DEB TSE A word that occurs as an item in an OT loan contract. Probably n. for a kind of teabowl.

•DEM gnad dam / gzhi. Btsan-lha.

•DEM CHOS gnad chos. Btsan-lha.

•DEM DEM PA zhen pa'am dam bca'. Btsan-lha.

•DE'U [1] a slight elevation hill. ri phran. Btsan-lha. [2] nearly, soon, a little bit. "ci spyad ngal ba don med de'u byas pa." Samdo A III 192r.4. "srad ma de byas bdud kyis de'u khyer ba." Samdo A III 192v.1. [3] [as used immediately before verbs, an archaism] closely, suddenly. Samdo A V 219r.2. myur ba. Btsan-lha. Stein. [4] I think it's possible this could serve as a diminutive of do, 'island in a lake.'

•DE'U BSAD gsod la khad dam / 'chi la khad. Btsan-lha.

•DER BAS der zad. Btsan-lha.

•DER BAS KYI der zad kyi. Gces 582.2.

•DEL 'BUR sa 'bur. Btsan-lha.

•DES KO des ni. Btsan-lha.

•DES CAN goodness. Jamspal, Treasury 201.

•DES PA rgyud mnyen zhing dal bu'am dul ba. rgyud 'jam pa dang dul ba sogs la 'jug go. Eimer, Dbyangs 57. chu skyar byi la des pa yis // pha rol gsod la rtag tu brtson. The waterbird and the cat are, with a nice disposition (being good), always lurking to kill others. Jamspal, Treasury 168. gentle, even tempered. Jamspal, Treasury 172. gzi brjid che yang bzod cing des pa'i ngang. Quite brilliant, yet forbearing and friendly. friendly. Hahn, TSD 60; VG 443. Skt. sauratya. gentleness.

•DES PA DES PA zhi zhing dul ba dang / rgyud 'jam pa dang / rang bzhin bzang ba. 'dab gshog nyes pa. Btsan-lha.

•DO [1] As in mtsho do. island in a lake. Karmay, Treasury. [2] pair, two of a kind.

•DO KA See sham ya ka.

•DO KER A word discussed in Dge-'dun-chos-'phel-gyi Gsung-rtsom (1990) I 274, where it seems to refer to Lahul womens' headgear. thor tshugs. Dbus-pa no. 664.

•DO KER CAN OT = thor cog can. Blaṅ 291.3.

•DO GAL CHE dpon do gal che is an office ranked under the rdzong dpon. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 38. do gal che na slob ma bla ma'i drung du 'ong ba kun gyi chos nyid du 'dug. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 344.1.

•DO SGER = thor tsug. Lcang-skya. thor tshugs sam thor cog. Btsan-lha.

•DO CIG [1] cig gnyis. Gces 582.3. [2] da lo'am / do zhag. Btsan-lha. glang 'khor ba tsho 'tshogs cig [/] do cig chags che bas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 295.7.

•DO BCUG PA dbu bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•DO CHA See Aris in BSOAS XXXIX (1976) 632.

•DO MTHON OT = nan gyi. Blaṅ 289.1.

•DO DAM PA head of a las khungs. Petech.

•DO DAM SPYI KHYAB general manager (of an office or workshop). Under him would be the dbu chen (or dbu mdzad), the dbu chung, and finally the workers. Cüppers, Remarks.

•DO DO rta cang shes la chag bre do do yod pa'i bre re bcom ldan 'das la drangs. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 68.4.

•DO DO RE je zwei. Kretsch.

DO BDO BA Stein.

•DO BSDO BA to attack, to measure oneself against someone. Karmay, Treasury.

•DO NUB this evening.

•DO NOD de mod. Gces 585.6. do mod dam do nub. Btsan-lha. do nod nang bar rgya sgom ma mo khyo gar gyur nas. Zhi-byed Coll. V 254.2.

•DO BA [1] a verb. [2] a plant. KP1 184.1. Varieties: do rgod, do g.yung. KP3 311.5. KP4 501.3. Mon pa'i do ba appears in Mvy. 5730 as translation for Skt. ālu, glossed by 'potato,' although I am certain potatoes had not been introduced to Asia at the time the Mvy. was compiled! Acc. to MW, ālu was once applied to the esculent root Arum companulatum L., and only in modern dialects used for yam, potato etc.

•DWO BA [1] an herb. sngo zhig. [2] pha ma shi ba'i dwa phrug. An orphan whose parents have died. Btsan-lha.

•DO BA LA See tsher sngon.

•DO BO mi do bo zhes pa la dbus par las mi de dang po zhes 'byung ste mi ngo ma la bya'o. Dpe-chos 510. See spang rtsi do bo. See lug rtsi do bo.

•DO MA rta. Btsan-lha. Stein, in McKay, History of Tibet, vol. 1, p. 604 — "a term denoting the horse or yak rituals in the Dunhuang manuscripts." Tan, Theses 92. "The horses that mystically transport the dead through the provisional hell after death." Bellezza, D&B 9 et passim (attempt to etymologize it on p. 31).

•DO MA BDO 'gran zla ma byed. Btsan-lha.

•DO MA SNYING DAGS beloved companion (endearing term for the horse in O.T. texts). Dotson, Horse 275.

•DO MA YIN 'gran zla min. Btsan-lha.

•DO MI CHOD go mi chod pa'am go mi 'pher ba. Btsan-lha.

•DO MO obs. necessity. Yisun.

•DO MOD 'phral du. do nub. Btsan-lha. tonight. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 184. See Bellezza, D&B 110 (I think it's surely a word for 'horse' of some kind here).

•DWO TSE Apparently means orphaned (at least by the death of the mother?) in Katen CCXXII 565.2.

•DO ZAN OT = mching bu. Blaṅ 293.2. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•DO RA 'dun pa'am tshogs pa. Rtse-le VIII 429. festival ground. Stearns, SR 34.

•DO LI gzings. khyogs sam 'gyogs. Btsan-lha.

•DO LE khyogs. sedan chair, litter.

•DO LEN MIN (= do le min). Unüber-windlich, unvernichtbar. Kaschewsky2.

•DO LO A stone that resembles turquoise. Samdo A III 244v.3. A stone similar in appearance to turquoise, but less valuable. Samdo A II 317r.4. The Kha che Pha lu makes use of this word: RET XXXIX 84.

•DO SHI DO BRAL shi la nye ba dang / bral la nye ba. Btsan-lha.

•DO SHI BA cung min na shi. Btsan-lha.

•DO SA MED unbesiegbar. Kaschewsky2.

•DO SOD sod la khad byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•DO HA This Skt. borrowing actually means mi zad pa, but Tibetans took it to mean gnyis la rgod pa. Blaṅ 310.5. An etymology is proposed in Sa paṇ's Sdom Gsum (1971) 91r.5. See also Rhoton, CD 171. See also Kurtis Schaefer's dissertation, which has an important discussion.

•DOG See yongs dog. Skt. saṃbādha; throng, crowd, contracted space — saṃkṣipta; heaped together, compressed. OT = snang. Blaṅ 285.3. sa dog mo'am / sa gzhi. Btsan-lha.

•DOG KO non no / (dpe 'gar dog gi zhes yod) mya ngan gyis non no lta bu. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•DOG NGAN See under dog tshan.

•DOG GCIG zung zad tsam gyi bar. Btsan-lha.

•DOG NA OT = song na. Blaṅ 298.2. Btsan-lha.

•DOG PA tshom bu'am snye ma. Gser Sbram 400.

•DOG MA [1] in front, before. OT = mdun. Blaṅ 294.2. Lcang-skya. bdun / rgyab mdun gyi zlas phye ba'i mdun sogs Dalai Lama VII, Yig. [2] earth. honorific for: sa. Blaṅ 312.1, 516.3. Btsan-lha. With same meaning may also be spelled dog mo, or, dog mon. I believe it carries with it notions of constrictiveness in contrast to the broad open expanses of the sky. See Bellezza, D&B 95.

•DOG MON dog mo ste sa gzhi'i don. Gser Sbram 11.

•DOG TSHAN a kind of unit eligible to receive loans of grain. It seems the head of this unit was called the dog ngan. Takeuchi in TS6 853.

•DOG LE zas 'khur ba'i snod. chu bsro ba'i snod. Btsan-lha. = chu sro ba'i snod. = dbye ba le. Lcang-skya.

•DOG SHOM or, dog shoms. Zhi-byed Coll. V 183.1 ff.

•DOG GSHEN Tan, Theses 105.

•DOG SA sa gzhi. Btsan-lha. I translate it as the 'narrow earth.' It has a special cosmological resonance in O.T. texts, since it portrays the realm of the humans from the perspective of the divine inhabitants of the wide-open sky.

•DOGS PA MI BYA BA GSUM rgas khar ltogs kyis dogs pa mi bya / rgyab brten dang bral gyis dgos pa mi bya / rgyal khams kyis 'phya yi dogs pa mi bya'o. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 38r.5.

•DOGS ZON BGYI be vigilant, be on the lookout, be on one's guard.

•DONG [1] An OT word that occurs in the tantra Dgongs-'dus. Stein in JA (1995) 125, says that it means aller [in French]. See under "dod ste." [2] dungeon. dong nang gi btson bu (prisoner in a dungeon). Zhi-byed Coll. II 168.1. For Chinese testimony that Tibetans in imperial times made use of prison pits, see Sperling in TJ IV (1979) 33. [3] bow case. Bellezza, Zhang Zhung 280.

•DONG GA [1] JD 91. = bdud rtsi gsar bu, sa'u ci'u. Spelled dong ka (also known: dong kha) in KP3 336.6. = bshal sman. YTTM 291.16. SS 447.3. purging cassia. Clifford, list. = kaṇḍi ka ra, shyā ma ka ra, nya sha ka ra, sha myang ka, a rak ta, rā dza brik ṣu, ljon shing gi rgyal po. DG 202.3. Skt. āragbadha, aragbadha. A tree: Cassia fistula, Catharto carpus fistula. Mvy. 5826. Āragvadha is n. of the tree Cathartocarpus (Cassia) fistula, or its fruit. MW. Cassia fistula. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. Called in Hindi almatas, the Indian laburnum. Golden Shower Tree. Cassia fistula. TDD 41. [2] Negi says the Skt. is karṇikāra, and this flowering plant could also be Pterospermum acerifolium. The seed capsules are very hard but eventually split open spitting out massive numbers of winged seeds. See Roberts, King.

•DONG GRA See (sman) sga. Spelled dong kra in YTTM 291.16.

•DONG CHU khron chu. well water.

•DONG STE OT = song ste. See 'dong. Blaṅ 295.6, 516.3. Dbus-pa no. 441. song ba. Btsan-lha.

•DONG PA [1] = dong po, ldon po. tube (of bamboo). Sources. quiver (for arrows). = sag thag, = stag ral. BBNP 467. Slightly mistranslated as 'well' in Schaeffer, Crystal Orbs 29. [2] In modern English-Tibetan dictionaries, I sometimes find this for 'padlock.' I haven't run across any literary occurrences yet.

•DONG SPRUG 'khor ba dong sprug ni dong nang gi mi gtsang ba nyal nyil thams cad sprug nas ma lus par byas pa ltar gnas skabs de'i 'khor ba'i sems can ma lus par sangs rgyas par mos pa'i don te / rnying rgyud kyi dgongs pa 'khor ba dong sprugs kyi man ngag ces pa zhig kyang yod do. Dpe-chos 514. Btsan-lha. Discussion in Decleer, Tragkar verse III.1.

•DONG BU ga'u lta bu'i sgrom chung. Btsan-lha.

•DONG BRUBS CHU khol ba'i chu'am / rba klong gi chu. Btsan-lha.

•DONG MO churn for butter or butter tea. An everyday word of uncertain spelling (mdong mo, 'dong mo, ldong mo). Bellezza, D&B 127. Janken Myrdal, “The Plunge Churn from Ireland to Tibet,” contained in: Alexander Fenton & J. Myrdal, eds., Food and Drink and Travelling Accessories, John Donald Publishers (Edinburgh 1988) 111-137. PDF.

•DONG TSE Sometimes spelled dong rtse. 'copper coin,' derived from Chinese acc. to Beyer, CT Lang. 141. gsum pa sgal tshigs gser gyi dong tshe ltar rtsegs pas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 87.3 (also, I 132.2). Evidently it is quite an old word in Chinese, since there is a Karlgren reconstruction (an added note to Das entry). This word is used in OT texts; see See Gong ba Klu 'bum rgyal, Spu rgyal bstan po'i skabs kyi brda rnying yig cha slob gsar stong gi 'jug sgo, Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (Beijing 2006), p. 325 ff., where they are used for divination. Example of usage, spelled dong rtse, in Lde'u 400.

•DONG RA A borrowing of the Khotanese word for 'ginger,' ttuṃgara. Article by R. Bielmeyer in C. Scherrer-Schaub, ed., Old Tibetan Studies (2012).

•DONG RAL arrow notch (?). mda' ltong. Btsan-lha. See 'bri mig. I think this actually means sheathed sword. Bellezza, Zhang Zhung 280, understands it as a compound meaning bow case (dong) and quiver (ral).

•DONGS impv. of dengs pa.

•DOD tshab. Gces 583.5.

•DOD CHUNG BA nus shugs chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•DOD STE song ste. Lcang-skya. See under dong.

•DON [1] meaning. [2] purpose, reason, object, goal. [3] subject, topic. [4] welfare, benefit (whether of oneself, of others or both). [5] sometimes for 'don pa, as in 17 II 319.4. [6] [the five] vital organs, as distinguished from the six hollow organs (snod), the five vital organs being heart, lungs, liver, spleen & kidneys. Yangga's dissert., p. 202.

•DON GYI DBANG GZIGS to see the real point (of this general interpretation by a highly honored person).

•DON GYIS 'THOB by implication, by extension of this point, for that same reason... Jinpa.

•DON DGU mu stegs gcer bu pa'i don dgu ni / srog / gang zag / sdom pa / nges par rga pa / 'ching ba / las / sdig pa / bsod nams / thar pa'o. 600 119.

•DON RGYUGS Debating examination to test comprehension of the main study topics. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 39-40.

•DON SGYUR 'culturally meaningful translating.' Kuijp, Earliest 178. The opposing categories of don sgyur and sgra sgyur seem to correspond somehow to the don rgyan and sgra rgyan of Daṇḍin.

•DON LNGA glo ba / snying / mkhal ma / mtsher ba / mchin pa'o. 600 60. Text 56. The five purpose and six vessel organs (snod drug) form a conceptual borrowing from Chinese medicine.

•DON CAD equiv. to ched don, subject matter, purpose (in same text we later find this spelled don ched).

•DON GCIG In logic, the equivalence of two categories, a relationship of identicality. Dreyfus, Sound 223.

•DON GCOD Stein.

•DON GYI CHA substantive matters (covered in a text). Example of usage in Lde'u 178.

•DON GNYIS rang gi don dang / gzhan gyi don no. 600 8.

•DON GNYER striving.

•DON GNYER CAN strivers, seekers.

•DON SNYING LKOG MAR 'BYIN PA 'jigs skrag chen po skyed bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•DON MTHUN OT = tshong pa. Also, = 'gron po. Blaṅ 304.4. Btsan-lha. mgron po. Dbus-pa no. 681.

•DON 'THUN = mgron po. Lcang-skya.

•DON 'THOB See don gyis 'thob. as an implication. Jinpa.

•DON DAM ultimate truth, ultimate sense. Klong-chen-pa 9.8.

•DON DAM GNYIS rnam grangs pa'i don dam dang / grangs ma yin pa'i don dam mo. 600 4.

•DON DAM DU GRUB PA ultimate status. Skt. paramarthasiddhi. Thurman.

•DON DU BSKOR GYIS BSKOR NA don hril gyis dril na. Btsan-lha.

•DON DU GNYER BA to provide for, strive to procure.

•DON SNOD KYI TSHA BA SRZT 49.

•DON PO don gyi snying po. snyegs pa dang 'ded pa. Btsan-lha. dgos pa. Can find this word used in a citation from Rje-btsun Grags-pa-rgyal-mtshan, in Tsong-kha-pa's Sngags-rim Chen-mo (PRC book-style ed.), p. 433: sa steng rgyas par kun tu btsal byas kyang // phan pa'i don po gdams ngag dam tshig ste. dge sdig gi don po shes nas rnam smin la mi 'dzem pa de snying med yin. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 53.5. N. for liberated sheep, 'god sheep.' Holler in TS9 II 208.

•DON BYA TSHUL BCU GCIG byang chub sems dpas sems can gyi don bya tshul bcu gcig ni / bye ba byed pa dang sdug bsngal gyi grogs kyi don byed pa / thabs la rmongs pa'i don byed pa / phan 'dogs pa'i don byed pa / 'jigs pas nyen pa'i don byed pa / mya ngan gyis gzir ba'i don byed pa / yo byad kyis 'phongs pa'i don byed pa / gnas 'cha' bar byed pa'i don byed pa / blo mthun par 'dod pa'i don byed pa / yang dag par zhugs pa'i don byed pa / log par zhugs pa'i don byed pa / rdzu 'phrul gyi sgo nas gdul bya'i don byed pa rnams so. 600 152.

•DON DBANG don gyi dbang. significance, implication. Karmay, Great Perfection 56.

•DON MO (f.) liberated sheep. Holler in TS9 II 208.

•DON LA in reality, in fact. C&LT 171.

•DOM [1] A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 295. Various types of Tibetan bears are discussed in Allen, Search 64. = mig sman mdog can, gcan gzan gtum po. JD 238. On Indian bears, see Robert Goldman, Tracking the Elusive Rksa: The Tradition of Bears as Rama's Allies in Various Versions of the Râmakâtha, JAOS 109 no 4 (Oct 1989) 545-552. Goldman's argument is that in the Râma stories the word for 'bear' was actually used for a type of primate. The Darma language word for 'bear,' wom (waam), seems to refer to its dark color. Nepali bhālu, 'bear.' Dom in Kalmuck Mongolian, usually meaning 'bear' but also 'magic ceremony,' is usually regarded as a borrowing from Tibetan. See Ruth Meserve in her article "Striped Hyenas." [2] For the meaning 'tassel,' see under wa dom. It's possible that there are Chinese as well as Persian sources for the word with meaning of tassel and tail. Persian (in various historical periods) has dom[b] and dum[b] meaning tail.

•DOM KHRIS bear bile. Zhi-byed Coll. V 467.2.

•DOM MKHRIS = tri dzi ta ri, nag po bcad 'byor, rtsa sdom shugs chen. JD 79. SS 418.2. dam mkhris in KP1 201.5. KP4 509.3. = srog gi me tog. YTTM 292.22. = bha lu sipta, ā yu puṣpa, thugs kar me mnyam, g.ya' kyi bcad 'byor. DG 162.3. TM IV 101. For ldum nag dom mkhris, see JD 202.

•DOM SGRO bear bag. Also, name of a cycle of Dzogchen. See Kapstein in RET 44 (March 2018) 117.

•DOM CHOL dge sdig ngo mi shes pa. spyod pa log spyod can. Btsan-lha.

•DOM NAG KHA CHU See lcum rtsa.

•DOM RA bear fur hat. Actually, this means the eye shade made with fur that hangs over the eyes, as a protection from glare. Usage in Stearns, SR 76.

•DOR This, like dor kha, means a kind of grain tax imposed on the basis of farming household units (not land). Herder households were charged a pelt tax called thul kha. The Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko, vol. 67 (2009), pp. 89-108, at p. 91. unit of land, approximately 1.5 acres. Dotson, OTA glossary. Dotson, Dissert. 400.

•DOR KA OT = rmod dor. Khetsun Sangpo, History 188. A property or pastureland measurement. Dotson, D&L 6. I think in contrast to thal ka, that means a pastureland measurement, this dor ka means a measurement of planted fields.

•DOR KA YANGS PA sa zhing bde zhing yangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•DOR RTA the 'fly' of the underwear. Stein. Have noticed the expression dor ma rta med, trousers or shorts without a fly. SS 533.3.

•DOR THABS LDAN PA having a mode of walking. See Hahn in Dorji Wangchuk, Cross-Cultural Transmission of Buddhist Texts (Hamburg 2016) 83.

•DOR SDEBS dor sdebs mthun ba'i glang po rol du bde'. The oxen suitable for yoking love to play. Zhi-byed Coll. I 296.3.

•DOR PO ngo log pa'i gte po. Btsan-lha.

•DOR BYED PA g.yo sgyu byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•DOR MA rkang gos. Gces 584.1.

•DOR MA RTA See above under dor rta.

•DOR MANGS rkang gos dor rta. Btsan-lha.

•DOR ZHAG deng sang ngam do zhag. Btsan-lha.

•DOL fish net for catching fish. nya 'dzin byed kyi nya rgya. Btsan-lha.

•DOL CHOD DU SBYANG tsham tshom med par sbyang / dper na / mda' phangs pa'i tshe gang la phog pa de la kha gting med par phug nas song ba la dol chod zer. 367 II 132.5. blo thag bcad nas sbyang ba. Btsan-lha.

•DOL THOGS Lit. means fishnet holder, hence fisherman, although apparently it can also mean a killer of fish (?). nya pa'am / nya gsod mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•DOS loads, packs [of transported goods]. transportation duty. See Berthe Jansen, The Monastic Guidelines (bCa' yig) of Sidkeong Tulku: Monasteries, Sex and Reform in Sikkim, JRAS, prepublished version from internet (April 2014) 1-26, at p. 9.

•DOS KHEBS dos po'i steng khebs. Nomads 239.

•DOS CHAD kher chad dam / kher rkyang. Btsan-lha.

•DOS CHE BA 'bor che ba'am bongs che ba. Btsan-lha.

•DOS THAG dos po 'gel byed kyi thag pa. Nomads 239.

•DOS DRAG brel ba chen po. Btsan-lha.

•DOS 'DZUGS gshen rab la dos 'dzugs / gshen la do bso ba'o. 506A 335. 'gran btsal ba. Btsan-lha.

•DOS RAG brel 'tshab. Btsan-lha.

•DOS SHIG ded cig. Btsan-lha.

•DRA short for dra ma.

•DRĀ KṢA See rgun 'brum.

•DRA RKYEN = dra ma'i rkyen. Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 319. dmag gi rgyu rdzas. Btsan-lha.

•DRA'U RNGOG OT = stan khra bo. Also, par tang. Blaṅ 298.1.

•DRA BCAD outlining on patched monks' robes. Jackson.

•DRA 'CHAG PA phyi ru 'byung ba'i dra 'chag pa'i stobs kyis / nang du gsal dangs kyi 'dangs 'chag. Zhi-byed Coll. V 236.5. na so rgas nas 'byung ba dra chag pa'i nyams len des. Zhi-byed Coll. V 238.2.

•DRA SNYIGS rgod g.yung ngam bzang ngan gyi dbye ba phye ba. Btsan-lha.

•DRA PHAD ske rags. rdzas sna tshogs bsdu rgyu'i dra ba can gyi khug ma. Btsan-lha.

•DRWA BA For a study of the original idea of 'Indra's net,' see Hartzell, Dissert. 835-6. For a book about the Indian latticework screen or grille see The Indian Temple Traceries.

•DRA BA THIG SLAD See se yab.

•DRA BA DRA PHYED Fabric temple-hanging forming a kind of latticework of jewels and auspicious symbols which seem to be spit out of the mouth of a kīrtimukha. Illus. in Yisun. drwa ba drwa phyed / dra ba dra phyed de / sgo 'phyor dang mthongs sgor sogs kyi mdzes rgyan. Gser Sbram 299. Nice illustration in Essen Catalog 545.

•DRA BAN TI See thar nu.

•DRA MA [1] "expeditionary force." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 319. military campaign (=dra). Dotson, OTA glossary. [2] A part of a house construction. Latticed windows. See Dag-yig 67. See Bellezza, D&B 69, 70. See mi dra ma. as well as the following entry.

•DRA MA DRANGS spyir dra ma zhes pa mkhas pa dang / ya rabs / phul du phyin pa / legs pa bcas la 'jug pa. dmag dpung go hrag drangs pa. Btsan-lha. This word is subject of a 1962 article by Geza Uray.

•DRA MA'I RKYEN dmag gi dgos mkho'i rgyu rdzas. Btsan-lha.

•DRA MIG As artistic motif, see TS7 II 1089, etc.

•DRWA MIG 'KHOR LO (Strahlen-) Netz-Mandala. Kaschewsky2.

•DRA TSHUGS CAN See Bellezza, D&B 99, et passim.

•DRAG Stein. It would be best to [do something]. nged rang tsho ldog pa drag zer. He said, "It would be best if we went back." Lo-ras Rnam-thar 63.

•DRAG MGO BSTAN = grag mgo stan. begann mit der Besserung, Heilung. Kaschewsky 83.

•DRAG TU adv. fiercely, violently. But in case of illness, it means getting better. C&LT 171.

•DRAG PO BCU GCIG 'dod 'jo las / ma skyes rkang gcig 'phel dang bstod // drag po dang ni brtson 'grus ldan // 'phrog byed de nas bde 'byung dang // spyan gsum gzhan las rgyal ba dag // dbang ldan dang ni sa gsum pa // drag po bcu gcig shes par bya // zhes pa ltar ro. 600 151.

•DRAG PO BDUN THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 10r.2.

•DRAG PO SMAN NAG SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BT 25r.1.

•DRAG SHUL CAN wrath (see nyams brgyad). Skt. raudra.

•DRAGS bsdams / bcings. 367 II 128.6.

•DRAGS PA sdom pa. Btsan-lha.

•DRANG As translation of Confucian term for 'honesty,' see Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•DRANG DKAN "honest, upright." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 315. blo sems nye ring phyogs lhung med par drang ba'am / blo dkar sems dkar. Btsan-lha.

•DRANG MKHAN referee, arbitrator. Karmay, Treasury.

•DRANG MKHRANG BYED PA blo sems gcig tu gtad cing gtam drang por bshad pa. Btsan-lha.

•DRANG NGES See Vostrikov, Critical 63.

•DRANG TIG drang thad kho na. BBNP 472.

•DRANG TIG GIS kyag kyog min pa'i drang thad kyis. Btsan-lha.

•DRANG LTANG LTANG = drang tang tang. ganz gerade, kerzengerade. Kretsch.

•DRANG THABS SU GCAL g.yo ba med par drang por 'jal ba. Btsan-lha.

•DRANG DON provisional meaning sūtras. "Directed meaning" (directed at a particular audience, as distinguished from those sūtras with uncompromisingly presented views). gdul bya'i kha drang bar bya ba'i don can. Btsan-lha.

•DRANG DRENG chags zhen la byed dam. Dpe-chos 508.

•DRANG PO Opposite to yon po, q.v.

•DRANG BA 'chags pa. Dbus-pa no. 098.

•DRANG SRONG [1] the highest ordination of a Bon monk corresponding to Chos dge slong. Karmay, Treasury. bon po'i brda la dge slong gi ming. Btsan-lha. [2] translation for Indic notion of sages (rishi). rang ngor lta sgom spyod gsum gyi lam drang por sgo gsum srong bar byed pas na drang srong zhes bya zhing / de la [thob pa la] phyi rol pa dang nang pa gnyis yod do. Eimer, Dbyangs 54. See EoB V 589, for a list of the rishis.

•DRANG SRONG RGYAL MTSHAN drang srong rgyal mtshan thar pa'i lam ma yin. Zhi-byed Coll. I 279.4. Lde'u 210.

•DRANG SRONG AR BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. TMC 12 (17).

•DRANGS PA ma drangs pa, OT = ma dul ba. Blaṅ 297.2.

•DRANGS SHING BSHAL BA 'then cing drud pa. Btsan-lha.

•DRAD KYIS dam thag. Gces 588.5.

•DRAN NYE short for dran pa nyer bzhag.

•DRAN PA [1] Germano, Poetic Thought 905. Stein. Skt. smṛti. In Pāli, sati; see EoB VIII 7-12. [2] N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38. [3] In Vinaya, the smāraṇa, reminding the accused of the offence committed, as part of monastic disciplinary procedures. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 226.

•DRAN PA NYE BAR BZHAG PA 129 V 455 ff. EoB VIII 12-18.

•DRAN PA NYER BZHAG BZHI the four applications of mindfulness. lus dran pa nye bar bzhag pa / tshor ba dran pa nye bar bzhag pa / sems dran pa nye bar bzhag pa / chos dran pa nye bar bzhag pa'o. 600 42. Dorji Wangchuk, “The Diachronic and Synchronic Relationship between Philosophical Theory and Spiritual Praxis in Buddhism: With Special Reference to the Case of the Four Applications of Mindfulness (smṛtyupasthāna: dran pa nye bar gzhag pa) in Vajrayāna,” contained in: K.L. Dhammajoti, ed., Buddhist Meditative Praxis: Traditional Teachings and Modern Applications, Centre of Buddhist Studies, University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong 2015), pp. 177–201 (PDF).

•DRAN 'PHRUL trickery.

•DRAN DBANG shes rab mchog tu gyur pa'am / mkhas pa'i dbang po. Btsan-lha. Short for dran pa'i dbang po.

•DRAN SHES a contraction of dran pa dang shes bzhin.

•DRAN GSO to commemorate.

•DRAL bcom pa dang / zhig pa / ral ba / gses pa sogs. bu ga phug pa. ming po'am gcen po. Btsan-lha.

•DRAL PO OT = ming po. Blaṅ 300.1. Dbus-pa no. 629. Lcang-skya.

•DRAL BA OT = bcom pa'am zhig pa. Occasionally means chags pas ngo tsha bcom pa [desire overcame shame]. Blaṅ 287.1. Btsan-lha. zhig pa. Dbus-pa no. 693. = zhig pa. Lcang-skya.

•DRAS TBH 445, where it is tr. as 'derived.' Perhaps 'drawn' [from].

•DRAS DRAB MA appliqué. Rhies & Thurman 386.

•DRAS DRUB MA appliqué thangka. Jackson.

•DRI KOR dri kor mkhan po de yis lus la mda' myi reg. Zhi-byed Coll. I 288.1.

•DRI DKU BA OT = dri mi zhim pa. = dri tsha ba. Blaṅ 304.1.

•DRI MGYOGS spos dri. Btsan-lha.

•DRI NGAR LDAN PA See shu dag nag po.

•DRI CAN LTE BA See gla rtsi.

•DRI CHEN An epithet for garlic. Or for human excrement. Simioli, AG 63. See shing kun.

•DRI NYA RE See dur byid.

•DRI NYAL See a ka ru.

•DRI'I SNYING PO See tsan dan.

•DRI RTEN an item of clothing which bears the smell of the deceased person, used in death rites. TS7 II 1071.

•DRI LDAN See nim pa.

•DRI MNAM dri dku ba'am dri nga ba. Btsan-lha.

•DRI BA RNA LA GZON PA dri ba dngos su drang por mi bshad pa. Btsan-lha.

•DRI MA Skt. mala. stain, taint.

•DRI MA 'GAG PA SRZT 97. constipation. Yangga's dissert., p. 216.

•DRI MA DRUG dri chen / dri chu / mig skyag / rna spabs / mchil ma / snabs rnams so. 600 74.

•DRI MA GSUM Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 160.

•DRI MED n. of a mineral. iron pyrite. Simioli, AG 56, 57.

•DRI MO KHYOD 'dre mo khyod. Btsan-lha.

•DRI MONG ? This could be misspelling for khri mong? dri mong g.yon pa'i tshigs pa la btags na. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 245.5.

•DRI SMED gtam dri ba'am khams bde dri ba. Btsan-lha.

•DRI GTSANG KHANG Skt. gandhakuṭī. Mvy. no. 9151. See EoB, vol. 5, p. 296; vol. 7, p. 358. A kind of flowery (hence fragrant) canopy serving as Buddha's dwelling that came to be a prototype of the Buddhist temple, evidently. H.C. Norman, Gandhakuṭī: The Buddha's Private Abode, J. of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. 4 (1908), pp. 1-5. John Strong, Gandhakuṭī: The Perfumed Chamber of the Buddha, History of Religions, vol. 16 (1977), pp. 390-406. Gregory Schopen, Buddha as an Owner of Property and Resident in Medieval Indian Monasteries, contained in: Bones, Stones..., pp. 258-289. In Tibetan temples, a term for the inner sanctum with the main image (which in earlier, pre-15th-century times, had its own circumambulatory route, skor lam). Alexander, Temples 22, 319.

•DRI BRTSUNG dri bsung. Btsan-lha.

•DRI 'DZIN DBANG RTSA sensory nerve for smell. DD illus. 26.

•DRI ZHIM SPOS SBYOR NYER LNGA PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 123. Lag-len 100.4.

•DRI ZA Germano, Poetic Thought 930. See "Gandhabba" in EoB.

•DRI ZA'I GRONG KHYER Gandharva cities. Dri za means 'odor eater.' Actually, the Gandharva are musicians to the gods. Their cities are on clouds. In other contexts, dri za may refer to the consciousnesses wandering in the bar do. Skt. gandharvanagara. Klong-chen-pa 3.9. Germano, Poetic Thought 931.

•DRI ZA'I LAG PA [1] n. of a herb. See dan khra. [2] Although I've never noticed usage of the term with this meaning, it could be a perfect Tibetan translation for the Gandharva Hand, a kind of back scratcher mentioned (but not permitted) in Vinaya texts (Pāli, Gandhabbahatthaka).

•DRI BZANG See gla ba. See gandha bha tra. See sha ka ma.

•DRI BZANG BZHI go yu / sug smel / nā ga ge sar / shing tsha rnams so. 600 34.

•DRI'I LAG RIS dri'i dpung rgyan gyi rnam pa lta bu. Btsan-lha.

•DRI'I SHING See a ka ru.

•DRI SA a place to ask, an oracle. Lde'u 280. Perhaps 'dri sa is the more correct spelling, otherwise it would seem to mean a place for dirt?

•DRING regard for, dependence on [the strength of another].

•DRING MI 'JOG PA gzhan la dri mi dgos pa. Btsan-lha.

•DRIN 'KHOR Stein.

•DRIL DKAR PO shing dril dkar po. Mdo 469. TM I 50.

•DRIL CONG dril bu'i khog pa lta bu'i cong. Btsan-lha.

•DRIL PHYIS me. stan. dri ma zhim po'i rdzas kyi phye ma. Btsan-lha.

•DRIL PHYE dri bzang gi phye ma. Btsan-lha.

•DRIL LU = dril bu. 'bell.' Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DRIS LAN questions and answers. In a sense all Buddhist scriptures are in this format. This point is made explicit in Lde'u 151.

•DRIS LAN LNGA The five questions asked by the King Byang-chub-'od. rje lha gcig gi dris lan lnga la / lta ba rtogs na bsgom dgos sam mi dgos / sangs rgyas bya ba la thabs shes rab 'brel dgos sam mi dgos / byang chub sems dpa'i sdom pa la so so thar pa'i sdom pa rten du dgos sam mi dgos / shes rab ye shes kyi dbang la tshangs par spyod pa'i dge bsnyen yan chad kyis gnang ngam mi gnang dang lnga'o. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 40r.1.

•DRU DRU n. of a bird. See under ta ṭi bha.

•DRUG MGO DD illus. 23.

•DRUG CU CHEN MO dpal 'jam dpal gshin rje'i las byang gi sgo nas smad las dgra bgegs bsgral ba'i gtor zlog gam sgrub pa zhig. Nomads 273.

•DRUG 'DUS DD illus. 23.

•DRUG SDE dga' bo / nye dga' / 'gro mgyogs / 'char ka / 'dun pa / nabs so'o. 600 77-78. TJ 26 no. 2 (Summer 2001) 94.

•DRUG NAM drug cha. Btsan-lha.

•DRUG PHRUM A horse disease. See Bellezza, L&T 60.

•DRUG MAR LJANG See btsag.

•DRUGS KHANG khrus khang. Btsan-lha.

•DRUNG OT = rtsa ba. Blaṅ 301.1. Stein.

•DRUNG SKOR = zham ring. "attendant." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DRUNG 'KHOR a more usual word for shod drung. Petech. Lay officials. Essais 129. Das, JTL&CT 75. The general group of lay officials, numbering 175, all members of aristocratic families. Sperling, Awe 330.

•DRUNG 'KHOR RTSAL RGYUGS contest of target practice from a galloping horse. Tucci, Lhasa 95. testing of the lay officials' skills. Alice Travers, The Horse-Riding and Target-Shoting Context for Lay Officials (drung 'khor rtsal rgyugs): Reflections on the Military Identity of the Tibetan Aristocracy at the Beginning of the 20th Century, EMSCAT 42 (2011) 2-14.

•DRUNG DPON drang dpon (~drung dpon) ni / zhal lce drang por gcod pa dang / chos gra'i slob dpon gyi gnyer byed pa'o. Lde'u 266.

•DRUNG PHYUNG BA rtsa ba nas bton pa'am 'byin pa drungs phyungs zhes snang.

•DRUNG MO khyo ngan dang 'bral na drung mo yin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 444.2.

•DRUNG RTSIS officials of the ecclesiastical chamber (yig tshang) and finance office (rtsis khang) in their capacity as leaders of the tshogs 'du ("national assembly"). Petech.

•DRUNG YIG 'secretary,' name for lower officials in general. Petech.

•DRUNG YIG CHEN MO popular designation of mkhan drung. Petech.

•DRUNGS rtsa ba zhes pa'i brda rnying. Btsan-lha. dbang po'i sgo ma bkag na rig pa drungs 'gro ba'i brda' ru. Zhi-byed Coll. II 143.4.

•DRUNGS PA rtsa ba. Dbus-pa no. 658.

•DRUNGS PA NYAG = rtsa ba nag. Lcang-skya.

•DRUNGS PHYUNG rtsa ba nas bton pa. Btsan-lha.

•DRUNGS MA ZOS PA rtsa ba ma zos pa. Btsan-lha.

•DRUB PA grub pa. Dbus-pa no. 103.

•DRUBS PA OT = btsems pa. Blaṅ 298.5. Lcang-skya.

•DRUM OT spelling for grum. cracks. Bellezza, L&T 60.

•DRUMS PA rdib pa dang / gas ka byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•DRUS MA See ba drus ma. sems can khog na bu yod pa. Btsan-lha. de la rgyal po dga' nas 'bras drus ma [spu bcad pa] rnga mong khal stong kho la byin pa dang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 197.2. grus ma means a pregnant animal. Or a complete carcass except head and internal organs. JS.

•DRE'U = drel, phya tshan, dza mu ra. JD 244.

•DRE'U RNGOG stan khra bo'am grum tse. Btsan-lha.

•DRE PO gshis rgyud dam blo sems gyong po. Btsan-lha.

•DRE BO For gre bo, or for gri bo. See BBNP 475.

•DRE'U MO female mule. Jamspal, Treasury 70 (said to die if they do get pregnant).

•DREG [1] scab, calous. [2] although listed among minerals, its name, rdo dreg, means 'stone scab,' and it is in fact a kind of rock fungus. = brtan po'i dreg. JD 55. SS 412.5. = shi la pa pa. YTTM 292.15. = shai lu puṣpa (brag gi me tog), dbugs med pags pa, pha bang dreg pa (pha wang dreg pa), smug po'i bu, brag rtsi. Identified as Parmela tinctorum Despr. (a fungus that grows on rocks) in Rin 132.

•DREG NAD SRZT 100. Text 41, 43, 44, 48, 77, 84. Lag-len 267.4. See also Lcags dreg. Gout. TM #4, 22. nad rtags ni sman rgyud du "long bu man skrangs phyis su khrag rgyas te. rus tshigs rnams la khyab nas, lhag par du rkang rus rgyus pa na zhing sgyid khung 'then" zhes pa ltar ro. Dreg pa means crust, scab. Dag-yig. Czaja in NTFC I 93. gout. Yangga's dissert., pp. 107, 218.

•DREG PA callous, crust, scab.

•DREGS PA Skt. garvita. Mvy. 7338. Haughty, conceited, proud. Fanatical.

•DRED [1] 'hyena' acc. to Kazi. Hyena, equiv. of Skt. tarakṣu. Mvy. no. 4782. Obviously there are grounds for confusing bears and hyenas (a tendency mentioned by Ruth Meserve in her article "Striped Hyenas"). [2] For the verb, see under 'dred.

•DRED PO dred po chos rgyus can la gdam ngag gi mtshang myed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 189.1.

•DRED MO Stein. = spu ring, nag 'jigs. JD 238.

•DRED MONG A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 295.

•DREL See dre'u.

•DRES MA JD 145. = gres ma. KP3 259.5. Varieties: pho gres, mo gres, ma ning gres ma. DG 269.1. Mdo 317: ma ning dres ma. Iris kemaonensis. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. It would seem to mean jute or flax (if it has blue flowers, it's flax).

•DRES MA'I THAG PA jute rope. Pabongka, Liberation II 137.

•DRO [1] = chags rgyags, = lam rgyags. 'provisions.' BBNP 475. [2] midday meal, meal taken in the heat of the day. Lde'u 345. HS V 403.7.

•DRO KA nyin gung gi bza' btung. Btsan-lha.

•DRO SKYOR snga dro. Dpe-chos 515. Btsan-lha.

•DRO CHI LE BA 367 I 234.

•DRO BTAB PA to set up lunch. phyogs 'gro'i lam bar du tsha phog rgyag pa. Btsan-lha.

•DRO THEB GCIG the space of a mealtime. Karmay, Treasury.

•DRO BTSAL BA lam rgyags btsal ba. Btsan-lha.

•DRO MA See under gro ma.

•DROG KHA SKYID PA 'tshengs pa'am / tshim pa. Btsan-lha.

•DROD KYI SKABS state of heat, a stage within the Path of Preparation (sbyor lam).

•DROD heat, warmth, being close to or on the verge of [something]. tshod. Btsan-lha. See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 120, 154.

•DROD SKYED BYED See dbyi mong.

•DROD KHE'I GLU rgyal kha'i glu. Btsan-lha.

•DROD CHUNG 'small heat.' rang tshod mi shes pa. Btsan-lha. drod chung mi rang tshod mi shes pa'i ming ste tshod bzung ba la drod bzung ba zhes byung ngo. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. cowards. Jamspal, Treasury 54.

•DROD CHEN a kind of bean? Stein.

•DROD CHEN PO GSUM listed in Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 464.6.

•DROD NYUL blo yi gdengs tshad blta ba. Btsan-lha.

•DROD PA dga' ba. Btsan-lha. animal guts. Bellezza, D&B 149.

•DROD BAG dron po'i kha zas. Btsan-lha.

•DROD MI SHES PA tshod mi shes pa. Btsan-lha.

•DROD MED = tshod med, = chog shes med pa. BBNP 472-3. Btsan-lha.

•DROD SMAN NAR MO See pi pi ling.

•DROD SMAN HRIL MO See pho ba ri. See na le sham.

•DROD RAN PA tshod lon pa'am / tshod 'dzin pa. Btsan-lha.

•DROD GSUM BZANG PO GSUM YTTM 290.10.

•DRON instead of gron. Stein. tshig la dron 'jug pa ni tshig la g.yo 'jug pa la bya'o. Eimer, Dbyangs 58. tshig la dron 'jug pa. to inject warmth into words (in order to deceive). Jamspal, Treasury 200. brtson pa. Dbus-pa no. 699.

•DRON THAL a kind of burnt wood soot used in ink making. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998)

•DRON MO mtshan mo. Btsan-lha.

•DRON SHO Skt. pakvarasa. Any kind of wine or liquor made from sugarcane. Mvy. no. 5716.

•DHĀ TU See skyer pa.

•DHA TU RA Gyatso, Apparitions 193. 'dha du ra ltor zos sa gzhi' gser du mthong. Zhi-byed Coll. I 275.7. A recipe using it in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 246.3. Jimson weed. TDD 64. See thang phrom.

•DHA THIM Gyatso, Apparitions 94. Occurs in Lde'u 333, with definition on p. 334.

•DHA MAN Ladakhi drum. B in L 19.

•shing DHA WA RI A plant that grows in Arabia. Yongdan, TCW 111.

•DHI DE See btsod.

•DHI TSA ZZ = khye'u. Bru II 290.4. Could this possibly be a Sanskritism? It's found in a proper name Bo dhi dhi tsha (see Jackson, MB 102). Other than Dadhica, I don't find any similar Sanskritic name, however.

•DHI TSUM RTSE ZZ= rgyu ma. 'intestines' Bru II 291.6.

•DHI SHA RI See skyer pa.

•DHIB ZZ = rtib ma. Bru II 291.4.

•DHU n. of a clan. Btsan-lha. Evidently of Tangut origins, the Tibetan meaning being ljang khu, 'green.'

•DHŪ LI OT Skt. from which the Tibetan word rdul is derived. Blaṅ 307.5. I think this is neither a naturalized Tibetan borrowing, nor even an Old Tibetan usage, since I have never encountered it outside of glossaries (and a search of the TBRC and OTDO databases confirms this).

•DHAI KSHIM many other spellings occur, dzai kshim, zi khyim, etc. An alloy used for statuary. Chayet in TJ 22 no. 4 (Winter 1997) 118. An example may be seen in Po-ta-la (1996) 115, rather reddish colored. The technique for making the alloy probably originated in Egypt. However, the only recipe for it is in Syriac fragments of the works of Zosimos (subject of an article by E.C.D. Hunter, "Beautiful Black Bronzes").

•DHE BA See shol lo.

•DHE BA DHA RU See thang shing.

•GDAGS an ancient Tibetan tribe. Btsan-lha.

•GDAGS PA a way of spelling btags pa in Zhi-byed Coll., or more correctly, the future form of the same.

•GDAGS GZHI basis of designation. Thurman.

•GDAGS SRIBS nyin mtshan nam / nyin srib sogs. Btsan-lha. This appears to be an OT meaning, sunshine and shadow corresponding to the light and dark sides of the mountain, and yang and yin, stangs and dbyal. The phrases dags ri dkar po and sribs ri nag mo occur in OT documents (for example, see ZZFC 227). There is some discussion in S. Hummel, On Zhang-zhung, LTWA (Dharamsala 2000), p. 105. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 169. Fernand Meyer, "Des dieux, des montagnes et des hommes," Études Rurales, nos. 107-108 (July-Dec 1987) 107-127, at p. 111. BHBW 456.

•GDANG In Bon texts, may mean 'laundry items' (or items of apparel) of the deities (Namgyal Nyima). In general seems to refer to stretched out ropes, racks or the like, whether for clothes hanging, herb drying (see BLKC I 54), animal tethering or the perching of birds. rta phyugs 'dogs byed kyi thag pa. Nomads 240. In Vinaya texts it seems to be used for clothing racks or hooks.

•GDANG KHA bya pho gdang khar 'dzegs pa ni khyim bya skas kyi gdang bu la yar 'dzeg pa. Dpe-chos 508.

•GDANG GANG first time. MTTP.

•GDANG CHAD rta phyugs kyi gdang thag rnying pa. Nomads 240.

•GDANG BU perhaps means the 'rungs' of a ladder or railing.

•GDANGS [1] In Rdzogs-chen, a kind of neither-subjective-nor-objective energy-manifestation. Norbu, Dzog Chen and Zen 34, n. 19. See mdangs. radiation. Germano in JIABS 17 no. 2 (1994) 316. nad las grol ba. bya gdang. Btsan-lha. rang gdangs is equiv. to rang mdangs. Stein. [2] In music, it means 'modes'. See Ian Collinge, Developments in Musicology in Tibet, Asian Music, vol. 28, no. 1 (Autumn 1996-Winter 1997), pp. 87-114, at p. 102. Dorji Wangchuk in his "Philologia Tibetica" blog, dated August 5, 2012, suggests that gdangs may be differentiated from mdangs, with the former a kind of vocal or audial impulse or dynamism, while the latter is optical or visual impulse.

•GDANGS GDANGS See kha gdangs gdangs, zhal gdangs gdangs.

•GDANGS PA byed lugs. nad sangs pa'am drag pa. Btsan-lha. ru rbal gyi myig 'di gdangs na myi mthong btsum na mthong par 'dug gsung. He said, when the turtle opens its eyes wide it doesn't see, but when it squints it sees. Zhi-byed Coll. II 177.4.

•GDANGS BU skas kyi gdangs bu. Btsan-lha.

•GDANGS GSUM Achard, L'Essence 105 n. 18.

•GDAN [1] seat. [2] In OT funerary texts it apparently means a funerary banquet. See for example Tan, Theses 104, 117 n. 16.

•GDAN THING BA gdan bting ba. Btsan-lha.

•GDAN THOB seating list (according to seniority or rank).

•GDAN PHYED Used of someone who has half the 'seat' of power, meaning a very powerful person who is nevertheless under the king. It occurs once in ch. 11 of the Buddhacarita, corresponding to Skt. ārdhāsana. I've noted it a few other times, once in Lde'u 32, and again on in Lde'u 207. It occurs in a Tibetan context in a Gnyos history passage: de nas dgung lo lnga bcu nga gnyis shing mo phag gi lo [i.e. 1215] | chos rje 'bri khung pa la | che lngas gtso byas pa'i brgya 'bul brgya dang | bur ston chen mo mdzad | 'bri khung thang la gdan phyed gnang | chos kyi rgyal tshab du dbang bskur | phyir chos rje zhal bzhugs dus | dge 'dun la bur ston dang 'bul mo che lan drug dang | 'das pa'i rjes la gcig ste | [p. 37] bdun mdzad | gcal khar sngar bting du lo bcu gcig bzhugs nas 'gro don dpag tu med pa mdzad do.

•GDAN TSHUGS zhal tshugs sam / kha zas. Btsan-lha.

•GDAN TSHOMS Dotson, OTA glossary.

•GDAN BZHI rdo rje gdan bzhi zhes pa'i gdan bzhi ni / bdag dang / gzhan dang / sbyor ba dang / gsang ba'o. 600 48.

•GDAN SA headquarters (especially in the sense of the chief site of a particular abbatial lineage).

•GDAN GSUM sa skya pa'i lugs kyi gdan gsum tshang ba'i dkyil 'khor zhes pa'i gdan gsum ni / sangs rgyas dang byang chub sems dpa'i gdan / rig ma dang lha mo'i gdan / khro bo dang khro mo'i gdan no. 600 23.

•GDAB RGYU'I SMAN a medicinal preparation. BT 14r.6.

•GDAB TU MED PA brjod kyis mi lang ba. Btsan-lha.

•GDAB PA dbyug pa'am / shing gi yal ga lcug phran. mtshon cha. Btsan-lha. btab pa'i don bya tshig. Dagyab.

•GDAB PAS BTAB Btsan-lha.

•GDABS Stein.

•GDAM NGA CAN See Yisun.

•GDAMS NGAG spiritual advice. Milarepa tells Gampopa that Bka' gdams pa have gdams ngag, but no man ngag. Here clearly man ngag is considered to be a deeper and more valuable type of instruction. BA 455. See the discussion of this distinction by Sarah Harding in her introduction to Kongtrul, Treasury 8.4, at p. 23. See the discussion under man ngag.

•GDAMS NGAG DRUG Sa-skya-pa method of exigesis. Broido (1984).

•GDAMS NGAG MA 'GRUS KYI BAR gdams ngag ma lon gyi bar ram gdams ngag ma thob kyi bar. Btsan-lha.

•GDA' BA [1] generally a verb of being corresponding to 'dug pa or yod pa. It belongs to an 'elegant' register of the language. Sometimes I want to translate it as "exists, to be sure..." [2] to come out at, emerge, arrive, present itself. thon pa'am / slebs pa. Btsan-lha.

•GDA' YE 'dug go. Btsan-lha. This occurs as a future in Zhi-byed Coll., in the form gda' yi[s]. Again gda' yi in Lde'u 279.

•GDA' RI DKAR nyin mo. Btsan-lha.

•GDAR = bdar in Gzer-myig. "right to the bottom, end, etc." Kvaerne, Bonpo Wheel 283, n. 25. bdar ba. nar mo dbyibs can. mthar thug pa. Btsan-lha. ka ra'i gdar la phyogs myed bu ram gyi shing 'di bza' dgos. Zhi-byed Coll. II 212.5.

•GDAR RDO I guess it means 'flint.' Example of Bon usage in Gzi-brjid XI 184: sreg pa'i gdar rdo.

•GDAR SHA membrane (of an egg), integument. Frequently used in Rdzogs-chen (and elsewhere) as metaphor. Klong-chen-pa 10.21. gdar sha gcod pa means to solve something through testing and investigation. Also spelled bdar sha, which might be more correct. See also brdar sha, meaning 'doubts,' which can be confused with this.

•GDAL PO dkrugs shing rgyag pa. Btsan-lha.

•GDAL BA bkram pa'i don.

•GDAL BA CHEN PO Great Spreading. The word gdal ba used in ordinary language when spreading out grains, etc. in the sun to dry. Klong-chen-pa 2.1.

•GDAS PA OT = smra ba. = zhus pa. = zhu ba pa. Blaṅ 297.1-.2. smra ba'am / zhus pa'am / go ba sogs. Btsan-lha.

•GDING BA a mat, among the monastic articles, to be used at times for prostrations, kneeling or sitting. Zangpo, Robes 43.

•GDU BA dungs shing chags pa. don gnyer. bskol ba. Btsan-lha.

•GDU BU stegs. rkang lag dpung pa'i mdzes rgyan. Btsan-lha.

•GDUG PA ma rung pa. mi bzad pa. mu to pa. rigs ngan. Btsan-lha.

•GDUG PA TSHAR GCOD See dkar gong.

•GDUGS [1] OT = nyi ma. = nyin par. Blaṅ 303.1. nyi ma. nyin mo. Btsan-lha. = nyin mo. Lcang-skya. [2] parasol, umbrella. Illus. in Yisun. See Encyclopaedia of Buddhism under "Chattra." Discussion of its place in Buddhist art history in David Jackson's book Mirror of the Buddha, p. 26. [3] parachute. In an occurrence in the Ratnaguṇa (ch. 20 v. 8), with the Skt. being chatra, Conze with good reason translates it this way.

•GDUGS SKOR MA In a list of types of hats in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 438.

•GDUGS KHANG bsro khang. khrus khang. Btsan-lha.

•GDUGS GCIG nyin gcig. Btsan-lha.

•GDUGS TSHOD gung tshigs. nyin gung zas kyi dus. Btsan-lha.

•GDUNG [1] bone, inheritance, descendent. Frequent metaphorical usages. Klong-chen-pa 4.3. 'jig tshogs la lta ba de bzhin gshegs pa'i gdung yin (phrase explained in Dpe-chos 513). [2] beam (the main beams of the roof).

•GDUNG SKYOB Yisun says it is a poetic term for nyi gdugs, 'parasol.' Discussion in Decleer, Tragkar verse IV.3.

•GDUNG KHEBS In architecture, cloth hangings used to cover the beams. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3. Vitali, Tho.ling 61.

•GDUNG THUNG A part of a house construction. See Dag-yig 67.

•GDUNG GDAN In architecture, the middle horizontal piece of the pillar-capital, decorated with the monster's face. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3.

•GDUNG BYED 1. nyi 'od. 2. than pa (drought). Blaṅ 528. nyi ma'i tsha zer 'bar ba. Btsan-lha.

•GDUNG MA A part of a house construction. See Dag-yig 67. In architecture, name for the main beams which may be supported by pillars. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3.

•GDUNG 'TSHO BA Namdak.

•GDUNG 'TSHOB rus rgyud 'dzin pa. rigs dang lugs kyi rgyud 'dzin mkhan. dra sku. Btsan-lha.

•GDUNG RE RE mi rabs re re. Btsan-lha.

•GDUNG SOB rgyal tshab la go. 506A 335.

•GDUNG GSOB rgyud pa 'dzin pa. Btsan-lha.

•GDUD PA 'dud pa. Dbus-pa no. 416. Lcang-skya.

•GDUB KOR rkang lag gi rgyan. Btsan-lha.

•GDUB BU RGYAN CAN Skt. kaṭaka. Mvy. 6007. According to Bhoja, the poetic figures are nothing more than the golden bracelet on the arm of a woman.

•GDUL BYA RIGS CAN GSUM nyan thos kyi rigs can dang / rang rgyal gyi rigs can dang / theg chen gyi rigs can no. 600 20.

•GDENG CHEN BZHI Padma-gling-pa, Works XV 239.4, 662.5.

•GDENG DROD gdeng tshad dam / spobs pa'i tshad. Btsan-lha.

•GDENG TSHAD BZHI confidences. See dengs bzhi.

•GDENG BZHI 1. lta ba'i... 2. gsang sngags kyi nus pa'i... 3. bla ma'i man ngag gi... 4. ?? 129 V 203.4 ff. 61 11v. See also Zhe-chen Rgyal-tshab's work on the 9 Vehicles, p. 55.

•GDENGS confidence, assured expectation, competence. Karmay, Great Perfection 25 n. 25, 130, 144.

•GDENGS CAN 1. klu. 2. sbrul. Blaṅ 528.

•GDENGS CAN DBANG PO klu'i mgor skyes pa'i rgyan la gdengs ka bya zhing / gdengs can ni klu'i ming gi rnam grangs te / de'i dbang po'am rgyal po yin pas na gdengs can dbang po zhes bya'o. Gser Sbram 408.

•GDENGS BZHI gdengs bzhi thob tshul ni / yar gyi gdengs gnyis dang / mar gyi gdengs gnyis so. "If the meaning of these were well disentangled, the secret would be broadcast, so I may not speak." Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 524.1. Achard, L'Essence 180 n. 95.

•GDENGS GSUM rdeng gsum dang ldan pas gzhan snang zil gyis gnan pa'i dus ni / mtha' dang bral ba'i rtogs pa lta ba'i rdeng / blo dang bral ba bsgom pa nyams kyi rdeng / thug phrad yul la sbyor ba spyod pa'i rdeng. Zhi-byed Coll. III 137.2.

•GDONG See slebs gdong. As a measure, see cha chen. Jackson. Stein.

•GDONG KAG PA a position in a scriptorium. They probably had something to do with the labeling (of the small ends of the wooden book covers?). See Kurtis Schaeffer, forthcoming work on Bu-ston.

•GDONG RKOS carved book covers (acc. to Kurtis Schaeffer, forthcoming work on Bu-ston).

•GDONG KHA CHAD PA sich im Kampf messen. ZAS VII 474.

•GDONG KHRA the cloth title flap that labels Tibetan books.

•GDONG GROGS aid, assistance. Beistand. Kaschewsky2.

•GDONG RGYAG Stein.

•GDONG LNGA Löwe. Kaschewsky2. Lion. JD 236.2. See seng ge.

•GDONG GTAD Stein.

•GDONG BLTAS PA geliebt (Antlitz anschauend). Kaschewsky 84.

•GDONG DAR the cloth label of a book. Vitali, Tho.ling 67.

•GDONG DU 'TSHOG PA gdong la khu tshur gyis brdung ba. Btsan-lha.

•GDONG 'DED Stein. Example of usage in Stearns, SR 28 (with the phrase snang ba gdong 'ded, for which, see Yisun), where I think it means not just 'stubborn nature' but a persistent personal perspective on things.

•GDONG 'DRE Skorupski, TA.

•GDONG MO = mjug do'i nang. Lcang-skya. See mdong mo.

•GDONG DMAR [1] elephant. Stein. [2] Generally, 'red face[s]' refers to Tibetans, explained by their imperial period practice of painting their faces red before going into battle (known to both Chinese and Khotanese in sources for 7th century history). Tanguts also have the expression ni nin, which means 'red faces' and has usage similar to the Tibetan. See Ksenia Kepping, "The Black-headed and the Red-faced in Tangut Indigenous Texts."

•GDONG RTSA DD illus. 24.

•GDONG BZHI 'four face.' N. of Brahma (story of how he got his 4 faces told in Gser Sbram 360).

•GDONG LEN Vorhut. Kaschewsky2. A monastic office. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 41.

•GDOD slad ma dang rjes ma dang phyis su. Btsan-lha. I have seen this used in clause-initial position in Mkhas-grub Rje's works, where it has similar meaning to da gzod, meaning 'starting there, starting at that point.'

•GDON Text 21. Millard in Schrempf, ed., Soundings 273.

•GDON GRIB Lag-len 255.3.

•GDON CHEN BCO LNGA byis pa'i gdon chen bco lnga ni / 'jam pa po / ri dwags rgyal po / skem byed / brjed byed / khu tshur can / ma mo / dza mi ka / 'dod pa can / nam gru / srul bo / ma dga' byed pa / bya / gnya' lag can / bzhin rgyas / mig 'phyang bo rnams so. 600 182. For the 18 gdon chen, see Charles Van Tuyl, Mi-la ras-pa and the gCod Ritual, TJ 4 no. 1 (Spring 1979).

•GDON PA an old spelling for 'don pa (to extract, to recite). 'don pa'i brda rnying. Btsan-lha. 'gro ba thams cad gdon par 'dod pa'i byang chub kyi sems... This may also be the future form of 'don pa.

•GDON MA ZOS PA the tshom med pa. Btsan-lha.

•GDON MI 'TSHAL BA nges pa kho na'am / the tshom med pa. Btsan-lha.

•GDON RTSA 'ghost pulse.' Clifford 158.

•GDON GSUM steng gdon gza' / bar gdon btsan dang rgyal po / 'og gdon klu dang sa bdag go. 600 13.

•GDOM a kind of tassel. go gnas kyi rtags rta'i rke dang dam khar 'dogs rgyu stong skrad dam rnga ma dmar pos bzos pa'o. Depicted in Nomads 273, which also names the parts gdom phor & gdom tshar.

•GDOL a tree. KP3 297.1. KP4 473.1.

•GDOL BCAS rags pa'i gzugs can. Btsan-lha.

•GDOL PA Nāgaklasse. Kaschewsky2.

•GDOL BU Skt. caṇḍālakumāraka. Silk, Dissert. 360.

•GDOL MED rgyus med dang / thabs med / gdeng med sogs. Btsan-lha.

•GDOS [1] gdod. Gces 583.3. [2] snare or net. rgya'am / dra ba. Btsan-lha. Stein. No happiness for the deer not free of the snare. gdos dang ma bral ba'i sha ba la skyid med gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 176.7. trap. Bellezza, L&T, p. 53, where the Classical Tibetan equiv. is given as gdol, although I think there is something wrong here.

•GDOS BCAS matter. Klong-chen-pa 13.2 comm.

•GDOS PA oar (?). BBNP 467. mast? gdos pa 'dzin / gru'i dar po 'dzin pa'am / rlung g.yor thogs pa. Btsan-lha. Negi gives Skt. as karṇa, or, plava.

•GDOS BU Chandra gives the Skt. as aritra (propelling device, oar), or, kṣepaṇī (sling, oar?). Negi gives Skt. as ghaṭikā (pot, water jar, a unit of time, Indian clock called gharī). A kind of water-clock mechanism recommended in vinaya for waking sleeping monks (vinaya illustration text). snod chung ngu chu yis bkang ba zhig. gnyid srung byed dril bu sogs. Btsan-lha. On the clepsydra, or water-clock, see Schopen in Sūryacandrāya 167 ff. = snod chung chus gang ba. Lcang-skya. Some type of water clock might be implied in Ratnaguṇa, chap. 19, verse 5.

•GDOS SU CHE CHE = gal che che. BBNP 476. Btsan-lha.

•BDAG RKYEN [1] dominant condition[s]. Thondup, BM 223. Almogi, MA thesis 103. [2] the responsible agent (as for example, Buddha being the one responsible for the pronouncements of scripture).

•BDAG GIR BYA BA khas blang bar bya'o. Btsan-lha.

•BDAG NYID tha snyad 'di rang nyid dang / rang bzhin / bdag po sogs don du ma la jug ste / skabs 'dir rang bzhin nam ngo bo'i don no. Gser Sbram 224.

•BDAG NYID CHE sems yangs pa'am / blo khog yangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BDAG NYID CHEN PO as tantric concept discussed in Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 200.6 ff. Karmay, Great Perfection 58, 112, 114, 119. Gyatso, Apparitions 230.

•BDAG LTA bdag tu lta ba ste 'jig tshogs la lta ba nyid yin zhing... Gser Sbram 359.

•BDAG DAM PA self-sacred. Thondup, BM 242.

•BDAG GI SDIG PA RNAM PAR BSGYINGS PA Skt. Meghavispūrjitā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•BDAG PO = rgyal po. "king." Kuijp (1986) 33. Dominance. Thondup, BM 228.

•BDAG PO'I RKYEN Skt. adhipatipratyaya. sovereign condition. Cox, COC 15. Evidently this is the abhidharmic usage of adhipati discussed in BHBW 337.

•BDAG MED bden bzhi rnam pa bcu drug gi nang gses sdug bsngal bden pa la / mi rtag dang / sdug bsngal / stong pa / bdag med bcas bzhi yod cing / bdag med la bshes springs 'grel ba las / chos thams cad bdag med pa ni / ngar 'dzin lhan skyes kyi 'dzin stangs bzung bya'i bdag de ni dngos gnas la nam yang yod pa ma yin te / yul gyi sgo nas phyi nang bar gsum / dus thog mtha' bar gsum thams cad du med cing de ltar du shes pa ni bdag med pa'i rnam pa yid la shes pa'o zhes gsungs pa lta bu'o. Gser Sbram 300.

•BDAG MED GNYIS gang zag gi bdag med dang / chos kyi bdag med do. 600 5-6.

•BDAG MED RNAM GSUM Zhi-byed Coll. V 48.3.

•BDAG MED BONG BU ownerless donkey? JD 236.1. See ri bong.

•BDAG MED BZHI LDAN 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 364.1.

•BDAG ZHEN attachment to the concept of true existence. Thondup, BM 282.

•BDAG BZUNG Stein.

•BDAG RAS (Dbus, Gtsang) = bdag rang gis, by me. MTTP.

•BDA' BA OT = zhim pa. Blaṅ 303.2. Btsan-lha. T&BS I 343. = zhim pa. Lcang-skya. evade. Dotson, D&L 55, 69.

•BDA' BLAN =brda' blan. make a signal. Bellezza, D&B 126.

•BDAR See skyel bdar. Blaṅ 304.1. See gdar. lha bdar lan gsum du bskyar bas. Zhi-byed Coll. V 215.7.

•BDAR 'PHRO Silk, Dissert. 316.

•BDAR BA OT = bcad pa. = gzhogs pa. Blaṅ 292.2. See mdun bdar ba. Blaṅ 298.1-.2. ster ba. sbyin pa. Btsan-lha. ster ba. Dbus-pa no. 492. = byi dor. = phye mar byas pa. = ster ba. Lcang-skya. I believe that (when perhaps more correctly spelled brdar ba) it may mean grating, grinding down to a powder, filing or scouring (as well as what you do when assaying gold, by scraping some of it for testing, which leads to more metaphorical usages, as in bden ba bdar, 'truth testing'). Namkhai Norbu, Drung, Deu & Bön, pp. 48, 191. BY gives a range of meanings that include, placing in an array (as for example a battle array), speaking or explaining, to place something in front of oneself for paying respect.

•BDAR SHA See under gdar sha, brdar sha.

•BDAR SHA CHOD PA lit. meaning is integuments cut away. kho thag chod pa. 367 I 238. Compare brdar sha. Came to a determination (based in investigation).

•BDAR GSAS bon gyi lha srid pa'i lha rgod. Btsan-lha.

•BDAL BA May stand in place of brdal ba.

•BDAS PA impf. of 'ded pa. Swept away [by the current]. Lde'u 81.

•BDUG PA TM IV 110.

•BDUNGS [1] killed. bsad pa. Btsan-lha. [2] As used in Lde'u 52, 236, it has something to do with stringing a bow, as in gzhu rang bdungs, which must mean: the bow strung itself. Some glossaries seem to think it means nocking or loading the bow with an arrow. In some sources it is clear that it means stringing the bow, and not loading it with an arrow, since it takes place a good while before the actual archery competition (in the life of the Buddha). rgyal bus gzhu blangs te bdungs nas gzhu rgyud sbrengs pa'i sgra 'brug skad ltar zer te. (But note the verb sbrengs pa here also means stringing of the bow.) DZBL 98.

•BDUD KYI SO PA 367 I 232.

•BDUD DRUG listed in Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 428.1 (for the bdud lnga, see p. 245.6).

•BDUD BYA See skyung ka.

•BDUD RTSI See zil dngar. Blaṅ 302.3. Definition in 367 II 123-4. Expl. in Gser Sbram 300. SS 433.6. This book ought to be of interest: Ira Stubbe-Diarra, Die Symbolik von Gift und Nektar in der klassischen indischen Literatur, Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden 1995).

•BDUD RTSI GANGS SHAM PA = (?) shang len smug po. JD 202. Mdo 186 (bdud rtsi gangs sham).

•BDUD RTSI BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. BT 33r.4.

•BDUD RTSI LNGA dri chen / dri chu / byang sems dkar mdar / rkang mar rnams so. 600 67.

•BDUD RTSI LNGA'I CHU LUMS a medicinal preparation. BT 13r.5 Clifford 189.

•BDUD RTSI LNGA SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 138.3.

•BDUD RTSI BCU THANG zur pa bdud rtsi bcu thang. a medicinal preparation. BT 11v.3.

•BDUD RTSI 'CHI GSOS a medicinal preparation. TMC 39 (84). BP 214.6.

•BDUD RTSI DA LI See da li.

•BDUD RTSI DA LI'I BCUD LEN a medicinal preparation. BP 290.4.

•BDUD RTSI RNAM PA LNGA LUMS a medicinal preparation. BP 399.1.

•BDUD RTSI BUM PA KP3 289.5. KP4 460.6.

•BDUD RTSI'I ZAS CAN 1. lha rnams. 2. sgra gcan 'dzin. Blaṅ 528.

•BDUD RTSI RIL DKAR a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 65. Lag-len 44.5. TMC 17 (29).

•BDUD RTSI LO MA SBYAR BA NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 178.3.

•BDUD RTSI SUM SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 267.3.

•BDUD RTSI SLEB CHOG a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 20. Lag-len 17.2. TMC 30 (62). BP 128.2.

•BDUD RTSI GSANG BA'I SMAN KP1 140.2. KP3 293.2. KP4 466.3.

•BDUD RTSI GSAR BU See dong ga.

•BDUD RTSI GSUM SBYOR a medicinal preparation. TMC 20 (37). BP 137.2, 317.4. BT 37r.3. RR 28.

•BDUD BZHI 1. 'chi bdag gi.. 2. nyon mongs. 3. phung po'i... 4. lha'i bu'i... 129 V 203.1. JTS III 22. Bka'-ma Rgyas-pa XVII 432.1. phung po'i bdud / nyon mongs pa'i bdud / 'chi bdag gi bdud / lha'i bu'i bdud rnams so. 600 37. Also mentioned in the Bsam gtan chapter of Sgam-po-pa's Thar rgyan. Explanations and refs. in Lopez, Heart Sūtra Explained, chap. 2. Pabongka, Liberation I 143. They also have central role in Zhi-byed and Gcod teachings (but note the different names!). 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) XI 474-475 (here the kleśamāra is primary; if done away with, the other 3 are done for). bar du gcod pa'i bdud bzhi ni // phung po'i bdud dang nyon mongs bdud // lha yi bu dang 'chi bdag go. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 52.4. Bethlanfalvy in Anthony Aris volume, pp. 38-39.

•BDUN BRGYUD Karmay, Great Perfection 20 n. 10, 93 n. 42.

•BDUN MTHO BA mtshan bzang gi bdun mtho ba ni / phyag gi bol gnyis / zhabs kyi bol gnyis / dpung mgo gnyis / ltag pa'i phyogs mtho ba'o. 600 98.

•BDUN BDAR See mdun bdar.

•BDUN RNAM DAG seven immaculates. Rather strange syntax, but this is said to simply mean the seven limbs (yan lag bdun) in Nyingma language. Lde'u 143.

•BDUN PA blo gos sam / chos gos. Btsan-lha. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 168.

•BDUN TSHIGS CHO GA Cuevas, Hidden History 74. Cuevas, Travels 36. See "juncture of seven days" in the index to TVS. Probably of Chinese origins, it is mentioned in the Sba bzhed.

•BDUN ZUR an astrological concept, in which the 7th year preceding one's birth year (in the 12-year cycle) is likely to be an unfortunate one.

•BDE SKYONG thod pa'am ka li. Yisun.

•BDE KHROL KO KHROL bliss sifter leather sifter (?). Kun-dga'-rin-chen, Works (2003) III 561.5.

•BDE STONG ZUNG 'JUG THIG LE'I DKA' SPYAD Sky Dancer 202, n. 25.

•BDE SDUG comfort and discomfort.

•BDE BA Germano, Poetic Thought 831. comfortable, convenient. durability, strength. orgasm (a rare usage, it seems).

•BDE BA'I 'KHOR LO chu sman bde ba'i 'khor lo. a medicinal preparation. BP 165.6, 169.5.

•BDE BA CHEN PO =bde chen. Exaltation and ecstasy have been suggested translations, intense pleasure or just pleasure may be sufficient, although 'bliss' is the most common (bde ba by itself is most of the time, with some exceptions, something less than bliss, something like happiness or comfort).

•BDE BA'I MYU GU spyi 'joms bde ba'i myu gu. a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 63. Lag-len 43.3. BP 142.1, 369.1.

•BDE BAS with ease, easily (adverbial).

•BDE BYED 1. gur kum. 2. a ru ra. 3. sman hong len. 4. sman pa. 5. pho rtags. 6. brgya byin. 7. mtshon cha. 8. dbang phyug. 9. klu rnams spyi. 10 sos ka'i dus. 11. chu srin bye brag. Blaṅ 528.

•BDE BYED KUN PHAN a medicinal preparation. BP 141.6, 371.5.

•BDE BYED CHU BSGYUR a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 91. Lag-len 64.5. TMC 26 (52). BP 332.2.

•BDE BYED SNYOMS LDAN a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 9. Lag-len 10.5. BP 129.6, 318.2.

•BDE BLAG TU adv. easily. C&LT 171.

•BDE MED = bud med. "young woman." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•BDE GZAR See sde gzar.

•BDE LEGS SU adv. excellently. C&LT 171.

•BDE GSHEGS Bliss Travellers. Skt. Sugata.

•BDE GSHEGS BRGYAD sman bla bde gshegs brgyad ni / shākya thub pa / sman gyi bla ma / mngon mkhyen rgyal po / chos bsgrags rgya mtsho / mya ngan med mchog dpal / gser bzang dri med / sgra dbyangs rgyal po / mtshan legs yongs bsgrags dpal rnams so. 600 114-115. Stearns, King 481, n. 176.

•BDE GSAL MI RTOG PA Gyatso, Apparitions 191.

•BDEN SGROGS PA See bya rog.

•BDEN BDAR Sihlé in TS9 II 191.

•BDEN PA GNYIS kun rdzob bden pa dang / don dam bden pa'o. 600 3.

•BDEN PA BDAR BA lit., truth filing, or perhaps truth testing. swearing an oath (pronounce the power of truth), bringing under control. bden stobs brjod pa dang / dbang du bya ba. Btsan-lha. = dbang du byas pa. Lcang-skya.

•BDEN PA BZHI 'phags pa'i bden pa bzhi ni / sdug bsngal bden pa dang / kun 'byung bden pa dang / 'gog pa'i bden pa dang / lam gyi bden pa'o. 600 28.

•BDEN BRAL srin po. Rtse-le VIII 426.

•BDEN TSHIG BA 1025.

•BDER BKOD sdug bsngal med pa'i gnas su bkod pa. Utpal 21.4.

•BDO BA dar ba'am 'phel ba. yod pa. Btsan-lha. = dar ba. Lcang-skya. Stein. rang chun na rang snang bdo' bar 'bar. Zhi-byed Coll. II 339.7. las thams cad 'grub pa bdo ba yin no. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 225.4. spread, be rampant, diffuse, be exuberant, rage, be on a rampage.

•BDO TSA NA yod tshe'am gda' na. Gces 588.4. Btsan-lha.

•BDOG PA In most instances known to me, used as a verb rather than a noun. nor. Blaṅ 516.2. dngos po'am nor la sogs pa. yod pa. Btsan-lha. Namdak. yod pa. Dagyab. to have or possess [something]. possession. ye shes de la dran pa bdog gam myi bdog zhus pas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 213.2, etc. grub pa thob zin nas kyang 'khor bar ldog pa yang bdog lags sam zer bas (If the siddhis have already been obtained, is there any possibility of falling back into sangsara?). Zhi-byed Coll. II 156.6. possessions. Jamspal, Treasury 217. Lewis Doney, Narrative Transformations: The Spiritual Friends of Khri Srong lde brtsan, a forthcoming paper posted on the internet (2017), p. 15.

•MDAG GZHUG OT = g.yog po. Also, ci bgyi. Blaṅ 304.1.

•MDANG KHA NUB Stein.

•MDANG DGONG gestern abend. ZAS VII 474. See mdang sum.

•MDANG ZHAG snga nyin nam kha sang. Btsan-lha.

•MDANG SHA BYED PA ngar ngar byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•MDANGS "shading" in painting. rlon mdangs, "wet shading." skam mdangs, "dry shading." See sprin mdangs. Jackson. = gdangs. natural glow. Thondup, BM 26, 51, 350 n. 3. srog can gyi snying ga'i phyogs la gnas shing srog 'dzin par byed pa'i rdzas kyi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha. BLKC I 162 discusses several types of shading / lusters: btsag mdangs, 'bar mdangs, bshal mdangs, rlon mdangs, chu mdangs, rob mdangs,

•MDANGS KYIS GSO khu ba dang sha khrag gis gsos pa. Btsan-lha.

•MDANGS SUM last night. mdang dgong la'ang snang. Spelled mdang gsum in Lde'u 305.

•MDANGS GSOL gzu bo'i tshig gam bden pa. Btsan-lha.

•MDAD In post-imperial times began being spelled 'dad. An OT word used in relation with burial or interment (Mike Walter's forthcoming paper). Haarh, Yar-luṅ 359 & esp. 361. Spelled mda'ad in Btsan-lha, where it is said to be equiv. to a 'dad that achieves virtue for the deceased. Generally seems to be used in the verbal phrase mdad btang ba. It is the final phase of burial, taking place about 3 years after death. gshin por dge ba sgrub pa'i 'dad. Btsan-lha. Tan, Theses 119 n. 37. Dotson, OTA glossary. The 'dad chen po of Atiśa took place in the Sheep year (therefore just one year after his death). NTSP section NGA 157v.6, but note that the parallel in Eimer, NG 356 calls this a 'das mchod chen po.

•MDA' [1] an ancient Tibetan tribe. Btsan-lha. Stein. [2] shuttle (?) used in weaving. 4 140v.4. [3] arrow. On the symbolism of the arrow, see Bellezza, Divine Dyads 342, etc.; Noble Mountaineer 271. On the arrow symbolism associated with Saraha's story, see Braitstein, Dissertation 25 n. 8. On Tibetan history of archery and ritual symbolism of the arrow, see 'Ba'-stod Tshe-dbang-rdo-rje's Bod-kyi Mda'i Rig-gnas-la Dpyad-pa Blo-gsal Gzhon-nu'i Dga'-ston, Mi-rigs Dpe-skrun-khang (Beijing 2014). [4] pipe (of a smoking pipe). [5] the lower and broader part of the valley, opposite of phu, q.v. [6] a portion of meat, perhaps one sixth of the carcass. Dotson, Dissert. 79.

•MDA' BKRA Beyer 327.

•MDA' KHA 'UG MA mda' mde'u med pa. Dpe-chos 511. Btsan-lha.

•MDA' RGOD Decorated arrow used in bsang ritual, see Karmay in JA (1995) 172.

•MDA' RGYUD Haarh, Yar-luṅ 369. Tan, Theses 110, 122 n. 122.

•MDA' RGYUS JD 185. = ma ru mgo nag. SS 509.3.

•MDA'I RNGA MO See nya.

•MDA' LNGA See dga' rab dbang phyug gi me tog gi mda lnga.

•MDA' LNGA BA 'dod lha'am bdud dga' rab dbang phyug go // der gzhan yid srubs pa'i mda' lnga dang ldan pas mda' lnga ba zhes brjod / mda' lnga ni <<'grel pa sgron gsal>> las / rengs byed dang / sreg byed dang / kun tu rmongs byed dang / brgyal bar byed pa dang / sems med par byed pa dang lnga yin par gsungs / <<mkhas pa'i rna rgyan las>> smyo byed dang / sred byed / kun tu rmongs byed / skem byed / 'chi byed dang lnga yin par gsungs so. Gser sbram 373.

•MDA' STAN 'arrow prop.' Poetic for 'bow' as in bow and arrow. Yisun. This is used in Nel-pa's history (PRC ed., p. 9).

•MDA' STE'U KHA MA mda'i rtse mo ste'u 'dra ba'i mda'i bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•MDA' THO arrow list. A list of names of those who are to attend the assembly. Bell, Religion 189.

•MDA' DAR Norbu, Drung 243, n. 16; 105. Combe 54. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 71.

•MDA' BRDUD PA mda' 'phangs nas phog pa. Btsan-lha.

•MDA' DPON Avedon 30. arrow captain. Sources. Das, JTL&CT 80.

•MDA' 'BEM chang sogs ldug snod bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•MDA' MI SRANG PO a faulty reading for mda' yi srang po. Eimer, Dbyangs 55.

•MDA' MO [1] arrow. [2] arrow divination. This is discussed, along with similar practices, in Yules-Cordier, Marco Polo I 243. There is a text on arrow divination attributed to Pha dam pa (but also attributed to Atiśa).

•MDA' MO CHE Some say this means the 'lance,' conceived as a large arrow (?).

•MDA' SMYUG arrow. MTTP.

•MDA' TSHAD an arrow's length. Jackson. In Cüppers, Remarks, this book & paper-measure is estimated to be something like 60 cm. in length, based on records of the lengths of actual arrows.

•MDA' GZHU an architecture & maṇḍala term, it means the design on top of pillars, the capitals (which vaguely have the form of a bow and arrow). This acc. to Jinpa. Apparently the pillar itself is the 'arrow' being shot by the 'bow' of the bracket/capital.

•MDA' YAB a maṇḍala part, acc. to Jinpa, it should be translated 'parapet walls.' See the drawing by Kohn in Mandala & Landscape 390, where it means the 'roof overhang' (the turned up corners of the roof structure).

•MDA' YAB KYI 'KHOR YUG See Lo Bue in TJ 32, no. 1 (Spr 2007), p. 59.

•MDA' YIG Goldstein, History 291. arrow letter. See Bernard 299, 309. Official pass for visitors to areas of Tibet, by which they are provided with transport and hospitality. Perhaps this has a Mongol background, see Henry Serrys, A Note on Arrows & Oaths among the Mongols, JAOS 78.4 (1958) 279-294. Apparently described in Tibet chapters of the Tang Annals, in which messengers carried a golden arrow seven inches long as insignia of authority. Denis Twitchett in Hans van de Ven, ed., Warfare in Chinese History, Brill (Leiden 2000) 107.

•MDA' G.YAB a kind of wall on roof for protection from arrows, a part of the maṇḍala. The name literally 'arrow covering' or 'arrow awning,' which would stop arrows shot toward the building.

•MDA' G.YAB a part of the design of the entryway to a maṇḍala. This part is decorated with white lotuses. See Doboom, Buddh. Path to Enlightenment, p. 62.

•MDA' SHUBS quiver (arrow sheath).

•MDIL 'BYIN See yu mo mde'u 'byin. KP1 34.2.

•MDUNG KHRA mdung ring gi rked par lcags kyi dkris ring yod pa zhig go. Illustrated in Nomads 274, with parts labelled: mdung so, mdung yu, mdung dkris, & mdung phur.

•MDUNG GANG YOD ja mdong gang yod ces par gsal. 367 I 241.1.

•MDUNG DOR OT = rgyan 'gyed. Blaṅ 285.5. Dbus-pa no. 036. rgyan dor ram rgyan po 'gyed pa. Btsan-lha. mdung dor / rgyan 'gyed / 'gyed lta bu'i dngos po bgo ba la rgyan dor ba de [62r5] yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. = rgyan 'gyed. Lcang-skya (here evidently spelled mdung ngor).

•MDUNG DOR CHAM DU NOD PA rgyan 'gyed gtan du thob pa. Btsan-lha.

•MDUNG RTSE = (rdo) chig thub, (rdo) a ba. JD 45. = leg gu dmigs. YTTM 291.12. SS 402.5.

Rnag thur MDUNG RTSE medical implement in class of 'spoons' (thur ma). JD 278 (item 2). Called 'spear' because of the shape of the tip.

•MDUNG RTSE NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 207.4.

•MDUNG SHING See sgron shing.

•MDUNG SLONGS rig pa mdung slongs su bskyur cig. Zhi-byed Coll. II 311.7.

•MDUD sngags mdud is evidently a mantraized knot, like the later (?) srung mdud. Gold Ms. III 83v.6, which reads: dang po gtor ma 'am sngags mdud tsam byas pas shin tu phan pa byung. I think the real classical name for this is srung skud, 'protection thread.'

•MDUD RGYA WANG NGE YOD PA = sngags mdud brgyab pa'i mdud pa'i rgya lhang nge yod pa. BBNP 483.

•MDUD PA Skt. grantha. 'ties,' 'knots' (a particular state of — or synonym for — the kleśas). Mvy. 2145. 'ching ba. Dbus-pa no. 644. See EoB vol. 5, p. 308.

•MDUD PA DRUG PA See shu dag.

•MDUN Stein.

•MDUN RKYEN mjal rten. Btsan-lha.

•MDUN KHANG OT = 'dug sa. Also, bkad sa. Blaṅ 299.1. 'dug sa khang pa. Btsan-lha.

•MDUN SGRIG gnyen sgrig. Btsan-lha.

•MDUN BSTOD kha gsag ngo bstod. Btsan-lha.

•MDUN DU BGYIS bden pa. Btsan-lha.

•MDUN BDAR BA OT = mdun nas bstod pa. = mdun du bgyis pa. Blaṅ 298.1-.2. mdun nas bstod pa. mdun nam sngon du 'gro ba'am gral bsgrigs pa. mngon sum du gshegs pa. Btsan-lha. The solders who go out in front, the frontline, the forefront. Yisun spells this bdun bdar.

•MDUN DU BDAR BA = dbang du byas pa. Lcang-skya.

•MDUN NA 'DON rgyal po'i 'khris su sdad nas 'don pa 'don mkhan. Btsan-lha. A purohita priest. Flick, Carrying Enemies 105. For an explanation of Vedic usage, see M. Witzel's 1997 article "Macrocosm, Mesocosm & Microcosm," p. 517. They are connected to particular families by heredity, and must serve ritual needs of castes lower than their own.

•MDUN NA MO mdun gyi thad ka'am mdun ngo ma. Btsan-lha.

•MDUN PA = 'ching ba. Lcang-skya.

•MDUN PHUGS what is right in front [of oneself]. mdun phugs rul ba ma tshol [tshor]. They don't sense the rot right in front of themselves. Zhi-byed Coll. II 438.7.

•MDUN MA ='dun ma. gros. Btsan-lha. Stein. council, deliberations, congress, public meeting, assembly (Skt. sabhā). In Zhi-byed Coll. (II 186.2, 187.2), it seems to refer to 'affairs' (of worldly life).

•MDUN SA tshogs sa'am tshoms chen. Btsan-lha. Scherrer-Schaub in JIABS 25 (2002) 288. place of assembly (see mdun ma).

•MDUR trotting. Bellezza, D&B 61.

•MDUR RGYUG dal brel ran par rgyug pa'i 'dur rgyug Btsan-lha.

•MDE'U [1] pill (is rde'u the correct spelling for this, as a diminutive of rdo, meaning 'pebble'?) [2] arrowhead. [3] bullet.

•MDE'U 'BYIN khab len mde'u 'byin. DG 113.6. A magnet for extracting bullets or arrowheads. See yu mo mde'u 'byin.

•MDEN YON See smug chung mden yon.

•MDEL point of an arrow. Tucci, Religions 178.

•MDO [1] the low end of the valley (opposite of phu, q.v., and more-or-less equiv. of mda'), place where rivers join together, juncture (of rivers or paths). [2] sūtra. [3] Seems to be used in a special way in Zhi-byed Coll. See at II 237.2: rang gi mdo' don de rang gis ma byas na. Many other examples. (Most seem to make sense if "don," meaning purpose or aim or essence, were used in place of mdo.) pho mdo che chung dang / mo sgrin glen thams cad bye brag 'chi kar gsal. Zhi-byed Coll. V 132.6. skyes pa dang bud med gnyis ka rang mdo che chung phyi ma byed de. Zhi-byed Coll. V 298.6. mdo chung pos bsgrub pa myi nus. Zhi-byed Coll. V 443.4. Many examples of usage at Zhi-byed Coll. III 309.4 ff. There is an article, in Chinese, by Liu Tiecheng [Shes rab], "Tibetan Mdo in Chinese Texts on Historical Geography," published in a Tibetan studies journal [perhaps there is a Tibetan version]. The various meanings of the word are explored in Hoong Teik Toh, Tibetan Mdo, AOH 55 no 4 (2002) 391-402.

•MDO 'GRON Reisender aus Mdo (Dar-rtse-mdo). Kaschewsky2.

•MDO 'GROS (Khams) travelling to Tachienlu. MTTP.

•MDO SGROG mdo sgrog ni lcags sgrog dang shing sgrog gang rung min pa'i rkang pa'i sgrog. Dpe-chos 510. Btsan-lha.

•MDO LCOGS gri mdo gcod. Btsan-lha.

•MDO SNYING yid mi bde ba. Dpe-chos 510.

•MDO RTA pho nya. Btsan-lha.

•MDO DON main purpose [in life].

•MDO DRUG = mdo 'phrug? horse (epic term, in Ge-sar and Tun-huang lit.). Sources.

•MDO MDO BYED PA yin mdog shes mdog gi tshul lam khul byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•MDO NAM a maṇḍala part, at the base of the wall, a red platform all around the maṇḍala, a kind of plinth upon which the offering goddesses stand.

•MDO BA (Khams) person who travels to Tachienlu. MTTP. rta. Btsan-lha. See sdo ba.

•MDO MI MNGA' BA dbang mtho ba. Btsan-lha.

•MDO MI DMA' dpangs mtho ba. Btsan-lha.

•MDO MI BZUNG BA mi phongs pa. Btsan-lha.

•MDO MED PA mi gzhung med pa'am snying po med pa. Btsan-lha. phyi ma'i rgyags phye ma thogs pa'i mi de mdo med yin te drag por skyes kyang khyi yin. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 48.1.

•MDO MO RUS PA DD illus. 7.

•MDO 'DZIN PA architect, (in theater) the director/narrator. Sūtradhāra — the Skt. it translates — may, of course, be used as a title for someone who has mastered the Buddhist sūtras (although at the moment I am unable to come up with any actual occurrence of the term). There is a nice discussion of the term in M.K. Dhavalikar, Śrī Yugadhara: A Master-Artist of Ajanta, Artibus Asiae, vol. 31, no. 4 (1969), pp. 301-308. See the passage from 1st-century Seneca (his Letters to Lucilius) quoted in Gregor Reisch, "Technical Devices in Ancient Alexandria" (document from internet), p. 13, where the term machinatores, or 'mechanical engineers' refers to the stage manager.

•MDO BZHER BAR GYIS bka' la brtsi bkur zhus. Btsan-lha.

•MDO RIS Dotson, D&L 39.

•MDO RU adv. briefly. C&LT 171. I think mdor is the usual form.

•MDO LI "dandy," from Indic dolī. Chag 97. rgya gar ba'i mdo li la bteg nas phyin pa snyam byed. 121 II 117.4. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 29. Also spelled 'do li, as in NTSP section NGA 98v.6.

•MDO LONG ? I think an unusual spelling for something like sdo long ba? mdo' long du rten 'brel gyi 'khor lo thugs khar 'dzin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 144.3. 'do' long du lus ngag yid gsum tha mal du 'jog par byed pa yin la. Zhi-byed Coll. II 73.4. mdo long du 'bhi ru pa'i bu la gos myi 'tshal gsung nas. Zhi-byed Coll. V 174.3 (also, 174.4). mdo long du byis pa g.yas med du ngu ba ltar bshums kyi gda' ba de'i ngo bo ci 'dra ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 352.7.

•MDO LON A term used in old Tibetan law. See Yisun. Dung-dkar. I provisionally translate it as arbitration.

•MDOG (nachgestellt) anscheinend. ZAS VII 474.

•MDOG MDOG pretend.

•MDOG RTAGS false sign. Jamspal, Treasury 99.

•MDOG LDAN See pho lcam.

•MDOG SBYIN See a ka ru.

•MDONG MTHA' CAN See rma bya.

•MDONG MO OT = 'jug do'i nang. Blaṅ 294.5. mdong mo / mjug do'i nang / mjug do brda gsar yin / don lus kyi cha shas mtshan ma [63r3] dang nye ba'i phyogs te / bye brag rtogs byed chen mor legs sbyar skad du tri ka: zhes yod pas gsum can zhes par yang thob pas / sum mdo gru gsum la yang go chod pa 'dra. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. See gdong mo.

•MDONG GSOL ngo dga' bstod pa. ngo chen zhu ba. bden smra. Btsan-lha.

•MDONGS THAL CAN mistaken Tibetan for mdongs mtha' can. = rma bya. Blaṅ 311.5.

•MDONGS PA long ba. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 556.

•MDOMS KYI PHYOGS the privies. gsang ba'i gnas. Btsan-lha.

•MDOMS KYI SBA BA male member (and not of a club). pho mtshan. Btsan-lha.

•MDOS type of ritual. Texts in 87 LXVIIII. ransom rite.

•MDOS BU chu snod chung ngu zhig. Btsan-lha.

•'DAG GU skyo ma'am thug pa'i bye brag cig. phye ma. Btsan-lha.

•'DAG PA ldag pa. Btsan-lha. For 'dag rgyab, see ldag rgyab.

•'DAG PA 'BYAR BA to apply plaster, to go into a solitary retreat.

•'DAG PA YAM CIG = 'dam bag dum cig. BBNP 472. Btsan-lha.

•'DAG 'BYAR immured. BA 768. It literally means that 'plaster' ('dag) has been 'applied' to the apertures of the chamber. a sealed retreat.

•'DAD gshin po'i dge ba bsgrub pa'am dge rtsa bsgrub pa. Btsan-lha. See under the OT spelling mdad.

•'DAD PA shi ba'am 'chi ba. Btsan-lha.

•'DAD SHING sgo yi g.yag shing. Btsan-lha.

•'DAN DKAR cane, sceptre. Karmay, Treasury. This is probably the ltan kar, or ldan dkar, of Bellezza, L&T 61, where it is tr. as staff. In the Grags-pa Gling-grags history, I find spellings ldan kar and ldeng dkar.

•'DAN BU (coll.) the bar placed across a door to secure it.

•'DAN SHING sgo'i 'phred gtan nam 'khor gtan. Btsan-lha.

•'DAB KHRA See khug rta.

•'DAB BRGYA for Skt. nalina, waterlily. As equivalent to Skt. śatapattra, it has very many meanings (see Monier-Williams).

•'DAB STONG LDAN See lug mig.

•'DAB DU don du'am 'og tu. Btsan-lha.

•'DAB NOR legs skyes su 'bul rgyu'i rgyu nor. Btsan-lha. gus pa zhu ched skyes su phul ba'i dngos po. Gser Sbram 136.

•'DAB MA 1. lo ma. leaf. 2. sgro gshog. feather wing. Blaṅ 529. Evidently in metallurgy it can refer to the 'flaked' form of a mineral or metal as for instance mica or silver.

•'DAB MA CHU LO See chu rtsa.

•'DAB MA'I LUS CAN See tsan dan dmar po.

•'DAB BZANG 1. bya spyi. 2. so ma ra dza. Blaṅ 529. See so ma ra dza.

•'DAB SHOG = nyes. Lcang-skya.

•'DAB BSHOG nyes (?). Dbus-pa no. 691.

•'DAB BSRES 'khyud pa'am 'thams pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DAM "gesso." Jackson. 'dam rgya shogs brgyad 'go pa. 'dam brgyad shog. 'dam ya sor. See Velm I 137. mud. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 30, where it is suggested it may be a loan from Skt. kardama.

•'DAM KA Stein. selecting out the best (as for instance sorting seeds for planting). 'dam ka byung na spyod pa gzugs brnyan. Zhi-byed Coll. V 41.2.

•'DAM KHRI gesso knife. Jackson.

•'DAM PA mtshan ma chad pa. Btsan-lha. In following, means 'clay.' 'dam pa stong nyid chos skur mos pa bya. Zhi-byed Coll. I 88.7.

•'DAM PO lkog tu nyes skyon ther 'don byed mkhan. Btsan-lha. associate (of the complainant). Dotson, D&L 11, 13, 69.

•'DAMS PO drang po ma yin pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DAM BU swamp grass? ye shes rang mal gyi man ngag 'dam bu sbu gu dang 'grogs pa lta bu dang. Zhi-byed Coll. V 38.4. Skt. naḍa.

•'DAM BU KA RA See under ka ra. SS 470.1. Said to be Hippuris vulgaris L.

•'DAM BU MDA' RGYU = ldum bu mda' smyug, = u shi ra. BBNP 479.

Skam pa 'DAM BU'I MCHU lit., 'swamp [bird] beak.' Surgical instrument in Skam pa class. Two types pictured in JD 275 (items 2 3).

•'DAM BU ME TOG See Hahn in Archiv Orientalni, vol. 71 (2003), p. 533.

•'DAM BU'I TSHAL See Das 619.

•'DAM MYUG asparagus. CTEV 24. Lit., swamp bamboo (?).

•'DAM ZUG 'dam rdzab gting ring ba. Nomads 240.

•'DA' KA 'chi kha ma. Btsan-lha.

•'DA' GU skyom bu. Dbus-pa no. 572.

•'DAR BA shiver, quiver, shake, quake.

•'DAR MA An OT spelling for Dharma, noted in Dge-'dun-chos-'phel-gyi Gsung-rtsom (1990) I 263.

•'DAR SHA KHUG PA DD illus. 30.

•'DAR SHANG SHANG See Yisun. Lde'u 347.

•'DAL short (or a 'regionalism') for maṇḍal. BBNP 471.

•'DAL KA CHE BA khyab che ba'am rgya che ba. 'phrin las dar che ba'i don no. Dpe-chos 502. Btsan-lha.

•'DAL BA chu 'dal ba, OT = dal por 'dug pa'i chu. Blaṅ 299.3. Btsan-lha. thog ma'i bsgrub pa gzong kha 'dal na phyis kyi nyams len myi 'grub pa'i rgyu byed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 239.2.

•'DAS CHA Achard, L'Essence 178, 184.

•'DAS BRDA in modern newspaper language, 'obituary.'

•'DAS PA nges pa. Dbus-pa no. 527. = des pa. Lcang-skya.

•'DI KA NYAG 'di kho na'am 'ba' zhig. Btsan-lha.

•'DI KO OT = 'di ni. Blaṅ 287.3. Dbus-pa no. 476. Lcang-skya. 'di ni'am 'di tsho. Btsan-lha.

•'DI GAR 'herely,' Thondup, BM 364.

•'DI RGYAGS = de dag. Kuijp (1986) 32.

•'DI DE'I = 'di dag. "these." Kuijp (1986) 32.

•'DI 'DRU = 'di 'dra. "like this, similar to this." Kuijp (1986) 32.

•'DI NA RA GCIG 'di dag yig dang li shi'i gur khang du mi 'dug cing / dpe gang la yod kyang de'i tshig grogs la gzhigs nas lan gdab pa dgos yin 'dug pas slar dpe 'di 'dra zhig [64r5] gi tshig yin tshul byung bstun la na yong. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'DI SNANG 'di snang ni tshe 'di'i bya ba. Rtse-le VIII 430.

•'DI PHYIR in this life & the next.

'DI TSUG 'di ltar ram 'di gang. Btsan-lha.

•'DI RAG = 'di rang. "just this (one)." Kuijp (1986) 32.

•'DI LA Skt. ihatra. Here, in this life. Mvy. 2775.

•'DIG kha dig pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DING BA to formulate (a plan).

•'DU 'KHOD NYID Stein.

•'DU MCHED thabs. Btsan-lha. = thabs dang. Lcang-skya.

•'DU TI a Tibetanizing spelling of Avadhūti. Samdo A V 246r.4.

•'DU LTONGS sdug bsngal. Btsan-lha.

•'DU GNAS religious centre. Karmay, Treasury. gathering places of the ancient sages (rig 'dzin).

•'DU 'PHRO [= 'du ba dang 'phro ba] contraction & expansion, a term often used in sādhana works; visualized objects merge into one ('du) and one visualized object radiating out into many ('phro). Radiation & absorption of light into oneself or the visualized object. Skt. saṃhāraṇa and spharaṇa.

•'DU 'PHROD OT = tshogs pa. Blaṅ 289.1.

•'DU BA nor rdzas. Btsan-lha.

•'DU BA CHEN MO dpal kyai rdo rje'i dkyil 'khor gyi sgrub pa chen po zhig ste / de ni bod kyi lo sar skabs su khams sde dge dgon chen du dgon khag mang dag lhan du 'dus nas tshugs kyi yod pa red. Nomads 274.

•'DU BA RNAM BZHI medical category used in Eimer, Testimonia 54.

•'DU BYED Skt. saṃskāra. For a discussion of the relationship between Hindu & Buddhist usages of this term, see Lakshmi Kapani, La notion de saṃskāra, Boccard (Paris 1992) [review in BSOAS 58 (1995) 175]. One way to translate may be 'the weight/imprint of society and culture' (what causes us to be bound together). A more normal way to translate it in philosophical contexts is 'conditioned thing[s].' For an essay, see EoB VII 732-737. On the list of ten 'life-cycle' rituals, see Rospatt, Remarks 202.

•'DU 'BRAL MED beyond inclusion/exclusion. Neither inclusive nor exclusive. Klong-chen-pa 3.7. 'du 'bral gnyis med kun tu bzang. Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 666.3. Construction / deconstruction of logical, etc., categories. In a verse of the Ding ri brgya rtsa, the 'du 'bral seems to mean meetings and partings (of friends).

•'DU 'DZI rnam g.yeng. 'du long. Btsan-lha. hustle and bustle. Jamspal, Treasury 191.

•'DU LONG Stein. bla ma la zhabs tog che na 'du long gi bsod nams skye ba yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. II 310.2. dge' sbyor bas 'du long gi bsod nams la bdud kyi byin brlabs su ngos 'dzin dgos pa yin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 246.3. 'du long bar chod kyi g.yab mor ngos bzung ba. Zhi-byed Coll. V 468.4. See Yisun under za zi & 'du long.

•'DU SHES Skt. saṃjñā. Mvy. 1924. EoB VII 737-742. As part of the perceptual process, the third of the five skandhas, it involves identification (a step beyond the simple perception, and the basic reaction "feeling") and judgement. You not only see something, but recognize what it is (its term or category). I'm thinking to translate it as 'cognizance[s],' which has a parallel etymology. In an article of his, at Phil. E&W 65 no 3 (2015) 690, Krishna Del Toso favors 'cognition,' or better, 'recognition.' Roberts, King, translates 'identification.'

•'DU SHES LNGA Five 'ideas' the child has in the womb. [1] shin tu gcog pa'i 'du shes. [2] nyams pa'i 'du shes. [3] mun khung gi 'du shes. [4] yid phyir dbyung ba'i 'du shes. [5] yongs su... 'du shes. Zhi-byed Coll. V 522.2.

•'DU SHES DRUG mtshan bcas kyi 'du shes / mtshan med kyi 'du shes / rgya chang ba'i 'du shes / rgya che ba'i 'du shes / tshad med pa'i 'du shes / ci yang med pa'i 'du shes rnams so. 600 73. chos nyan pa'i skabs kyi 'du shes drug ni / rang la nad pa lta bu'i 'du shes / chos la sman lta bu'i 'du shes / dge ba'i bshes gnyen la sman pa lta bu'i 'du shes / nan tan nyams su blangs pa la nad 'tsho ba'i 'du shes / chos kyi tshul la ring du gnas pa'i 'du shes / de bzhin gshegs pa la skyes bu dam pa'i 'du shes rnams so. 600 79-80.

•'DU SHES GSUM PA Stein.

•'DUG PA Nathan Hill, 'Dug as a Testimonial Marker in Classical and Old Tibetan, Himalayan Linguistics, vol. 12, no. 1 (2013), pp. 1-16. Hill says the meaning 'sit' is peculiar to the Mdzangs blun, but I do know of other instances, most obviously in expressions like 'gro 'chag nyal 'dug, q.v.

•'DUG SE 'so' (auf Deutsch!). ZAS VII 474.

•'DUD RGYA bowing gesture. A gesture of respect used by monks for rin po ches, done while bowing slightly (right hand clasped on top of left, with palms together). Zangpo, Robes 41. This often means bowing very low, and at the same time raising up the eyes as far as possible, and sucking in the breath.

•'DUN 'tshogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DUN STANGS phugs 'dun 'dzin stangs. Btsan-lha.

•'DUN PA [1] OT = tshogs pa. Blaṅ 299.2. [2] admiration. Thondup, BM 376, 391. [3] intention, motivation, strong interest, intense desire, yearning, inclination. [4] intensity. [6] idea, concept (similar to 'du shes).

•'DUN PA BYIN blo mthun byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•'DUN MA (an old meaning:) customs, dues. khral. BA 555. Dotson, OTA glossary. See under mdun ma.

•'DUN SA council, council-board. Karmay, Great Perfection 5 n. 18. assembly.

•'DUB PA sgrub pa. Dbus-pa no. 104.

•'DUM PA pf. & impv. of 'dums. to reconcile, bring together (people). Jamspal, Treasury 71.

•'DUM BU GSUM (ldum bu gsum?) YTTM 291.5.

•'DUM YIG a written agreement. French, Yoke 122.

•'DUMS PA thung du btang ba. Btsan-lha.

•'DUR funerary [rite].

•'DUR PHUG rituals involving the evocation of the spirits of the dead. Karmay, Treasury.

•'DUR BA [1] to trot (racing at a constant speed). [2] to mash, to pulp (by boiling). [3] fall apart, crumble. [4] to gather (as a routine). NNV. [5] to evoke the spirits of the dead, to perform the posthumous evocation rituals. Karmay, Treasury. [6] to creep forward, to advance forward, shuffle, shift. Used many times in the prostration discussion in Lde'u that starts at p. 184 (on p. 185 etc.). Here it may refer to the motion that initiates the prostration, the initial shifting forward.

•'DUR BON rituals involving the evocation of the spirits of the dead. Karmay, Treasury.

•'DUR SBYONG Karmay, Treasury.

•'DUR LUNG authorization to transmit the posthumous evocation rituals. Karmay, Treasury.

•'DUR SHID gshin po'i dge ba sgrub pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DUR GSHEN Karmay, Treasury.

•'DUR SLONG BA to restore the spirits of the dead to their bodies by means of evocation rituals. Karmay, Treasury.

•'DUR GSAS priests who perform the posthumous evocation rituals. Karmay, Treasury.

•'DUL BA [1] to subdue, tame. [2] Vinaya. [3] A formal way of folding the gzan robe over the left arm. Zangpo, Robes 41.

•'DUL BA RGYUD DRUG See 506A 339.

•'DUL SBYONG taming (the emotional poisons, horses, etc.). kho tshar chod nas rlung la bur mkhan 'dul sbyong mkhan yin pa la / kho slar la 'dul sbyong mkhan la rtsi gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 152.5.

•'DUL ZHING Surely an abbreviation of 'dul ba'i zhing (the realm of those who will be capable of spiritual cultivation under the direction of a Bodhisattva). Cf. KWT 85, 87.

•'DUS CHE OR 'dus che ba. rich, prosperous (locality). Sources.

•'DUS STON mi tshogs 'dus pa'i ston mo. Nomads 240.

•'DUS STON CHEN PO G. Schopen, Taking the Bodhisattva into Town, East and West, 55 (2005) 301.

•'DUS NAD 'gathered diseases.' Text 12, 13, 76, 82.

•'DUS PA gathered, included, subsumed (under), compounded, assembled, summed up. Sometimes it just means 'body'. Sometimes it just means maṇḍala. May also mean 'chapter' (le'u) or retinue ('khor). For samāja (Pāli samajja) with the meaning of 'show,' or 'entertainment' that might include animal fights and the like, see EoB V 342.

•'DUS BYAS rgyu rkyen du ma 'dus nas byas pa'am skyes pa'i chos te dngos po dang don gcig go. Gser Sbram 109.

•'DUS BYAS KYI MTSHAN NYID BZHI skye ba'i mtshan nyid / rga ba'i mtshan nyid / gnas pa'i mtshan nyid / mi rtag pa'i mtshan nyid do. 600 33.

•'DUS MA BYAS GSUM nam mkha' dang / so sor brtags pa'i 'gog pa dang / so sor brtags min gyi 'gog pa'o. 600 9.

•'DUS SO confluence. Karmay, Treasury.

•'DE nyi ma 'de / nyi mar bsdad. Btsan-lha.

•'DE GU skyo ma dang thug pa. Btsan-lha. = skyom bu. Lcang-skya.

•'DE BA bsro ba. Btsan-lha.

•'DEG PA lift, raise, sustain, maintain.

•'DEGS PA See under skyas chen po 'degs pa.

•'DENGS 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•'DEM KA Other spellings are possible, including 'dem kha. choice. Klong-chen-pa 9.2. 91 I 253.3.

•'DEM SGRUG 'dem pa. Nomads 240.

•'DEL BA See stabs seng. (shing) 'del ba, is equiv. to (shing) de wa.

•'DO CHUNG rta'i gces ming. Btsan-lha.

•'DO CHEN rta bzang ngam rta mchog. Btsan-lha.

•'DO BA A type of horse. TS7 II 614. rta. rgyug chu. Btsan-lha.

•'DO MA THUG GI RKYEN glo bur gyi rkyen. Dpe-chos 505.

•'DO MED bzo med dam gnad mi shes pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DO ZUNGS mdo med dam don med. Btsan-lha.

•'DO LA sedan chair. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 31. From Skt. dolā.

•'DO LI do li'am khyogs. Btsan-lha.

•'DO' LONG See under mdo long.

•'DOG 'DOG (Khams) disguise, pretence. MTTP.

•'DOGS KHYI This is supposed to be the Tibetan word for the mastiff dog, which some also call gtsang khyi. I guess it means 'tying dog' as distinguished from a lapdog.

•'DOGS PHUL A term used to describe a Tibetan-language syllable that has prefix-letter in combination with a root-letter which has a subscript-letter (but with no superscript-letter).

•'DONG BA OT = 'gro ba. Past form: dong. Blaṅ 295.6., 516.3. 'dong ba ni 'gro ba'i don dang / dong ba ni song ba'i don. Btsan-lha. Example of usage in Lde'u 152, 280, which make me wonder if this verb might belong to the 'elegant' level of discourse (even if, on p. 152, it is used in a king's orders to his retainers).

•'DOD RKOM chags byed. Btsan-lha.

•'DOD BGROD smad 'tshong ma. Btsan-lha.

•'DOD 'GRO smad 'tshong. Dbus-pa no. 548. Lcang-skya. OT = smad 'tshong. Blaṅ 293.1.

•'DOD RGYAL [1] Kawamura (badly) translates it as 'sheer imagination,' although I suppose the translation 'dreamed up' could work. Das says it means 'conceit, self-assurance.' In my experience it is usually used to refer to a word for which there is no etymology, because it resulted from an original act of naming, hence not meaningfully derived from any other word. Skt. yādṛcchika. Mvy. nos. 2209, 2224. See the interesting discussion in Ian Collinge, Developments in Musicology in Tibet, Asian Music, vol. 28, no. 1 (Autumn 1996-Winter 1997), pp. 87-114, at p. 99. [2] short for 'dod pa'i rgyal po, 'desire king.' Name of one of the wrath kings (khro rgyal) in Guhyasamāja system. It could mean 'ruled by desire,' I suppose.

•'DOD CAGS longs spyod sogs la zhen pa'i 'dod chags kyi brda rnying. Btsan-lha.

•'DOD CHAGS desire, lust. Skt. rāga. EoB VII 478-481. See under bya.

•'DOD CHAGS BCU GCIG PA See mchil ba.

•'DOD CHAGS DANG BRAL BA Skt. vītarāga. See Decleer in Lungta XIII (2000) 52.

•'DOD CHAGS bde ba'i don la sgrib pas 'dod chags byung. 91 I 582.2.

•'DOD CHAGS BZHI gnyis gnyis 'kyud pa'i 'dod chags / lag pa bcangs pa'i 'dod chags / rgod pa'i 'dod chags / bltas pa'i 'dod chags so. 600 45.

•'DOD CHEN Or, 'dod chen po. Skt. icchantika, those who are incapable of entering the Path. See Buswell, in Buswell, Paths to Liberation, p. 119. The question of whether the icchantika was capable of liberation was an important one in 5th-century China. See Walter Liebenthal, A Biography of Chu Tao-sheng, Monumenta Nipponica, vol. 11, no. 3 (1955), pp. 304-305. Seishi Karashima, Who Were the Icchantikas? Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2006 [Tokyo 2007], pp. 67-80.

•'DOD MCHU kha mchu. Btsan-lha.

•'DOD 'JO'I BA SMUG See brag zhun.

•'DOD LDAN RTAG NGU'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 289.4.

•'DOD SNANG DGU 'GYUR See thang phrom dkar po.

•'DOD SNAM refers to a part of the maṇḍala. See 27 142.

•'DOD PA [1] desire, want. [2] [in philosophy] claim, hold [an idea], assert, hold, contend. [2] yod pa. Dbus-pa no. 640.

•'DOD PA BCU GSUM 'dod 'jor / glog gi 'od can ma dang / til mchog ma dang / pad dkar ma dang / lag bzang mo dang / dga' ba'i shing rta ma dang / rab tu myos byed ma dang / me na kā dang / skra 'dres ma dang / legs brgyan ma dang / manydza skyes ma dang / a lambu shā dang / chu shing brla can ma dang / skar legs ma zhes 'byung ba rnams so. 600 175.

•'DOD PA'I LHA HS V 453.6.

•'DOD LI a type of copper alloy. See Lo Bue in TS7 II 575.

•'DOD LHA RIGS DRUG rgyal chen rigs bzhi ba / sum cu rtsa gsum pa / mtshe ma'am 'thab bral ba / dga' ldan pa / 'phrul dga' ba / gzhan 'phrul dbang byed pa'o. 600 78-79.

•'DON PA bza' ba dang btung ba gnyis kyi spyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•'DOM As in, 'dom thug. 'dom means to subsume two equivalent things into one. BBNP 476. to coincide, come together, pile up, converge. NNV. a fathom, meaning the measurement from fingertip to fingertip of outstretched hands. Germano, Poetic Thought 885.

•'DOM THUG 'dra mnyam gnyis phyogs gcig tu 'dzom pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DOM THUG GI RKYEN glo bur gyi rkyen. Btsan-lha.

•'DOM PA thug pa'am phrad pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DOL 'DOM 'jam pa'am gdams pa dang gnas dben pa dang yul 'gol ba sogs. Btsan-lha.

•'DOL SA sa gshis 'dol ba'am sa bzang po. Btsan-lha.

•'DOS 'gran 'dos ni 'gran zla. 367 II 132.1. 'dos / 'gro ba'am song ba'i don te 'dong yin nam brtag. Gser Sbram 295.

•'DOS PA 'gran ya btsugs nas sdur ba'am bsdos pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DRA BA Stein.

•'DRA BA BZHI gzhan la chos 'chad cing rang mi spyod na mi nag gro srung 'chad pa dang 'dra / sngags nor du 'tshong ba ni sman dug tu brje ba dang 'dra / gdams ngag tshe la rgyud ma thul ba ni rin po che thogs nas sprang [spang] ba 'dra / mi chos gtad nas khyim la 'thogs na 'dam nas thar nas rgya ru tshud pa 'dra'o. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 38v.5.

•'DRA 'BAG sku 'dra. Btsan-lha. likeness [of a person in art]. On portraiture, see discussion in Jackson, Patron 28-29. It seems to literally mean 'likeness mask,' but in the sense that what you're seeing is the public image, and not the real person inside it, hence perhaps persona (being the Latin word for 'mask' as well as 'dramatic role' & other derived meanings).

•'DRA BRDZUS 'BRU LOG. counterfeiting written orders or altering their meaning by reshaping their letters. Sources.

•'DRA SE 'DRE SE [deriv. from 'dres] confusedly. Soundings 26.

•'DRAG MTHIL OT = lag mthil. Blaṅ 297.6. Dbus-pa no. 532. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•'DRAN BDA' OT In the phrase btsan 'dran bda' nas. See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 120-121.

•'DRAL CHEN dissector. Tan, Theses 105.

•'DRAL BA burst, break bounds (of a dam). Jamspal, Treasury 203. tear apart, rip open.

•'DRAS 'DRES Samdo A V 224v.4. lta ba 'dras 'dres myed pa nam mkha'i dkyil ltar yangs phyal gyis thong. Zhi-byed Coll. III 44.7.

•'DRI CHANG begging beer. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 131, etc.

•'DRI BA For an argument that this is the legitimate OT present form of the verb 'to write,' see Nathan Hill, The Verb 'bri 'to write' in Old Tibetan, J. of Asian & African Studies 69 (Mar 2005) 177-182.

•'DRING BA ring ba. Btsan-lha. bslu ba. Dbus-pa no. 423.

•'DRID PA OT = slu ba. Blaṅ 295.3. bslu ba. Lcang-skya.

•'DRID BYED YON PO 'brid dam sngun mgo skor. Gces 589.6.

•'DRIM PA stob pa'am ster ba dang sbyin pa. Btsan-lha. hunting [an animal]. Dotson, Princess 66.

•'DRIS PA to become familiar. Thondup, EL 121. Stein. to be intimate or chummy with someone. Silk, Dissert. 366. intimacy. Jamspal, Treasury 184.. See Hahn in Dorji Wangchuk, Cross-Cultural Transmission of Buddhist Texts (Hamburg 2016) 82.

•'DRIS MED YUL an unfamiliar object, an unfamiliar area.

•'DRU [1] ci 'dru yang. Samdo A 132v.5. Seems an unusual spelling of 'dra, in phrases like nga 'dru, ji 'dru, 'di 'dru. Samdo A V 166v.2 ff. [2] N. of a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'DRU BA burrow into, dig up [a tomb]. Lde'u 271.

•'DRUD drag (ex. a plow) or brush (& comb). See khra 'drud.

•'DRUB PA [1] sewing, stitching. OT = 'tshem pa. Blaṅ 298.5 q.v. = 'tshem pa. Lcang-skya. [2] to mend (a garment, a wound). Jamspal, Treasury 99. rma sogs slar gsos pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DRUB RTSI rma kha sos pa'i sman. Btsan-lha.

•'DRUBS PA = gsos pa. Lcang-skya.

•'DRUMS PA gas pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DRUL See rtsa 'drul.

•'DRUL PA phyogs 'gro'i 'grul pa. Btsan-lha. 'drul / 'dir 'grul zhes pa'i don. Gser Sbram 6. snga 'gro phyi 'gro shul ka'i 'drul dang 'dra ba. Zhi-byed Coll. V 293.6.

•'DRUL PO For 'grul po, q.v.

•'DRUL BA rul ba. 'grul bzhud. Btsan-lha. Example of usage in Lde'u 281.

•'DRUL BA'I GTAM ngo tsha med pa'i gtam. Btsan-lha.

•'DRE Beyer 293.

•'DRE 'JIGS THANG CHU See gu gul. YTTM 292.7.

•'DRE GDON Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 192.

•'DRE BDUD KLU DUG See gu gul.

•'DRE ME 'spectral fire,' possibly refers to aurora borealis. Pabongka, Liberation II 164. Spirit fires. The form in which spirits appear, as spheres hovering above the ground or moving through the air. Millard in Schrempf, ed., Soundings 261.

•'DRE TSHER See kaṇṭa ka ri.

•'DRE LOG writhe on the ground. Yangga's dissert., p. 349.

•'DRE SHA MANG pha ba lgo lgo'am ma bsregs thal ba. Btsan-lha.

•'DRE SHAR NUB GLUD proverb. Ho-Chin Yang, Annals of Kokonor 49.

•'DRE SHIG bedbug.

•'DRE GSOD See gu gul.

•'DREG MKHAN skra bzhar mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•'DREG SPYAD nail cutting instrument. sen mo gcod spyad. Btsan-lha.

•'DRED DE BRDEG 'CHOS PA 'dam rdzab bam khyags rom lta bu'i thog tu rkang 'dred shor ba. Btsan-lha.

•'DRED PA to slip. Jamspal, Treasury 169.

•'DREN CHOG ritual of guidance, a particular kind of 'dur phug, q.v. Karmay, Treasury.

•'DREN PA [1] to elicit, draw meaning (to translate, even). [2] quote, cite.

'DREN PA [1] servers (at wedding party). Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 69. [2] Skt. nāyaka, the lead man, or hero, of an epic or mahākāvya. stob pa. Dbus-pa no. 102.

•'DREN BYED RGYAL PO See khron bu.

•'DREN MA OT = sna tshogs 'dres ma. = khra bo. Blaṅ 303.2-.3. sna tshogs sam 'dres ma'am khra bo. Btsan-lha. = sna tshogs 'dres sram [~sam] khra bo. Lcang-skya.

•'DREMS PA 'gyed pa. Dbus-pa no. 260.

•'DRES RKANG A common misspelling for 'gres rkang, q.v.

•'DROG PA [tha mi dad pa] to get startled, get shaken up, scared off (tha mi dad pa), spooked [like a horse]. Example of usage in Lde'u 245.

•'DRON KHANG mgron khang. Btsan-lha.

•'DRON PO phyogs 'gro'i mgron pa. Btsan-lha.

•'DROB SKYONG drang por skyong ba. Btsan-lha. See the discussion by Dorji Wangchuk in his blog Philologica Tibetica, entry dated Nov. 18, 2012.

•RDA KO a food item given to child about 2 months after its birth in Bonpo families in Kathmandu. The mother also eats it. It is a dough consisting of refined rtsam pa, butter, salt & milk or water. Ishii in Karmay, New Horizons 361. The Lhasa form is supposed to be rda ka.

•RDA LOG As ex. of an irreg. Old Tantra term, corresponding to gnas 'gyur pa, see the work of Dge-rtse in Rnying Rgyud 1973 XXXVI 455. See under ja log.

•RDANG gdang thag. Btsan-lha. Nine Ways n. 19.

•RDANG MO curse. dmod mo. Btsan-lha.

•RDAD PA fleeting, temporary. glo bur ba. Btsan-lha.

•RDAD MO dmod mo / drang srong [63r6] gi dmod mo bor ba sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•RDAB 'CHAL 'gyel ba'am rdab pa. Btsan-lha.

•RDABS stossen, stürzen (?). Kaschewsky2.

•RDABS BSIGS gzhan gyis gnod skyel ba'am 'tshe ba. Btsan-lha.

•RDAR GLU Feigheitslied. Kaschewsky2.

•RDAR NI This appears in the inscription on the bell donated by the 10th Zhwa dmar Karma pa at Swayambhunath in Nepal. Here it refers to the unit of measure known in Nepali as dharni, about 2.4 or 2.5 kilos.

•RDAR BA to grind (in order to sharpen), to scrape.

•RDAR TSHAN dozen. Acc. to Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet," a borrowing from English, as it surely seems to be, however 'Tibetanized' it became in the process. Compare dar tshan.

•RDAR LANGS PA 'jigs pa. Btsan-lha.

•RDAR SHE = ras ris. "painting on cotton." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•RDI PHURD Nishida, TTDD 145.

•RDIB PA lhung ba. Btsan-lha. rdib / rdeb ces pa dang don gcig ste thug pa'i don. Gser Sbram 11. rnam rtog gi rka ba myi rdib. Zhi-byed Coll. V 477.2.

•RDUG PA Namdak. Stein.

•RDUGS PA kun dga' chos shes pa la ma gdugs / sgrub mkhan la rdugs pa yin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 317.4.

•RDUNG GA Also, rdung kha. head butting, locking horns. Yisun. Spelled mdung kha in Lde'u 275.

RDUD RYAGS O.T. See B. Dotson's forthcoming article "Three Dice, Four Faces..." p. 16. Nishida, TTDD 145.

•RDUD CHES SONG BA rdud ces pa ni 'gyel ba'i don la 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•RDUB = hub. Blaṅ 516.6.

•RDUB PA 'dus pa. Btsan-lha.

•RDUM a stump [resulting from a severed hand or foot]. Inaccurately understood to mean 'deformed' (as well as 'fire-pit,' the meaning he favors) by Davidson acc. to Kuijp, ZH 29 (but van der Kuijp translates it more accurately as 'stumpy,' or 'withered hand' less accurately, at p. 39; if his hand was chopped off it obviously couldn't still be there in some 'withered' form!). Davidson arrived at his conclusions by first back-translating into the Sanskrit form kuṇḍa, but in fact one of the meanings of this word is 'mutilated' or 'blunt,' which in fact supports the translation 'stump.'

•RDUM BAR khyim. Btsan-lha.

•RDUL [1] deriv. from Tib.-Skt. dhū-li q.v. Blaṅ 307.5. [2] dust. Mvy. no. 1871. [3] particle, atom. [4] translation of Skt. rajas, one of the three guṇas. Mvy. no. 4551. [5] menstrual blood, this also being a translation of Skt. rajas.

•RDUL GYIS SPABS rdul gyis spabs / li shi'i me tog tu spabs ni brtsigs pa zhes bshad pas rdul gyis brtsigs pa'ang rna ba'i nang gi dreg pa la yang na spabs zhes zer. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•RDUL 'DU DD illus. 3.

•RDUL PHA TSHAN rdul tshang ma'am yod tshad. Btsan-lha.

•RDUL GZAN Skt. saṅkakṣikā. Often misspelled rngul gzan. An upper clerical garment for keeping off dust, evidently, to judge from the parts of the word (rdul is often read rngul, which could mean 'sweat'). Also said to be a kind of breast covering (brassiere?). Gustav Roth, Bhikṣuṇī-Vinaya, K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute (Patna 1970), p. liii. This was not a simple piece of cloth but had to be made up of strips and patches (there are rules about the hems and the stitching methods, also).

•RDE GA sti ga ste zas ril. Btsan-lha.

•RDEG 'CHOS 'dred brdab shor nas 'gyel ba. ltung ba. Btsan-lha.

•RDEG PAR GZAS PA rdeg par brtsams pa'am rdeg pa'i stangs ka byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•RDENG MA BCANG BA phyir ma blangs par. Btsan-lha.

•RDENG MED PA ma blangs par ram ma zer bar spyad pa. Btsan-lha.

•RDENGS PA med pa. Btsan-lha.

•RDEN MED PA col chung ngam col por. rlom par spyod pa. Btsan-lha.

•RDE'U [1] pebble, diminutive of rdo. [2] arrowhead. [3] bullet.

•RDE'U 'BYIN PA'I THUR PHYED surgical instrument pictured in JD 280 (item 1). Its name suggests its use for extracting bullets or arrowheads.

•RDE'U RTSIS a system of calculation, rather like the abacus, but using loose pebbles (or other small objects like apricot pits, beans and porcelain shards). This has been well studied by Dieter Schuh at his website: http://www.tibet-encyclopaedia.de/abakus-mit-steinen.html.

•RDE'U LA From Prakrit form of Sanskrit devakula. rā dza na re 'di yan lag chings la rde'u la'i nang du chug cig zer nas. Phag-gru, Bka'-'bum (2003) VI 11.5.

•RDEB RKYAL powder pouch (for writing exercises). Travers, BPPI 123.

•RDEL DRUG or, rde'u drug, 'six pebbles,' also called rde'u 'phrul or lde'u 'phrul. A divination practice. See Norbu, Drung 25 ff. Smith, Remarks 3. For use of pebbles in religious teaching, see BA 863, 873. Notice the title by Khro tshang, Ma sangs 'phrul gyi rdel mo mngon shes rno gsal gyi sgron me (listed in Smith, Remarks 12).

•RDEL RTSIS Also, rde'u rtsis. A usual way of speaking about mathematics.

•RDO For an uncommon usage, see chad rdo.

•RDO KLAD 'stone brain,' 'agate.' See rta klad. Beyer, CT Lang. 143. JD 49. SS 406.1. Agate. = rta klad. LW 446. DG 128.1. Depicted as a kind of geode with somewhat brain-shaped exterior. Rin 108.

•RDO KUB cucumber. CTEV 24.

•RDO DKAR See (rdo) thal.

•RDO KHA BYAS Stein.

•RDO KHANG rdo yi khang bu. An all-stone construction. ZZFC 32.

•RDO MKHRIS JD 49. SS 407.1. DG 128.3. Gallstone. Rin 110.

•RDO GU gtun chung. sman brdung ba'i rdo rko. Btsan-lha.

•RDO YI RGYAL PO BZHI YTTM 290.20.

•RDO RGYUGS Goldstein, History 479.

•RDO RGYUN a soft translucent white or green colored stone carved to make the beads of rosaries, statues and vessels. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 19.

•RDO RGYUS asbestos. Rin 119.

•RDO BCUD See cong zhi. See brag zhun.

•RDO CHAG Steinwurf. Kaschewsky2.

•RDO CHU See da chu. DG 128.5. 'rock liquid' may refer to a liquid that exudes from the cracks in rocks, and therefore rdo zhun or the like (quicksilver and bitumen, and vermillion...). Other ways to identify it, see Gerke, SLT 127. Identified as the calcite deposits that accumulate in hot springs in Rin 112, where it is also called chu skyur rdo, rdo skyur, rdo rul.

•RDO JA = stod ja, dwa ja. Acacia catechu. LW 472. Called "ja do" in Arch. of TB 195.

•RDO RJE Vajra. Adamant, Diamond. Metaphorically for "self-engendered Full Knowledge" (rang byung ye shes). Germano, Poetic Thought 819. In ZZ, said to be equiv. to pra phud. DG 78.3.

•RDO RJE KHYUNG DMAR GUR CHEN a medicinal preparation. BP 229.6.

•RDO RJE KHRI BO See mchil ba.

•RDO RJE GUR 'Vajra tent,' the canopy of vajra that surrounds the maṇḍala. Doboom, Buddhist Path to Enlightenment 60.

•RDO RJE'I GLU These are said to be songs extracted from tantras, in contrast to the otherwise similar dohā songs, which are more spontaneous expressions of spiritual experiences. Templeman, TLK 46.

•RDO RJE 'GROS This seems to mean either the Vajra Gait or the Vajra Dance Steps of Guru Rinpoche. Lde'u 348. Per Sørensen, in his Tibetan Buddhist Historiography: The Mirror Illuminating the Royal Genealogies, Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden 1994), p. 388.

•RDO RJE CAN spyi 'joms rdo rje can. a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 67. Lag-len 46.3. = zur lugs rdo rje can (Lag-len 37.1).

•RDO RJE'I LJAGS the deities have vajra tongues, "like a reed of light, through which the deities absorb various food or torma offerings." Discussion in Decleer, Tragkar verse I.2.

•RDO RJE NYER LNGA ge hā rdo rje nyer lnga. BT 56V.6.

•RDO RJE SNYING PO [1] Vajra Heart. May be used as a synonym for Great Perfection teachings. Klong-chen-pa 5.3. May be further 'translated' as "self-engendered Full Knowledge matrix." Skt. vajragarbha. vajrahṛdaya. [2] a mineral substance, likely a hardened concretion like amber or coral.

•RDO RJE'I GDUNG the Vajra beam, the highest beam in the roof of the maṇḍala.

•RDO RJE'I GNAS adamantine topics. Germano in JIABS 17 no. 2 (1994) 297.

•RDO RJE RNA CAN See bong bu.

•RDO RJE SPYI 'JOMS man ngag rdo rje spyi 'joms. a medicinal preparation. BP 240.1.

•RDO RJE SPYIN vajra glue. See Kambala's Ālokamālā, vv. 233-4.

•RDO RJE PHA BONG 'Vajra boulder' thrown by Vajrapāṇi. Schaik, Sweet 34, 35 n. 104.

•RDO RJE PHA LAM = badzra hi ra. JD 31. DG 79.2. Rin 9.

•RDO RJE DBYINGS Realm of Vajra. Tends, in lower Tantra Vehicles, to be identified with the subjective-sphere aspect of Buddhahood in contradistinction to Realm of Dharmas, the objective-sphere aspect. In Ati, this distinction no longer applies. Klong-chen-pa 7.4 comm.

•RDO RJE 'DZIN 1. rdo rje 'chang. 2. phyag rdor. 3. brgya byin. 4. gsang sngags kyi sgrub pa po. Blaṅ 529.

•RDO RJE RAB 'JOMS ya sman rdo rje rab 'joms. a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 97. Lag-len 70.3. TMC 36 (76). BT 32v.2.

•RDO RJE RAB 'BYAMS a medicinal preparation. BP 115.6, 314.1.

•RDO RJE'I LUS Germano, Poetic Thought 821.

•RDO RJE SEMS DPA' Vajrasattva, Vajra Being.

•RDO RJE'I MCHU CAN 1. tshogs bdag. 2. khyab 'jug bzhon pa bya khyung. Blaṅ 529.

•RDO RJE'I GNAS BDUN rgyud bla ma'i brjod bya rdo rje'i gnas bdun ni / sangs rgyas chos tshogs khams dang byang chub dang // yon tan sangs rgyas 'phrin las tha ma ste // bstan bcos kun gyi lus ni mdor bstan na // rdo rje yi ni gnas bdun 'di dag go // ces gsungs pa ltar ro. 600 98.

•RDO RJE'I TSHER MA 'brum nad. Rtse-le VIII 427. 'brum nad. Btsan-lha.

•RDO YI SNYING PO See as ma garbha. Identified in Rin 25 as the agate, with a black stone depicted.

•RDO THAL Identified as limestone, of five varieties (called rdo mkha' 'gro sde lnga) based on color in Rin 123-124. See (rdo) thal.

•RDO THAL DKAR PO Chayet in TH&L 32.

•RDO SNUM petroleum. LW 445.

•RDO SPOS DG 135.5.

•RDO'I PHYAG RDOR See dkar gong.

•RDO BA See 16 119. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 198.6. In general I would think this should just be an equivalent of rdo, 'stone.'

•RDO BA CHAR 'BEBS yellow croaker brain stone, or fish ear stone. A mineral concretion found in the heads of the ocean fish called the yellow croaker. Rin 46.

•RDO BAL 'stone wool.' A word for 'asbestos,' but it may be of new coinage. Asbestos was described by Marco Polo.

•RDO YI BYUG PA NGO MTSHAR CAN a medicinal preparation. BP 245.4.

•RDO 'BUM Also, rde'u 'bum. Noble Mountaineer 269.

•RDO 'BEN lag rdo 'phen pa'i rtsed mo zhig. Nomads 240.

•RDO MARGAD Malachite. Rin 23.

•RDO TSHAD "Now the Tibetan treasury has to pay the Amban a daily travelling allowance of four doche, or Rs. 500." Das. JTL&CT 51.

•RDO TSHE A medium or inferior type of porcelain. Dung-dkar 139.

•RDO TSHON mineral color. Jackson.

•RDO TSHOR See Berounsky's Demonic Tobacco article, p. 28, where it is something mixed with tobacco, still not identified.

•RDO ZHWA 'stone hat.' A kind of torture/punishment, which makes one's eyeballs pop out. McGranahan in TS9 IV 116.

•RDO ZHUN rdo thal lam sa dkar. Btsan-lha. See (rdo) thal.

•RDO ZHUN RGYAL PO'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. Three Tibetan Medical Texts 117-134.

•RDO ZHUN NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 153.1.

•RDO ZHO rdo bsregs pa de chur bskyur ba'i tshe zho ltar 'gyur ba. Btsan-lha.

RDO GZHONG Christoph Cüppers, et al., Handbook of Tibetan Iconometry: A Guide to the Arts of the 17th Century, Brill (Leiden 2012) 36.

•RDO YI 'DZENGS rdo'i tshigs sam rdo'i bye brag mkhregs rdo zhig. Btsan-lha.

•RDO RA Das says it is an abbreviation for rdo rje ra ba, but it seems it could simply mean a 'stone fence.' In Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 368.1, it definitely means the Vajra Fence (or Vajra Enclosure).

•RDO RINGS stone pillar. One is tempted to translate it as 'long stone,' although the final 's' spelling suggests a verbal meaning of 'prolongation' or 'preservation.' They are most famous for bearing inscriptions or edicts or treaties, but they often have none, and may be associated with tombs (as in other cultures), while they do make us think of the Biblical massebot. For the interesting practice of posting difficult questions on the stone pillars with the challenge to other experts to answer them, see Janet Gyatso's book Being Human, p. 87. BLKC I 66 ff.

•RDO RUS nges shes. Btsan-lha. mtha' la. See rdo rus chod.

•RDO RUS THUG To the last extremity. Das.

•RDO RUS PHRAD PA Blue Annals 944: "a famous saying often quoted in religious texts, meaning that if one wishes to eat the marrow of the bone, one should crush the bone with a stone. In meditation there is need of a direct contact between the Mind and the Doctrine." Cf. Gyatso, Apparitions 68, 182. Pabongka, Liberation II 101. I think it just means the meeting of two hard things, bound to create a strong impact.

•RDO LU MA eggplant. CTEV 27.

•RDO SHING GI SKYID SDUG a builders' mutual aid society (in Lhasa).

•RDO SOL stone charcoal, or coal. rdo sol gyi ri la char bab pas / me'i grogs su 'gro ba ya cha. Zhi-byed Coll. III 26.7. JD 51. SS 407.5. DG 129.5. coal. Rin 115-116.

•RDO GSUM SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 139.3.

•RDOG A word discussed by Conze in Liebenthal Festschrift (1957), p. 34.

•RDOG SKOR inspection tour. Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 13.

•RDOG CHOS ku rdog po. Gces 589.1. so sos tshad byas pa tsam mam 'ol tshod tsam gyi gu dog po'am gu rdog po. Btsan-lha.

•RDOG SNA mig rdog snar bltas pa ni mig rkang mgor bltas pa. BBNP 482. See Yisun. Literally means 'nose of the sole [of the boot],' i.e., the toe of the boot. As used in Ding-ri Brgya-rtsa, I believe this means 'toehold' (or footing).

•RDOB mdo ba. Gces 587.5.

•RDOB RDOB — Rin chen dpal bzang, "Grwa pa Rdob rdob," Spang rgyan Me tog, 3rd issue of 1990, pp. 37‑41. Also spelled ldob ldob.

•RDO'I SNYING PO [1] a precious mineral substance or jewel. chu nang gi rdo las skyes pa'i rin po che mdog nag po dang dmar po sogs yod pa zhig. Btsan-lha. It's listed as one of the rin po che sna bdun, q.v. Kern translates it as 'emerald,' but I doubt that's right. Skt. aśmagarbha. Mvy. 5957. See G. Wojtilla, Contributions to the Cultural History of the Emerald in Early India, AOH 65 (2012) 463-478. Comaline, cornelian, amber & diamond have all been suggested as translations of the Sanskrit in the past. [2] Negi says it can also mean a kind of metal.

•RDO'I MI stone man. Frequent metaphor for being impervious. Zhi-byed Coll. I 417.3. don la go rgyu 'am go bar byed pa'i mkhan po myed pa'i brda' ru / rnal 'byor pa cig gis rdo'i myi la chos bshad gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 167.5.

•RDO'I 'DZING rdo bzang po. Btsan-lha.

•RDOR [1] Generally it is the compound form of rdo rje. [2] a condiment. Stein. [3] In a listing of low-grade foodstuffs, rdor med must mean unhusked or unmilled (?). Lde'u 64.

•RDOR DKAR "rdor dkar dang gdan gcig gi brtul zhugs la gnas nas..." Che-tshang's 'Bri-gung history, p. 109. Variant spelling for sdor dkar, q.v.

•RDOR SGO A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 295.

•RDOR 'BEBS vajra leap. Togden 251.

•RDOL as a spontaneous emergence, independent of any effort or control by oneself. Samdo A V 117v.3. Thu'u bkwan says the Jo nang school 'broke out from its own bed' (rang mal las brdol ba), which means there was no real Indian inspiration for it. Thuken 209 ("burst forth on its own").

•RDOL CHOS rtsing chos sam hang chos. Btsan-lha. rtsing chos hang ral gyi chos. coarse, mixed up, degenerate Dharma. rdol chos / ngag sgron du / gri rdor rdol chos rar btags da'o / zhes pa ltar rtsing chos sam har [59r4] ral gyi don yin 'dra ste / me tog chun por yang / gri rdor rdol chos ma byed par / rde'u tsam la yang ma chags shig / ces gsungs pas so. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•RDOL BA song ba'am slebs pa. Btsan-lha.

•RDOL BON rtsing chos sam tha mal gyi bon. Btsan-lha.

•RDOL TSHIG SMRA BA gang dran dran gyi tshig ngan smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•RDOS shwa ba rdos kyis zin pa ni ri dwags shwa ba rgya yis bzung ba. Gces 587.2. gtos sam bongs tshod. Btsan-lha.

•RDOS CAN rgya che ba'am zhog che ba. Btsan-lha.

•RDOS BCAS corporeal. Germano, Poetic Thought 861.

•LDA I believe this is just an unusual spelling for either zla or gda'. mo mthong thams cad lda du re. You hope to make every woman you see into a lda (zla, 'mate'). Zhi-byed Coll. II 301.1. glang ni lda'o snyed pas nyes. Ibid. I 307.1. glang gi rtag khung (i.e. ltag khung) du gnya' shing byung ba lda'o rnyed pas lan. Ibid. II 214.2.

•LDA LDI Also, lda lding. silk fringes, lace.

•LDA MAN See Das, who explains it as drums worn both in front and behind (the one behind behind beaten by a person following).

•LDA ME LDE ME (poet.) = ldem ldem, fluttering. MTTP.

•LDA RI LDU RI = ldar ldur. tenderly. Soundings 26.

•LDAG GU sran ma. Btsan-lha.

•LDAG RGYAB to masturbate.

•LDAG PA drang min 'khyog po'am yon po. Btsan-lha.

•LDANG lang ba. Btsan-lha. See discussion in Emmerick's article in G. Meulenbeld & D. Wujastyk, Studies on Indian Medical History, Motilal (Delhi 2001) 58, where it is said to mean the 'onset' or increasing activity, 'flare-up,' of a medical problem.

•LDANG SKO KA OT = seng ge sha ra bha ste seng ge rkang pa brgyad pa'i ming. Also, bse kha sgo. Blaṅ 299.3. See Negi 2706, with variant spelling ldang go ska.

•LDANG SKO SKA seng ge rkang brgyad pa. Btsan-lha.

•LDANG NGI LDING NGI soaring. Soundings 29.

•LDANG GTONG 'das mchod byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•LDANG DUG TM 110.

•LDANG DUB [1] khyod kyi dad pa la ldang dub zhugs. Rising and tiring has entered into your faith. Zhi-byed Coll. II 275.7. [2] intermittent pain. Yangga's dissert., p. 344.

•LDANG LDING lam du shad kyis mi 'gro bar phar g.yol tshur g.yol byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•LDANG PO gzugs po. Dbus-pa no. 125.

•LDANG MA = lhag ma. "remainder." Kuijp (1986) 35.

•LDANG TSHAD sufficient amount [of material to make something]. Example of usage in Lde'u 134. Seems to be mostly used in medical contexts.

•LDAD PA stson mo byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•LDAN Skt. śālinī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•LDAN RTOG bcings grol med pa'i sgyu mar nyams su myong bas ldan rtog gcod pa'o Zhi-byed Coll. III 151.6 (& 152.1, 162.6).

•LDAN PAR 'GRO BAR BYED Skt. toṭaka. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•LDAN MIN 'DU BYED anomalous (Skt. viprayukta) creation. Thurman.

•LDAN MIN 'DU BYED BCU BZHI thob pa / ma thob pa / skal mnyam / 'du shes med pa / 'du shes med pa'i snyoms 'jug / 'gog pa'i snyoms 'jug / srog gi dbang po / skye ba / rga ba / gnas pa / mi rtag pa / ming gi tshogs / tshig gi tshogs / yi ge'i tshogs rnams so. 600 178-179.

•LDAB LDIB TU [to speak] haltingly, indistinctly, with muffled voice. Lde'u 210.

•LDAB LDOB dobdob, monastic 'police'. Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964). Called Ldob ldob; Geshe Sopa's autobio. (2012) 55. Christopoulos 437. Perhaps the name could derive from Greek rhabdops, name for a whip-stick used by referees in wrestling competitions (see same work, p. 436).

•LDAB BI LDIB BI with stammer, mumblingly. Soundings 29.

•LDAM KHU chu rnyog can. Btsan-lha.

•LDAM ME LDEM ME quivering. Soundings 29.

•LDAR LDUR See lda ri ldu ri.

•LDAR BAR GYUR PA rlon zhing gsher bar gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•LDAR MA LDIR onomat. for sound of thunder. Noble Mountaineer 267.

•LDAS PA lhag pa'am lus pa. Btsan-lha.

•LDIG GE da lus ldig ge gser du song nas 'dug. Zhi-byed Coll. 222.3.

•LDIG LDOG See lngig lngog. Gces 582.4. nges gnes. Btsan-lha.

•LDING KA Samdo A V 210r.4.

•LDING KHANG In Aśvaghoṣa, Buddhacarita, chap. 3, verse 13, translates Skt. harmya. Its name suggests 'hover craft' (a divine mansion or vimāna).

•LDING BA [1] hovering. [2] held in suspension (special meaning in Bon texts).

•LDIR See khog ldir.

•LDU GU gdu ba'am gdu gu. Btsan-lha.

•LDU BA dge ba yon gyis ldu ba bya ba 'di man ngag yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 312.5.

•LDU RU barley porridge. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 153.

•LDUGS loss [of urine]. Yangga's dissert., p. 370.

•LDUNG RUS ltung 'bras. Btsan-lha. lhung 'bras. Lcang-skya.

•LDUD PA to give to drink, pour, give. Yisun.

•LDUM Often confused with 'dum, q.v.

•LDUM GUR GUM Safflower. Carthamus tinctorius. TDD 39.

•LDUM RGOD See dwa ba.

•LDUM SGONG tomato. CTEV 25.

•LDUM CHEN DGU a medicinal preparation. BP 264.3.

•LDUM TIG DG 247.6.

•LDUM STAG = go byi la. SS 458.6. = ko byi la, sngo leb spu can, bya 'phur sleb, phur leb. DG 268.4. = ltum stag.

•LDUM NAG DOM MKHRIS JD 202. Mdo 189. Veronica himalensis. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27 (here spelled Ldom nag ldom mkhri).

•LDUM PA tshod ma mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•LDUM BU shing thog. sngo chung rigs. tshal zhing dang skyed tshal. Btsan-lha. ro snyoms ldum bu byed / rtsa ldum gyis lus kyi nus pa rang bzhin snyoms par byed pa ste 'tsho ba'i don. Gser Sbram 109. shing thog. Dbus-pa no. 667. Lcang-skya. See ldum bu re ral. Stronghold. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•LDUM BU BYANG CHUB See rtsa khu byug.

•LDUM BU RE RAL = rgyal po re ral, be ljang, be skye, ldum bu, a ru. Varieties: rgyal po, blon po, btsun mo. DG 264.5. Fern. Dryopteris carthusiana. TDD 69.

•LDUM BU A PHYAG See bod lcam.

•LDUM RA an enclosure for flowers or vegetables, garden. This is probably the Tibetan word that best suits the meaning of English 'garden.' This is the actual spelling for the valley of Nubra in Ladakh.

•LDUMS BYED PA 'dum byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•LDUS PA lus pa. Btsan-lha. yod pa'i yo byad kyang phyir ldus sam cha myed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 297.3. nor rdzas 'di ci tsam yod kyang 'chi khar ldus par 'dug gis. Ibid. II 300.2. yo byad bsags nas ldus par ce re mthong yang ser sna'i mdud pa myi khrol. Ibid. II 318.7. It often seems to stand for 'dus pa rather than lus pa. bsgom chen pa phal cher 'dir ldus pa yin. Ibid. II 330.3.

•LDE As a way of referring to gods or (more likely) royalty (ex.: lde sras equals lha sras). gnam gyi lde mtshon can. Having the sword of the gods of the sky. An epithet for Khri srong lde brtsan. Schaik, Prayer 196. Ngondzin Ngawang Gyatso believes lde and lde'u are more or less equivalent to lha/lhe/lhe'u.

•LDE GU Skt. khanda, 'candied sugar.' salve, plaster (for treating wounds?).

•LDE CHAB mdzod khang. Btsan-lha.

•LDE MIG For interesting historical and etymological arguments about words for 'key,' see for example, Laurent Sagart, Discussion Note: Reply to James A. Matisoff's "A Key Etymology," Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, vol. 17, no. 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 167-168. Matisoff had argued that the key was conceptually equated with the wedge. The usual Sanskrit word for 'key' is kuñcikā, a word that was borrowed by many SE Asian languages.

•LDE BRDZUS Lit., false key. A weapon that is the one most commonly carried by the ldab ldob, it is described, with a drawing, in Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964) 128. It looks like a large Tibetan door-key, but has a string attached, so when it is thrown at a person it can be quickly retrieved.

•LDEG NAS 'gul bskyod byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•LDEG PA bskyod pa dang 'gul ba. Btsan-lha. Skt. vedhita. Mvy. 3007.

•LDENG KHRI Haarh, Yar-luṅ 349.

•LDENGS PA 'dang ba. Btsan-lha.

•LDEM SKU standing image (??). Vitali, Tho.ling 69.

•LDEM DGONGS kyog por dgongs pa. Btsan-lha.

•LDEM DGONGS BZHI gzhug pa la ldem por dgongs pa / gnyen po la ldem por dgongs pa / bsgyur ba la ldem por dgongs pa / mtshan nyid la ldem por dgongs pa'o. 600 49. For a different list of eight known to Rong-zom-pa, see Almogi, MA thesis 205.

•LDEM LDEM See lda me lde me.

•LDEM PO not straight, not direct, bent, flexible. elastic. OT = dad po min pa (?). Blaṅ 296.2. = drang po min pa. Lcang-skya. gor po. Gces 585.5. drang ba min pa, = 'khyog po. BBNP 472. drangs so. Dbus-pa no. 454.

•LDEM PHOD = ldem phru. feather. Karmay, Treasury.

•LDEM 'PHRU Namdak.

•LDEM ME BA g.yo ba'i tshul.

•LDEM SE LDEM Stein.

•LDE'U riddle. Skt. prahelikā. Mvy. no. 7351 (but note the alternative 'Tibetan' word for lde'u given here: sku ska). On the fact that riddles are sometimes posed by beings who threaten death or madness for not able to answer, see EoB VIII 771.

•LDE'U 'PHRUL also, rde'u drug. a divination practice. See Norbu, Drung 25 ff. See under rdel drug, above.

•LDER BZO sku 'dra'i ming. 367 II 128.3-.4. lder bzo ni 'jim pa sogs las byas pa'i gzugs brnyan. Dpe-chos 517.

•LDER TSHO modelled image. sems la ma brten par yul myi snang ba lder tsho'i myig lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 481.3. lder tso'i dmyig gis gzugs myi mthong / yul myed pa la gcad du myed. Ibid. III 35.5. lder tso'i lus la na tsha myed. Ibid. III 37.4. Lde'u 284.

•LDER SO 'jim pa la sogs pa las byas pa'i gzugs brnyan. Btsan-lha.

•LDO LI khyogs sam byams. Btsan-lha.

•LDOG KHYAB vyatirekhavyāpti. Counter-pervasion. Dreyfus, Sound 208.

•LDOG RGYU BCU GNYIS See Yontan Gyatso in TJ XXVIII no. 3 (2003) 100.

•LDOG CHA reverse aspect, opposite. The 'isolate' (everything that is not the cup in question).

•LDOG CHOS See Yisun.

•LDOG LDOG self-evident. Dreyfus, Source 180.

•LDOG PA exclusion (differential). Skt. vyāvṛtti. Thurman. isolating factors. Thondup, BM 208, 382, 384. conceptual isolate. Germano, Poetic Thought 857. distinguishers. Dreyfus, Sound 225. Tsepak Rigzin has a definition. What might seem like two separate things could be 'isolated' perceptions of a single thing... (like two sides of a coin).

•LDONG rus ming. Dpe-chos 517. Btsan-lha.

•LDONG MO MYUR MGYOGS RTA See chu sbur.

•LDONG ROS JD 50. SS 407.3. Das. DG 129.2. = ma ni tsha, dmar po dri ldan. realgar. Clifford, list. Rendering of Skt. śilā. Emmerick, On Ravigupta's Gaṇas, BSOAS 34 no. 2 (1971) 366. Skt. manaḥśilā (mind stone). Mvy. no. 5924. See Edward Schafer, Orpiment and Realgar in Chinese Technology and Tradition, JAOS 75 (1955) 73-89. realgar. Simioli, AG 57. realgar, an arsenic sulphide. Gerke, SLT 127. realgar. Also called ma na she la, ma ni tsha, dar po dri ldan, gar mkhan ma, glu lce ba, ba na ri skyes, bal yul skyes, ma no hu, yid 'bod ma. Rin 113.

•LDONG ROS DRUG PA a medicinal preparation. BP 211.4.

•LDONGS PA OT = long ba. Blaṅ 298.2. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•LDON PA = len pa. BBNP 474. lan btab pa. len pa. 'gro ba'am phyin pa. Btsan-lha.

•LDOB LDOB See rdob rdob.

•LDOB PA slob pa skyen pa'am myur ba. Btsan-lha.

•LDOBS SKYEN shes pa'am goms pa myur ba. Btsan-lha.

•LDOM PA 'tshong pa. Btsan-lha.

•LDOM BU beggar, wanderer. slong mo'am bsod snyoms la 'gro ba. myul ba. zas. Btsan-lha.

•SDA KHUR See 'bu skyogs.

•SDA LE (khyi sda le). umherstreunend. Kaschewsky2.

•SDANG THES MED sdang ba'i dgos pa med. Btsan-lha.

•SDANG PO mang po. Btsan-lha.

•SDAR MA [1] name of a small tree. shing chung ba'i ming ngo. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. [2] coward. Jamspal, Treasury 54. ZZFC 242, 243 n. 121 (fox tail tied to the head was awarded to cowards in battle). Spelled brdar ma, but corrected to sdar ma, in Lde'u 267 (here cowardice is rewarded with a fox hat; see also p. 276).

•SDIG GCOD = sdig spyod. sündhaft. Kaschewsky 84.

•SDIG TO CAN evildoer (epithet of Māra). Lde'u 69.

•SDIG RDO for practice of hanging 'sin stones' from trees, see Buffetrille, PMK 206.

•SDIG SDUG sdig pa dang sdug bsngal. sin and suffering. Jamspal, Treasury 51.

•SDIG PA = srin bu, ka ka ru, karka ṭa. JD 254. SS 539.2.

•SDIG PA YAN LAG BZHI Epstein, Dissertation 78.

•SDIG PA RA DZA JD 254. Scorpion. Hindu philosophers sometimes use the metaphor of the scorpion's fetus. The unborn scorpion is said to cut itself out of the stomach of the mother causing her death (analogy for a case where an effect destroys its cause).

•SDIG PA BSHAGS PA'I STOBS BZHI rten gyi stobs / sun 'byin pa'i stobs / nyes pa las slar ldog pa'i stobs / gnyen po kun tu spyod pa'i stobs so. 600 41.

•SDIG PO nges po. Gces 583.6.

•SDIG MED DNGOS PO Stein.

•SDIG MDZUB A threatening hand gesture. There seems to be difference of opinion on the literal interpretation of the name, although Amy Heller in 1997 article, quite plausibly suggests, 'scorpion fingers,' which does nicely fit with the appearance of the hand gesture. She notes that this hand gesture is very frequently used by the hand of the deity brandishing a weapon. rdo rje khu tshur las mdzub mo ker ba byang chub mchog gi phyag rgya. Btsan-lha.

•SDIG YUL OT Sinitic vocabulary for dmyal ba. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 158, n. 24; 163, 189-90.

•SDIG RA Vitali, Tho.ling 69. pin?

•SDIG RA GLO PHRENG A jewellery item illus. in Yisun.

•SDIG LAM Sinitic vocab. for ngan 'gro, ngan song. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•SDIG SRIN Fundamentals 15.3 (item 16). Tibetan medicine knows two kinds of 'crabs' (sdig pa). Sdig srin (= crab) and sdig pa ra dza (scorpion). The former is 'white' and the latter 'black.'

•SDIGS MO Drohung. Kaschewsky2.

•SDIGS RI 'jigs skul. Btsan-lha.

•SDING PO sding po / sdang ste zhe sdang gi don yin pa 'dra. Gser Sbram 11.

•SDING MYI NYAMS gzi brjid mi nyams. Btsan-lha.

•SDING MYI G.YO sems 'gul mi thebs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SDIR Prob. just another spelling for ldir, q.v. dpe med rag sdir kha 'phyang bdun dang yang [in a list of offerings]. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 523.3.

•SDUG Might well be a 'Tibetanization' of Sanskrit duḥkha (like sgar may be a Tibetanization of Skt. ghara, etc.). Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 32.

•SDUG RKE (Dbus, Gtsang) ugly long neck. MTTP.

•SDUG GU de bzhin du gzugs sdug gu / sgra snyan pa / dri zhim po... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 30.1.

•SDUG SGUR Stein.

•SDUG BSNGAL GYI MA MO sdug bsngal gyi gzhi ma. Btsan-lha.

•SDUG BSNGAL BRGYAD skye ba'i sdug bsngal / na ba'i sdug bsngal / rga ba'i sdug bsngal / 'chi ba'i sdug bsngal / dgra mi sdug pa dang 'phrad pa'i sdug bsngal / gnyen sdug pa dang bral ba'i sdug bsngal / 'dod pa btsal kyang mi rnyed pa'i sdug bsngal / nyer len gyi phung po'i sdug bsngal rnams so. 600 100. The eight sufferings are the suffering of birth, the suffering of sickness, the suffering of aging, the suffering of death, the suffering of encountering an unpleasant opponent, the suffering of being deprived of a close friend, the suffering of seeking and not finding what you want, the suffering from embodied skandhas.

•SDUG BSNGAL GNYUG MA sdug bsngal gyi gzhi ma'am rang bzhin pa. Btsan-lha.

•SDUG BSNGAL GSUM sdug bsngal gyi sdug bsngal / 'gyur ba'i sdug bsngal / khyab pa 'du byed kyi sdug bsngal lo. 600 12.

•SDUG DRAG Schlechtigkeit, Bosheit. ZAS VII 474.

•SDUG MTHUG Stein.

•SDUG PO For stug po. Stein.

•SDUG BRTSIR Stein.

•SDUG SRAN hardiness, tolerance for hardship. 367 I 237. dad pa dang zhen log sdug sran gsum du mi 'bral ba'i gzer 'debs dgos. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 53.2. This occurs in the Ding ri brgya rtsa, verse 93: phyi mar skyid par 'dod na sdug sran skyed // sangs rgyas rtsa na gda'o ding ri ba.

•SDUD SGO Dag-yig. DD illus. 8, 10, 11.

•SDUD PA Skt. sañcaya. compilation (perhaps something like a hymnbook?).

•SDUD PA PO collector, compiler. The one who sets down the text in physical volumes based on the memorized versions of the scripture reciters?

•SDUD PO Dung-dkar 180.

•SDUM THAB khyim thab bam khyo shug. Btsan-lha.

•SDUM PA [1] Eimer, Testimonia 49. OT = khyim. Blaṅ 283.4, 516.2. khyim mam khang pa. Btsan-lha. = khang. Lcang-skya. household. Dotson, OTA glossary. [2] mthun bcug pa.

•SDUM PA PHUB PA khyim 'dzin pa. Btsan-lha.

•SDUM PAR khang pa. Dbus-pa no. 128.

•SDUM BU khyim chung ngam khang chung. Btsan-lha.

•SDUM BYED PA gzu byed pa'am mthun thabs byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SDUM TSHES khyim mtshes. Btsan-lha. khyim tshes. Dbus-pa no. 635.

•SDUM MTSHES OT = khyim mtshes. Blaṅ 300.2. Lcang-skya.

•SDUMS BGYIS PA 'dum byed pa'am phan tshun mthun par byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•SDUR BA compare, examine, parade. Discussed in Havnevik, Dissert. 179.

•SDE In the Kālacakra, lnga'i sde = 25. drug gi sde = 36, etc.

•SDE THANG local price. Sources.

•SDE RNA sde dpon. Btsan-lha.

•SDE SNOD spyir sde snod ces pa'i go don ni / snod kyi skad dod pi ta ka zhes 'bru bre bcu shong ba'i yul dbus kyi bre chen po'i ming yin pas / 'bru mang po shong zhing 'du ba'i snod la pi ta zhes brjod pa bzhin no // gsung rab kyi tshig don thams cad dam gtan la dbab pa'i gzhi phung khams skye mched nas 'bras bu sangs rgyas kyi sku dang ye shes kyi bar gyi shes bya'i don gyi sde ste tshogs sam rigs thams cad 'dus pa'i phyir na sde snod ces bya'o zhes thu'u bkwan grub mtha' las gsungs so. Gser Sbram 237.

•SDE PA = sde srid. title by which secular rulers of Bhutan were known (pronounced "deb"). n. of provincial rulers or district governors of Tibet. Sources.

•SDE DPON sde dpon ni mi sde'i dpon byed pa'o. Lde'u 256.

•SDE ZHOL Stein.

•SDE BZHI chos kyi sde / nor gyi sde / 'dod pa'i sde / thar pa'i sde'o // dang po ni / mngon mtho nges legs kyi rgyu'o // gnyis pa ni / mang du thos pa btsal ba dang nor gsog bsrung byed pa'o // gsum pa ni / lha mi'i yul la longs spyod pa'o // bzhi ba ni / byang chub sgrub pa la bshad do. 600 36. This seems to be used in Bon texts; see Karmay (1990) 149. Apparently, this can be short for rtsa ba'i sde pa bzhi po, the four root communities of the Mahāsaṅghika (with 4 systems of ordination).

•SDE GZAR turmoil. yul sde 'khrugs pa. Btsan-lha. CFMS 101. crisis. Ehrhard in Steinkellner Festschrift 125 (and Appendix C). I guess this is the "bde gzar" in Stearns, SR 30, but Now I see that both spellings do occur.

•SDE SRID n. for the Kings of Gtsang, and, later, the regents of the Dga'-ldan Pho-brang. Sources. Stein.

•SDEB team (of craftsmen, etc.). measure (of grain that has been saved up). Sources.

•SDEB SBYOR poetic meter, [style of] metrical composition, prosody. Skt. chanda. Mvy. 1464.

•SDER KHA a kind of equivalent of the Christmas tree, displayed at Tibetan New Year, a plate containing a tower made of khabtse, brick tea, sweets, dried vegetables, strings of dry cheese etc. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 47.

•SDER GYU Haarh, Yar-luṅ 379.

•SDER CHAGS [the class of] clawed creatures.

•SDER 'DREN TS7 I 192.

•SDER MA plate. Schmied 193. For photos of ancient Tibetan leather plateware, see illus. in Po-ta-la (1996) 187.

•SDER MO claw.

•SDER SO 'jim pa las bzos pa'i lder sku. Btsan-lha.

•SDO BA = mdo ba. schaden, schädigen (damage). Kaschewsky 84. exchange, vie, compete, risk venture. Acc. to Dotson, D&L 6, 'the insolent.' Dauntless. Hahn, TSD 51.

•SDOG BUR See bu shel rtsi.

•SDONG grogs. Btsan-lha. join in friendship, be allied with.

•SDONG 'GREMS spread out tree (the tree diagram used in medical instruction). Czaja in Schrempf, ed., Soundings 351. Trogawa Rinpoche, Past, Present and Future Life in Tibetan Medicine, contained in: "Aspects of Classical Tibetan Medicine," Special Volume of Bulletin of Tibetology (1993), pp. 38-52 (here misspelled slightly).

•SDONG DUM tree stump. Jamspal, Treasury 122.

•SDONG RDOS (?) See sngong rdos. grogs thabs. Btsan-lha.

•SDONG PA 'phen pa. Btsan-lha.

•SDONG BU [1] lamp wick. Hahn, TSD 61. [2] stem, small tree trunk. [3] staff.

•SDOD For gdod. 367 II 129.3.

•SDOD CIG 'BYUNG rjes su 'byung. Btsan-lha.

•SDOD PA OT = 'phen pa. Blaṅ 291.1. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya. (dpe 'gar sdod ces yod) ba phen pa / blo'i 'phen pa dang dma' 'phen pa sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SDOM [1] summation, compendium. [2] spider. = rgya mkhan, brgya can, bal lte ba. JD 254. Skt. lūtā. Spider's web used for dressing wounds; see Geshé Sopa's bio. (2012) 21.

•SDOM BRTSON DAM PA Label to an illus. of lotus with signs of Mañjuśrī above a pond, with two-headed birds. In Yisun. The two-headed goose stands for the Indian pundit, while the two-headed parrot stands for the lotsawa. It is studied by Verhagen in Chayet, Editor. BLKC I 212, illus. an example from Bsam yas, and on 214 an example from Mongolia's Pad dkar Monastery.

•SDOM TSHAD abbreviated method of drawing proportional lines. Jackson.

•SDOM PA vow. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 33, suggests it is a loan from Skt. dama.

•SDOM PA SKYE BA vow taking. Lde'u 391.

•SDOM PA GSUM so thar gyi sdom pa / byang sems kyi sdom pa / sngags kyi sdom pa'o. 600 21. On holding the three vows simultaneously, see Samdo A II 324r ff.

•SDOM BU sdom ni slob ma dang sdeg pa'i tsha tsha 'phro zhes pa ltar srog chags kyi bye brag sdom gyi bu la sdom bu la sdom bu zhes btags chog la / yang ngag sgron mar / ldum ra'i ldum bu lngab lngob dang / zhes 'byung ba'i ldum bu zhes pa ni [59v1] ldum ra'i nang gi sngo chung gi rigs la zer ba yin pas sdom bu dang yi ge mi 'dra. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. sdom bu 'di ngag sgron du / ne'u ldangs ldam bu stan las ldang / zhes pa'i ldam bu la zas kyi mchan yod pa gzhan zas kyi bsod snya mos la ldam bu zhes te / bsod snyoms la la lnga mo [59v2] pa zhes grags so. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SDOR sha tshil sogs zas bcud skyed byed kyi rdzas. Btsan-lha. enriching additives (for soup). See Yontan Gyatso in TJ XXVIII no. 3 (2003) 101, 103, where he includes a number of things ranging from salt to lard to meat.

•SDOR DKAR A diet of strictly white foods. In some dialects called dkar sdor. (Puchung). See rdor dkar.

•SDOS SU rgya yangs. Gces 584.1. rgya che ba'am / yangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRDA Stein. a conveyed message, a signal. Sometimes it is enough to translate it as 'word.'

•BRDA SPROD grammar. When Sanskrit vyākaraṇa means grammar it's translated as brda sprod, but when it means prophecy (or a setting in order, these perhaps being limited to Buddhist usage?) it's translated lung bstan. Why should that be? I take both to mean a kind of 'signaling.' In one case at least it means more like semiotics. It doesn't *only* mean grammar, that's for sure. The Sanskrit word might refer to any kind of detailed explanation of something.

•BRDA BA [1] rgyas par bya ba. to make expand, grow. Btsan-lha. [2] to collect, gather [payment].

•BRDA SMAN See klu bdud rdo rje.

•BRDA MTSHON Stein.

•BRDAB 'CHOL BA 'dred nas 'gyel ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRDAB SHOG 'ur langs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRDAR BA [1] to file, grind, sharpen [knives]. [2] sgrig pa'am bskor ba. Btsan-lha. The spellings or misspellings bdar ba and gdar ba are very common.

•BRDAR MA See nyan thos brdar ma.

•BRDAR SHA the tshom. Gces 587.3. Btsan-lha. Example of usage in Zhi-byed Coll. III 81: nga'i rtsa ru bsdod la brdar sha chod - Stay by my side and do away with doubt.

•BRDAL PHYAR Ardussi, Drinking, p. 119.

•BRDAL BA pf. & fut. of rdal ba.

•BRDAS zhu ba'am brjod pa. skrod pa'am rjes su snyegs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRDUGS PA thug pa'am 'jigs pa. bskol te gar por bzos pa. Btsan-lha. thogs brdug, 'hindered, obstructed.' blocked. Jamspal, Treasury 8.

•BRDUNG mig tu sgog chu brdung na zhes pa ni mig tu sgog chu bdugs na'am blugs na zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 508.

•BRDUNG GTAGS brdung brdeg. Btsan-lha.

•BRDUNG RU a beating horn (or rather an annointing horn?). TS6 131.

•BRDUNGS NA brdugs na'am blugs na. Btsan-lha.

•BRDUB PA 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRDUL BA g.yob pa dang / btul ba. 'phangs pa'am brgyab pa. bsdus pa'am 'jam pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRDEG 'CHA' BA lus gom tshugs mi thub par khya re khyo re 'gro ba. kha bub tu log pa'am 'gyel ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRDEG THABS method of surgery. Yangga's dissert., p. 261.

•BRDEG PAR GZAS PA brdeg par brtsam pa'am brdeg par bsham pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRDEG BTSOG drag tu rdung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRDED PA 'drid pa. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•BRDO BA bsdo ba'am sdur ba dang 'gran pa. 'phel ba'am rgyas pa. Btsan-lha. Example of usage in D.R. Shackleton Bailey, The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge 1951), p. 173.

•BRDOGS grabs sgrib byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRDOL GTAM bab col lam gnyid gtam. Btsan-lha.

•BRDOL THABS SMRA BA tshig nyog ldab ldib smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRDOL BA 'byung pos brlams pa. rdol ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSDIGS 367 I 239.

•BSDIGS PA Skt. tarjanīya. pointing out, censuring. A formal act (karma) undertaken by the saṅgha against one of their members. Mvy. 8642. See EoB VIII 226-227.

•BSDIS PA kha ru bsdis pa ni kha ru brdeg pa'am 'phangs pa. Dpe-chos 517.

•BSDU KHRAL harvest tax, levied on grain after the harvest. Sources.

•BSDU THUN common or general tax collection. Sources.

•BSDU BA'I DNGOS PO BZHI mkho ba sbyin pa / snyan par smra ba / don spyod pa / don mthun pa'o. 600 42. Das 724. These are said to be symbolized by Buddha's webs between his fingers. Stein. See Gser Sbram 86. bsdu ba bzhi ni / sbyin pa dang / snyan par smra ba dang / don mthun pa dang / don spyod pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 192.2. See EoB VII 661-664, 696-697.

•BSDU BA'I TSHIGS SU BCAD PA subject of Mimaki article in Indianisme et Bouddhisme 233 ff.

•BSDUN THAB khyim thab. Dbus-pa no. 695.

•BSDUM THAB = khyim thab. Lcang-skya.

•BSDUS (med.) 'gathered' diseases which are located in their appropriate place in the body rather than 'hiding' in inappropriate places or 'diffused' throughout the body. In cases of 'diffused' or 'hiding' diseases, treatment must begin with a 'gathering medicine' (bsdu sman).

•BSDUS GRWA See Vostrikov, Critical 60. elementary classes in logic, or the books used in those classes. 76 5.

•BSDUS PA [1] changs bu. Btsan-lha. [2] I have sometimes chosen to translate this as 'inclusion' (in the sense of what is to be included in a composition).

•BSDUS PA 'JOMS SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 182.6.

•BSDUS PA'I DON =bsdus don. précis. The matter that is to be included.

•BSDO DGONGS PA zur za byed dgos sam phrag dog byed pa'am 'phya smod byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSDO BA exchange, rival, teach. brje ba dang / 'gran pa dang / bshad pa bcas don du ma la 'jug ste / 'dir 'gran pa'o. Gser Sbram 79.

•BSDOG GIN BSDOG GIN phreng rdog phab ge phab ge. 367 II 126.5. Btsan-lha.

•BSDOGS blo la bsdogs pa ni blo la bzung ba. BBNP 471. spyir dad pa mos pa gus pa gsum dang bral nas 'phags pa'i lam rnyed don mi sdog gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 55.1.

•BSDOGS PA grabs gshom. bzung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSDOGS PA GZHUG PA lham la lhan pa brgyab pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSDONGS PA sbrel ba dang 'grogs pa dang tshogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSDOS PA thug pa'am phrad pa. bskyod pa. tshur rgol byed pa. bgrangs pa. Btsan-lha. srog dang bsdos nas. having risked their lives. Jamspal, Treasury 216. See under bsdo ba.

*NA*

•NA [1] the letter 'n'. yi ge na gcig kyang dor du med par... Without omitting even one letter 'n'. Thuken 106. [2] meadow (an especially wet one). spang. Gces 588.2. na ru lon pa'i 'bru las sa bon 'phel. Zhi-byed Coll. I 292.7. CFMS 51. [3] some kind of insignia of rank. Lde'u 255. It has a diminutive form ne.

•ṆA That this occurs as a shorthand (bsdus yig) in place of med ('is not'), is explained in Dge-'dun-chos-'phel-gyi Gsung-rtsom (1990) I 264.

•NA KA See na kha.

•NA KU LA See ne'u le.

•NA KRA'I GRONG KHYER Crocodile town. Poet. for the ocean. For a 'crocodile tomb' (na kra'i gdung khang), see BA 468.

•NA KHA Also spelled na ka on the same page (and Das also has spelling na ga). Evidently a 'green meadow' (3-vol). Zhi-byed Coll. IV 371.3-6. gang shar na kha'i so tshags zong snam gyi thags bzhin slod nas bar yangs par song. Zhi-byed Coll. V 297.5.

•NA GA See under na kha.

•NĀ GA PUṢPA JD 105. DG 216.3.

•NA GA BAN DE See lung thang.

•NĀ GA RA See (sman) sga.

•NA GI = chu srin sder mo ['clawed makara']. Evidently this is a crocodile, one with a smiling face, however. JD 260.

•NA GU = nag po. "black." Kuijp (1986) 36. Btsan-lha.

•NA GU CHUNG See spang rtsi.

•NA TRI MA RA See so ma ra dza.

•NA THANG ne'u gsing gi thang. Nomads 241.

•NA 'DAM rtswas khengs pa'i 'dam rdzab. Nomads 241.

•NA NAM ZZ? Namdak.

•NA NING = kha ning. "last year." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•NA PHUGS Stein.

•NA BA Moor, Sumpfgebiet. Kaschewsky2.

•NA BUN BU MO mist maiden. a kind of snail, evidently, with a conch-shaped shell. JD 262. YTTM 293.19. SS 503.4.

•NA MA [1] meadow. [2] [burnable] peat moss.

•NA MAR [JS says it is not likely to be a proper word, still listed here as if it were since it's a rather unusual construction; perhaps in case of chos na mar it's a 'mistake' for rnal mar or gna' mar] down through, down into, into the interior of. chos na mar ni chos kyi nang na zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 503. nang du'am nang na. Btsan-lha. Namdak. de nas zang zang na mar la byon nas. Then they went down into the territory of Zang-zang. Lde'u 342 (other examples at 282, 336, 345). See under bar na mar. rgyab na mar la, perhaps meaning back in the back? (see notes on Drametse Thorbu 041).

•NA MAR YANG = de'i nang na yang. 367 I 243.2.

•NA ME RU Skt. nameru. A kind of tree. Acc. to MW, Elaeocarpus ganitrus.

•NA MO [1] phal cher. Btsan-lha. [2] Of course, it is more likely to be the wellknown borrowing from Sanskrit.

•NA DMAR Nomads 278.

•NA SMAD bri ba. dri ba. Btsan-lha. As Vinaya term, see Yisun.

•NA RTSWA ne'u gsing gi rtswa gyong bo zhig. Nomads 241.

•NA TSHA Illness, sickness.

•NA TSHAS BCAD PA'I BSHOL NA na tsha dang tshe 'di'i 'brel ba rnams bzhag pa'i shul na. Btsan-lha.

•NA TSHOD age. I imagine this might be a somewhat Tibetanized form of the Mongolian borrowing na so (q.v.), perhaps a synonym compound. It's used in an Alchi inscription that I suppose must be early Mongol period?

•NA TSHOD GNAS See sle tres.

•NA 'UN na bun. Btsan-lha.

•NA ZAR present, tribute. Borrowing from Urdu. Francke, Antiquities II 146.

•NA ZUG na 'dam gting ring ba. Nomads 241.

•NA YA a word absent from all dictionaries! lo tsha ba khong tshig gi na ya slob slob nas bsgrub pa byed myi khom. Zhi-byed Coll. II 332.7. snyems ma chod pa'i spu ris gyi na ya dri mar 'gro ba'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 206.1. na ya'i mtha' la thug pa med pa'i phyir ro. Perhaps, 'Of banalities there is no finding the end.' Zhi-byed Coll. V 52.2. Seems slightly possible that this is Sanskritic (Skt. naya is translated into Tibetan by tshul). My present guess is that it means 'tedium' or 'banality.' Rhoton, CD 73 translates tshig gi na ya as 'wordplays.' I think it means quotidian expressions.

•NA YE SHI YA na ba 'dug shi ba 'dug zer ba lta bu. Chödag.

•NA YE SHI YE na ba 'dug shi ba 'dug. Btsan-lha.

•NA RA RA hanging, dangling. khu sgom gzi' kar ba snying po myi 'grang bar 'phreng ba na ra ra 'dug pa. Zhi-byed Coll. II 257.3.

•NA RA SU wild blueberry. LW 497.

•NA RAM JD 196. SS 498.6. Mdo 192. English plaintain, ribwort. Plantago lanceolata. TDD 137.

•NA RI KE LA DG 93.2.

•NA RI KEL na ri kel ni be ta'i shing gi ming. Utpal 12.2.

•NA RIM successive (generations). Sources.

•NA RE [1] (someone) said. Used to mark quotes. [2] See under nur re. See Simon in BSOAS 31 (1968) 555-558.

•NA RE BA rgun chags pa'am / chad pa med pa. Btsan-lha. adv. continuously. C&LT 171.

•NA RO The Tibetan letter 'o'. For meaning in Rdzogs-chen, see Germano, Poetic Thought 911.

•NĀ RO PA Skt. name meaning, in Tibetan, rtsa bshad pa. Blaṅ 310.5.

•NA RO'I CHOS DRUG gtum mo / sgyu lus / 'od gsal / 'pho ba / grong 'jug / bar do'o. 600 84.

•NA RO BZHI SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BT 52v.5.

•NA RO GSUM SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BT 33r.5.

•NA ROS pink with maroonish tinge. Jackson.

•NA LIN lha yi me tog. Btsan-lha.

•NA LI SHAM Or na le sham. See pho ba ri. = shi kru. YTTM 291.15. = a ba ku tsa, a bal ku tsa, shi ku ma ni, ha re ṇu, ma rī tse, sau panydza na, drod sman hril mo. DG 195.6. See under ne le sha. Emmerick, On Ravigupta's Gaṇas, BSOAS 34 no. 2 (1971) 370.

•NA SO age, as in the phrase na so gzhon, tender young age. Alter. Kaschewsky2. dgung lo ste sog skad yin / bgrang bya'i don. Chödag. na so glang bas rgan la bsam pa be'u bas chung ba rnams kyi spyod 'dros mthong tsam na. If you just see the way of acting of these people, of an age older than the ox, but with thinking smaller than the calf. Zhi-byed Coll. V 69.3. Clear example of usage in Lde'u 51, and given the early Mongol period dating of this history, it shouldn't be surprising (one wonders if older examples might be found, but it seems not).

•NA BSO a Bon term, for invoking g.yang. Samdo A IV 218v.3.

•NA HO a kind of small tug-boat. Aris, Discourse 61.

•NAG KHAB See under dmar thab.

•NAG KHRID theoretical explanation based on a text. Compare dmar khrid.

•NAG GE NOG GE dimly, faintly. Soundings 29. See under nag nog, mnag nog.

•NAG 'GROS nag po 'gro shes. Btsan-lha.

•NAG 'GROS SU BKOD PA made so as to be straightforward and intelligible. (A common term in book titles.)

•NAG CAN Stein.

•NAG GCOD = nag chad. severe punishment, [perhaps:] execution. Sources.

•NAG CHANG women and beer.

•NAG 'JIGS See dred mo.

•NAG NYE RE RE nag nog re re. Gces 586.1. Btsan-lha.

•NAG TING extremely black. bla ma'i zhal nag ting song nas. Then the Lama's face very much darkened. 24 I 408.7.

•NAG THANG a thanka of predominantly black color. Jackson. Kreijger, Tibetan Painting 23, says that they are at least as old as the 16th century.

•NAG THUM BCAD PA an obscure phrase in Almogi, MA thesis 99.

•NAG THUM MER adj. way of becoming unconscious. C&LT 171.

•NAG THOM MER adv. darkened profoundly, extremely obscured. C&LT 171.

•NAG NOG See under mnag nog, nag ge nog ge.

•NAG PO Stein.

•NAG PO KHA 'BYAMS See under kha 'byams.

•NAG PO KHRO GNYER See shu dag nag po.

•NAG PO DGU SBYOR a medicinal preparation. Three Tibetan Medical Texts 37-40. BP 281.1.

•NAG PO 'GRO SHES rags rim go sla ba. Btsan-lha.

•NAG PO BCAD 'BYOR See dom mkhris.

•NAG PO CHIG THUB See under chig thub.

•NAG PO'I CHOS BZHI listed in 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 65.

•NAG PO'I BSTAN PA (Vinaya terminology) paired with chen po'i bstan pa. Samdo A II 310r.5. Teachings which obstruct samsara and bad rebirth. Samdo A II 324v.5. Samdo A III 320r.5.

•NAG PO TSAN DE See pi pi ling.

•NAG PHRAN an epithet for 'arrow.' TS6 131.

•NAG MA'I THANG CHU See shel ta.

•NAG MO as a word for woman (or perhaps more correctly married woman), see under nyag mo.

•NAG RTSIS 'chinese astrology.' Epstein, Dissertation 198.

•NAG TSHANG me khang. Btsan-lha.

•NAG TSHUR JD 68. nag mtshur in SS 412.1. Skt. puṣpakāsīsa. A mineral substance used for dyeing black, the green sulphate of iron in a state of partial and spontaneous decomposition. Mvy. 5829, 5830. green or black sulphate of iron. MW. Black vitriol. Arch. of TB 42, 103. fibroferritum, which also includes the variety ser tshur (q.v.). Rin 161.

•NAG MTSHUR SENG PHROM A RU'I GRANG THANG a medicinal preparation. BP 211.3.

•NAG RING See pi pi ling.

•NAG SHA picture. Borrowing from Urdu. Francke, Antiquities II 146.

•NAG SAM See som thang shing.

•NAGS KHYI See gung. JD 237.1.

•NAGS KHROD Skt. prāntavanaprasthā. forest dwelling. Mvy. 2989.

•NAGS RNA Also, mog ro. black fungus [for eating]. CTEV 27.

•NAGS MA See som thang shing.

•NAGS MA'I THANG CHU DG 243.6.

•NAGS ME forest fire. For metaphorical usage, see under spor ba.

•NAGS TSAN DAN See a ka ru.

•NAGS KYI TSHIG GU CAN Lit. forest kernels. edible tree fruits like walnuts and so on. star kha la sogs pa'i bza' shing gi 'bras bu. Btsan-lha.

•NANG KA Amdo, 'morning.' T&BS I 337.

•NANG KOR nang 'khor. Btsan-lha.

•NANG GI RKYEN in tantra, a way of refering to the completion stage. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 319.6.

•NANG GI DE NYID BCU rdo rje slob dpon gyi mtshan nyid bshad pa'i skabs kyi nang gi de nyid bcu ni / phyir zlog gnyis / dbang bzhi bskur ba / kha sbyor dbye ba / gtor ma / rdo rje'i bzlas pa / drag shul sgrub pa / rab gnas / dkyil 'khor sgrub pa / mchod bstod bya ba / bdag 'jug len zhing rjes su gnang ba nod pa rnams so. 600 144.

•NANG GOG 4 114r.1. = nang khog?

•NANG GROL nang khrol. Btsan-lha.

•NANG RGYUG 'running inside,' a name for a particular channel. Yangga's dissert., p. 299.

•NANG CIG nyin cig. Btsan-lha. Perhaps it means 'once a day.'

•NANG BCAS zhe 'gras [mutual enmity]. Dbus-pa no. 733. Lcang-skya.

•NANG RJE khyim gyi bdag po. Btsan-lha.

•NANG CANG BCAS PA 'khon dang bcas pa'am / zhe 'gras pa. Btsan-lha.

Rna ba'i NANG LJON DD illus. 4.

•NANG LTAR BYED act in accordance with. C&LT 171. to do as in [what the Buddha said...].

•NANG RTEN "a statue, in memory of a deceased person, to be kept indoors." Vitali, Tho.ling 71, 143.

•NANG MTHU Stein.

•NANG DU RTSAL nang du bcug. Btsan-lha.

•NANG DON Stein.

•NANG DRIL KP1 81.2.

•NANG 'DOM PA bya ba mi 'dra ba gnyis mnyam du thug pa. Btsan-lha.

•NANG LDAN Vitali, Tho.ling 74.

•NANG NUB snga dro phyi dro. Blaṅ 516.3.

•NANG BYAN OT = g.yog. Blaṅ 303.4. nang gi las byed pa'i g.yog dang 'bangs. phyag tshang. Btsan-lha.

•NANG BYAN TSHUD PA nang tshan tshud pa. Gces 582.5. See rang byon tshud pa (BBNP 474). don thams cad dbang du 'du ba. nang rgyus lon pa'am / gnad don rnyed pa. Btsan-lha.

•NANG BLON interior minister, prime minister. Flick, Carrying Enemies 109. As an OT title, see Precious Deposits I 90, where it is translated as Minister of the Interior.

•NANG BLON KA NA See shing tsha.

•NANG DBYINGS Almogi, MA thesis 107.

•NANG MA a kind of music fashionable in Lhasa. TR XV, no. 10, p. 9. Masood Butt says that "Nangma is believed to be a corruption of the Urdu word Naghma, meaning song."

•NANG MA GNYIS BTUD = nyin gnyis 'thud pa. BBNP 479. Btsan-lha.

•NANG MI household members. Dargyay, TVC 49. A term used in Vinaya texts.

•NANG MO = nang rol. "inside." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•NANG DME pollution from within, fratricide. Karmay in BSOAS (1995) 311.

•NANG MDZOD A type of Bka' btags. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 10. A long horizontal hanging. Vitali, Tho.ling 61. Tucci, Lhasa 74.

•NANG RDZONG an unusual term for referring to the sacred items, relics, etc., placed inside images and mchod rtens; these are generally called gzungs, or gzungs gzhug. Have noticed this word especially in Bon consecration texts, but it also occurs in Tshe-mchog-gling Yongs-'dzin, Works VI 131.4. RET 13 (Feb. 2008) 14. See MKB 385 (nang rdzongs). Searching TBRC, I found a few actual matches, including one in the Bka'-thang Sde Lnga: rdo sku gser sku nang rdzong gzhug pa'i dus...

•NANG ZOG Persönliches Vermögen. Kaschewsky2.

•NANG GZAN household servitors (in government employ). Sources. 'clerks.' TS7 I 191. Okawa Kensaku, A Study of Nang-zan: The Reality of Servant Workers in Traditional Tibetan Society (article in Japanese).

•NANG YAN MDZOD nang chags zhen lhod de sems gu yangs khur med gyis. Btsan-lha. 367 I 239.

•NANG LONG DD illus. 1, 5, 6, 14.

•NANG SO nang khul du so byed pa'i blon po. Btsan-lha. BA 1084.

•NANG GSEL spyi las khyad par ba. Btsan-lha.

•NANG LHA interior god. Evidently contrasted to the exterior god (phyi lha). Lde'u 232 et passim.

•NANGS KYI OT = sngon gyi. Blaṅ 300.3. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. Perhaps related to English nonce. [Hey, just joking!]

•NANGS KYI DUS sngon gyi dus. Btsan-lha.

•NANGS KYI TSHUL KHRIMS = nang gi'am nang pa'i tshul khrims. BBNP 482.

•NANGS PA ma nangs pa, OT = ma langs pa. Blaṅ 300.3. sngon. nam langs. Btsan-lha.

•NAD BCAS zhe 'gras pa. Btsan-lha.

•NAD BRANG BZHAG GO nad pa'i gnas bgyis so. Btsan-lha.

•NAD MA varieties: rmun bu, skyib ma, g.yu lo, 'byar ma. JD 199. KP1 121.1. Varieties: 'byar ma, smun bu, sgyid ma. KP3 283.5. KP4 451.4. SS 515.6. rtsa mkhris nad ma; see KP3 282.2, KP4 449.4. Cynoglossum glochidiatum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. Forget-me-not. Hackelia uncinatum. TDD 87.

•NAD MA 'BYAR MA Forget me not, the flower. Cynoglossum wallichii. TDD 62.

•NAD MED PA For a common Buddhist verse that begins with these words, see Peter Skilling, Unsettling Boundaries: Verses Shared by Śrāvaka and Mahāyāna Texts, Journal of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies, vol. 9 (March 2005), pp. 99-112, at p. 105: nad med pa ni rnyed pa'i mchog // chog shes pa ni nor gyi mchog // yid brtan pa ni gnyen gyi mchog / mya ngan 'das pa bde ba'i mchog.

•NAD YAMS 'go ba'i nad kyi ming. Dag-yig.

•NAD RO Here ro is short for ro ma, which means dregs. The dregs of disease, means something a disease leaves behind that can emerge once more. nga bdag gi mde'u ma phyung na chags sdang gi nad ro ldang. If you haven't pulled out the arrowhead of I and mine, the hidden diseases of attachment and aversion will surface. Zhi-byed Coll. II 424.4.

•NAD SEL See a ru ra.

•NAN One of four types of treatments for limb injuries according to the Po-ti Kha-ser, the other 3 being deb, chings & sgyogs. Yangga, Dissert., p. 66.

•NAN GYIS earnestly, persistently. C&LT 171.

•NAN 'GUGS mthus 'phrog pa. Btsan-lha.

•NAN TAN persistent[ly], abidingly (with longterm impact). An etymological discussion in Hahn, Ting 115, identifies this as being a reduction of *mnan gtan. Its etymological meaning would seem to be 'long-term imposition.'

•NAN TAR = shin tu, = nan tan, = spyir na, = ngo thog. BBNP 469, 476. nan tar pū dza slong na ni drang por 'tshang slog na. Dpe-chos 512. bzang po dang nan tan. phul phyin nam / shin tu bzang. Btsan-lha. kho na re nan tar song na chos la bya rgyu rang cig myi gda' bar zer bas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 308.6. "knows no bounds." Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 228.

•NAN TAR NA spyir na'am ngo thog byas na. Btsan-lha.

•NAN TUR OT = chad las. Blaṅ 297.4. khrims kyi chad pa gcod pa. sdigs tshig. Btsan-lha. Examples of usage in HS LVI 455.5.

•NAN TUR DU BYA BA Skt. praṇidhikarma. Mvy. 9304. Close inspection, observation, ascertainment.

•NAN TUR LAS chad pa'i las.

•NAN STUR chad las. Btsan-lha.

•NAN THAG An undefined word used in Nel-pa's history (PRC version, p. 8), and in a chapter title of the Rgyal po bka'i thang yig.

•NAN THUR Also, nan tur. OT = nan tan. Blaṅ 297.6-298.1. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 537. Has a sense of close or critical inspection. Lde'u 276.

•NAN DAR shin tu dang / nan tan sogs. Btsan-lha.

•NAN PA imposing [taxes], levying. Lde'u 270. This may be O.T., but surely related to gnon pa.

•NAN BAN forced abjuration of one's religion, forced recantation. Karmay, Treasury. Example of usage in SKC 152.5: der rje'i dran pa nam mkha' nan ban byas so.

•NAN BAN NAS BTON bka' nan pos ban de byed bcug pa. 506A 339.

•NAN BTSIR GYIS BCUN nan cher gyis bzung. Btsan-lha.

•NAN TSHIR GYIS = nan tan gyis. BBNP 479. Btsan-lha.

•NAN ZHUGS KYIS BRKU BA mthus rku ba'am phrogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•NAN 'UR chad las. Dbus-pa no. 511.

•NAN LA BOR nan tan gyis lta rtog byas. Btsan-lha.

•NAB NUB rnam par smugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•NAB SO Skt. punarvasu. Mvy. 9473 (nam so, nabs so). Perfect wealth.

•NABS See mnab?

•NAM In the phrase gser nam, a drachma of gold. Karmay, Treasury. See under drug nam. gser zho'i skar ma. Btsan-lha. When used directly before a verb: from the time when you start[ed] [the verbal action].

•NAM KA This is evid. the O.T. form for later spelling nam mkha'.

•NAM KA PHAN PHUN "twilight of dawn," "about to be light but not yet light." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 319. daylight dimly visible. Equiv. to ban bun. Tan, Theses 107.

•NAM MKHA' [1] sky, space. Skt. ākāśa/gagana. In O.T., nam ka is by far the most common spelling (although gnam is definitely the most common word for 'sky'), while gnam ka occurs once (but the spelling nam mkha' doesn't appears in OTDO). [2] thread cross (an item used in ritual), see Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 8. Tucci, Religions 182. Used in an OT funeral rite; Tan, Theses 104 (nam ka').

•NAM MKHA' LDING GI MCHOD SDONG a monument set up by someone who mastered the anti-poison mantra of garuda will continue to pacify poison even after that person dies. See BBNP 481.

•NAM MKHA' SMIN PA ripened space. Simioli, AG 51.

•NAM MKHA' SUM PHRUG Thondup, BM 128.

•NAM MKHAR RING 'PHUR See go bo.

•NAM RGYUN usually, commonly.

•NAM LCAGS ZIL BA See dngul chu.

•NAM 'CHI CHA MED one has no way of knowing the hour of one's death (common phrase in Lam rim literature).

•NAM THANG Stein.

•NAM NANGS PA nam langs pa. Btsan-lha.

•NAM NAM ZHA ZHAR See under nam zhar.

•NAM NOM See nam me nom me. nam nom lcab lcob kyis mchog gi don mi 'grub pa 'di lags. Zhi-byed Coll. V 508.1.

•NAM PHUG in später Zeit, endlich. Kaschewsky2. See Dagyab.

•NAM PHUGS [for all the] future, [until] the end of time. See Yisun. nam phugs kyi skyid chos zhog. Zhi-byed Coll. II 441.6. nam phugs kyi tshis shog. Ibid. II 453.1. nam phugs kyi tshis zhig pa khams kyi g.yag yan lta bu. Ibid. II 476.6. chos myen gyi las ci byas kyang nam phugs stongs pa myed kyis / mi lus stong zad ma byed cig gsung. Ibid. II 300.2. lto rgyab ci 'dra na yang 'dra nam phugs kyi tshigs zhig pa cig yong ba yin te. Ibid. V 281.2.

•NAM ME NOM ME Samdo A V 120r.4.

•NAM RMUS PA nyi 'od sprin gyis bsgribs pa'i yul ngan. Btsan-lha.

•NAM TSHONG brang mgo yan chad. Btsan-lha.

•NAM ZHAR OT = nam yang. Blaṅ 285.6. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. TS7 II 737. Note the expression nam nam zha zhar in OTC; Hill in RET 10 (2006) 95 (where it is translated as 'forever more'). Bialek, SM 400.

•NAM ZHIG sometime, one day (in the future).

•NAM ZHOD heavy nonstop rain, monsoon rain. Example in Lde'u 365.

•NAM GZHAG rgyun gtan nam gtan phugs. Btsan-lha.

•NAM BZHAR nam yang. Dbus-pa no. 048.

•NAM ZLA [1] a general term for a measured period of time, a season. [2] weather conditions.

•NAM BZA' Spelling for na bza'. Zhi-byed Coll. II 212.1, 212.3.

•NAM LANGS PA 'night lifted.' daybreak. Lde'u 62.

•NAM LAM Himmelsweg. Kaschewsky2.

•NAM GSHIN gshin zas. Btsan-lha.

•NAM SROD This either means late evening or early hours of the night. Das specified the hours between 9 and midnight in India. Ex. of usage in Lde'u 81.

•NAMS langs pa. Btsan-lha.

•NAR sigh. Skt. abhiniśva (or niśva). sems gdungs nas mi dga' zhing shugs rings nar zhes byung ste. Jātakamāla, ch. 14.

•NAR KA For nang ka?

•NAR THON PA go rim bzhin du thon pa. Btsan-lha.

•NAR MA [1] rgyun. Gces 586.1. rgyun chags pa'i don la 'jug. TS7 II 739. continuous, reliable, continuous string (of whatever). Opposite of 'continuous' is 'sudden' (glo bur). Tan, Theses 104 (interpreted as 'morning'). Bialek, SM 394. [2] In poetry, may refer to 'fitness' or 'propriety' (Skt. aucitya), sometimes also translated as 'decorum,' 'habituation,' etc. [3] This word occurs in a few Dunhuang documents.

•NAR MED nges pa med. Gces 586.5. Btsan-lha.

•NAR MDZAD ljags nar mdzad ni ljags brkyang bar mdzad ces pa yin. Dpe-chos 502.

•NAR ZHING drud cing. Gces 586.1.

•NAR RE See under nur re.

•NAR SONG bye ma gsing ma'i nar song ste chibs pa'i bza' byas. The sand turned into a fully matured pastureland providing fodder for his horse. Lde'u 345 (actually, I understand the syllable nar to be na, 'meadow' with the terminative ending).

•NAR SON PA to come of age, reach young adulthood.

•NAL [1] As a word for 'ruby,' it is supposed to be a loan from Persian. LW 479 (he specifies "balas ruby"). The Persian is lāl. Akasoy, I&T 8. R. Yoeli-Tlalim's article on urine analysis notes a usage in the So-ma-ra-dza. JD 32. = gnal. DG 86.6. Rin 27 (with photo) identifies as Beryllus Roseus (Morganite). [2] incest. Karmay in JA (1995) 160. a type of impure condition caused by sexual relationships between relatives. Norbu, Drung 259. TS6 131. khyo shug gnyis rus pa gcig pa. Btsan-lha.

•NAL GYI BU bastard, or, child of incest. pha ngos bzung med pa'i bu. rus gcig pas bsdebs pa las byung ba'i bu phrug. Btsan-lha.

•NAL BU khyim thab ma yin pa'i bu. a child resulting from a brief affair. May even refer to orphans. pha ma shi ba'i dwa phrug. Btsan-lha. Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 177.

•NAL MA See bra ma.

•NAL TSE Gnyos 45.

•NAL TSHE thur ma. Btsan-lha.

•NAL ZE skyogs. lcags kyi khem bu. Btsan-lha. Mvy. no. 9013 says it is Skt. kaṭacchu. Kaṭacchuparissāvana (in Pāli) means a water strainer fixed in a frame used by monks. Perhaps misspelled nas ze (?), q.v. See the Negi dictionary, p. 461, the entry for sman phor. Edgerton has a discussion on p. 164, tending toward it meaning either a spoon (or ladle) or a bowl.

•NAL ZLA someone in the same age set. ne'u ldangs. na mnyam pa. Btsan-lha. See discussion in Toh, Ming 192, with spellings na ldangs & ne'u ldangs, also.

•NAL SAD rin chen bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•NAL E SHA See under ne le sha (na le sha?).

•NAS 'grain,' a measure equalling 1/8 of a cha chen. Jackson. barley. JD 212. SS 521.4. Skt. yava (barley). See Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 168 (no. 2). The Hebrew word for barley is se'urah, and in ancient Babylon, where it was the most commonly used cereal grain, it was called sha'î (p. 17, in Martin Levey's article on Medieval Arabic Bookmaking) or in Sumerian še. As in Tibet, it was used as a small unit of measure (one sixth of a 'finger'). Around 3,000 BCE, Sumerians started making beer with barley as primary ingredient. Tibetans probably started doing it then or soon after. Who knows?

•NAS KYI [1] of barley. [2] a rather unusual example of a combination of two grammatical endings, in this case the ablative with the genitive. This is most commonly encountered, in my experience, in book titles bearing the phrase xxx kyi zhal snga nas kyi rnam thar, 'biography that is from the person[al communication] of so-and-so (the subject of the biography).' A simple internet search will turn up a lot of examples.

tshigs thur NAS MGO lit. 'barley-headed.' medical instrument pictured in JD 277 (item 4).

•NAS RJANG nas 'bru blug pa'i bang ba. Btsan-lha.

•NAS 'DRA some kind of substitute maṇḍala rite not acceptable to Sa paṇ. Rhoton, CD 99.

•NAS SPYAN 'grain eyes' (a painting term for more ordinary human eyes, contrasted with the 'bow eye,' or gzhu spyan). Jackson. Jackson, MB 167, with illustration.

•NAS PHAD GANG sgye mo chung ngu gang. Dpe-chos 515.

•NAS TSHIG THAL BA See a bag sha ra.

•NAS ZAN = bod mchil, khri sde stong dbon. JD 230. It lives in houses. Apart from its head, it resembles the mchil ba bird.

•NAS ZE Perhaps a misspelling for nal ze (??). dka' thub drag po ci spyad kyang // dka' thub nas ze gang za ba. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 445.1. nas ze / gti rings [i.e. gting rings, very deep]. Dbus-pa no. 757.

•NAS YUL Java, the island. barley country.

•NAS BSAL husked barley. CR.

•NI in OT may stand for nas. See gnas ni sbed pa. Blaṅ 306.5.

•NI KUM BA See dur byid.

•NI GU Discussed in Havnevik, Dissertation 147. rdog tsam mam / chung tsam. Btsan-lha.

•NI GU'I CHOS DRUG gtum mo bde drod rang 'bar / sgyu lus chags sdang rang grol / rmi lam nyid 'khrul rang dag / 'od gsal gti mug rang sangs / 'pho ba ma bsgoms sangs rgyas / bar do rgyal ba longs sku rnams so. 600 84.

•NĪ MA LA DG 81.1. fluorite. Rin 13.

•NI TSĀ LA See lcang ma.

•NI RU KA 476 III 27.3.

•NI RU KHA Also, ni ru ha. TM #4, 62, 110.

•NĪ LA TSHA See chu chung nī la.

•NI LAM auction. Borrowing from Urdu. Francke, Antiquities II 146.

•NI'U SHA NI See dung.

•NIG OT = zad (?). Khetsun Sangpo, History 97. bsdad pa [?]. Btsan-lha. Discussion in Hill in RET 10 (2006) 98. Tan, Theses 132. One is tempted to connect this to a diminutive form ni gu, q.v.

•NING not an independent syllable, it's discussed in Hill, Review 178.

•NIM NUR OT = yid gnyis. Blaṅ 288.4.

•NIM PA Skt. nimba. In Lobsang Dorjee Rabling, Five Treatises, p. 204 (pt. 2), the sweetness of the sugarcane is contrasted with the bitterness of the lemon (but more likely it means the lime, citron or something else, since lemons were not well known in India until recent times). JD 116. = (shing) kun tshi can, dri ldan. SS 505.6. LW 468-9. DG 233.2. For the antiquity of the lime in India, see Helen Johnson, The Lemon in India, JAOS 56 no 1 (1936) 47-50.

•NIM RI PARTA BP 93.2.

•NIR KHA TA Said to mean 'blast of wind' in Skt (Nirghāta), but glosse in Tibetan as rab bsnun, "intense thrust." Jacoby in BSOAS 80 (2017) 327.

•NĪR BI SHA See bong dmar.

•NIR MA LI JD 105.

•NU SKRANGS SRZT 125.

•NU RJI OT = nying khu. Blaṅ 303.5.

•NU RDO the flesh of the mammary glands. T&BS I 333.

•NU MA nipple (of humans of both genders, and of cattle, as well as other mammals, I think).

•NU MA SKRANGS SEL a medicinal preparation. BT 40r.1.

•NU MO LNGA five nipples. DG 246.5.

•NU MO'I RTSA See lug mur.

•NU RTSA nipple channel. Yangga's dissert., p. 297.

•NU RDZI chang gi nying khu. bcos chang gi snyigs ma. Btsan-lha. = nying khu. Lcang-skya.

•NU ZHO 'DZAG See thar nu.

•NU 'O gcung po. Btsan-lha.

•NU RIN lit. 'nipple money' (nu being short for nu ma) given to bride's mother - as part of the proposal process - as a gift for raising her. Dargyay, TVC 42. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 68. Called 'o ma'i rin in Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 152. In Byangsi, nwu means 'milk.' GSB 74.

•NU RE continuously. BA 558-9. See nur re.

•NU SHA brang gi nu sha DD illus. 1, 29. breast muscle. Yangga's dissert., p. 278.

•NUG MI NUG = 'dug mi 'dug. "are there or are there not?" Kuijp (1986) 36.

•NUG ZUG MI NUG ZUG = 'dug zer mi 'dug zer. "did he/she say there are or are not." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•NUD phyir nud appears in other ms. readings as phyir nur. BBNP 483. suckle. Hill, Review 175 (but on p. 177 he says this is erroneous).

•NUB BYANG northwest. Notice that in the names of the intermediate directions, it is the east and west that take priority, unlike in English.

•NUB TSHANGS explained as an infraction incurred by sleeping three consecutive nights in a place identifiable in six ways as the same residence as that of one who is not a fully ordained monk. Rhoton, CD 80.

•NUB ZA sunset. T&BS I 351.

•NUM BU ? num bu kha kha nas mngar ba / yar mtshams rang la stad pas (gtad pas?). Zhi-byed Coll. V 77.1. See under nom bu.

•NUR See under yid mi nur.

•NUR BA [1] change posture, shift position. mdun nam rgyab tu bsnur ba. Btsan-lha. Namdak. [2] gnas pa bzang po'i 'phro gcod pa yin kyang / 'dir man ngag gis phyir nur ba cig ma bsrings na / bogs myi phyin par 'dug pas en cig ma nur ro. Zhi-byed Coll. II 45.4-5. [3] thick, thickening. Yisun.

•NUR RTSI chang gi nying khu'am snying khu. Btsan-lha.

•NUR RE continual. nar re ste rgyun chags pa. Dpe-chos 516. Btsan-lha. See nu re.

•NUS LDAN See a ka ru.

•NUS PA byis pa. Rtse-le VIII 429.

•NUS PA SPRUGS LO BYAS nus shugs gang yod sprug sprug sig sig byas nas 'bad pa. Btsan-lha.

•NUS RE SKAN nus mi srid ces pa'am / gtan nas mi nus. Btsan-lha.

•NE diminutive of na, q.v.

•NE'U KHA ne'u sing kha ste spang thog la byed. Dpe-chos 503. rgyal po nub sgo'i ne'u kha na bzhugs pa dang mjal nas... Bka' chems ka khol ma [ed. 1989], p. 303.

•NE GU Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 133.1.

•NE LDANGS na zla'am na mnyam. Btsan-lha.

•NE'U LDANGS na mnyam. Gces 589.1. = na zla. = na mnyam. Lcang-skya.

•NE NE MO paternal aunt (nun?). a ni. ne ne mo / bye brag rtogs byed du / pi tri shwa saḥ zhes pa ne ne mo la bsgyur ba don pha'i spun zla mo'i don yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. Sba 3.

•NE TSA a tool used in craft. Namdak, Bzo-rig 85.

•NE TSO 1. bya. 2. srin rgyal blon po bye brag. Blaṅ 529. = sgro ljang can, skad gnyis pa. JD 226. SS 546.2. LW 464. For Buddhist stories about parrots, see Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, vol. 3, p. 125 ff.

•NE'U LDANG OT = na zla. Blaṅ 301.3.

•NE'U KHA ne'u sing kha ste spang thog. Btsan-lha.

•NE'U LA OT deriv. from Skt. nakula. Blaṅ 308.5.

•NE LA Mistake for: dring. Blaṅ 311.6.

•NE LE a bird, a particular type of owl, evidently (in any case, would seem to be a night bird). Samdo A V 52v.3. Dpe-chos 504. 'kite' (the bird) Norbu, Drung 48. See 'ol ba. de bzhin ne le'i rigs la sogs. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 402.3.

•NE'U LE mongoose. See sre mong.

•NE LE SHA variant reading, nal e sha. Probably just a variant spelling for na le sha. Cf. Basu, Sīlaparikātha, IHQ (Mar 1931) 33 n. 6.

•NE'U SING Skt. śādvala. grassy spot, meadow

•NE SLAS earth. Karmay, Treasury.

•NEM zug la nem. KTDN 164.6.

•NEM NUR indecision, doubt. yid gnyis sam the tshom. Btsan-lha. Example of usage in Toh. no. 217 (Śrīgupta Sūtra), p. 562.2: mngon du yang dag par rtogs / nem nur med / the tshom dang bral / som nyi dang bral / gzhan gyi dri nga mi 'jog... Another example in HS XIX 5.4: the tshom dang som nyi dang nem nur thams cad dang bral ba nyid do.

•NEL NUR tired. yi chad. Dbus-pa no. 168.

•NEL PA See nye shing.

•NEL MA LCAGS KYU See nye shing.

•NES a strange early spelling for the ablative ending nas. Many examples in Bellezza, D&B, for example, at p. 139. I could locate only one example in OTDO.

•NO KAR servant. Borrowing from Urdu. Francke, Antiquities II 146. Actually, this word entered into Persian in Mongol times to mean the attendant (of a ruler), and gradually devalued to mean household servant. In the form noker, it was still being used by Ottomans until modern times. The spellings nokor, naukar, nokar, etc., also occur. I believe this is of Mongolian origin, meaning 'comrade, companion,' to begin with.

•NO NO B in L 48. Some say this Ladakhi title for rulers comes from Greek.

•NO PYI KA glossed as bsgrub thabs. (Eastman.) See also P. tib. 849 (line 38). See also Poussin, Tib. Ms. no. 553. See Das. 132 89.4. It seems likely that this is an OT transcription of sādhanopāyika or something similar (Matthew Kapstein). See now Mayer in JIABS 27 (2004) 142.

•NO MO See nom.

•NOG [1] Barnett guesses it might be a plural marker, although it seems to be part of a proper name! Hoernle, Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature Found in Eastern Turkestan, p. 403. [2] Acc. to Mvy. no. 5328, it means the hump on the shoulders of the Indian bull; in Skt. kakuda. Jamspal, Treasury 41.

•NOG NYUG phyogs gcig tu bsdus pa. Btsan-lha.

•NOG DANG LKOG SHAL Several different ideas about the meaning exist. Hanging skin at the belly and neck of an ox? Dulap (dewlap)? See Btsan-lha. See under lkog shal. Jamspal, Treasury 41.

•NOGS THUB PA rko thub pa'am / phyis thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•NONG BA harm, injury. gnod pa. Dbus-pa no. 255. faulty, regretable. marred [by].

•NONGS die [died]. shi ba. Btsan-lha. Scherrer-Schaub in JIABS 25 (2002) 296 n 98.

•NONGS SKYON crimes & violations. Dotson, D&L 37.

•NONGS PA [1] OT = nyes pa. fault. Blaṅ 290.6. Lcang-skya. Example of usage in Toh. no. 217 (Śrīgupta Sūtra), p. 552.5. flaw, fault. Todd Gibson, dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 153. ci nongs - What is the matter? [2] Also has OT [honorific, perhaps even limited to the royal family] meaning 'to die.' Haarh, Yar-luṅ 359, etc. This verb seems to be used more for queens (emperors are likely to 'pass into the heavens'). shi. Dbus-pa no. 690. Lcang-skya. See the discussion of this term by Michael Walter in Christoph Cüppers, ed., The Relationship between Religion & State (chos srid zung 'brel) in Traditional Tibet, Lumbini Int'l Res. Inst. (Lumbini 2004). Dotson, OTA glossary.

•NONGS PAR 'GYUR 'TSHAL de ltar 'chi dgos pa mkhyen par mdzod la. Btsan-lha.

•NONGS MI MNGA' BA nyes skyon cha tsam yang mi ldan pa. Btsan-lha.

•NONGS MYIG nyes dmigs. Btsan-lha.

•NOD PA OT = thob pa. = bzhag pa. = len pa. Blaṅ 285.5, 299.4. Btsan-lha. Namdak. len pa. Dbus-pa no. 611. = bzhag pa. = len pa. = thob pa. Lcang-skya.

•NON SKYABS BYED PA rogs skyor byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•NON CHUNG BA mdog mi legs pa. Btsan-lha.

•NOM NYUG reg pa'am thams cad reg pa. Btsan-lha.

•NOM NOM 'JUG PA = 'phral 'phral 'jug pa, = phrad phrad 'jug pa. BBNP 473. Btsan-lha.

•NOM PA rnyed pa. Dpe-chos 507. rnyed pa. srid pa. Btsan-lha. Stein. possessions. Zhi-byed Coll. II 235.7. shul rings kyi lam du song tsam na nom pa ci 'dug blta'o. Ibid. II 229.2.

•NOM BU KHAS BSNYOD zas kha yis sbyin pa. Btsan-lha. To give food with the mouth [like a bird]. Appears as num bu bsnyod in Lde'u 240. See under num bu.

•NOM ME nom me sum me mi 'jog pa ni mno bsam med cing the tshom yang mi 'jog ces pa'i don no. Dpe-chos 508. Btsan-lha.

•NOR SKYONG See khyi.

•NOR GCAL BA nor spungs pa'am gsog pa. Btsan-lha.

•NOR BDUN See 'phags pa'i nor bdun. In Zhi-byed Coll. V 243.1, 245.1, there is a different list of 'seven inner treasures' (nang gi nor bdun).

•NOR LDAN ZHAL CAN Skt. Suvadanā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•NOR BA GSUM DU MI BTANG BA chos pa dang 'chos pa nor ra re / lta ba dang smra ba nor ra re / sgom pa dang dgongs pa nor ra re. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 38r.3.

•NOR BU DGA' 'KHYIL A jewellery item illus. in Yisun.

•NOR BU CHA BDUN rgyal po rna cha / btsun mo rna cha / blon po rna cha / gser gyi dong tshe / bse ru'i rwa co / byu ru'i thing shing / glang chen mche ba'o. 600 88. Illustrated in L.S. Dagyab, Tibetan Religious Art II 35 (but note that in place of the Minister's Earring are three jewels).

•NOR BU CHU DWANGS a medicinal preparation. BP 335.5. See nor bu bdun thang.

•NOR BU BDUN THANG a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 19. Lag-len 17.1. = nor bu chu dwangs. TMC 28 (58). BT 7r.1. BP 170.3. RR 28.

•NOR BU DBANG RGYAL a medicinal preparation. BT 43r.2.

•NOR BU RTSE RGYAL (poet.) the jewel shaped summit.

•NOR BU 'DZIN PA'I SNGAGS a name for the syllable oṃ. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 310.1.

•NOR BU'I SHING See ba li ka.

•NOR GYI BLA nor gyi las la bskos pa. Btsan-lha.

•NOR SBYIN MA 1. nor rgyun. 2. brgya byin chung ma. Blaṅ 529.

•NOR 'DZIN Skt. vasudhā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•NOR RDZONGS I notice this in the chapter about the Nepalese queen in the Bka'-chems Ka-khol-ma (1989) ch. 10, where it seems to refer to the 'treasure chest' or 'hope chest' or 'dowry' of the Chinese princess. I notice another usage of this term in the Li-yul Lung-bstan.

•NOR YA MED ohne Fehler. Kaschewsky2.

•NOR RA RE nor ta re. Gces 586.6. Samdo A III 309r.3 (used several times). nor ta re zhes nor yong ngo. Btsan-lha. There is a danger of mistaking [one thing for another]. A problematic usage in Lde'u 277.

•NOR BSREL rgyu nor nyar tshags byed pa'am / gces spras byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•NOR LHA (poet.) yon bdag. Rtse-le VIII 430.

•NOL THABS "To give battle." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 318. g.yul 'gyed. Btsan-lha.

•NOL THABS BGYIS a battle was fought. Uray, Narrative 30.

•NOL BA Stein.

•NOS This occurs in a title of a work translated by Rong-zom-pa. Almogi, MA thesis 152.

•NOS TA thobs. Gces 587.1. rnyed pa'am thobs. Btsan-lha.

•N.YA GRO DHA Skt. Nyagrodha. Banyan tree. The seed of this tree is said to measure 1/4 the size of a mustard seed, but 500 chariots can go beneath its branches without touching. BBNP 476. Its etymology explained in BBNP 473-474. Jinpa, Mind Training 477. Simile of the banyan roots, saying how small sprouts can eventually overcome the king of trees. Flick, Carrying Enemies 100-1.

•NRI seed syllable for the human realm, taken from Sanskrit (in the Tibetan, the 'i' should be reversed so that it accurately represents Skt. n®, but this is only sometimes done).

•NRI PA NRĪ YA See a ka ru.

•NRE I've noticed this as a rather tricky shorthand for na re, 'said' (example in HS XL 420.5).

•GNAG [1] pitchdark. shin tu nag por song ba'i don. Btsan-lha. [2] close [relatives]. skyes pa'i yul las thag bsrings / gnag gi gnyen 'tshams bor / hrul ba'i gos gon nas dman pa'i sa bzung ba'i skyes bu de'i (I have distanced myself from the land of my birth, abandoned my close relatives, and dressed in tattered clothing; of this man who keeps a humble ground...). Zhi-byed Coll. IV 37.2. [3] livestock. phyug. Lcang-skya. phyugs rigs kyi ming. Btsan-lha. Apparently some Nepalese use this very word for Yak, with the pronunciation "Nak." Dung-dkar 140. In a particular usage it seems to refer to the animal kingdom in general; see Karmay in JIABR 1 (2013) 22. [4] O.T. referring to yaks of both sexes. Dotson, Princess 70. [5] Bellezza translates 'intended retaliation' [here understood as being short for gnag pa, and related to brnag pa].

•GNAG DKA' OT = sran dka'. = khe chung ba. Also, mnog chung. Blaṅ 303.3.

•GNAG GRUS phyugs nor bzhon ma'am drus ma. Btsan-lha.

•GNAG PA sran pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNAG PHYUG Grossvieh.

•GNAG LINGS Hunt involving yak and mdzo. Dotson, OTA glossary. Dotson, Princess 70.

•GNAG LINGS BTAB sha lings btab pa'am / sha khral bsdus pa. Btsan-lha. Hunt involving yak and mdzo. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•GNANG Beute. Kaschewsky2.

•GNANG BKAG Samdo A II 310r.4. Cf. gnang ba dang bkag pa in Samdo A II 311r.5. bya rung ba gnang zhing / bya mi rung ba bkag pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNANG SGO BSGRIM BCAG byed sgo a blo sems rtse gcig tu gzhol nas bsdad pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNANG CEN DU GYUR mthong chen byed pa'i yul du gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNANG CHEN Dotson, D&L 48, has a long discussion in favor of it meaning estate manager or overseer. Note also Hahn, IE 134 & 135, 'a great bestower of wished-for things, a benefactor.'

•GNANG BA Stein.

•GNANGS rgyu nor 'bor chen. Btsan-lha.

•GNAD difficult point. In medicine, 'vital juncture' of the body which may be easily injured. Klong-chen-pa 9.5, 9.6. lus gnad gsum. Stein. See the long discussion of the 107 marman of Ayurveda in Hartzell, Dissert. 626 ff. A succinct discussion of Suśruta's concept of marman by Zysk in JAOS 106 (1986) 699, note 17. In early Indian texts, marman is associated with 'witchcraft' types of practices in which one buries magical substances in a particular spot believed to be the marman of the enemy; see P.C. Sahoo, Marman in Vedic Literature, Aligarh Journal of Oriental Studies, vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1987), pp. 87-90. Our contemporaries often translate this as 'pith,' which ought to be avoided.

•GNAD KA don gnad dam lus gnad sogs. Btsan-lha.

•GNAD DU BSNUN PA lus kyi gnad du bsnun te bsad pa. Btsan-lha. Translated as 'striking at the core' in Almogi, Materiality 249. 'Piercing to the pith' is another not-so-adequate translation, even if much used. After all, injury to the 'pith' is not sure to result in death.

•GNAD DRUG sangs rgyas kyi gnad drug: 1. thos grol. 2. mthong grol. 3. reg grol. 4. tshor grol. 5. myong grol. 6. btags grol. Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 532-533. Thondup, BM 74.

•GNAD KYI BRDA BZHI Stenpal, Space 151.

•GNAD PA gnad du phog pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNAD G.YAR Seems to refer to the borrowing of essential items in time of need. Samdo A III 131r-131v.

•GNAD LA BSGRE BA yon po dang sgyu thabs kyis gnod pa byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNAD LA CHE BA DRUG Stearns, TRP 132.

•GNAB RTSAL kha zas sam / bza' ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNAM sky. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 221. brda rnying du lha sogs la 'jug pa (in old language it was used for gods and so on). Btsan-lha. Namdak. The prefixed "g" may be pronounced in some dialects as it is in Balti: xnam or hnam. See the surprising entry "Num" written by Robert Austerlitz in Encyclopedia of Religions, which tells that Num is the highest god of the Nentsy, a Samoyed people of western Siberia, creator of the world... "Literally, num means not only 'the highest god who resides in the heavens' but also 'sky, firmament.' The term is found in all Samoyed languages..." Note in the same publication an entry "Num-Tûrem" by Louise Bäckman. Wolfgang Scharlipp, Die türkischen Wörter für 'Gott' und 'Himmel' im manjurischen Fünfsprachenspiegel, Central Asiatic Journal, vol. 58, nos. 1-2 (2015), pp. 27-36. The Mongolian tengri is very likely related to Sumerian dingir or digir, with similar dual meaning of deity [whether singular or plural] and sky (originally represented in the shape of a star). See Tucci, TPS, p. 719, where he attempts to differentiate gnam from other sky words.

•GNAM KOL servant of heaven. Hill, Aspirated 476.

•GNAM KOL DU GNANG BA granted as a servant by heaven. gnam gyis khol du gnang ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNAM BSKOS [1] bsod nams. bsod nams che ba dang che khyad. Btsan-lha. [2] rgyal po'i ming gi che khyad. Blaṅ 529.

•GNAM GONG last day of the month. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 184.

•GNAM GYI SHE MONG stobs 'byor mnga' thang che ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNAM GRU airplane. Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet."

•GNAM RGYAN CFMS 88 n. 216.

•GNAM SGO sky door. a section of the divination mat. Smith, Remarks 6. Acc. to Rolf Stein, The World in Miniature, pp. 155 163, 164, 332, a name for the sky-light opening.

•GNAM LCAGS [1] thog. lightning. [2] brgya byin mtshon cha. weapon of Indra (apparently meaning the vajra). Blaṅ 529. DG 110.1. [3] meteor, meteorite. Jamspal, Treasury 219. celestial metal. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 191. Rin 60.

•GNAM LCAGS THOG MDA' a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 23. Lag-len 19.5. TMC 36 (77). BP 238.1.

•GNAM LCAGS ZIL PA See (brag skyes) ga phur.

•GNAM MCHOD PA legs pa'i don la 'jug pa yod de. Btsan-lha.

•GNAM THANG airfield. Used in 1935. See Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet."

•GNAM THIG celestial axis. Yangga's dissert., p. 284.

•GNAM DU gnam bon gyi brdar lha sogs la bshad yod cing / rgyan nam mkha' la yang gnam zhes grags du ni / ngad na ma ra la du / zhes pa ltar ma yig mthar rnam dbye'i tshig tu sbyar ba yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•GNAM GDON stroke. BA 994.

•GNAM BDAG Short for gnam gyi bdag po. 'Sky Lord.' This was the term preferred by earlier Catholic translators (Desgodins) for 'God,' but Jaeschke and other Moravians preferred dkon mchog, which has since prevailed. Dollfus in Karmay, Habitants 472. See the discussion near the end of John Bray, Early Protestant Missionary Engagement with the Himalayas and Tibet, contained in: J. Bray, ed., Ladakhi Histories, Brill (Leiden 2005) 249-270, where we find the bad spelling rnam kyi bdag po. Compare skar ma'i bdag po.

•GNAM MDA' archery competition to see who can shoot the furthest. Velm I 126. Lit. meaning is 'sky arrow.'

[LTO PHYIR] GNAM RDIB PA lto phyir yul kun du nyul ba ( yul skad yin snyam ). 367 I 240.2.

•GNAM PA dri bro ba'am dri ma ngan pa. Btsan-lha. thogs pa. Dbus-pa no. 132. Compare mnam pa & snam pa.

•GNAM PO OT = drang po 'jug par. As in: khye ma gzhan gyi gnam po nyid. Blaṅ 290.1. drang po dang / dpang po dang / bzhad gad bcas. nam mkha' dang khrel ba'i don. Btsan-lha. = drang po. Lcang-skya.

•GNAM BRO THAG RTSED 'Sky Dancing on a Rope.' The rope-sliding game, also called bya mkhan thag shur, 'Sliding Down a Rope Like a Bird,' described in Richardson, Ceremonies 20.

•GNAM MTSHO PHYUG MO dbu ru byang ngos kyi mtsho zhig gi ming. Dpe-chos 505.

•GNAM ZHAL Haarh, Yar-luṅ 354.

•GNAM GZER A doorbolt in the upper lintel of the door, according to vinaya illustration text. sgo'i ya thog tu btab pa'i lcags gzer ram shing ger. phying gur gyi gtan shing. Btsan-lha.

•GNAM YANGS wide sky. Name for the taller pillars for the higher skylight area at the top of Tibetan temples. Alexander, Temples 24 (with the more modern synonym "byar ka"), 319.

•GNAM YOL hanging brocade ornaments. Jackson in Lungta 14 (2001) 96.

•GNAM G.YANG Acc. to Rolf Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 155, it means 'luck [prosperity] of heaven,' a rare synonym for the sky-light, and he gives one example of usage by Fifth Dalai Lama.

•GNAM RIM PA DGU The 9th stage of heaven as a favorable destination for the dead. Tan, Theses 142. Thu'u bkwan thinks this is a Tibetan fabrication... Thuken 341.

•GNAM RU bow (the weapon), its literal meaning is 'sky horn.' OT = gzhu. Blaṅ 289.3. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 197. Lcang-skya.

•GNAM SA MI GSUM heaven, earth and human triad, a Chinese concept, here called also yon tan gsum, nus pa gsum, or mthar thug gsum.

•GNAM SA LUGS G. Hazod in his article "From the Good Tradition to Religion," p. 9, takes it as a name for the old religion.

•GNAM SO drang po. Btsan-lha.

•GNAM LHA 'God of Heaven,' the deity 'O-de Gung-rgyal. Sources.

•GNA' OT = thog ma. = sngon. Blaṅ 285.4. Btsan-lha. Discussion of usage meaning 'ancient', see Bellezza, D&B 115.

•GNA' PO A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 296.

•GNA' PHYI A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 298.

•GNA' BA [1] OT = sngon. Blue. Blaṅ 294.3. [2] a type of wild sheep limited to the area of the Tibetan plateau, with a bluish cast in its coat. Pseudois nayaur. Norbu, Drung 123. See under rna ba. Acc. to Allen, Search 64, the nawa (blue sheep), which the Nepalese call bhural (bharal). Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 51. JD 232. SS 502.2, 539.1. They are sometimes made to live in captivity, although I don't know if they were ever domesticated.

•GNA' BO sngon. Lcang-skya.

•GNA' MA gsha' ma'am bzang po. Btsan-lha. thog ma. Dbus-pa no. 026. = thog ma'am sngon. Lcang-skya.

•GNA' MI men of yore. Menschen der Vorzeit. Kaschewsky2. gna' 'di brda rnying brda gsar la sngon zer des na sngon mi zhes. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•GNA' TSAN ME GE NA gna' tsan me ge na ni sngon dus su ma ki na zhes pa ste gna' bo ni sngon dang dang po la 'jug. Dpe-chos 512.

•GNA' RU See shil gyi gna' ru.

•GNAS [1] Part of a loom, illus. in Yisun. [2] abode, physical state or situation, condition. [3] Holy Place, understood as abode of holy beings. [4] as tr. of Skt. sthāna, may mean possible, proper, realizable. See Rhoton, CD 78. [5] what remains behind, residuum. Sa paṇ suggests it as a correct translation of Skt. vāsanā (usually translated bag chags). Rhoton, CD 172.

•GNAS SKABS BZHI sngags kyi gnas skabs bzhi ni / sad pa'i gnas skabs / rmi lam gyi gnas skabs / gnyid 'thug gi gnas skabs / bzhi ba'i gnas skabs so. 600 46.

•GNAS SKABS LNGA PA The 5th estate, i.e., death. Kuijp in Lungta 14 (2001) 64.

•GNAS GYUR PA short form of gnas yongs su gyur pa. Skt. āśrayaparāvṛtta. Mvy. no. 2575.

•GNAS 'GYUR BA transposing, transposing onto a different level.

•GNAS BRGYAD See ngag gi gnas brgyad.

•GNAS NGAN LEN ltung ba dang bag chags ngan pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•GNAS LNGA lus kyi gnas lnga ni / spyi bo / mgrin pa / snying ga / lte ba / gsang gnas so. 600 60.

•GNAS BCAS Stein.

•GNAS BCU See ngan song gi gnas bcu.

•GNAS CHA steadiness.

•GNAS 'CHA' BA 'dug pa bzo ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNAS BRTAN I translate as 'position holder' in Lde'u 266, since the translation sthavira, or 'elder' is not appropriate in this administrative context.

•GNAS BRTAN BCU DRUG Waddell, Tibetan Buddhism 376-7.

•GNAS 'DREN CHO GA Cuevas, Hidden History 74.

•GNAS NAS SPAGS PA gnas nas phyung ba'am spo ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNAS NAS DBYUNG BA act of suspension. Skt. utkṣepaṇīya. Mvy. 8646. Pāli, ukkhepanīya kamma. See EoB VIII 393-396.

•GNAS NI SBED PA OT = gnas nas phyung ba. Blaṅ 306.5. Btsan-lha.

•GNAS PA DGU sems gnas pa dgu ni / nang du 'jog pa / rgyun du 'jog pa / glan te 'jog pa / nye bar 'jog pa / dul bar byed pa / zhi bar byed pa / rnam par zhi bar byed pa / rtse gcig tu byed pa / mnyam par 'jog pa'i sems so. 600 127.

•GNAS PA BU BA Vātsīputrīya.

•GNAS PA GSUM dka' thub dang brtul zhugs kyi sdom pa dang / bzlas brjod dang / bsam gtan la gnas pa. Almogi, MA thesis 182 n. 437.

•GNAS PO landlord (used in titles). Sources. local hosts (Newar merchants who assisted Tibetans with financial and diplomatic problems during their stays in Nepal). Ehrhard, Old & New 119.

•GNAS SBYIN Skt. niśraya. Pāli nissaya. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 147, 149, 159. The granting of a place to stay (to a novice monk).

•GNAS MO CHEN CHUNG senior & junior wives. Sources.

•GNAS TSHOD remaining. MTTP. mode of abiding. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 367.4.

•GNAS GZHI a [monastic] establishment. Lde'u 278, 391. Chandra gives the Skt. as sthaṇḍila, which would seem to mean a patch of ground or a plot, probably uncultivated and unbuilt, a bare open ground. However Edgerton gives it the Tib. meaning of 'dug gnas, residence.

•GNAS BZHI [1] the four bodily places: head, throat, heart and navel. [2] the four stations of life.

•GNAS BZOD 'tshe ba med pa sems bde ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNAS YONGS SU GYUR PA āśrayaparāvṛtti. conversion of the support.

•GNAS LUGS situation, condition. "natural condition." Norbu, Cycle. Germano, Poetic Thought 817. things as they ultimately are. true character.

•GNAS LUGS LA GZIGS PA sgom phyogs la rmongs pa. Rtse-le VIII.

•GNAS BSRUNG Vinaya term discussed in Schopen, JIP, vol. 30 (2002), p. 371 ff.

•GNUB PA bsubs pa'am nub pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNUBS clan name. Btsan-lha. 'di ngag sgron mchan gsal ltar bod du so zur gnubs gsum zhes grags pa'i sngags rgyud zhig gi ming. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•GNUR snum pa. zhib pa. Btsan-lha.

•GNUR LCI Namdak.

•GNOG CHUNG khe chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•GNOG PA Samdo A IV 37r.2. mang ba dang 'dang ba. Btsan-lha. = mang po. Lcang-skya.

•GNONG PA = nyes pa. Lcang-skya.

•GNONG BA nyes pa. Dbus-pa nos. 079, 440.

•GNONG MI BKUR BA OT = nyes pa. = khas mi len pa. Blaṅ 286.4. Btsan-lha.

•GNONGS PA = nyes pa. Lcang-skya.

•GNOD PA harm, injure. Sometimes more nicely translatable as 'undermine.' bzhag pa. Dbus-pa no. 040.

•GNOD SBYIN harm givers. Skt. yakṣa. Mvy. 3218. EoB VIII 768-776. See shing kun.

•GNOD MED Skt. asambādhā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•GNOD MDZES One of the wrath kings in Guhyasamāja system. Pan-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 334.1.

•GNOD SEMS Skt. vyāpāda. ill will, desire to harm people, vindictiveness, malice. EoB VIII 728-733, where it is found to be largely a response to frustrated desire.

•GNON a clan n. Btsan-lha.

•GNOL Refer to mnol.

•GNOS gnas par gyis. Btsan-lha.

•BNA' AN OT spelling for mna'. pledge, oath. ZZFC 222.

•MNAG It's a possible contraction for man ngag (just a warning to the wise).

•MNAG DKA' sran dka'. Lcang-skya.

•MNAG DKA' BA mi bzod pa'am / sran dka' ba. Btsan-lha.

•MNAG NOG nag ge nog ge. Btsan-lha. nag nog gi skyon gzhi la ma grub pa bzhin du... Zhi-byed Coll. IV 176.5.

•MNAGS PA OT = bzod pa. = bstan pa. Blaṅ 300.1. bzod pa. sran pa. Btsan-lha. legs par. Dbus-pa no. 574. = bsran pa. Lcang-skya.

•MNANG BAR BZHAG PA legs par brgyan pa. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•MNANGS OT = nom pa. = srid. Blaṅ 288.2. rgyu nor nom pa. srid pa. Btsan-lha. Scherrer-Schaub in JIABS 25 (2002) 317.

•MNANGS PHAL dpya khral lam rgyu nom pa blangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•MNANGS SU BCAD PA bdag gir bzung ba. Btsan-lha.

•MNAN SRANG SGOR SGOR circular design embossing tool. Schmied 148.

•MNAB RTSAL OT = kha zas. Blaṅ 288.2. Dbus-pa no. 154. Btsan-lha. = kha zas. Lcang-skya. mnab rtsal 'di brda rnying dang brda gsar la [59v4] kha zas zer. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•MNABS SGYE Haarh, Yar-luṅ 368. Bellezza, D&B 26, 27, where it is interpreted as a kind of woolen cloth that belonged to the deceased, used in the funeral ritual.

•MNABS PA OT = gyon pa. Blaṅ 289.4. Dbus-pa no. 208. Lcang-skya.

•MNAM PA smelly, odorous (compare gnam pa & snam pa). Hill, Review 175. zhal yang mnam [~dri nga ba] par gyur nas su. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 136.5.

•MNA' [legal] oath. As Cüppers has recently shown, it can also include judicial ordeals.

•MNA' DGAG mna' skyel du bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•MNA' RGYAB mna' yi don lag tu len pa. Nomads 241.

•MNA' SGOG PA mna' skyel ba. Btsan-lha.

•MNA' MA basic meaning is 'bride,' although mother-in-laws continue to use it, long after the marriage is over, to refer to their daughter-in-laws. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 67. It is spelled differently in HS V 450 ("sna ma").

•MNA' MI perhaps this means the person under oath?

•MNAR MED mnar ba dang gzir ba de las lhag pa med pa'am bstir ba de las lhag pa med pa. Btsan-lha.

•MNAL BU rgyud gcig pa'i ming sring gi bu. Compare nal bu. Btsan-lha.

•MNAL SAD PA gnyid sad pa. Btsan-lha.

•MNUN BSNYOD nu zho ldud pa. Btsan-lha. nu ma mnun pa. Sa-skya'i Chos-'byung I 45.

•MNER mnar ba'am sdug bsngal ba. Btsan-lha. Equiv. to mnar. 367 I 238.

•MNO BA sems pa. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya. See ci mno ba. Gces 586.5.

•MNOG CHUNG insignificant. Thondup, EL 126. See mnag dka'. Blaṅ 303.3. spogs dang phan chung ba. Btsan-lha. = kha chung ba. Lcang-skya.

•MNOG CHOS sbed skung ngam gsang ba byed pa'i chos. Btsan-lha.

•MNOG PA mang po ('the many'?). zhim pa. gya nom pa. Btsan-lha.

•MNOG ZAN snog zan nam snum btsos kyi 'khur ba. Btsan-lha.

•MNOD PAR BYA BA blang bar bya ba. Btsan-lha.

•MNOL impurity. Karmay, Treasury. A kind of 'pollution' which may be ritually purified through lustrations. Norbu, Drung 106, etc. TS6 130. btsog pa. Btsan-lha. Probably related to the words for 'incest' like mnal and nal. Sometimes spelled gnol. Noble Mountaineer 266, 268. Bellezza, D&B 154 (bnol).

•MNOL BA Prob. = snol ba. gnyis pa lag pa mnyam bzhag tu mnol bas / byang chub kyi sems gnyis ka rgyud la skye. Zhi-byed Coll. II 87.3.

•MNOL RI grib can. Btsan-lha.

•MNOL RIGS mi gtsang ba'i rigs rgyud. Btsan-lha.

•MNOS PA OT = bsams pa. Blaṅ 287.4. Lcang-skya. thob pa dang blangs pa. bsam pa. Btsan-lha. bsam pa. Dbus-pa no. 121. to entrust. Dotson, D&L 69.

•RNA ear. Suggested Indic loan, from Skt. karṇa (!). Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 34.

•RNA SKRA Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964) 136.

•RNA GRU BKANG mda' phen pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNA RGYAN [1] earring. rna ba'i rgya cha, rna lung. Nomads 241. [2] name of a plant. Skt. karṇikāra. Pterospermum acerifolion Willd. It has beautiful flowers, but no scent. Hahn, VG 379.

•RNA CA rna rgyan. Btsan-lha.

•RNA CAN LO MA 'KHRUD gzhan gyi skyon mtshang 'bru ba. Btsan-lha.

•RNA SNYI rna gshog 'jam snyi. Btsan-lha.

•RNA SPABS ear wax. rna dreg. Btsan-lha. See Mvy. 4053, where it stands for Skt. karṇamala, and apparently means ear wax, as Csöma would have it, and note the alternative spellings rna babs & rna spags.

•RNA BA animal, equiv. to gna' ba. Samdo A V 52v.2.

•RNA BA BRGYAD PA Eight Eared One. Epithet of Brahma who has four heads. Discussion in Decleer, Tragkar verse VII.1.

•RNA BA BYO BA rna ba gtad pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNA BA SUN Stein.

•RNA BA'I SDUD SGO DD illus. 11.

•RNA BA'I NANG NGOS KYI RMEN BU DD illus. 31.

•RNA BA'I NAD SRZT 73. Lag-len 286.1.

Shar RNA BA'I RNAM SHES RGYU BA'I BU GA DD illus. 20.

•RNA BA'I PHYI LJON Also, Nang ljon. DD illus. 4.

•RNA BA'I PHYI NGOS KYI RMEN BU DD illus. 31.

•RNA BA'I BU GA DD illus. 10.

•RNA BAR GSHUB PA skad chung ngu'i sgo nas rna bar gtam smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•RNA BU term used in a Dunhuang ms. Meinert in TS9 II 297 n. 30.

•RNA BLAGS OT = rna ba gtod pa. Blaṅ 286.6. Btsan-lha. = rna gtad. Lcang-skya.

•RNA SBRANG OT = mde'u. Blaṅ 293.3. Dbus-pa no. 336. Btsan-lha.

•RNA MA sri shing rna ma, see KP1 172.5. See (srin shing) snang ma.

•RNA TSHAR ras sam bal tshon gyis dud 'gro'i rna rgyan du bzos pa'o. Nomads 279. Holler in TS9 II 216.

•RNA MDZAD rna rgyan. Btsan-lha.

•RNA ZHOM skyo med. Btsan-lha.

•RNA RU [1] 'khrig pa. na ro. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 643. = 'khrig pa. Lcang-skya. [2] ear horn (?). gser gyi rna ru is translated as 'golden horns of the blue sheep' in ZZFC 256. The 'Chinese ear horn' (rgya'i rna ru) is mentioned quite a number of times in Vinaya texts.

•RNA SLAGS rna gtad. Dbus-pa no. 090.

•RNA SHAL earlobe. DD illus. 28.

•RNA GSHOG top ridge of ear. DD illus. 28.

•RNA LHAG khug rna'am na bun. Btsan-lha.

•RNA LHAN RUS PA DD illus. 10, 11.

•RNAG lus la nad byung ba'am lus rmas nas rma kha nas 'dzag pa'i gsher khu ser skya'i ming yin zhing, de ni khrag rngul dkar po rul ba dang rlam phra mo, tshil bcas 'dres pa las grub pa zhig yin. Dag-yig. Text 24.

•RNAG CAN purulent. Beyer, CT Lang 101.

•RNAG TU 'GUG PA skrangs pa sogs rnag tu bcug nas rnag bton te gso ba'i thabs shig. Dag-yig.

•RNAG THUR See (rnag thur) mdung rtse.

•RNAG ZAGS PA Lag-len 286.5.

•RNAG GZAN lag phyi ba. Btsan-lha.

•RNAG BSUNGS rul rnag dri nga ba. Btsan-lha.

•RNANG zhing. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 299. Lcang-skya.

•RNANG RGAL zhing bar gyi sa bcad dam / zhing bar du bcos pa'i sa 'bur gyi sgang. Btsan-lha.

•RNANG SGANG BCUR zhing tshigs bcos pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNANG SGAL zhing bar gyi sa bcad. Btsan-lha.

•RNANG PA Opposite of stong pa. 491 277.3.

•RNANG BLANGS 'phrogs nas blangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNANG MA a kind of fieldwork. zhing las kyi bye brag cig. a place for the field water to go zhing gi chu 'gro sa. a grain storage box. bang ba. Btsan-lha. = zhing las. Lcang-skya.

•RNANGS PA 'ju bar ka ba khong yus kyis rnangs pa'i rdo 'jong yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 432.5. nga bden gyis rnangs pa'i mi des lta ba'i don mi mthong. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 40.5. grags pas rnangs zhing 'gying ba yang // khyod kyi zhabs gnyis spyi bor len. Eimer, Testimonia 53. Walter Simon, Cognates of Tibetan rnangs-pa ('entire, complete'), Academia Sinica: Bulletin of the Institute of History & Philology, vol. 39 (1969), pp. 287-289.

•RNAM KUN TU in all its possible aspects, in all its many forms. Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 133.

•RNAM MKHYEN ji lta ji snyed kyi rnam pa ma lus pa skad cig ma gcig la mngon sum du mkhyen pa'i mthar thug gi mkhyen pa ste / sangs rgyas kho na la mnga' ba'i rnam pa thams cad mkhyen pa'i ye shes so. Gser sbram 383.

•RNAM GRO ZHI BA Stein.

•RNAM GROL Gser Sbram 360.

•RNAM 'GYUR Skt. vibhāva. gesture, movement (emotionally expressive movement). Jamspal, Treasury 13, 43.

•RNAM RGYAL See a ru gser mdog.

•RNAM RGYAL DGU PA a medicinal preparation. BP 179.6.

•RNAM RGYAL THANG NAG a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 92. Lag-len 65.5. TMC 31 (66).

•RNAM RGYAL RIL BU a medicinal preparation. BP 155.5, 323.4.

•RNAM GCOD YONGS GCOD dgag pa dang sgrub pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNAM MCHOG = rna ba. "nose." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•RNAM BSNYIL mya ngan. Btsan-lha.

•RNAM RTOG Germano, Poetic Thought 911.

•RNAM THAR Stein. Roberts, Rechungpa, Introduction, has an interesting argument about the origins of the Tibetan usage of the term. Some people think it's ancient Babylonian in origin.

•RNAM THAR SGO GSUM [1] Thondup, BM 71. 75 40 note. See rnam par thar pa'i sgo gsum. [2] Taken to be name of a triple-arched screen that often separates the inner sanctum from the assembly space within the temple hall. Alexander, Temples 83, 320.

•RNAM THAR BRGYAD gzugs can gzugs la lta ba'i rnam thar / gzugs med gzugs la lta ba'i rnam thar / sdug pa'i rnam thar / nam mkha' mtha' yas skye mched kyi rnam thar / rnam shes mtha' yas skye mched kyi rnam thar / ci yang med pa'i skye mched kyi rnam thar / 'du shes med 'du shes med min skye mched kyi rnam thar / 'du shes dang tshor ba 'gog pa'i rnam thar ro. 600 117-118. EoB VIII 611.

•RNAM DAG [= rnam par dag pa] immaculate. Skt. viśuddha.

•RNAM 'DAL OT = rnam 'dud. Blaṅ 293.5. Dbus-pa no. 350. Lcang-skya. rnam par 'dud pa'am rab tu gus pa. Btsan-lha. rnam 'dud / dkon mchog gsum la gus [63r2] pa'i sgo nas lus ngag gi phyag 'tshal ba la / rnam 'dud sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•RNAM 'DUD Skt. vinataka. Mvy. 4146.

•RNAM SNANG GI CHOS BDUN rkang ba skyil krung / lag pa mnyam bzhag / sgal tshigs drang por bsrang ba / mgrin pa cung zad gug pa / dpung ba rgod gshog ltar brkyangs pa / mig sna rtser phabs pa / lce ya rkan la sbyar ba rnams so. 600 91-92. Zhi-byed Coll. II 87. 1. Seated in crosslegged posture. 2. The spine straight. 3. The shoulders stretched apart like the wings of the eagle. 4. The neck slightly bowing. 5. The hands in the gesture of meditative equanimity. 6. The tip of tongue touching the palate. 7. The gaze aimed in the direction of the nose.

•RNAM SNANG GI SHUL path of Vairocana (understood in different ways, as either the top of the head or the anus). 'Gos, Stong-thun 22.3 (noting that later on, at 25.1, the same is called rnam par snang mdzad kyi sgo, 'door of Vairocana').

•RNAM SNANG 'BO ZAN dri chen. Btsan-lha.

•RNAM PA aspect. Skt. ākāra. Thurman.

•RNAM PA GCIG TU NA snga tshigs dmigs bsal 'byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNAM PAR a verbal prefix equiv. to Skt. vi-.

•RNAM PAR BKOD PA full array. In titles of Nyingma tantras, I've chosen to translate it in this way. Negi gives Skt. nidhāya, vinyāsa etc.

•RNAM PAR GROL BA Skt. vimukti. liberation. EoB VIII 615-622.

•RNAM PAR THAR PA'I SGO GSUM stong pa nyid dang / mtshan ma med pa dang / smon pa med pa'o. 600 17.

•RNAM PAR GNON PA this might have the sense of braving one's way through [something], or of obstructing or impeding [something].

•RNAM PAR SNANG MDZAD 1. zla ba. 2. bde gshegs rigs lnga'i gtso. Blaṅ 529.

•RNAM PAR MI RTOG bsam blo mi gtong ba ste / sems kyi 'phro 'du'i spros pa sna tshogs nye bar zhi ba dang dngos po'i de kho na nyid ji lta ba bzhin mngon sum du mthong ba'o. Gser Sbram 357.

•RNAM PAR 'THAG PA Skt. vaidalya. Ruegg in JIABS 27 no 1 (2004) 9.

•RNAM PAR 'TSHE BA hostility, aggression, malice (due to a sense of having been wronged). Skt. vihiṃsā.

•RNAM PAR PHYE SDE Skt. vibhajyavādin. EoB VIII 554-558. This is a school that has sometimes been identified with the Theravādin.

•RNAM PAR SMIN PA ripe, cooked, mature. Skt. vipāka. EoB VIII 669.

•RNAM PAR RIG BYED [1] Skt. vijñapti. Mvy. no. 1882. information (something instructive or revealing). Some translate Vijñapti as 'mental representation,' 'concept,' 'informing cognition,' etc. It means 'conveying of information,' as for example a gesture or expression. [2] This has a specific prātimokṣa meaning, also in its negative form (may be contracted to rig byed or rnam rig...). Sobisch, Dissert. chap. 3. According to Wayman, BI 59, it means candor (reticence in the negative).

•RNAM PAR RIG BYED MA YIN PA Skt. avijñapti. See Encyclopedia of Buddhism under "Avijñapti." See also Gomez in Buswell's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, p. 682, where he defines it as an unnoticed or unmanifest bodily transformation. See also Mvy. no. 1912.

•RNAM PAR SHAR BA JoBS 4 (2006) 67.

•RNAM DPYOD discernment. Thurman.

•RNAM PHYI PA phyi pa khang. Dbus-pa no. 579.

•RNAM PHYINGS phyi sa khang ngam gsang spyod khang. Btsan-lha.

•RNAM PHYIS OT = phyis khang pa. Blaṅ 298.6. chab khang ngam phyi khang. Btsan-lha.

•RNAM 'PHRUL Skt. vikurvaṇa. See L. Lancaster, ed., Prajñāpāramitā and Related Systems, pp. 225, 234. expressions, manifestations, projections.

•RNAM BYANG thar pa'am myang 'das. See rnam par byang chub pa.

•RNAM DBYE BDUN ngo bo brjod pa / las su bya ba / byed pa po / dgos ched / 'byung khungs / 'brel ba / gnas gzhi rnams so. 600 89.

•RNAM DBYE BRGYAD sgra'i rnam dbye brgyad ni / snga ma bdun gyi steng du bod pa bsnan pa'o. 600 105.

•RNAM SMIN GYI YON TAN BRGYAD eight [karmic] fruitional qualities. tshe ring ba / kha dog phun sum tshogs pa / rigs phun sum tshogs pa / dbang phyug phun sum tshogs pa / tshig btsan pa / dbang che bar grags pa / skyes pa yin pa / stobs dang ldan pa rnams so. 600 110-111. Pabongka, Liberation II 267. For a discussion of passage in Tsong-kha-pa's Lam-rim Chen-mo, in which an implicit racism and sexism is detected, see Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 17 (the 8 categories apparently come from the Bodhisattvabhūmi, although this needs checking).

•RNAM GZHAG arrangement (system, presentation). Skt. vyavasthāna. Thurman. established tradition… treatment of a subject.

•RNAM GZHAG RNAM PA BCU Yaroslav Komarovski, Reburying the Treasure — Maintaining the Continuity: Two Texts by Śākya mchog ldan on the Buddha-essence, Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 34 (2006), pp. 521-570, at p. 532.

•RNAM GZHAG MA 'CHAGS PA has not developed a proper understanding. Jinpa.

•RNAM YENGS idle distractions (of everyday life).

•RNAM G.YENG GI RTOG PA BCU ngo bo med par rtog pa / ngo bor rtog pa / sgro 'dogs pa'i rtog pa / skur ba 'debs pa'i rtog pa / gcig tu rtog pa / tha dad du rtog pa / ngo bo nyid du rtog pa / khyad par du rtog pa / ming ji lta ba bzhin du don rtog pa / don ji lta ba bzhin du ming rtog pa'o. 600 136-137.

•RNAM RANG DGRA BCOM gshen rab rnam rtsod pa dang nyan thos don gcig rang rtogs gshen rab dang rang rgyal don gcig go. 506A 335.

•RNAM RIG See under rnam par rig pa.

•RNAM SHES Germano, Poetic Thought 857.

•RNAM SHES MTHA' YAS SKYE MCHED Skt. vijñānānantyāyatana. Mvy. 3111. Boundless consciousness. EoB VIII 667-668.

•RNAM SHES 'PHO BA'I BU GA DGU See under bu ga dgu.

•RNAM SHES TSHOGS BRGYAD mig gi rnam par shes pa / rna ba'i rnam par shes pa / sna'i rnam par shes pa / lce'i rnam par shes pa / lus kyi rnam par shes pa / yid kyi rnam par shes pa / nyon yid / kun gzhi'i rnam shes rnams so. 600 103-104.

•RNAM BSHAD paraphrase commentary. Vostrikov, Critical 72.

•RNAM SROL lugs srol. Btsan-lha.

•RNAM GSAL SKYES See mu men.

•RNAM GSUM DAG PA'I SHA mthong thos dogs gsum dang bral ba'o. 600 22.

•RNAMS plural ending. For the odd writer who finds it acceptable to put the plural marker after the [genitive] case ending, for ex. chos kyi rnams, or mang tshogs kyi rnams, see Hahn, Striving 140.

[BSGO BA] RNAR GZON PA OT = bsgo ba la mi nyan pa. Blaṅ 286.5. bslab bya mi nyan pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNAL CU rnal cu dang ma bral ba'i mdzos tsha myi myong. Zhi-byed Coll. II 149.2. mdzo' gyod la gtug mkhan rnal cu yin de ma bcag na skyid myed gsung ['What brings the mdzo to grief is the snot-rope, and until it breaks off she knows no happiness, he said']. Ibid. II 170.4. mdzo' phung du 'jug pa rnal cu yin / 'di ma bcag na skyid myed. Ibid. II 226.5. mdzo phung du 'jug pa'i mkhan po snal cu yin gsung ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 119.4. mdzo' rnal cus gyod la rtugs pa yin. Ibid. II 303.5.

•RNAL DU nan du'am mu mthud du. Btsan-lha.

•RNAL DU 'GOD PA tshul bzhin nam gnas lugs gsha' ma dang mthun par bkod pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNAL DU GNAS PA gnas lugs dang mthun par tshul bzhin gnas pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNAL DU PHAB STE OT = gzhan gyi 'tshe ba med par rang dbang du gnas pa. Blaṅ 305.6. gzhan gyis 'tshe ba med par rang dbang du gnas pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNAL DU DBAB bag phab pa'am gtan chags par byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNAL 'BYOR Yoga, 'joined to the Real.' Sometimes used as a verb: rnal du 'byor ba, to join the Real. Klong-chen-pa 5.3. bya ba rnal ma la rtsol med kyi ngang gis 'byor ba'am / yang dag pa'i lam dbang du gyur pa. Btsan-lha. 141 B4.4. Sa paṇ scorns those who try to understand the etymology of the Tibetan word rather than the original Sanskrit (rnal 'byor 'chad la sems rnal ma // rig pa 'byor ces 'chad pa dang). Rhoton, CD 169.

•RNAL 'BYOR BZHI traced to Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra quote with reference to Mahā-yoga. 1. rtse gcig. 2. spros bral. 3. ro gcig. 4. sgom med. 129 V 459.1 ff. 1. sems dpa'i rnal 'byor (Kriya, Upa & Yoga). 2. rnal 'byor chen po (Mahā-). 3. yongs su rnal 'byor (Anu-). 4. shin tu rnal 'byor (Ati-). Klong-chen-pa 5.3 comm. 'jigs byed kyi rdzogs rim rnal 'byor bzhi ni / sngags kyi rnal 'byor / dam tshig gi rnal 'byor / dbyibs kyi rnal 'byor / ye shes kyi rnal 'byor bzhi'o. 600 48.

•RNAL 'BYOR LA SPYOD PA Skt. yogācāra. No. 3 of the 10 bhūmis in the Avataṃsaka (lecture by Jan Nattier).

•RNAL MA genuine, original. the Real. Klong-chen-pa 12.20 comm. "natural state." Norbu, Cycle. defined at Samdo A IV 21v.3. bcos ma ma yin pa dang / gsha' ma'am yang dag pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNAL MAR in reality.

•RNAL SAD gnyid sad pa'am rmi lam sad pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNIL [tooth] gums. = so rnyil. Lcang-skya. Darma, Byangsi and Chaudangsi all have for 'gums' the word nila, or actually just nil.

•RNIL NAD OT gum disease. = so rnyil gyi nad. Blaṅ 294.5. Btsan-lha.

•RNU BA rno ba. Btsan-lha.

•RNEL DRI Perhaps to be read as rnel gri. threatening spirits of women who died in pregnancy. Bellezza, D&B 7, 117 ff.

•RNEL GZHI See snrel zhi. log gam go rim 'chol ba. Btsan-lha.

•RNO LCAGS translated as 'steel.' Simioli, AG 54.

•RNO MCHOG DRUG PA a medicinal preparation. BT 32v.2.

•RNO DBAL the sharp point at the tip of a weapon. mtshon rtse'i rno ngar. Btsan-lha.

•RNOG PA See under brnag pa.

•RNOG ZAN snum btsos kyi 'khur ba'am zas bsod pa. Btsan-lha.

•RNOGS PA rku ba'i bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•RNONG See under snong. See under rwa.

•RNOL 'TSHANG ? gsang ba mchu sgor myi 'don pa bud myed kyi rnol 'tshang lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 482.3.

•SNA [1] in Dunhuang texts it may correspond to more recent gtso bo, the main, chief, or dbal, tip, point. See Mayer in JIABS 27 (2004) 154. [2] nose. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 35, suggests it is a loan from Skt. nāsā.

•SNA KHA varieties, all kinds [of]. bsgrub pa pos gdan ma non na / gdams pa'i sna kha mang yang / ne tso'i 'don pa dang 'dra ste. Zhi-byed Coll. II 468.6. dad pa can gyis gdam ngag gi sna ga rnyed 'ong ba yin / shes rab can gyis nyams myong gi sna kha snyed yong ba yin. Ibid. III 4.4. rigs sam rnam grangs. Yisun. de la zas sna kha cig bdag rang gis khyer nas mchi gsung nas. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 160.2. gdams pa'i sna kha mi 'dra ba re re mnga' bas. Zhi-byed Coll. V 78.7. mtho dman gyi gdams ngag sna tshogs kun // rtog pa'i sna kha yin pas na. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 181.4.

•SNA KHA 'KHYIL BA Stein.

•SNA KHRAG nosebleed. See Czaja in Schrempf, Soundings 359.

•SNA KHRID PA lam 'khrid pa'am lam mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•SNA RNGUB PA'I SBUBS CAN A steam inhaling device pictured in JD 280-281.

•SNA GCIG eine Art, eine Gattung. Kaschewsky 84.

•SNA CHEN PO chief minister. blon po. sde pa'i gtso bo. Btsan-lha. True, it has the literal meaning of Big Nose. Still, the 'nose' is probably shortened form of sna 'dren or sna khrid (note also the OT meaning of sna, where it may not mean nose at all; and see under Bka' sna bo).

•SNA BSTAD blon po. Btsan-lha.

•SNA THA snuff, 'nose tobacco.'

•SNA THAG 'CHOD rang dbang shor. Gces 588.3.

•SNA DER sna re der. Gces 588.6.

•SNA 'DREN 1. guide, leader. 2. to deceive, a deceiver. T&BS II 277. forward scout. Jamspal, Treasury 56.

•SNA NAD SRZT 74.

•SNA NAM a clan. Btsan-lha.

nub SNA'I RNAM SHES RGYU BA'I BU GA The consciousness-coursing aperture of the nose in the west. DD illus. 20.

•SNA RNON PO spy or watchman (lit., sharp nose) so pa'am bya ra ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNA PO OT = gtso bo. chief (among many). Blaṅ 294.3. See sna bo.

•SNA PHRA MO LA GTOGS PA dpon rigs chung ngu la gtogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNA BO gtso bo. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya. See sna po.

•SNA SBYONGS nasal cleansing therapy. Yangga's dissert., p. 67.

•SNA SBRANG arrow. mde'u. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•SNA MA See srin shing sna ma. See rna ma. See dzā ti. SS 417.2.

•SNA MA'I ME TOG dza ti'i me tog. Btsan-lha. mngon brjod mang por dza ti yin par gsungs la / 'ga' zhig tu sna ma ni dza ti yin par bshad pas de ltar na sna ma'i me tog 'di dza ti'i me tog la bya'o. Eimer, Dbyangs 55. jasmine flower. Jamspal, Treasury 24. See under lig zhi wer.

•SNA MO'I MI Stein.

•SNA SMAN NYES SEL a medicinal preparation. BP 210.6.

•SNA TSHA sna tsha'i bu lon la dbus par du gzhan tsho'i bu lon zhes 'byung / snga ma ltar na sngar gyi bu lon. Dpe-chos 515.

•SNA TSHA TING NGE sna tsha ba. Gces 585.1. dri ma drag pas sna tsha ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNA TSHA G.YA' gnyid nas sna sngur ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNA TSHOGS various, all kinds of... This word used already in O.T. Achard, L'Essence 118.

•SNA TSHOGS SPU TSHOGS different kinds of (animal), lit., various colored hairs. MTTP.

•SNA ZHAGS 'nose noose,' an epithet for the elephant. DW.

•SNA 'O gtso bo. Dbus-pa 378.

•SNA RU OT = na ro. Blaṅ 297.2. Snuff horn illus. in Yisun. Btsan-lha. Snuff bottles illus. in Po-ta-la (1996) 188. Snuff horns & bottles in Precious Deposits V 189-193.

•SNA RU BSDIGS PA sna ru brdegs pa'am 'phangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNA RUS PA LA TING NGE 367 I 235.

•SNA RE a [mere] couple of [something].

•SNA LA sne mo la. Btsan-lha.

•SNA LA GTOGS PA dpon chung ngu. Btsan-lha.

•SNA LEN chibs bsu. Gces 582.5. Btsan-lha. Stein. khong gi sna len bzang po cig byas. 64 I 13.4.

•SNA LO Aconogonon tortuosum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24.

•SNA SHA sna sha sbyin tu mi btub / sna thag sbyin mi rung ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNA SHU SHU bdag pos khrid kyang sna shu shu / rkun mas khrid kyang sna shu shu. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 17.5.

•SNA GSHIN Namdak.

•SNA BSU sngon bsu'am mdun bsu. Btsan-lha.

•SNA BSUN pham nyes kyi nyams myong.

•SNAG [1] OT flesh. DD 304. [2] rgya snag, 'China ink,' see JD 63, SS 526.3. On ink, see Berthold Laufer, History of Ink in China, Japan, Central Asia, India, Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and Italy, contained in: F.B. Wiborg, Printing Ink, a History, Harper Bros. (NY 1926), pp. 1-76. Interesting that in Toh, Ming 43, we find the word sdug tsha translated as ink.

•SNAG GI GNYEN gnyen rtsa lag. Btsan-lha. Relative, kinsman. Sometimes spelled gnag gi gnyen. Occurs as translation for Skt. jñāteya.

•SNAG GI GNYEN MTSHAMS pha ma gcig las skyes pa'i spun zla. Btsan-lha. But Monier-Williams and Edgerton disagree, saying it simply means kinsmen related by blood, and not as Btsan-lha suggests, children by the same parents. Occurs as translation for Skt. sālohita. I noticed an example in Derge Kanjur (at Toh. no. 47, fol. 124r.6).

•SNAG CHEN GNYER RING DD illus. 6.

•SNAG PO CHE DD illus. 6.

•SNAG BUM inkwell, inkpot. A few remarkable ones illus. in Precious Deposits V 32-4. See also Essen Catalog 467.

•SNAG DBON rus kyi tsha bo 'am sring mo'i bu. Btsan-lha.

•SNAG TSHA [1] ink. [2] snag gi tsha bo zhes pa'i bsdus ming. Btsan-lha. Yisun has it meaning a maternal kinsman. I think it actually means more specifically a son of a sister.

•SNAG TSHOG sha snag mo btsos pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNAGS PA dri mas sbags pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNANG GRAGS the visual and audial, sights and sounds.

•SNANG NGOR Stein.

•SNANG BRNYAN snang la rang bzhin med.

•SNANG STONG See 27 58. "lta ba bzhi" in Stein.

•SNANG THOGS snang thogs ni snang la thogs. (?) OZZ 116.

•SNANG BA Germano, Poetic Thought 823.

•SNANG BA DGU 'KHRUL See thang phrom dkar po g.yung ba.

•SNANG BA BAN BUN snang ba thar thor ram zar zir. Btsan-lha.

•SNANG BA BDE BA Stein.

•SNANG BA BZHI Klong Yangs las / 'bras bu snang bzhi rim shar nas // gdeng bzhi dag gis chos zad de // zag bcas mi snang zla bdun na // 'ja' 'od lhag med grub pa'o. Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 238.1. chos nyid mngon sum gyi snang ba // nyams gong 'phel gyi snang ba // rig pa tshad phebs kyi snang ba // chos nyid zad pa'i snang ba. Ibid. 523.6. See article by G. L. Dargyay in Tibetan Studies (ed. M Brauen & P Kvaerne: 1978). Sky Dancer 208 (n. 28). See snang bzhi, below.

•SNANG BA GSUM [1] Although these differ according to contexts, the most usual are the appearance, increase and attainment (to use the normal translations) in the death process, which are accompanied by the colors white, red and black. [2] there is a list in Klong-chen-pa 12.8 comm. [3] A usage special to the Path Including Result. lam 'bras nas 'byung ba'i snang ba gsum gyi khrid ces pa'i snang ba gsum ni / ma dag pa'i snang ba / nyams kyi snang ba / dag pa'i snang ba'o. 600 23. [4] In Zhi-byed Coll. II 20.4, it refers to the three phenomenal realms of waking, dream and bar do. See Zhi-byed Coll. V 274.1. [5] In Bka' chems ka khol ma, ch. 10, pp. 142-143, it means the three different ways of seeing things of 1. the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, 2. the devas, and 3. ordinary persons.

•SNANG BYED 1. mig. 2. nyi ma. 3. 'od zer spyi. Blaṅ 529.

•SNANG MA zhabs 'bring nang ma. Btsan-lha. sribs shing snang ba (a shade tree), see KP3 307.6.

•SNANG TSHUL Phenomenal reality on conventional level has two modes, the appearance mode, which is snang tshul, and the existence mode, or gnas tshul. See Wangchuk, RT 222.

•SNANG TSHUL BCU BDUN these are mentioned (not listed) in Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 695.6.

•SNANG BZHI attainments resulting from Thod-rgal practices. Thondup, BM 73, 199.

•SNANG BZHI MTHAR PHYIN TSHAD BZUNG mngon sum snang bas thig le'i rtsal rdzogs shing / gong 'phel snang bas lug rgyud btson du bzung / tshad phebs snang bas sku zhing gtan la phebs / chos zad snang bas gang shar zad sar 'khyol. Padma-gling-pa, Works XIII 402, XV 203 ff., XIV 551.6.

•SNANG YAL phyi rol thams cad mthong ba'i skar khung. Btsan-lha.

•SNANG G.YEL skar khung. Btsan-lha.

•SNANG G.YEL CAN yon tan med cing sems dpangs mtho ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNANG SRID Germano, Poetic Thought 826.

•SNAD 'GRAM 'side injury' of liver. Text 29.

•SNAD YAR rmas pa'am snad pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNABS LA YOS 'BYAR BA snabs lud la nas brngos pa'i yos 'byar ba. BBNP 467. For this simile, see TKT 642 n. 47.

•SNAM SGRIL A part of a loom. See Dag-yig 325. snam dkris, illus. in Yisun.

•SNAM RTA Discussion in Tan, Theses 114 n. 6, suggesting 'scented horse' (a horse used in ritual).

•SNAM SNEM PHAN TSHUN YAN YAN (regionalism) = snyoms las dang phan tshun g.yang nge g.yeng nge. BBNP 474. Btsan-lha.

•SNAM PA to sniff. Hill, Review 175. Lde'u 360. Another word mnam may be a later spelling? It has this very same meaning: sniff, whiff, smell.

•SNAM PRAG am phrag gam rum. Btsan-lha.

•SNAM PYI PA "retainer." Tsugu in Soundings 139. See Richardson, HP,PE 14.

•SNAM PHYI PA zhabs phyi nang ma'am gsol dpon. Btsan-lha. Bashey4 199.

•SNAM PHYI SA phyis khang ngam gsang spyod khang. Btsan-lha.

•SNAM PHYINGS phyi sa khang ngam chab khung. Btsan-lha. = phyi sa khang pa. Lcang-skya.

•SNAM PHYIS chab khang. Btsan-lha.

•SNAM PHRAN chos gos kyi rnam pa'am snam bu chung ba. chos gos kyi snam bu'i ming. Btsan-lha.

•SNAM BU stegs sam lan kan. Btsan-lha.

•SNAM SBYAR One of the 13 requisites of the monk (and one of the three main garments). May be translated waist clothes, as in Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 168. Skt. saṅghāṭī. Generally translated simply as 'robes' although it only means the outermost layer.

•SNAM ZUNGS bud med kyi gtso mo. mna' ma'i zhe sa. Btsan-lha.

•SNAM LOG = rgyab. Lcang-skya.

•SNAM LOGS OT = zur. = rgyab. Blaṅ 287.6. rgyab bam ngos sam zur ram phyi rol sogs. Btsan-lha. zur. Dbus-pa no. 141. = zur. Lcang-skya.

•SNAMS len pa. Btsan-lha.

SNAMS ZHAL something that belonged to emperors, and would have been costly. Mentioned in Bka' thang sde lnga (1986), p. 163 et passim.

•SNA'I SHA LU sna khung du skyes pa'i sha'u. Btsan-lha.

•SNAR GI 'O DOM sdar ma'i rtags su wa lpags btags pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNAR BA [1] to shake back and forth. [2] to extend, stretch.

•SNAR MA sdar ma. Btsan-lha. See Das. Equiv. to bi rdzi (ZZ: bi tsi). TR XIV no. 10, p. 18b.

•SNAL CHU mdzo po'i dgra ru snal chu gnad. Zhi-byed Coll. II 453.3. mdzo phung du 'jug pa'i mkhan po snal cu yin gsung ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 119.4. rnal cu dang ma bral ba'i mdzos tsha mi myong. Zhi-byed Coll. II 149.2. Variant reading: rnal 'ju. See Yisun under sna gcu (& sna chu, & sna 'ju) for the possible meaning. It's some kind of snot-ball or snot-rope that comes from the nose of the mdzo.

•SNAL BZO tshem bu ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNI CHI Nishida, TTDD 145.

•SNI TSE ZZ, = mdung. Namdak.

•SNUN PA as a transitive verb, generally means [1] 'to stick' or 'to strike' (in various senses); but may also mean [2] 'to give [a breast to suck]'; at times, when used with weapons, [3] 'to pierce'; and when used with musical instruments, [4] 'to pluck' or [5] 'to strike' [a drum with a drumstick].

•SNUBS a clan. Btsan-lha.

•SNUM KHUR oil cake (evidently much liked by mice). Rhoton, CD 56.

•SNUM CHUNG KP4 485.2.

•SNUM PA longs spyod che ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNUM MA KP1 163.4. KP3 303.7.

•SNUM TSHAL cole (?). CTEV 24.

•SNUM TSHON paint applied in opaque coats, yielding rich colors. Jackson.

•SNUM ZAN MA As this occurs in the story of Lha Bla-ma Ye-shes-'od, Penpa Dorji says it refers to the ball of dough used to spread oil on a child's skin, as they still do in Ladakh. I suppose it could be a kind of oil-fried pastry, but I suppose in either case it fits with the idea of the 'spoiled child' (gces phrug).

•SNUR SKYOGS stirring stick for mixing paints. Jackson.

•SNUR RDO said to be a word for "metate" (mortar?), with snur byed meaning the pestle. ZZFC 112.

•SNUR BA bzang ba'i 'phro snur ba dang yar bskyed bstan pa yin bas. Zhi-byed Coll. V 476.5. Herbert Guenther, Down and Up Again: Allegories of Becoming and Transcendence, an internet book (2005) 68.

•SNE [1] nas. barley? Btsan-lha. [2] JS: edge, corner. Also rme'u, sne'u.

•SNE'U Varieties: bod sne, rgya sne. JD 199. KP1 116.2. = snel. SS 522.4. Fat hen, Lamb's quarter. Chenopodium album. TDD 45.

•SNE GU mar sna de gsang gnas su spu sne gu'i mtshangs der zug nas yod pa yin. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 7.5.

•SNE'U STAN = bu tsha. child, boy. Das (no idea where he took this from).

•SNE THIG The double lines used to indicate the margins of the text in pages of mss. or xylographs. BYNP 338-339.

•SNE MO LAS 'DZIN 'Genter's Office Holder.' See Kuijp in CAJ 43 (1999) 268.

•SNE TSHAR ras dar sogs kyi mtha' sne'u kha tshar. Btsan-lha.

•SNE 'TSHEM wart. Dhongthog.

•SNE 'DZUR GYIS (aneinander) vorbei; (einander) verpassend. Kaschewsky2.

•SNE 'DZOMS a mix [of various things], a miscellany.

•SNE ZAN sne zan la sme'u zan zhes kyang 'byung ste 'ga' zhig gis mar zan yin zer mod / rgyal ba bskal bzang rgya mtsho dang / khri yongs 'dzin rin po che snyan grags pas nas kyi zan zer ba'i brda rnying yin gsung. Dpe-chos 506.

•SNE'U 'PHRANG Namdak.

•SNE RING 'long extremity' (name for the form of the Pandita Hat, or Paṇ zhwa, with very long earflaps favored by the Gelugpa). E. Bock in RET XIII 17, 27.

•SNE SHAN [1] 'welt.' Dhongthog. [2] an official in charge of the Amban's travel arrangements. See Ehrhard in Steinkellner Festschrift 116.

•SNE SA groin. Yangga's dissert., p. 294.

•SNE SA KHUD DD illus. 1,5.

•SNE SA KHUD KYI RMEN BU DD illus. 31.

•SNER 'JOMS Stein.

•SNEL bod snel sngon po. KP1 117.4. = sne'u. Varieties: bod, rgya. KP3 282.5. KP4 451.1.

•SNOG BYA yid la brnag. Gces 589.4.

•SNOG ZAN 'khor ba. Dbus-pa no. 648. Compare the following.

•SNOG GZAN OT = 'khur ba. Blaṅ 300.4. = 'khur ba. Lcang-skya. snum du btsos pa'i 'khur ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNOG LE kha rgyal sna rgyal du log rtog dang 'thad mi 'thad la sogs pa'i sems la snog le mang po byed de. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum V 249.2.

•SNONG nesting, moulting (or both). This seems to be what a bird mother does when it covers its chicks until the down has grown. Nesting. Also spelled rnong and gnong. Zhi-byed Coll. I 425.6. Actually, I think it may mean the moulting (of down and feathers). Compare the verbal gnongs pa in Bsam-gtan Mig-sgron, as translated by Jackson in TS5 I 99.

•SNOD KA DD illus. 23.

•SNOD BCUD 'material/vital' environ-mental/biological. material and vital worlds. [= snod kyi 'jig rten dang bcud kyi 'jig rten]. Skt. bhājanaloka and sattvaloka. snod/bhājana literally means 'vessel, pot.' i.e., the 'container' of the biological world.

•SNOD DRUG rgyu ma / long ka / pho ba / gnye ma / lgang ba / mkhris pa rnams so. 600 74. Text 56. See under don lnga.

•SNOD 'BYED PA slob ma rnams mi mthun par byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SNON GOD snon 'phri'am chad lhag. Btsan-lha. Deficit and surplus; similar to chad lhags. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•SNON BGYIS snon bgyis ni bsnon bgyis te longs spyod lhag ma rnams kyis dge rtsa gyis zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 517.

•SNOM SNOM snas snom snom byed pa. BBNP 480. kho 'di bas gzhan zab bam snyem ba'i blos sgrub rgyud du ma la sna snom byas kyang / cig la nge[s] shes ma skyes pas / kun gyi rtsi mi 'thung ba chos nyid yin te. Zhi-byed Coll. V 185.6. Here it really seems to mean 'sniff scents with the nose,' to get a superficial 'whiff' of something. jo bo la la ga na 'dug pa'i gdams ngag la bstug / mang po la sna snom byed par gda' ste. Zhi-byed Coll. V 344.1.

•SNOM PA PO sniffer (the one who does the smelling). Samdo A V 191r.2. dri med snom pa po yang med. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 231.1.

•SNOM BU PA gsang myul pa'am rtog zhib pa. Btsan-lha. A spy or investigator in the sense of one who 'sniffs things out.' Dotson, OTA glossary: "Sniffer, royal taster who checks for poison; investigator."

•SNOR THOG TU BTANG BA spang thog tu btang ba. Btsan-lha.

•SNOR MA snor ma ni rtswa bzang ba'i spang thog tshwa rgyab gnyis lon pa ni tshwa khal gnyis khugs pa. Dpe-chos 512. Btsan-lha.

•SNOL sgom cig sbyong cing snol gyi sgom ma shes na / bying rgod gnyis kyi mtha' myi sol ba yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. III 10.1.

•SNOL BA crossing (of the legs). coordination (of the limbs)? Lde'u 187.

•SNOL MTSHANG bud myed snol mtshang khyo la smra myi phod. Zhi-byed Coll. I 271.4. btsun mo'i snol mtshang khar ston na 'chad pa'i gnas su 'gyur ba bzhin. Ibid. IV 241.7.

•SNREL ZHI 'inversion.' OT = logs. = 'phrad. = 'chol ba. Blaṅ 287.6. = 'phred. = logs. = 'chol ba. Lcang-skya. In quote from Avatamsaka Sūtra in SBKK I 176.13. topsy-turvy. Skt. vyatyasta, n. of a minor continent. Beyer, CT Lang 85. logs sam 'phred dam 'chol pa go rim du mi gnas pa. Btsan-lha. Skt. vyatyasta. Mvy. no. 534 (n. of a samādhi), 3069 (also [mis]spelled snrel gzhi).

•BRNA a type of bird (?). See Todd Gibson's dissertation (1991), p. 191.

•BRNAG DKA' bsran dka' ba'am bzod dka' ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRNAG PA OT = bsam pa. Blaṅ 285.6. Lcang-skya. aggressiveness, ferocity, revenge, evil disposition. Karmay, Treasury. In Bon works, it seems to mean something that really 'gets to' you, that strongly impresses one's mind, something awesome, perhaps dreadfully so. brnag pa in Bon works often means 'memory' (actually, fut. of rnog pa). gnag rdzi dga' bo ji bzhin du // bar chad med par brnag pa bskyed. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 297.2.

•BRNANGS BRNGAN PA = mchod pa. Lcang-skya.

•BRNANGS PA zas dang mchil ma sogs mid par 'tshang pa. yi ga gyen du 'phyur ba. Btsan-lha. smothered, stifled. Jamspal, Treasury 227. = yi ga gyen du 'phyur ba. Lcang-skya.

•BRNAN PA OT = nges bzung. Blaṅ 288.2. = nges bzung. = dgar ba. Lcang-skya.

•BRNAB gzhan nor la chags pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRNAB PA OT for 'dod pa. 367 II 127.5. Lcang-skya.

•BRNAM bzhugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRNAR SEMS gzhan nor la chags pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRNAL KAB Tan, Theses 108 (here translated crossed pillar, but without much conviction).

•BRNU BA 'then pa'am tshur 'dren pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRNOGS PA OT for Skt. gupta. = bsdam pa. = sbas pa. Blaṅ 300.1. sbas pa'am rku ba. kha zas sogs snyum zhing mang ba. Btsan-lha. brnogs te / brtab ste. Dbus-pa no. 628. = bsdams te. Lcang-skya.

•BRNON DU GZHUG PA gnon du 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSNAG PA 'bad pa. Dbus-pa no. 046.

•BSNANGS PA yi ga gyen du 'phyur ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSNAN PA brnan pa ste nges bzung. Btsan-lha. nges gzung. Dbus-pa no. 151.

•BSNAB PA 'dod pa. Dbus-pa no. 043.

•BSNAMS PA OT = thogs pa. Blaṅ 287.5.

•BSNAR BA 'dzar ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSNAL BA bkrus pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSNUN BSNYOD nu ma bsnun nas gso ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSNUBS a clan. Btsan-lha.

•BSNO BA des gnyen po'i mthu bsno ngar yin bar ngo yer phrad pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. V 140.1 byas tshe bsno bar rig pa'i rtsal. Zhi-byed Coll. V 140.3. mtha' ma dpa' sde bsno ngar dang 'gros nas. Zhi-byed Coll. V 176.7. Usual meaning of sno ba is 'rub, grind, crumble, knead.'

•BSNOG PA bsdam pa'am sbas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSNOR BA phan tshun brjes pa. Btsan-lha. deviating [from the word order of the original]. Hahn, Striving 136.

•BSNOL cf. rma bya mjing bsnol (n. of a Nyingma tantra). Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 203.2. Rnying Rgyud 1982 XI 336.3. Compare rgyab bsnol, which means 'addorsed.'

BSNOL MA lit. 'those that cross,' name of a channel. Yangga's dissert., p. 299.

*PA*

•PA'U hier wegen des nach dem Alphabet aufgebauten Gedichtes statt: dpa'o, 'Held.' Kaschewsky 84.

•PA GOR a clan. Btsan-lha.

•PĀ GRU a type of cloth. Yongdan, TCW 117.

•PA CA RAG Stein.

•PA CHAR Also spelled pa car. gos chas bye brag cig. Btsan-lha (same in Yisun). Skt. kaupīna, kopīna, kuvīna. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 213, says it means a small piece of cloth worn over the private parts.

•PA CHI Nishida, TTDD 145.

•PA TA LA KA See go byi la. See skyer pa.

•PA TANG 'khrul 'khor pa tang translates Skt. pātanayantra. Simioli, AG 59.

•PA TANG GA See tsan dan dmar po. See Simioli, AG 63.

•PA TI bdag po. Also, a pl. n. Btsan-lha.

•PA TI KAṂ See tsandan.

•PA TO LA See gser gyi me tog. JD 208. = (?) gser me. SS 519.6. Mdo 195.

•PA TRA [1] This is clearly a borrowing from Skt. patra, which has general meaning of [tree] leaf. Note that Roman cult made use of an offering plate called patera (as a circular ornament, it is still in use in architecture). The similary between the Indic patra and Roman patera was noted by Abraham Rees, Cyclopaedia (1819). [2] a type of seashell. Identified with sinitic pa'o yus, and Haliotis diversiclor Reeve in Rin 39 (with photo), giving the two types as a yi pa tra and ke la pa tra. = ma nu pa tra. YTTM 291.22. DG 96.3. Varieties: a yi, ke la. [3] Bellezza understands it to mean the 'endless knot.' ZZFC 240. [4] RY says it may mean a 'brick' [of gold], and this is the likely meaning in Lde'u 340, where eight of them are sent along with the three men charged with inviting Padmasambhava to Tibet. Alexander, Temples 135.

PA ṬHA shing pa ṭha. See go yu. SS 513.2.

•PA DA RI See rgya shug.

•PA DE MA gser gyi me tog. Btsan-lha.

•PA NA zangs las byas pa'i dong rtse bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•PA NA SA or pa na se. Jackfruit (or rather the tree). Rhoton, CD 75. Fruits are said to grow from its trunk and even from its roots, hence its use as a symbol of the presence of the fruit (result) in the cause.

•PA DO BA See lgang tsi.

•PA NI HI Indic word for 'sandals.' Chag 96.

•PA PA RI KON See pa re pa kon.

•PA PA LAM See byu ru.

•PA PA SA See shel ta.

•PA PHA nged kyi pa pha rin po che // 'jig rten mgon po'i zhal snga nas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 113.2. nged kyi pa pha rin po ches. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 295.4.

•PA BA SANGS Just another way of spelling pa sangs.

•PA MYING paternal household (father & elder brothers as wife-givers and givers of bride wealth). Dotson, D&L 13, 14.

•PA TSA KA See tsi tra ka.

•PA TSHAB a clan. Btsan-lha.

•PA YAG See spa yag rtsa ba. See smug chung mden yon. JD 166. = skye rgyun gcod, g.yag snying, thog nag mgo dgu. SS 485.5. Lancea tibetaca. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26.

•PA YAG PA a medicinal herb. TR XIV no. 4, p. 16.

•PA RA deuce. a 'secret' way of saying 'two,' used by gamblers. Norbu, Drung 229, n. 65. Murakami Daisuke, Aspects of the Traditional Gambling Game known as Sho in Modern Lhasa, RET 29 (Apr 2014) 245-270, at p. 253 et passim.

•PA RA PU RA Stein.

•PA RI PA (sp?) See rta lpags.

•PA RA MI TA jackfruit. CTEV 29.

•PA RI ṢA See zhu mkhan.

•PA RU Dagyab. BLKC I 377, 396.

•PA RE PA KON KP1 49.3. = bya rog nor bu, g.yag snying ba, lug snying ba, ('chi med) dar ya kan. pa pa ri kon, in KP3 261.2. KP4 399.3.

•PA RE PI RE hither and thither. MTTP.

•PA LA YTTM 291.25.

•PA LA TA KA See gser shing ser po.

•PA LA SHA Evidently this means the Flame of the Forest, an Indian tree with the scientific name Butea monosperma. The Sanskrit is palaśa. It has many ritual usages, including use as fire sticks in fire rituals. See gandha bha tra. Simioli, AG 63.

•PA LA SA ? pa la sa la lo 'bras myed. Zhi-byed Coll. I 305.5.

•PA LA HO In Chinese, Po-lo-ho. The horse-king Balaha. Tan, Theses 115 n. 8.

•PA LĀ ṆU KE'U OT = ri sgog. Blaṅ 301.4.

•PA LĀ SHA Hahn in JoBS 4 (2008) 25.

•PA LAM plum (the fruit). I imagine this to be a modern borrowing from English. Monlam.

•PA LU See da les.

•PA SHA KA See ba sha ka.

•PA SHI See under pag shi.

•PA SANGS Friday. I've seen the spelling wa sangs, in a consecration work by Grags-pa-rgyal-mtshan.

•PA HAL RI See mu zi ser po.

•PA HLA BA LW 459.

•PAG PHOR (Dbus, Gtsang) = barley flour bowl. MTTP.

•PAG SHI in quote from Milarepa. Samdo A IV 219r.4, 220r.1, 243r.6; VI 216r.5. See the article by L. van der Kuijp, and the entry in Hobson-Jobson ("Buxee"), and an entry by Peter Jackson in Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 3 (1989) 535-536. pa shi / hor ram sog po'i skad du btsun pa'am slob dpon. Btsan-lha. 367 I 235. Explained as Mongolian equivalent of slob dpon, 'teacher.' Thuken 123. It's also been explained as derived from Skt. bhikṣu, although I really doubt this — Toby Mayer in The Muslim World, vol. 100 (Apr 2010) 269. One article, Saida Khalmirzaeva, Yurikawa: On the Possible Route of the Story's Transmission, contained in: Annals of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, vol. 16, no. 1 (2016), pp. 230-250, seems to agree with this idea it derives from Skt. bhikṣu. Discussion of etymologies, including this one, may be found in Lopez's Prisoners of Shangri-La, p. 216.

•PAGS BKRA or Sha bkra, 'ringworm.' Dhongthog.

•PANG lap. See skor pang. Jackson.

•PANG DU SBRUL (the simile of) the snake in the lap. Zhi-byed Coll. I 431.1. A deceptively similar metaphor was used in Europe, but here the snake is an alien entity kindly taken into your home that will [inevitably] turn on you. It generally seems to have been used in anti-Semitic contexts. This just goes to argue that proverbial metaphors require culturally sensitive interpretation. See for example Jeremy Cohen, “Pope Innocent III, Christian Wet Nurses & Jews: A Misunderstanding and Its Impact,” JQR 107 no 1 (Winter 2017), p. 115: "a mouse in one's pocket, a serpent in one's lap, and fire in one's bosom." It's interesting at least that fire is mentioned, since in Tibetan "hair on fire" is an equivalent metaphor to the snake in the lap.

•PANG KONG Equiv. to spang kong (spang bskong, dpang skong etc.). Explained in Bon literature as zil gnon (H.H.), also name of a famous Buddhist work. When spelled spang skong, it is understood to mean something like 'filling breaches' (in the vow or discipline), making up for something that was abandoned. But sometimes the first syllable is spelled dpang, which complicates matters... Filling in for the witness??

•PANG GRIB As a type of pollution, see Epstein, Dissertation 90.

•PANG GDAN 'Lap mat,' or Tibetan-style women's apron. Illus. in Yisun.

•PANG NA BTSA' BA pang du bzung nas lta rtog byed dgos pa. Btsan-lha.

•PANG TSHAD SRZT 124.

•PAṬ ṬI See zhu mkhan.

•PAD [Füllpartikel] ZAS VII 474. Generally this would stand, in compounded words, in place of padma, 'lotus.' But it is sometimes a mistaken reading for bad and pang.

•PAD KOR phyag rgya'i bye brag cig. Gser Sbram 79. mudrâs/gestures that involve moving the hands at the wrist, as in dance or ritual. Jäschke's dictionary (under "kor") says it is a way of folding the hands to resemble the lotus blossom.

•PAD KHA Yisun says it is a small seed that is pressed for oil with a red husk. Rapeseed seems to be the common translation. Another source makes it synonymous with yungs nag, or brown mustard. TDD 27.

•PAD COG (Dbus, Gtsang) special hair ornament worn by government officials. MTTP.

•PAD CHOD PA (prob. a mistake for bad chod pa) = rtsa nas chod pa. Stein.

•PAD DE PUD DE dung pad de pud de mang na yang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 481.3.

•PAD SDER See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 9.

•PAD PA [1] mkhyud gang. Btsan-lha. [2] leech. srin bu pad pas bya ba mon nam rgya gar kun na 'dam rdzab kyi gseb na yod par 'dug. Zhi-byed Coll. I 432.4. Evidently jalaukā (or jalāyukā) is a Skt. word for leech (among many others; there is an article by Dieter Maue I haven't seen entitled "Zur Nebenüberlieferung von ai. jalūka-Blutegel"). Lonely Planet Phrasebook records this word along with 'bu sbas sbas as meaning 'leech.' Note a use of the srin bu bad pa spelling in Rockhill, Life of the Buddha, p. 172; the context: monks were not allowed to suck their drinks through straws like leeches. On the absence of medical use of leeches for bloodletting, see Yangga's dissert., p. 257.

•PAD 'BRU lotus seed. CTEV 27.

•PADMA [1] lotus. padma ni bsgyur na chu steng 'phyo dang utpa la ni steng 'thung zhes par mngon brjod kyi 'grel pa sogs su byung bas so. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. lotus. JD 162. [2] In architecture, a horizontal woodwork section above the beam with a lotus design. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3. [3] (rtsa) padma means peony. LW. [4] N. of one or more types of metre. Hahn, JV 37, 39. See khyi. [5] Although I think it's mistaken usage, it indeed can sometimes mean 'leech.' . Hill, Aspirated 486-487 seems to follow Benedict on this, but see also Hill, Review 178. For this meaning, see under pad pa.

•PADMA GE SER Bombax ceiba. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. Silk cotton tree. TDD 26. Coral tree. Erthrina suberosa. TDD 75.

•PADMA CAN 1. spyan ras gzigs. 2. khyab 'jug chung ma. 3. bud med. Blaṅ 529.

•PAD MA'I RTSA BA Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 181, tells how geese look for them at night, but confuse them with the reflections of starlight on the lake... Translated literally as 'lotus root' in Stearns, SR 33, although I'm not sure if that's right.

•PADMA RTSA RI KP4 373.5n, 375.1, etc.

•PADMA RTSA RING See lcum rtsa.

•PADMA'I RTSA LAG Skt. mṛṇāla. Mvy. 6221. The lotus rhizome (certainly a part of the root system of the lotus). short form: pad rtsa, meaning lotus root. CTEV 24.

•PADMA RĀ GA JD 32. Misunderstood to be a flower, when it ought to be a red precious stone. Lde'u 277. I suppose it ought to mean ruby, but garnet also seems possible. Identified as ruby, with other names being padma rakta, lo hi ta ka, rin chen dmar po, mdog dmar & pad rag, acc. to Rin 16.

•PAD ME leech. JD 261. = byad pa. YTTM 292.8. = byang khra. YTTM 293.13.

•PAD ZHWA lotus hat worn by Bonpos. Stoddard, Early 47.

•PAD RAG MDOG LDAN a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 103. Lag-len 74.1. TMC 47 (102).

•PAD LO RIGS DRUG dge slong gi chas gos shig. Btsan-lha.

•PAD LOG cabbage. CTEV 25.

•PAD SHUN Item of clothing. Mdo-'dus 112.6.

•PAD GSANG a metal shaping tool. Schmied 149.

•PAṆ DKAR short term for designating an Indian lay pundit. Jackson, MB 36.

•PAN SKYES ? Coblin in TH&L 79.

•PAṆ GRUB RAB 'BYUNG short term for designating an Indian pundit-adept who is also a monk. Jackson, MB 36.

•PAN TA PUN TA Samdo A III 235.5, IV 25.2, V 4r.4.

•PAN PAN = 'phag 'phag. BBNP 476.

•PAN PAN BYED PA 'phags 'phags byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•PAN PUN Samdo A [III?] 237r.3.

•PANYTSA RA GA part of a stûpa. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 361.3.

•PAN TSA LA "Land; dann auch: Stoffart." Kaschewsky 84.

•PANYTSA LI KA Haarh, Yar-luṅ 354.

•PAṆ ZHWA The origin of this hat is traced to India in Niyogi, SBM 285.

•PAN ZHU Type of hat illus. in Yisun. In a list of types of hats in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 438.

•PAṆ SER short term for designating an Indian ordained pundit. Jackson, MB 36.

•PAM ME THING NGE yam me dang gcig. Gces 587.3.

•PAR 'print,' derived from Chinese acc. to Beyer, CT Lang. 141. Brief discussion in Hill, Aspirated 487.

•PAR TANG stan 'bol (a soft cushion). Dbus-pa no. 541.

•PAR THANG sa stan. Dbus-pa no. 742. See bar tang.

•PAR GYIS 'PHAR glo bur ram / rgyangs kyis 'phar ba. steng du 'phar ba. Btsan-lha. par gyi 'phar / bar / par shing dang sku par zhes sogs kyi bar de yin gyi drug sgra dang 'brel skabs / 'phar brda rnying brda gsar la glegs [64r3] bu yin pas par gyi glegs bu zhes sam / yang na 'phar par shing la snag tsha bsku ba'i byang 'phar la yang 'jug. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. par gyis 'phar / dag zhing gi sa gzhi'i yon tan la mnan na nem dang bteg na par byed pa zhes mang du 'byung [59v5] bas steng du 'phar ba la'ang par zhes zer ba'i skabs yod / de bzhin du phal skad rgyangs kyis 'phar ba la par gyis 'phar zhes byas chog pa 'dra. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•PAR 'GYA' An OT spelling for prajñā, noted in Dge-'dun-chos-'phel-gyi Gsung-rtsom (1990) I 263.

•PAR CHA ? an article one may carry with one (but here certainly NOT a camera). Gold Ms. I 11r.1.

•PAR CHAS camera. See Das, JTL&CT 80: "After dinner he showed me a work he was writing on history, rhetoric, astrology, and photography. The latter section he had composed from notes I had furnished him, in 1879, from Tassinder's 'Manual of Photography,' and I was delighted to see the diagrams he had drawn to represent the various photographic apparatus I had then left with him." This is quite an important passage on the earliest history of photography in Tibet (generally the first photographs are said to be those published by Deniker, taken by Tsybikov in around 1900 or 1902?). There is more on the earliest history of Tibetan photography in Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet."

•PAR TANG OT = stan khra bo. Also, dra'u rdog. Blaṅ 298.1. rngog stan nam / stan khra bo. Btsan-lha.

•PAR TANG KHRA BO gdan dang grum tse. Btsan-lha.

•PAR THANG carpet. = sa gdan. Lcang-skya.

•PAR NI GSUM YTTM 291.3. Clifford, list.

•PAR PA TA medicinal herb. Das. TR XIV no. 4, p. 16. Acc. to Huber, Pure Crystal, p. 240, n. 17, parpa, or, parpa ta, refers to a type of leech or worm, and should not be confused with par pa ta, the "horned cumin" (Hypecoum leptocarpum or H. erectum), a medicinal herb. Hypecoum leptocarpum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•PAR PAR BGYID PA 'phar 'phar byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•PAR BA TA = sgra bzang. JD 170. = bar pa ta, par pa ta. KP4 428.3. = skra bzang. YTTM 293.17.

•PAR BU snod bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•PAR MA Generally means an 'imprint,' however in Gung-thang Dkar-chag, it is twice used for images (evidently cast ones), so here it must mean 'casting.'

•PAR MOG Hoernle, Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature found in Eastern Turkestan, p. 403. Evidently refers to a high monastic position, perhaps abbot?

•PAR ZHU photographic print. Acc. to Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet," it could be used in an idiomatic way, to say that a child is a 'carbon copy' of its father.

•PAR SIG PA mi sha za mkhan. Btsan-lha. Persians are supposed to be cannibals??

•PAR SIG GI RTSED MO Persian game. I noticed occurrence of this in two lists of games in two different Kanjur texts, and wondered if it might mean parcheesi (pachisi) or backgammon. Ug shud (q.v.) and mig mangs also occur in one or the other of these two lists.

•PAL KYI palanquin. Borrowing from Urdu. Francke, Antiquities II 146.

•PI KA SHA LA See ba sha ka.

•PI PI LING See grog sman pi pi ling. = sman nag, nag ring, drod sman nar mo, grog ma'i gzugs can, spod kyi bran. JD 89. a tree. SS 424.4. = kri na. YTTM 292.6. = tsa pa la, nag po tsan de. YTTM 292.24. = drod sman. Piper longum. LW 458. = bai de hi, byi ril, lus 'phags skyes, ma ga dhi, yul dbus skyes, zeg ma g.yo byed, byang chub ljon shing, a ri ha ta, sel sel. DG 196.4. Clifford, list. Laufer (p. 458): Piper longum. JD 89: The best is that which comes from China. Lacking that, Indian pi pi ling is next best. The inferior is called elephant pepper (glang po che'i pi pi ling). The sort found in Tibet & the Himalayan regions to the south are mildly flavored and least favored for medicinal use. Fundamentals 15.3 (item 16). Piper nepalense. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. Piper longum. TDD 135.

•PI SPAL Pipal tree. Ficus religiosus. LW 458.

•PI MU 79 87, no. 78. Also spelled pis mu.

•PI TSI See pe tse.

•PI TSU LĀ LA LW 479.

•PI TSHU RA'I SHING 'BRAS BD of T&TB I 797.

•PI WANG 'lute.' Acc. to Beyer, CT Lang. 140, this as well as the Chinese word both derive from an unknown Khotanese word. Attested already in Mvy. no 5025, where it corresponds to Skt. vīṇā. Some old examples illus. in Precious Deposits I. The instrument as known to early Buddhist literature is said to have had the shape of an upright harp with seven strings. See EoB VII 67.

•PI WANG RGYUD GCIG PA Skt. tuṇavaḥ. A one-stringed lute. Mvy. no. 5015.

•PI WANG RGYUD GSUM PA Skt. vallarī. A three-stringed lute. Mvy. no. 5019.

•PI SHI cat. LW 478.

•PI SHU KA See 'bu su hang.

•PI ṢṬA SAU BHAṂ See tsandan dkar po.

•PI'I HWAN Perhaps Ch. pishuang, meaning arsenic trioxide. Gerke, PT 15.

•PING GTONG BA Apparently a kind of Lhasa beggar? Dung-dkar 42.

•PID KYIS Samdo A III 232v.2; V 114r.3. la pid kyis 'das la. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 264.3.

•PIṆṬHI See (sman) sga.

•PIR [1] brush. From Chinese (T. J. Norbu). Jackson. Thuken 318. Das & Jäschke know only this, and not the following meaning. [2] a fish-like sea creature used as a mount for certain deities, and sometimes found in Bonpo art. ST. Name of an animal in Bon Kanjur (192-vol. version) CLIV 272a.4. An opponent of the chu srin. Sga 331.1. sbal ba'i rigs. a type of turtle (perhaps the sea turtle). JD 260. Translated 'water warm [i.e., worm]' by Tucci, according to Denwood in BSOAS 36 (1973) 173. ri dang rgya mtsho lta bu yis // pir dang chu srin lta bu yi // lto ba bkang zhing tshims byas kyang // 'dod yon 'khor ba'i ro sred kyis // sems can tshims par ga la nus. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 588.3. Here it seems to be saying that the pir voraciously swallows mountains, while the chu srin swallows oceans (well, no, I think it's saying that amounts of food and drink equivalent to mountains and oceans might fill the stomachs the likes of pir and chu srin, but...). I believe it possible that this animal name derives from the Dravidian and/or Aramaic (Hebrew, etc.) word for 'elephant' — pilu, pil, etc. Kvaerne has a note on the animal name at note 74 on p. 105 of his The Bon Religion of Tibet, and Kvaerne's source here seems to confound it with the makara. Per Sørensen, in his Tibetan Buddhist Historiography: The Mirror Illuminating the Royal Genealogies, Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden 1994), p. 327, note 1027; p. 329, note 1035. Guntram Hazod's "The Falcon and the Lizard" as contained in Thundering Falcon (Vienna 2005), p. 238 note 46: "I.e. fish, frog, tadpole and monkey (elsewhere pir?)." A Bon vocabulary text has this: chu gnas pir (tsir). Here the tsir is supplied as if it explains the word pir. One possibility: pir is derived from Skt. kumbhīra (tr. into Tib. as chu srin). chu gnas pir tsir. Stoddard, Early 40.

•PIR KHA brush point, brush tip.

•PIR DONG brush container.

•PIR SPU brush hair.

•PIS MU See pi mu.

•PU ZZ = 'go. Bru II 290.5.

•PU GUR (old regionalism) = gcig pur. 'alone.' BBNP 465. pu gur yang chags sdang mang po bsags nas 'ong nyen yod pa yin gsungs. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum V 196.5.

•PU GUR SDOD cig pur sdod na. Btsan-lha.

•PU NU PO See under phu nu.

•PU PU KU SHU (Dbus, Gtsang) = phu shud, the hoopoe. MTTP.

•PU MA NU See under phu nu.

•PU TSA dpag tu med pa'i pu tsa sna tshogs dbul ba. Samdo A IV 116r.1. Evid. represents Skt. pūja. I noticed an instance of this spelling also in a work by Khams pa Ro mnyam rdo rje.

•PU TSA SHEL See hong len.

•PU TSE a modern borrowing from Chinese, meaning 'glass' (as in glass of beer). TS9 II 457.

•PU TSHE bran, husks of barley. Das. An added note suggests it might be Chinese.

•PU YOR TSHE SHEL Skt. rauhiṇī (rohīṇī). Mvy. 5831. Rohiṇī may, among other things, mean various kinds of plants, including Helleborus niger, Acacia arabica, Gmelina arborea etc. MW.

•PU RA Evid. Skt. pura. pu ra'i snod nas byung ba yin pas mi rung gsung. HS V 421.1 (on second thought I'm sure it has to be read su ra, or Skt. sura/surā for liquor).

•PU RA PA See bye rgyug.

•PU RI borrowing from Indic puri. pu ri ma may corresp. to grong khyer ma, a form of the Buddha in which he is standing and '[on His way to] town.' See Jackson, MB 75.

•PU LA GWAN the animal marten. Pollock, Forms 344.

•PU SHAL RTSI Karmay, Arrow 348. Root of the plant Coelogyne cristata.

•PU SHU said to be equiv. to Skt. harmikā, the 'little house,' a part of the stūpa that may have eyes painted on it.

•PU SHUD bya khra chung zhig. mda' yab bam lan kan dang mchod rten byi bre. Btsan-lha. hoopoe bird. Das. = phu shud. = sgro gtsug can. JD 228. SS 537.2.

•PU SHUD MIG SMAN JD 193.

•PU SHEL TSE See TR XIV no. 4, p. 16. SS 439.2. orchid, or, khus khus. Clifford, list. Pholidota recurva. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26 (here spelled pu shel rtse). Orchid. Dendrobium longicornu. TDD 66.

•PU SA LA cardamom. sman 'u su'am bsod nams dpal 'dzoms zer ba'i sngo zhig. Ngag sgron 366.

•PU SA LA'I 'DAB MA u su'i 'dab ma. zar ma'i 'dab ma.

•PUG DG 82.6.

•PUG RON = phug ron. "pigeon." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•PUNG PAR Nishida, TTDD 145.

•PUD DU BZHAG PA gcig pu'am / hrang hrang 'jog pa. Btsan-lha.

•PUṆḌA RI KA See se ba'i me tog. YTTM 291.26. Acc. to TDD 56, a name for the cosmos flower, also called krang tā ring.

•PUR ro'am phung po'i zhe sa.

•PUR GYIS 'JUG rang shugs sam hril gyis 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•PUR BA 'phur ba'am mkha' la 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•PUR SBYONG ro sreg pa. Btsan-lha.

•PUR TSHA funerary salts (used in embalming). Rgyal-ba Bskal-bzang-rgya-mtsho, Pur tsha me 'dzin ma'i dkar chag, listed in BLP no. 1311.

•PUS MKHYUD meditation strap. OT sgom thag. Blaṅ 293.3-.4. Dbus-pa no. 338. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•PUṢKA RA MAU LA = rgyas byed rtsa ba. JD 133. SS 437.4. = me tog dkar po'i rtsa ba. DG 250.2.

•PUṢPA RA KA See karka ṭa na. DG 84.3.

•PUS MO knee. DD illus. 5, 14. Spellings spus mo, dpus mo, also occur. Hill, Aspirated 488.

•PUS MO'I LHA NGA DD illus. 29.

•PUS TSHIGS DD illus. 14.

•PE KHANG SNUM mustard oil (used in woodblock making). Man LXI, no. 102 (p. 84a).

•PE NYA BA OT deriv. from Skt. piṇḍa-pa. = bsod snyoms pa. Blaṅ 308.1. LW 451.

•PE TA [1] a kind of woodworm. pe ta zhes pa ni srin bu ste. Zhi-byed Coll. I 425.4. Van Manen, in his article on the Kumbum tree, p. 51 quotes from Kern to the effect that the Skt. for woodworm is ghuṇa, and that they can form patterns in the wood that might look like letters that are then called ghuṇākṣara. [2] a type of tree. gzhi dang lam dang 'bras bu gsum po yang / pe ta'i rtsa ba lo 'bras 'dra / da lta'i dus nas mnyam par 'char ba bzhin no. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 1762.2-3. In terms of metaphorical usage, this would seem to correspond to the jackfruit (see under pa na sa).

•PE NAG a tree. See mon char.

•PE NE a coin. Borrowing from Urdu. Francke, Antiquities II 146.

•PE TSE = pi tsi. Chinese cabbage. LW 515.

•PE RAG headdress. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 65.

•PEG PO dbon. Gces 586.1.

•PEN PO alte Stoffreste, Lumpen; Decken usw. Kaschewsky 84.

•PE'U lcags ri'i phyogs mtshams kyi mkhar spe'u. Btsan-lha.

•PE'U TSE 352 745.18 ff. See Namdak. See dpe'u tse. Seems to be equivalent to Skt. piṭaka or Tib. sde snod. LZ 162.

•PER KA dbyug pa. Btsan-lha. Looks like ber ka, q.v.

•PO GA RI rus tshigs kyi mtshams. Btsan-lha.

•PO TI OT deriv. from Skt. pustaka. Blaṅ 308.3. Most likely the proper Skt. behind this term is prastha. See Funayama, Masquerading 45.

•PO MTHA' ji ltar thogs kyang. Btsan-lha.

•PO MTHO See po zos kyang.

•PO PO grandfather. BBNP 478. mes po. Btsan-lha.

•PO ZOS ji ltar ram / po mtho. Btsan-lha.

•PO ZOS KYANG OT = ji ltar thogs kyang. Blaṅ 293.6. An equivalent according to a regional dialect (yul skad) is po mtho. ji ltar thogs kyang. Btsan-lha. Ngag sgron 367.

•PO ZOS PA (rnying) ji ltar thogs pa'am ji tsam 'gor ba. Yisun.

•PO RIL Stoddard in Chayet, Edition, p. 376, says it is the name for pothi (dpe cha) books. Shouldn't the spelling be pod ril?

•PO LI SI British-style policing was introduced to Lhasa in 1912 or 1924. French, Yoke 260.

•PO LU In architecture, seems to refer to the ends of the crossbeams resting on the main beam, also used as a design element. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3. Also above doors. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 4.

•PO SO CHA JD 91. SS 445.4. = ma ta pa la, so cha, zi ra kā. DG 200.1 Clifford, list.

•PO SO'I SI'U LW 517.

•POG incense. OT = spos. Blaṅ 283.1. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 129. Lcang-skya.

•POG DKAR spos dkar. Dbus-pa no. 198.

•POG PA passed out. brgyal ba. Btsan-lha.

•POG POR censer. spos phor. Btsan-lha. = spos phor. Lcang-skya. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 159. I've noticed the spelling pog phor, q.v.

•POG SPOS =kun du ru, q.v. Skt. kunduru. Mvy. 6260. According to Monier-Williams, " mf. Boswellia thurifera; the resin of that plant (Olibanum)."

•POG PHOR censer. OT = spos phor. Blaṅ 283.1. Dbus-pa no. 130. Example of usage in Toh. no. 217 (Śrīgupta Sūtra), p. 556.3.

•POG RI The place where bone meets with joint. rus tshigs kyi mtshams. Btsan-lha.

•POG RE pho brang gi sdings cha'am / thog gi khang pa gru bzhi'i dbyibs. Btsan-lha.

•POGS LAB Ramble in Karmay, New Horizons 315.

•PONG ? pong 'gu che rdo rje gsang lam ma'i thang ba gcig dang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 190.2.

•POD volume (as in a single volume in a set of books). A borrowing from Skt. poṭhi, evidently.

•POD TSHA See bul tog.

•PON PA bzlas pa. Btsan-lha. Evid. for bon pa.

•POB SE = lhod de. BBNP 477.

•POB SE 'DUG PA lhod de 'dug pa. Btsan-lha.

•POR MGO Norbu, Drung 231, n. 2.

•POR TANG glegs bam po ti. Btsan-lha.

•POR PA phor pa. Btsan-lha.

•PYA BUN Nishida, TTDD 146.

•PYA MED Nishida, TTDD 145.

•PYA RALD Nishida, TTDD 145.

•PYAL BA don med dam / 'brel med kyi gtam. Btsan-lha. Evid. related to the later cal and 'chol.

•PYI PYI LING pi pi ling. Btsan-lha.

•PYOL PYOL phyol phyol lam / bros pa. Btsan-lha. Occurs in OTA; Hill in RET 10 (2006) 96.

•PRA For its meaning of divination practices or more specifically scrying (possibly corresponding to or even derived from the Skt. prasena?), see Orofino in TS6 I 623 n. 52. Possible reference to the pra divination practice that requires participation of young children in HS V 385.5.

•PRA KA RA ṆA SDE BRGYAD slob dpon dbyig gnyen gyis mdzad pa. mdo sde rgyan gyi 'grel pa / dbus mtha' rnam 'byed kyi 'grel pa / chos dang chos nyid rnam 'byed kyi 'grel pa / rnam bshad rig pa / las grub pa'i rab tu byed pa / phung po lnga'i rab tu byed pa / nyi shu pa / sum cu pa'i rab byed rnams so // kha cig chos dang chos nyid rnam 'byed kyi 'grel pa mi 'dren par rten 'brel gyi mdo 'grel 'dren no. 600 109-110.

•PRA KHRID Peking Kanjur/Tanjur, no. 4629. Skt. nimitta (target, cause, motive, sign, omen, causal agent) or sūcanā (pointing out, indicating).

•PRA CHAL 'gyur byed kyi chu. Btsan-lha.

•PRA CHAL LE state of turmoil. C&LT 172.

•PRA 'CHAL unsinniges (Gerede). [senseless talk] Kretsch. sngags rdzas kyis pra yang yang phab pas 'chal nas mi things pa. Btsan-lha.

•PRA TI BOG See spos dkar.

•PRA RTAGS prognostication. Karmay, Treasury.

•PRA PA 'demioracle.' Epstein, Dissertation 241 ff.

•PRA PA LA See byu ru.

•PRA PHUD dbu rgyan zhig. Btsan-lha. Said to be ZZ equiv. to Tib. rdo rje. As a ZZ word, it usually means 'club' or 'body.' Namdak. ZZFC 218, where no explanation is offered (but see note 14 on p. 212 and the index to the volume). It is sometimes equated with the rdo rje.

•PRA BA KA RA mu stegs pa zhig gi ming. Dpe-chos 512.

•PRA TSHIL sbrang rtsi'i snyigs. Btsan-lha.

•PRA LI A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 296. A kind of squirrel, acc. to Rona-Tas in Oriens 17 (1964) 240.

•PRA SE NA See under pra. See entry for prasena in Edgerton.

•PRAG PRIG phran bu'am cung zad. Btsan-lha.

•PRANG PRANG 476 III 61.1.

•PRAD PRAD nag nog. Gces 586.2. gzab gzab. rem rem. Btsan-lha.

•PRI said to be the 'yolk' of an egg in Norbu, Drung 55.

•PRI YANG KU See TR XIV no. 4, p. 16. dper na sman rtsi mchog spri yang ngu zhes bya ba bcud phun sum tshogs pa cig yod par 'dug. Zhi-byed Coll. I 432.1. = rtsi'u dri chen, ting sag sgyur, ki ṣa ka, chab 'dren gzhon nu, rtse'u. JD 190. = rtsi'u. YTTM 291.27. KP1 74.2. = hu lu ka. KP3 274.1. SS 451.2. TM I 51, IV 62. lavender. Clifford, list. Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. Mdo 198 & color plate. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. This is obviously an Indic plant name, but it is also a proper place name known to Sri Lankan history. (I believe this place name is an 'Sanskritization' of the name of Paigu / Pegu, an important port and kingdom in southeast Burman area.) In a comment at Tibeto-logic blog, Malcolm Smith said, "these days in Ayurveda, Priyangku is identified as Callicarpa macrophylla, whereas in Tibetan medicine, it is identified as Dracocephalum tanguticum Maximowicz. These two herbs have roughly the same taste properties, and strangely enough, the flowers are roughly the same color. Clearly a case where the Tibetans found an adequate substitute."

•PRI YANG KU CHEN PO See 'jib rtsi.

•PRI LI LI discussed in Schaik, Sweet 47 n. 128.

•PRI HA BA ṬA See zhu mkhan.

•PRIG PA spros pa'i prig pas myed pa ni / bzang rtog prig pas myed pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 266.5. Generally the verb 'phrig pa means to vacilate back and forth, to doubt, to be indecisive, examine, ascertain.

•PRIG TSAM Samdo A V 210r.3. tsig prig [~cung zad] tsam gyis dga' ba med pa ltar. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 13.2.

•PRIG CHUM OT = the tshom. prig chum gyis lung ba bkang ba. 367 II 131.5. Btsan-lha.

•PRIG SHA This is just a borrowing from the Skt. word for 'tree' sometimes used in Bon sources. Example in ZZFC 242.

•PRING NGE BA 'tsho ba pring nge ba. Gold Ms. I 6v.4.

•PRIL LE de'i rjes la phyag rgya chen po nyid pril le bsgom gsungs. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 217.3.

•PRIS MA 'o ma sogs kyi kha la chags pa'i rtsi. Btsan-lha.

•PRE THE 'bru snying ma chags pa'i snye ma skyon can. Btsan-lha.

•PROG rtse mo'am tog. Btsan-lha.

•PROG ZHU Word used to label a (bodhisattva-type) royal crown with 5 lobes. Illus. in Yisun. Used for an Indian royal turban or diadem (made of silk with jewels). Chag 65. dbu rgyan dang rtse zhwa. Btsan-lha, q.v. For bya rog prog zhu, see Terrone in TS9 VIII 223. ZZFC 238.

PLA KṢA This is the tree held by Buddha's mother while he was being born. Monier-Williams says it is Ficus Infectoria, the wave-leafed fig tree.

•DPAG As a verbal form, see Stein or see dpog.

•DPAG CHEN von grosser Geschicklichkeit, Kraft (beim Bogenschiessen). Kaschewsky 84. dben (dpen?) la mda' rdeg dpag chen gzhan myi dran. Zhi-byed Coll. I 268.7.

•DPAG MED [1] without limit. [2] Although this generally means 'unlimited,' in the Mdzod-phug it often has the special meaning of 'neutrality' (as in: neither pleasant nor unpleasant...).

•DPAG MYI LANG dpag tu med cing bsam gyis mi khyab pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPAG TSHAD Skt. yojana. A measurement said to be equivalent to about 16,000 yards or about 9 miles. Garje, Memories 371. Another source says it is equivalent to 4000 fathoms, with 'fathom' here translating Tib. gzhu 'dom. One yojana is eight krośa (rgyang grags) in length. Source: K. Mimaki's article in S. Karmay, ed., New Horizons in Bon Studies, p. 90: "We know that a Buddhist yojana (dpag tshad) approximately corresponds to 7.3 km, which is half of an ordinary north Indian yojana." Note that 7.3 km. is a little over 4 ½ miles.

•DPAG SHI dpag shi'i kha la ra ma med. Samdo A VI 11r.6.

•DPAG BSAM LJON SHING Kalpavṛkṣa. EoB VI 92.

•DPAGS CHEN shed stobs chen po. Btsan-lha.

•DPANG an ancient Tibetan tribe. Btsan-lha.

•DPANG RGYA Discussed in Marcelle Lalou, "Tun-Huang Tibetan Documents on a Dharmadāna," Indian Historical Quarterly 16 no 2 (1940) 292-298. at p. 298.

•DPANG PO The 'witness' in a debate. This person is missing, and perhaps unnecessary, in Tibetan debate practice, acc. to Dreyfus, Sound 216, 380.

•DPANG PO GSUM the three witnesses. See Dorji Wangchuk in TS9 X 279.

•DPA' a clan. Btsan-lha. 'di rje zhwa lu pa'i za ma tog tu / zhes sa'i dpa' dang chu'i dpa' rlabs / zhes pa [64v4] gtsang gi yul skad pa gar zhes lags zhes pa'i tshab tu dpa' zhes zer yang / chu'i rlabs dang 'brel che rbal yang dbab 'jug pa sogs skabs thob brtsi dgos. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•DPA' KLONG chu rlabs sam klong 'khor. Btsan-lha.

•DPA' SKONG BA pha rol po'i nga rgyal 'joms pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPA' KHA (= rgyal kha). Sieg. Kaschewsky2.

•DPA' MKHAR This is a la btsas, except that it is built on the shoulder of a mountain, while the la btsas is on the top of the mt. or pass. Karmay, New Horizons 390. Noble Mountaineer 270.

•DPA' RGOD JD 161. = dzu lang sa ki. SS 439.6.

•DPA' LCAGS Prob. same as ngar lcags, tempered iron (good for swords). Lde'u 267, misspelled earlier as dpal lcags.

•DPA' CHAS BCO LNGA See Terrone in TS9 VIII 222.

•DPA' RTAGS emblem of bravery. See Kuijp in J. of the Tibet Society VIII 14.

•DPA' THAL GYI ZHU 'BOD thal drags pa'i snyan zhu. Btsan-lha.

•DPA' THUL dpa' bo chen po. Nomads 241.

•DPA' DAR hero sash (awarded to soldiers as mark of bravery in battle). Sources.

•DPA' BDUD A hidden borrowing from Mongol badur. Beyer, CT Lang. 139.

•DPA' BA'I PUL PYIN dpa' bo'i nang nas mchog tu gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPA' BO See nyams brgyad. SS 439.4.

•DPA' BO DKAR PO JD 161. = ru se ta, ru kha tsha. Phytolacca esculanta. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26.

•DPA' BO BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. BP 251.1.

•DPA' BO BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. BP 199.6.

•DPA' BO BDUN sangs rgyas dpa' bo bdun ni / sangs rgyas rnam gzigs / gtsug tor can / thams cad skyob / 'khor ba 'jig / gser thub / 'od srung / shākya thub pa rnams so. 600 98-99.

•DPA' BO 'BRU LNGA MA TSHIG PAR SNANG BA dpa' bo 'bru lnga ni om ram srum kham yam ste lnga'o. 506A 335. Helffer in Karmay, Habitants 350.

•DPA' BO DMAR PO Belladonna. Phytolacca acinosa. TDD 131.

•DPA' BO SER PO JD 161. KP3 338.1. KP4 558.1. Clifford, list.

•DPA' BO'I GAD MO BRGYAD See gad mo brgyad.

•DPA' ZHUM PA dpa' 'khums pa'am dpa' chag pa. Yisun. sems kyi dpa' ma zhum ba la ma byas na / rgas pa'i rten des / lus sbyong ji ltar byas kyang. Zhi-byed Coll. V 236.3.

•DPA' ZLA heroic companion, boon companion(?), [perhaps] squire. One is attached to each military commander in O.T. period. Lde'u. Yisun has a definition. I noticed Dotson translates it as 'second-in-command.'

•DPA' GZAS military service. Sources.

•DPAL dpal / dbal zhes pa'i yig nor. Gser Sbram 11. Skt. śrī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•DPAL KHAB lit, 'glory needle.' Yangga's dissert., p. 323.

•DPAL SGANG a clan. Btsan-lha.

•DPAL CHEN PA See chu rtsa.

•DPAL GYI DUM BU See tsan dan dkar po.

•DPAL LDAN meaning discussed in Gser Sbram 400.

•DPAL LDAN NYID KYIS RTSEN PA Skt. mattākrīḍā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•DPAL BE'U Illus. in Nomads 241. Achard, L'Essence 73.

•DPAL 'BRAS See bil ba.

•DPAL BZANG PO See tsandan.

•DPAL YON Sinitic vocab. for yon tan. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•DPAL GYI SHING KP4 552.1.

•DPAL SHUL a clan. Btsan-lha.

•DPUNG troops, horde, shoulder, upper arm. See under yan lag bzhi ldan dpung.

•DPUNG RKANG DD illus. 7, 13.

•DPUNG RGYAB KYI DMAG the forces of a supporting (or auxiliary) army. Sources.

•DPUNG GNYEN Gser Sbram 398.

•DPUNG GDANG CHOS = 'grogs par byas. BBNP 467. Btsan-lha.

•DPUNG PA DD illus. 6.

•DPUNG PA'I NYWA SNYING DD illus. 30.

•DPUNG PA'I LUG GZHUG DD illus. 29.

•DPUNG PA'I SHA RGOD DD illus. 1.

•DPUNG PO phung po. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 009. Lcang-skya.

•DPUNG BA KHRAG CAN KP4 544.3.

•DPUNG BU Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 402.1, 402.3.

•DPUNG BU CHUNG rkang dmag. Btsan-lha.

•DPUNG DMAR A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293.

•DPUNG RTSA DD illus. 23.

•DPUNG TSHIGS DD illus. 13.

•DPUNG TSHOGS YAN LAG BZHI rta'i dmag / glang po che'i dmag / shing rta'i dmag / rkang thang gi dmag rnams so // phyi ma 'di la dpung bu chung gi dmag kyang zer. 600 31. They are listed slightly differently in the Lokaprajñapti (Derge version, p. 46): dpung gi tshogs yan lag bzhi pa 'di lta ste / glang po che'i tshogs dang / rta'i tshogs dang / shing rta'i tshogs dang / dpung bu chung gi tshogs rnams. See the masters thesis by Matthew Kosuta, The Buddha and the Four-Limbed Army: The Military in the Pali Canon, McGill Univ. (1996). A summary of the thesis was published in Religiologiques on the internet.

•DPUNG 'DZUM DD illus. 6.

•DPUNG ZLUM gos kyi bye brag sha 'gag. Btsan-lha.

•DPUN ZLA spun zla. Btsan-lha.

•DPUR OT = sreg gnas. Blaṅ 292.5.

•DPUS thon zog spus ka bzang ngan nam rin thang bzang ngan. Btsan-lha.

•DPE [1] As the 4th term of a syllogism, the 'example.' Dreyfus, Sound 207. [2] in O.T., for book (or any copied writing in whatever form, even if a scroll). Also spelled dpe'. O.T. doesn't seem to know the word dpe cha yet (I think it does occur in the Sba bzhed). See the forthcoming paper by A. Helman-Wazny & S. van Schaik, "Witnesses for Tibetan Craftsmanship." [3] simile.

•DPE MKHYUD OT = chos ston 'os pa la'ang sba ba. Skt. muṣṭi. Blaṅ 291.3. Being miserly with the teachings one understands and conceals them from others. See BBNP 465-466. chos snod dam mkhyud spyad. Btsan-lha.

•DPE CHA Poṭhi style book. The Mongolian word is sudar.

•DPE DON DGU Yaroslav Komarovski, Reburying the Treasure — Maintaining the Continuity: Two Texts by Śākya mchog ldan on the Buddha-Essence, Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 34 (2006), pp. 521-570, at p. 532.

•DPE LUNG Bellezza, D&B 28.

•DPE SROL Tan, Theses 92.

•DPE HAR [= dpe dkar] OT Skt. deriv. from vihāra. Blaṅ 308.1. Btsan-lha.

•DPEN PA yul yid du 'ong ba dang phangs sems dang mkho ba sogs. 'phangs sems che ba'i nor rdzas. Btsan-lha. mkho ba. Dbus-pa no. 442. Lcang-skya.

•DPE'U TSE See under bsgrags pa gsum gyi dpe'u tse. For dpe'u tse, see 506A 41, 335. Mdo-'dus 41.2, 215.5. See pe'u tse.

•DPEL BA spel ba. Btsan-lha.

•DPOG PA Stein. sgribs pa. Dbus-pa no. 194.

•DPONG SA ra skor dang chos grwa sogs. Btsan-lha. dpong pa / chos grwa sogs. Dbus-pa no. 737. dpong pa / rtse pa. Dbus-pa no. 281. = chos grwa sogs. Lcang-skya.

•DPONG SA'I KHANG PA ra skor gyi khang pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPOD yi ge rang gis bshad nas mi gzhan zhig la 'brir bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPON CHEN "governor?" Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DPON SNA BYED PA ? In a list of monk professions. Silk, Dissert. 238.

•DPON PO DBANG RGYUG most serious type of whip for legal punishments. French, Yoke 322.

•DPON MO (hereditary) chieftainess. Sources.

•DPON G.YOG Haarh, Yar-luṅ 346.

•DPON SLOB [1] = spyi bla. 'chief-teacher,' title of the 3 regional governors of Spa-gro, Krong-sar and Dar-dkar. [2] the lord & his disciples. Sources. [3] Tan, Theses 103, 114 (here spelled dbon lob, q.v., which is probably an entirely different word actually).

•DPON GSAS dbang lung man ngag thams cad kyi rgyud pa 'dzin cing bstan pa'i bdag por gyur pas dpon / yon tan gyi gzhi che bas gang zag gzhan gyis dpe zlar mi 'os shing dam pa'i gnas su gyur pas gsas zhes bya'o. 506A 337. preacher, master. Karmay, Treasury. slob dpon dang rang bzhin lhun grub kyi lha. Btsan-lha. Namdak.

•DPYA = khral. tax (or customs duties, levies?). Sources. dpya / 'phya ba / dpya ni ston thog gi drug cha'i spogs te dpya khral zer ba bzhin no. Gser Sbram 223. tribute, tribute tax. Dotson, OTA glossary. Kamil Selácek, The Chinese Tax Term Ch'ai-fa a Tibetan Loan Word? Monumenta Serica 28 (1969) 215-229.

•DPYA' KHRAL interpreted as a tax offering of cloth in a paper by Kazushi Iwao, 11th IATS (Königswinter 2006).

DPYA DAR MO dpya khral du bsdus pa'i dar dang gos chen. Btsan-lha.

•DPYA BA khral gyi ming. Eimer, Dbyangs 57. taxes. Jamspal, Treasury 171, 172. 'phya ba. Dbus-pa no. 568. = 'phya ba. Lcang-skya.

•DPYA BLA SKYES dpya khral. Btsan-lha.

•DPYANG BA Related to the verb 'phyang ba.

•DPYANG RAL dpyang ral zhes deng song gzan zhes pa ring thung ma nges pa nar mo ring po yod pa 'di 'dra'o snyam. Namdak, Bzo-rig 78.

•DPYANGS TE ZHUS PA drang por zhus pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPYAD Discussed in Karmay, Arrow.

•DPYAD SGOM analytic meditation. Skt. savicārabhāvana. Thurman. Pabongka, Liberation I 233. It is said that Tsongkhapa introduced the (for Dge-lugs-pa) crucial distinction between this and 'jog sgom, 'settling meditation.'

•DPYAD LDAN See bcad ldan.

•DPYAD PA khrims dpon. Btsan-lha.

•DPYAD PA GSUM Three methods of testing or 'assaying' scriptures: direct perception, inference and tradition (or scriptural text, āgama), just as gold is tested by being heated, cut and rubbed on a touch-stone. Ruegg in BSOAS 58 (1995) 575.

•DPYAD DPYIS mthar phyin pa'am gting phyin pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPYAD MTSHAMS Velm I 303 ff.

•DPYAD BZOD PA withstand analysis, ability to... Thurman.

•DPYAD YIG sman dpyad kyi yi ge. Btsan-lha.

•DPYAD RA parameters of an investigation. RY. dngos po'i gnas lugs de la dpyad ra byas kyi... Zhi-byed Coll. II 173.7.

•DPYAD GSUM bsreg bcad brdar ba gsum gyis brtag. The Buddha said, Let monks and scholars accept what I say not out of veneration for me, but after testing it well by burning, cutting and rubbing.

•DPYAM de'i steng du dpyam zhes gdung ma'i steng du bkod pa'i shing chas dbyibs zlum ril gru bzhi gang rung byas pa'i gdung las phra ba de'o. Namdak, Bzo-rig 77.

•DPYAM LEN dpyam len zhes pa gdung ma dang thug mtshams kyi dpyam sner zla tshes kyis dbyibs su byas pa ring thung gang 'gab de'o. Namdak, Bzo-rig 77.

•DPYAL gnyen gyi gtso bo. An ancient tribe. Btsan-lha.

•DPYAS 'DOGS 'phya ba'am skyon mtshang 'dogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPYAS MI 'DOGS 'phya bar mi bya ba. Btsan-lha.

•DPYAS MED dpya khral med pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPYI mi dang srog chags kyi brla rus dang tshang ra sbrel ba'i lhu rus kyi ming. Dag-yig.

•DPYI YI RTA SHA DD illus. 30.

•DPYI MIG dpyi rus steng gi tshigs kong bu'i ming. Dpyi rus kyi steng na bu ga zhig yod pa de'i ming. Dag-yig. Text 35. DD illus. 14.

•DPYI TSHIGS DD illus. 14.

•DPYI RUS DD illus. 14, 16.

•DPYI LEB DD illus. 6.

•DPYID rgan po'am dar yol. Btsan-lha.

•DPYID BKYE dpyid kar 'grems pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPYID KYI RGYAL MO See khu byug.

•DPYID 'JO dpal dang phun tshogs ster ba'am skong ba. Btsan-lha.

•DPYID LTAB MA dpyid ka'i zla ba lhag ma. Btsan-lha.

•DPYID KYI THIG LE Skt. vasantatilaka. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•DPYID KYI PHYO NYA 1. khu byug. 2. ljon pa khyad par ba. Blaṅ 529.

•DPYID 'BOD See skyung ka.

•DPYID SLA RA BA bod zla dang po. Btsan-lha.

•DPYIS KYANG 'BYIN PA rtsa ba nas 'byin pa'am gting nas 'byin pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPYIS PHYIN PA tshig don mthar phyin pa'am / gting thon pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPYONGS PA sha stobs sogs shor ba. Btsan-lha.

•DPYOD PA Skt. vicāra. analysis (looking into the hows and whys of things). One of the four indeterminate mental states in Dharma Theory.

•DPRAL Forehead. Sometimes spelled spral.

•DPRAL KOGS 'THUGS PO mi shes shes mdog ham pa chen po. Btsan-lha.

•DPRAL KHOGS THUG PO Stein.

•DPRAL SGO CAN spobs pa ldan pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPRAL BA ral ba. Btsan-lha.

•DPRAL BA'I DBYES CHE BA dpral ba'i mtshams phyed pa'am yangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•DPRAL BA'I RUS PA DD illus. 9.

•DPRI BA phru gu btsas phral gyi 'o phru. Btsan-lha.

•DPRES PA brdzes pa. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•DPROG PA 'phrog pa. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya (dprogs pa).

•DPROG ZHU See prog zhu. dbu rgyan. Btsan-lha.

•LPAGS 'DAB CAN See bya wang.

•LPAGS When speaking about skin in general it has the 'l', but when joined with the source of the skin (as in ra pags), it should be spelled pags.

•LPAGS PA Stein.

•LPAGS BYI'U flying squirrel. Also spelled pags bye'u. pa wang. Btsan-lha. pha wang gi ming ste yul skad la phang phang gi zhes pa'i bya de'o. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. Jamspal, Treasury 117. Huber in N-L I 277 says the identification as 'bat' is mistaken.

•LPAGS SER See skyer pa.

•SPA = byin chags pa. gracious. N. of a clan. Karmay, Treasury. 'dra chags pa'am byin chags pa. rgyan nam mdzes pa. a clan. Btsan-lha.

•SPA KONG 367 I 235.

•SPA KONG BA khum zhing dngangs par byed pa. zil gyis gnon pa. bcom pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPA KRA SPU KRA sus kyang mi go bas spa kra spu kra'i lta ba 'dzin gsungs. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 79.2.

•SPA GONG BA zhum pa'am yul yul por gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPA NYUG khyo shug. Btsan-lha.

•SPA SPO Samdo A V 145r.4, 148r.6.

•SPA PHA'I GAN SGYE'U lpags pa'i rkyal stong kha yar bstan pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPA PHRUG A jewellery item, part of a headdress, illus. in Yisun. Photo in Precious Deposits V 170. Mentioned in Karsten, MT.

•SPA BA OT = mdzes pa. = byin chags pa. Blaṅ 304.3. Hahn in Facets of Indian Culture 462-463. It seems to me to be a form of spra ba, to be decorated.

•SPA 'BRUM DG 209.5.

•SPA MA SS 507.1.

•SPA MA RA See shug tsher.

•SPA TSHANG a clan. byin chags pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPA ZAM bamboo bridge.

•SPA YAG RTSA BA Czaja in NTFC I 105. See pa yag.

•SPA RA = spar mo gang. Hand[voll]. ZAS VII 474.

•SPA RI See Cüppers' contribution to JNRC 12 (2001) 40, where it is tr. as "an ornament."

•SPA LO [1] ability, eloquence. [2] decoration. [3] hair. OT = spobs pa. Blaṅ 286.2. Dbus-pa no. 067. spa lo'i phyir ni spa ba brgyan pa'i don la 'jug pas mdzes par byed pa'i rgyan gyi phyir zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 515. = spobs pa. Lcang-skya. skra. Btsan-lha. Stein.

•SPA LO'I PHYIR mdzes par byed pa'i rgyan gyi phyir. Btsan-lha.

•SPA SHUG khyo shug. Btsan-lha.

•SPAG dough.

•SPAG PHYI RGYAB cleaning by rubbing with dough. Jackson.

•SPAGS [1] bskyod pa'am 'phags pa. Btsan-lha. = 'phags pa. Lcang-skya. [2] spags dang / zan dang / pol ta dang / bshos sogs / don gcig pa dang 'dra bar bzhed pa lags. Kun-dga'-rin-chen, Works (2003) III 554.3. Cuevas, Travels 158 n 44.

•SPAGS PA See under gu du spags & gnas nas spags pa. sta gon du byas pa dang so sor bsngo ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPANG green from malachite stone. Anyetsang in TSB 15 (1980) 6.

•SPANG GI GUR GUM See a byag ser po.

•SPANG RGYA chod dan gan yig. Btsan-lha.

•SPANG RGYAN gentians, of three varieties. Das. TR XIV no. 4, p. 16. = utpal dkar po. JD 177. SS 456.6. KP1 88.6. KP4 429.5.

•SPANG RGYAN DKAR PO Gentiana spp. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•SPANG RGYAN SNGON PO Gentiana algida. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•SPANG RGYAN BCU PA n. of a medicinal compound. BP 212.2.

•SPANG RGYAN BCO LNGA a medicinal compound. Lag-len 24.2 TMC 38 (83). BT 32v.5. BP 150.3.

•SPANG RGYAN NYER LNGA a medicinal compound. BP 150.4, 362.5.

•SPANG RGYAN SMUG PO Also, spang rgyan sngon po. KP1 89.5. KP4 430.3.

•SPANG RGYUS JD 51. Rin 120, where this mineral is just mentioned as having a lightish green color.

•SPANG LJANG (Amdo, Khams) = spang thang. an alpine meadow, extensive but with short grass. MTTP.

•SPANG LTUNG 'abandoning downfalls.' In vinaya, this is a class of downfalls, all of them having to do with possessions, in which one ought to give up the item, or confess the infraction, within a day of its occurrence. There are 3 groups of 10 rules in this category.

•SPANG THANG ngos 'jam pa'i rtswa thang. Nomads 241.

•SPANG MTHO BA [gsum] rtogs pa chos nyid kyi don las mi 'babs pas spang mtho / 'khrul pa thams cad zil gyis gnon pas spang mtho / yang bogs gdon du myed cing / re dogs myed pas spang mtho'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IIV 262.4.

•SPANG DUG TR September 1979, p. 22.

•SPANG SPOS JD 166. SS 474.1. KP1 15.3. = dza ti la (Skt. jaṭila?). YTTM 292.11. KP3 242.5, 294.1. KP4 372.2. spikenard. LW 448. valerian. Clifford, list. Mdo 201. Skt. gandha māsī, gandha māṃsī (+jatā māmsī). Jatāmānsī means Nardostachys grandiflora (i.e., Indian spikenard). Mvy. 5779. The word nard actually moved west (through Persian, etc.) from the Sanskrit nalada (Hobson-Jobson entry 'nard'). Mohammed Ali, Phytoconstituents and Hair Stimulant Formulation from Nardostachys jatamansi, a paper given at the 5. Internationaler Kongress zur traditionellen asiatische Medizine (Halle, August 2002). Nardostachys grandiflora. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. Levey, Aromatic 403. The incense was made from the hair-like rhizomes, which could explain the 'hair' meanings of the Sanskrit word. The Tibetan word just means 'meadow incense.'

•SPANG SPOS SER PO KP1 142.2. KP4 467.5.

•SPANG BA OT = mi 'jigs pa. Blaṅ 306.2. Btsan-lha.

•SPANG BA GSUM See chos gsum spang ba.

•SPANG BYA YAN LAG BCU See dge tshul gyi spang bya yan lag bcu.

•SPANG BYA LHAG MA BCU GSUM dge slong gi spang bya lhag ma bcu gsum ni / khu ba 'dzin pa 'khrig tshigs bsnyen bkur smyan // khang pa khang chen dang ni gzhi med dang // bag tsam dge 'dun dbyen dang de rjes phyogs // khyim sun 'byin dang bka' blo mi bde ba'o // zhes pa ltar ro. 600 176-177.

•SPANG MA = spang tshon. JD 55. SS 505.3. DG 136.4. a bluish mineral. Clifford, list. Identified as malachite. Also called spang, sngon po, spang ma btul ma, spang ma'i mig sman, rma bya can, rtse can mgrin. Rin 128.

•SPANG RTSI = na gu chung, kun byed rgyal po. YTTM 292.8. = khri ti shing. YTTM 293.16.

•SPANG RTSI BCU GNYIS PA a medicinal compound. Lag-len 19.3.

stod lugs SPANG RTSI BCU GNYIS TMC 29 (60). BT 32Ar.6. BP 172.1.

byang lugs SPANG RTSI BCU GNYIS BT 32Av.1. BP 172.3.

•SPANG RTSI DO BO = ri rtse, be do, thog dkar mgo dgu. JD 203. SS 449.3. KP1 78.1. KP4 420.2. Pterocephalus hookeri. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26.

•SPANG RTSI DRUG PA Three Tibetan Medical Texts 179-185.

•SPANG RTSI 'BYAR BAG CAN JD 203. SS 449.4. KP1 79.3. = (sdum bu) ru rta. KP4 421.4.

•SPANG TSHER NAG MO KP3 319.5. Evidently the same as spyang tsher nag po, q.v.

•SPANG TSHON See spang ma.

•SPANG MTSHAN SPU RU JD 164. SS 521.2. Eriophyton wallichiana. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•SPANG ZHUN See zhu mkhan.

•SPANG RAM Bistorta macrophylla. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. Knotweed. Polygonum macrophyllum. TDD 143.

•SPANG RI hills covered with green meadows. Jackson. ngos 'jam pa'i spang ri ri. Nomads 241.

•SPANG LEB shing leb bam dbyug pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPANG LEB KHANG Skt. phalakacchadana. Mvy. 5552. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 130 (tr. as a stand on which a Buddhist monk keeps his cap).

•SPANG GSHONGS Almtal, Wiese im Tal. Kaschewsky 84. spang thang dang spang ri'i sul. Nomads 241.

•SPANGS RTOGS Stein. [Impurities] eliminated and [qualities] internalized. Renunciation and realization.

•SPANGS PA bcol ba. skyabs. thob. Btsan-lha. In Vinaya, a formal act announcng a kind of social boycott or ostracism — a 'banning' — of a member from the saṅgha. Skt. utkṣepaṇīya (Pāli ukkhepanīya); however see Mvy. 8646, where Skt. utkṣepaṇīya is translated as gnas nas dbyung ba, 'evicting from a place.'

•SPANGS SHING 'TSHAL BAR BGYIS spangs shing chog par byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPAD [1] as in: pha spad. It is an obs. word for bu, 'child.' BBNP 475. Btsan-lha. = bu. Lcang-skya. [2] RET XXXIX 125.

•SPAD PA rdo'i brda rnying. Btsan-lha.

•SPAD MTSHAN pha bu. Btsan-lha.

•SPAD SHUG khyo shug. Btsan-lha.

•SPAN LEN 'gan len. Btsan-lha.

•SPABS brtsigs pa'am spabs rdul. Btsan-lha. ear wax (and similar substances).

•SPABS RDUL bud med kyi zla mtshan. Btsan-lha.

•SPABS BZHAR earwax removing instrument.

•SPAM sbom pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPAM MTHO BA phon che ba'am / mang ba. Btsan-lha. Thuken 367 ("generous" [gifts]).

•SPAR zhi spar 'thams pa. 367 I 232. Spelling for par, 'print.'

•SPAR RKO woodblock carving. par ram dpar rko ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPAR KHA Name for the eight trigrams, bagua, which Thu'u bkwan transcribes into Tibetan more correctly as Pā bkwa'. Thuken 335, 340.

•SPAR KHA RGYAB evidently means 'wrestling.' Precious Deposits V 95.

•SPAR KHAB a mystery word used in a title of an early Tibetan Guhyagarbha Tantra commentary. Spar khabs can used to describe some kind of scripture volume in the old guidebook to Reting Monastery. Gyurme Dorje sent me this: "from Mi bskyod rdo rje's 'Dul ba commentary: sgo glegs kyi phyi rol gyi ngos kyi yang mig go zhes pas spar khab bo."

•SPAR 'CHUMS PA spar 'khums pa'am / ser sna can. Btsan-lha.

•SPAR THANG thag ma'i stan ring Btsan-lha.

•SPAR THABS SU SKUR PA SGROGS shin tu gtum drag gi sgo nas gzhan la smod pa'am gshe ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPAR BA 'phar ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPAR BU See par bu.

•SPAR MA claw. Karmay in JIABR 1 (2013) 26. I think it means paw more than claw. See ding khri spar ma.

•SPAR MO paw, claw. See also sbar mo.

•SPAR LAG 'palm, hand'. da bsags kyi gtong phod myed pas phyi ma spar lag stong par 'gro. If have no generosity accummulation now, in a later [life] you will go empty handed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 435.6.

•SPAR SHAD the claw one makes with one's hands in order to scratch oneself, or a claw-shaped instrument used for the same purpose (back scratcher). Occurs as a ritual implement together with the phur pa in a Bon ritual. 192-vol. Bon Kanjur XXXIV 35r.6. Often spelled sbar sha, etc. I'm not sure what the word for 'back scratcher' is in the Vinaya texts, but see Kietschnick, Impact 138 ff. for the Chinese ruyi ['as you wish'] scepter, which some think with reasons originated in the back scratcher among allowable monk possessions (sometimes it is said that it isn't allowed!). In China, the ruyi was understood in different ways: as a back scratcher, a baton used in debate when making a point, a royal sceptre to be raised when making a ruling, as an emblem of Mañjuśrī in the Vimalakīrti Sūtra, as a lectern with notes for monastic preaching.

•SPAL RGYAB JD 44.

•SPAL BA'I SGO NGA Frog egg (sbal pa'i sgo nga?). See smag.

•SPAL BA LAG PA See chu srin sder mo.

•SPAS TOG spen tog. Btsan-lha.

•SPING glue (from boiled animal skins). Man LXI, no. 102 (p. 83b). = bying. "to sink, drown." Kuijp (1986) 37. See spyin.

•SPID KA = dpyid. "spring." Kuijp (1986) 37.

•SPIN still another spelling for spyin, 'glue.'

•SPIR hor mo spir mdung can. Lde'u 274. I understand this to mean Hor women with shield and spear, although spir as a word for shield is not very sure (based on the term glo spir as it appears in the Jim Valby glossary, taken from Das). A parallel passage reads hor mo bar mdung can. See Dotson, Dissert. 376.

•SPU bod kyi btsan po rim byon gyi gdung rus.

•SPU KHOG Nomads 22.

•SPU GRA colorful feathers or the hairs of wild animals such as tiger or leopard, etc., when thick and glossy, are called gra. MTTP.

•SPU GRI skra bzhar ba'i gri. Btsan-lha. 'Razor,' knife used for shaving. Pictured in JD 283 (item B).

•SPU GRI'I THANG a hell. Cuevas, Travels 38.

•SPU SNYOL BA OT = lus ngag yid kyi zhe sdang zhi bar byed pa. Blaṅ 305.5. nyes pa bshags pa. nga rgyal chung ba. khro ba bskyung zhing bzod pa. Btsan-lha. Sometimes spelled spu bsnyil.

•SPU BSNYAL BA OT = nyes pa bshags pa. = zhe sdang zhi ba. Blaṅ 305.5.

•SPU DUG SRZT 137.

•SPU SDAD PADMA See bod lcam.

•SPU PUD khro ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPU BUNGS spu zings byed pa. rdzas mang po gcig tu spungs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPU MA Vitali, Tho.ling 61.

•SPU SMO pus mo. Btsan-lha.

•SPU TSE SHEL See hong len.

•SPU RTSID g.yag gi spu. Nomads 242.

•SPU ZING spu zing byed pa ni ba spu langs pa zhes dbyangs can dga' blos gsungs shing 'jigs pa'i nyams shig go. Gser Sbram 224. horripilating, getting one's] hackles [up].

•SPU ZING ZING spu ldangs te g.yo ba'am.

•SPU RWA CAN having hairy horns. See 'ug pa.

•SPU RA ROG PO See bse sbur.

•SPU RING See dred mo.

•SPU RIS [to make] hair line divisions. 'khrul pa'i spu ris rang sar yal. Zhi-byed Coll. III 48.6. rnal 'byor pa'i lus la zag pa'i spu ris rnams yal bar 'gyur ro. Zhi-byed Coll. III 78.3. dran pa'i spu ris. Zhi-byed Coll. II 324.5, 325.3 (to be disentangled from the dran pa'i spu ris is the realization of the Tenth Bhūmi). gnad kyi mtshang ma rig pa 'ga' zhig blo snang gi spu ris la dri mar mthong nas / rgyud la mi rtog pa 'char bar 'dod pa yod de... spu ris dri mar bltas pas / mi rtog pa mi rnyed de / chos can rtog pa yin pa'i phyir ro. Zhi-byed Coll. V 117.5 (also, 139.3).

•SPU RIS 'BYED PA bden rdzun bzang ngan gyi dbye ba 'byed pa'i don. Btsan-lha. spu ris kyi sna myi bslang ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 170.6. To make hair-line divisions?

•SPU RU See spang mtshan spu ru.

•SPU RU CAN spu mdog can nam spu can. Btsan-lha.

•SPU RU RU OZZ 122 n. 33.

•SPU LA BAB PA OT = rung ba. Blaṅ 300.1. rung ba'am blo la 'bab pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPU LANGS See phag. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 36, suggests this word, which means 'bristling of the hairs of the body,' is a loan from Skt. pulaka.

•SPU LANGS PA khong khro langs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPU SHUD pu pu khu shud. Btsan-lha.

•SPU SHUD MIG SMAN See a dza na.

•SPUG a kind of cat's eye stone or coral or agate or something like those. See Pabongka, Liberation I 173. chab rom lo stong lon pa na gong bur chags pa'i rin po che zhig. Thousand year old ice forms balls, which are this stone. Btsan-lha. Skt. musālagalva. Mvy. 5956. Also called chu'i nor bu, it looks like ice. Rin 49. But note that M-W has musālagalva, "a kind of coral" (Edgerton's dictionary has a long discussion, and see Kern's translation of the Lotus Sūtra near opening of chap. 11). Roberts, King, translates as 'white coral' (a fossilized coral).

•SPUGS phug pa'am bu ga brtol ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPUGS RINGS SHU SHU Stein.

•SPUNG SKYED dam bca' brtan pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPUNGS CHUNG NYEN TSAM NA grogs nyung bas pham pa na. Btsan-lha.

•SPUN woof, in weaving. 'di'i spun cig phyung dang ltad mo blta'o gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 163.5. weft. Sørensen, TBH 248.

•SPUN NE BA zas kyang tshogs bskyangs nas zan spun ne ba zhig 'grangs par zos. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 176.5.

•SPUN BDUN Indian epithet for the 'sun.' Stein, Recherches 164. See bu mo spun bdun.

•SPUN PA [1] (hanging) moss. [2] = bstun pa. Blaṅ 301.3. Dbus-pa no. 761. Lcang-skya. [3] OT = bsres pa. Blaṅ 304.2. [4] = rdzun pa. Blaṅ 304.4. [5] bark, chaff. shun pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPUN SPAD spun rgan gzhon. Btsan-lha.

•SPUBS LDAN See smyug tshi.

•SPUR bodily remains. sku gdung. 'phur ba. Btsan-lha. See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 79. royal honorific for corpse (=dpur). Dotson, OTA glossary.

•SPUR BA 'phur ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPUR SBYONG performance of cremation. spur ram phung po zhugs 'bul byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPUR MA phub ma'am sbun pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPUR BZHUS ro me la bsregs pa.

•SPUR LEN = spos shel, (Chinese) bza bar byad pa. JD 37. DG 93.1. Hahn, Striving 139.

•SPUR LONG 'dun las te rin po che spos shel. Btsan-lha. Same as sbur long.

•SPUL IN bong spul, = bong spu, 'rabbit fur.' T&BS II 279.

•SPUL 'BAB blor 'bab pa'am rung ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPUL LA BAB spul la bab / [63v4] rung ba / 'di bya ba bya rung ngam mi rung zhes pa'i rung ba de yin 'dra / bar ma'i mchan du spus btags pa spus phab pa zer ba'ang yod ces so. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SPUS May be an alternative spelling for dpus, q.v.

•SPUS BRTAGS PA OR spus phab pa. See spu la bab pa. Blaṅ 300.1 Btsan-lha.

•SPUS DAG pure quality (in ref. to merchandise). Sources.

•SPUS PHAB PA rung ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPUS MO pus mo. Btsan-lha.

•SPUS BTSUG share-in-kind (in a trading venture). Sources.

•SPEG PA rid pa dang dngos ngan dang sha chung ba'am skem pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•SPENG BA mi 'jigs pa dang rtse ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPED spo ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPED PA gnas nas phyung ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPED SA chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPEN DKAR shing spen ma me tog dkar po can. Nomads 242.

•SPEN RGYAN BLKC I 5, 24.

•SPEN CHUNG (Amdo, Khams) = spen ma, a woody alpine shrub, about 4 ft. tall, found in red and white varieties, of which the white is used for bsangs rites. MTTP. tamarisk wood. Pabongka, Liberation II 95.

•SPEN TOG OT = rgyan. Blaṅ 304.3.

•SPEN TOG RGYAN Skt. mukhaphullaka, explained in Roberts, King.

•SPEN NAG spen shing me tog dmar po can. Nomads 242.

•SPEN PAD shing spen ma'i mda' yab. Btsan-lha. A kind of decorative red frieze formed from tightly bundled tamarisk branches that is used only on monastic and official buildings. =spen bad (I think the more correct spelling). It is said that when it is used on a building it means that a Tulku generally resides there (red flags are also used for the purpose of announcing that a Tulku is in residence). According to Alexander, Temples, p. 22 ff. (here misspelled span bad), in Central Tibet the "Shrubby Cinquefoil" (Potentilla fruticosa) is used, while in the western Himalayas the Tamarisk (Myricaria elegans Royle) is more common.

•SPEN MA JD 106. Varieties: spen nag, spen dkar. SS 518.2. Mdo 204.

•SPEN RTSE part of a book binding ensemble, not explained in Vitali, Tho.ling 67.

•SPE'U mkhar ram khang chung ngam sdong po dang ba gam sogs. Btsan-lha. The tower for the display of giant brocade thangkas at Tashilhunpo was called Gos sku spe'u.

•SPEL MA prose interspersed with verse. Skt. miśraka. Mvy. 1456.

•SPEL BA intersperse.

•SPEL TSHIG See Beyer, index under 'appendix.'

•SPEL LEGS spus legs pa'am phun sum tshogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPES NE SE The phoenix. Yongdan, TCW 111. It appears to be an attempt at transcribing the word phoenix.

•SPO rtse mo dang mthon po dang dkyi dang rmang 'gram sogs. Btsan-lha. mtha' mar rdo rje gdan gyi spo la srod la byams pa chen po'i ting nge 'dzin gyis bdud btul. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 541.5.

•SPO CHEN GYI RA BA spo tho brtsegs pa'i ra ba. Nomads 242.

•SPO THO a small mound of earth covered by grass (looking like a head with hair). Norbu, Drung 231, n. 2. spang rtswa sa dang bcas pa dum bur bcad pa. Nomads 242. Spelled spo to in Sørensen in Lungta 16 (2003) 111. an outcropping in water (which may stop you from being swept away in the stream).

•SPO BA [1] to move, transfer to a new site or to a new residence. [2] Skt. parivāsa. Mvy. 8649. A period of penance or probation for a monk who does not immediately disclose his breaking of a rule. But parivāsa may be translated into Tibetan as chad pa, 'punishment.' See Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 228. Probation as a monastic punishment. Or probation as a period of waiting before acceptance into the order (especially for those who had belonged to a non-Buddhist order). EoB VII 326-327.

•SPO BO Stein. stud yak. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 39, 306.

•SPO BLAG go gnas la 'pho 'gyur btang ba. Btsan-lha. Spelled spo bleg in Dotson, Note 80.

•SPO BLEGS promotions and transfers. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•SPO MA NYE DU Unclear in meaning, it qualifies the sacrificial sheep in OT ritual. Tan, Theses 140, 143.

•SPO BTSAS rooftop shrine. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 141, 415. One local name for the same thing is lha gtsug.

•SPO RTSEGS KYI GAB KHUNG spo thos yib gnas bzos pa. Nomads 242.

•SPO TSHIS Bellezza, Divine Dyads 147. A kind of resin used to seal the vessel containing the mtsho rdzas (lake offering substances).

•SPO BZHAG (OR spo 'jog) transfer (on government duty). Sources.

•SPO YOR <<nad hams>> kyi ming gzhan. Dag-yig. Text 70.

•SPO SE a small shrine. TS6 134 n. 24. Tucci, Religions 188.

•SPOG DKAR spos dkar. Btsan-lha. Emmerick, On Ravigupta's Gaṇas, BSOAS 34 no. 2 (1971) 368.

•SPOGS tshong khe'i thabs su skyed dang bun btang ba. yang bskyar. Btsan-lha.

•SPOGS BGYID PA OT tshong kheb. See Blaṅ 306.3. khe spogs blangs pa dang / mang nye dkon 'tshong sogs. Btsan-lha.

•SPOGS PA = tshong pa, 'trader.' BBNP 479. mi 'jigs pa. spobs pa'am thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPONG KHANG Negi's dictionary, p. 3374, gives the Sanskrit for spong khang as prahāṇaśālā (in a quote from the Vinayavastu), and Edgerton's dictionary, p. 390, says this means the "hall of religious exercise, concentration, in a monastery." J. Silk, in his book Managing Monks, p. 264, has an example of usage.

•SPONG THAG ka ca'am nom pa. Btsan-lha. possessions. See explanation in Jinpa, Mind Training 593 (n. 227), acc. to which these are offerings of articles that belonged to a deceased person given to a lama, monastery or to the poor when the request for funerary rituals is made. Religious practitioners might do this before their own deaths as a renunciation practice. Example of usage in Lde'u 164, where it is something that needs to be tied up (it does seem, in this context, sgom thag is the word intended).

•SPONG THOGS PA Brassica juncea. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24.

•SPONG BA OT = rtse pa. Blaṅ 292.1. rtse ba. Btsan-lha. = rtse ba. Lcang-skya.

•SPONG BA PA Skt. bhaikṣuka. Mvy. 2999. This means the 4th of the four stations in life for Hindus. But it's used in Vinaya works, and here I think it means a monk who is wandering about surviving through begging.

•SPONGS PA BZHI yang dag spongs pa bzhi. Thondup, BM 376, 392. yang dag pa'i spong ba bzhi ni / dge ba'i chos ma skyes pa rnams bskyed pa dang / skyes pa rnams bsrung ba dang / mi dge ba'i chos skyes pa rnams spong ba dang / ma skyes pa rnams mi bskyed pa'i yang dag spong ba'o. 600 43.

•SPONG SA rig pa slob sa chos grwa lta bu. rtse sa. Btsan-lha.

•SPOD See shing kun. Seems to be a general Indian-culinary term for condiments. See Mvy. nos. 2707-2708.

•SPOD KYI BRAN See pi pi ling.

•SPOD KYIS BRAN PA zas kyi bro ba skyed byed kyi rdzas mang btab pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPOD POR res mo byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPON PA OT = gtong ba. Blaṅ 304.4. Dbus-pa no. 236. za ba. gtong ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPOB PA thob pa. Dbus-pa no. 189.

•SPOBS PA See Braarvig's article in JIABS 8 no. 1 (1985) 17-29, where he defines it as 'eloquence' (Skt. pratibhāna), one of the two main parts of rhetoric, the other being memory. spobs pa zad mi shes pas sgra gcig gis thams cad la go bar nus pa dang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 147.1. In debating contexts, it may mean to make a dare, to bring up a new challenge against the other party in the debate, or to raise an issue (examples in Lde'u 107). Sometimes it means 'outspoken-ness,' the opposite of timidity, and sometime you are tempted to translate it as 'boldness' or even 'bravery.'

•SPOBS PA'I GTER CHEN PO BRGYAD A category originating in the Lalitavistara Sūtra. See Almogi, MA Thesis 93.

•SPOM G.YOR nges gsal med pa'i 'gying nyams. Btsan-lha.

•SPOR JD 209. KP1 59.1. KP3 266.2.

•SPOR THANG The Book of Changes, or I-ching, in its Tang period translation into Tibetan. See explanation in Thuken 334. I-ching is spelled Ī kying on p. 339, Yī gying on p. 340.

•SPOR THANG KHRA MO bod du dar ba'i rgya nag gi rtsis. Geomancy? Btsan-lha. This phrase occurs in the Bka'-chems Ka-khol-ma (1989 ed.), p. 200, and Sørensen, TBH 224 n. 645. I'm thinking the "khra mo" is a scribal deformation of "pra mo," a compound of pra & mo (making the whole expression a list of distinct divination practices, so Btsan-lha would not correct here...).

•SPOR BA to ignite, fan (a fire). nags me rlung gis spor mod kyi // de yis sgron me chung ngu gsod. While a forest fire may be fanned by the wind, that same wind kills a lesser lamp. Jamspal, Treasury 63. See also Hahn, TSD 33, with comparable verses.

•SPOR SHOD res mo byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPOL GOR phor pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPOS DKAR = tu ru ska, me dga', sa la'i thang chu, gu gul dkar po. JD 126. Clifford, list. KP1 54.1. SS 429.3 (a tree). YTTM 292.7. DG 242.5. = sar dza pa, pra ti bog, kun tu rgyu, ar ta ma, ā ra la, ta la, si hla. Shorea robusta. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27. This refers to both the Sal tree and the white resin incense that comes from it.

•SPOS DKAR BCU PA a medicinal compound. BT 21v.1 BP 247.6.

•SPOS DKAR BCO BRGYAD a medicinal compound. Lag-len 79.2.

•SPOS KHYUNG BCO LNGA Lag-len 29.2. TMC 59 (130). BT 21v.3.

•SPOS KYI GLANG PO glang po che ches stobs ldan can. Btsan-lha. Gandha-hastin. It's supposed to be ten, or maybe a thousand, times stronger than ordinary elephants. glang po mchog ste / glang chen phal ba bcu'i stobs dang ldan pa'i glang po che. Gser Sbram 128. It's described in Vasubandhu's commentary to his Abhidharmakośa.

•SPOS NYUG dri zhim po'i spos kyis byug pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPOS GTUL du ba bkyil ba'am spos dri bdug pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPOS GDAN A hair ornament worn by nomad women. Nomads 276, with illus. and description, and parts labelled: spos shel, rin chen drwa ba, gdan gzhi, shi chen drwa ba, er kha.

•SPOS BDAR spos kyi phye ma bdar ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPOS PA nyes pa. Dbus-pa no. 265.

•SPOS PHOR incense burner, illus. in Po-ta-la (1996) 190.

•SPOS ME (short for spos dkar me tog?) Norbu, Drung 261, n. 37.

•SPOS SMUG DG 243.1.

gsal byed SPOS RENG CHUNG BA Prescriptions 27. Lag-len 22.4.

•SPOS LAM Tan, Theses 104.

•SPOS SHEL See spur len. Literally, 'incense crystal,' this is supposed to be the Tibetan word for amber. See the entry 'amber' in the Islamic Encylopedia.

•SPOS HRENG TMC 34 (71).

•SPYA NGA = spyan snga. (hon.) "before the eyes." spya snga brim[s], "spread before the eyes (of an exalted person), inspect, examine." Coblin in JAOS 111, pl. 317. Also spelled spyan nga. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•SPYA NGA BRIMS PA spyan sngar bsgrigs nas gzigs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYAG TSHE spyag tshe / spyag ngag sgron du / sbyag tshe lus spring sba 'khar sdom / zhes byung bas lang tsho shed mo rid pa'i grong skad la lus sbyag 'dug ces pa dang / shed sbyag 'dug zer ba de yin / tshe zhes pa don mang por 'jug [60v4] pa las 'dir dus so. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SPYANG KI wolf. = ba lang 'tsho. JD 239. SS 499.5, 542.2.

•SPYANG KU A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293.

•SPYANG KHU wolf. Michael R. Drompp, The Lone Wolf in Inner Asia, JAOS 131 no 4 (2011) 515-526.

•SPYANG KHYI wolf-dog, cross between wolf and dog.

•SPYAN SKOR word for the string-hole circle in Indian and Tibetan books (the term appears in an early Bon consecration text). See the comments on p. 3 of Leonard W.J. van der Kuijp, "On the 1449 Xylograph of Rgyal tshab Dar ma rin chen's (1364-1432) Pramāṇavārttika Commentary." I wonder if the notion of 'hole' (dmig gu, dmig bu) isn't behind this word rather than the notion of 'eye' (mig).

•SPYAN KHYER Name for the area of the manuscript or woodblock page that contains a short marginal title and page number. I think spyan khyer gyi rgya refers to the keyletter used to indicate the volumes (using the letters in their alphabetic order).

•SPYANG LCE BRGYAD PA BP 200.5.

•SPYANG LCE BCU GSUM a medicinal compound. BP 201.1.

•SPYANG LCE BDUN PA a medicinal compound. BP 200.3.

•SPYANG THANG male wolf. MTTP.

•SPYANG DUG SS 535.2.

•SPYANG TSHAGS chu tshags. Btsan-lha.

•SPYANG TSHER = lcags spyang. JD 150. TM IV 63. SS 491.6. 'plumeless thistle.' Clifford, list. Mdo 207.

•SPYANG TSHER DKAR PO Morina longifolia. TDD 119.

•SPYANG TSHER NAG PO KP1 204.3. KP4 517.4. Thistle. Cirsium verutum. TDD 49.

•SPYANG TSHER LO MA PHRA BA Morina nepalensis. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26.

•SPYANG TSHER AG NE = bya tra pha tra. YTTM 291.25.

•SPYANG ROG A mammal, black wolf. See Sandberg, Tibet 293. The rog element is a typical way to refer to the 'blackness' of animals.

•SPYANG SHON Stein.

•SPYAD NAG black kitchen utensils (not auspicious when seen by a bride going to join her husband). Norbu, Drung 260, n. 21.

•SPYAD PA [1] make use of, enjoy. [2] 'jus pa. clutch, grasp. Btsan-lha. Stein. [3] Frequently occurs as a misspelling of dpyad pa and bcad pa.

•SPYAD RA ? dngos po'i gnas lugs de la spyad ra byas kyi. Zhi-byed Coll. II 173.7.

•SPYAN DKAR white paint applied to the eyes of deities. Jackson.

•SPYAN 'GRONGS gdan 'dren zhu ba. Btsan-lha.

•SPYAN LNGA [1] lha'i spyan / sha'i spyan / chos kyi spyan / shes rab kyi spyan / sangs rgyas kyi spyan no. 600 62. Wayman, BI 156. [2] Zhi-byed texts explain them as 5 kinds of gazes (lta stangs). Zhi-byed Coll. I 154.7, etc.

•SPYAN LCIBS mig lpags. mig sprin. mig shel. Btsan-lha.

•SPYAN CHEN PO An OT office. Precious Deposits I 0-91.

•SPYAN LTOS gcig la gcig lta'i mig rgyun nam mig dpe. Btsan-lha.

•SPYAN SNA BRIMS mig gi mthong sar bzhag nas lta ru bcug pa. See spya nga brims pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYAN PA BA watchman. = bya ra ba. Lcang-skya.

•SPYAN PHUL THAG Achard, L'Essence 229.

•SPYAN DBYE BA Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 200, 204. "The rite of 'the opening of the eyes' to consecrate a statue is quite Chinese." Stein, Tibetica Antiqua, McKeown tr., p. 77.

•SPYAN PA OT = byar ba. Blaṅ 299.1.

•SPYAN PA PA bya ra ba [watchman, scout]. Dbus-pa no. 592.

•SPYAN DMAR may be an epithet of khyab 'jug. Chödag.

•SPYAN GZIGS [1] inspection (of a king or Buddha or the like). [2] term for the stuffed skins of animals suspended in Tibetan protector chapels. TPS 724. (Acc. to Yisun, it is also a name for animals put on display in parks, i.e., zoo animals.) Vitali in Lungta, vol. 14 (2001), p. 36 n. 40. smangs (dmangs) phal pas gsol ba btab na ni / gos dang rgyan dang 'bru dang spyan gzigs su 'byung. Zhi-byed Coll. V 406.7. The word appears in a definition of the Zhangzhung word bong nge in LZ 162 (here perhaps mistakenly translated as 'costly offering to the gods').

•SPYAN GZIGS KHANG zoo, menagerie. Acc. to Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet," probably coined when 13th Dalai Lama visited the Calcutta zoo.

•SPYAN YANG YAS mtha' yang yas sam mtha' rgya mig gis mthong mi thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYAN GSAL a person who is a 'favorite' (of an important or esteemed person). McGranahan in TS9 IV 112. Venturi in Sperling Festschrift, p. 491.

•SPYAN GSUM Wayman, BI 156. Plato is said to have had three eyes; see Michael Allen, Marsilio Ficino on Plato's Pythagorean Eye, MLN 97 no 1 (Jan 1982) 171-182. Neither Platonists nor Buddhists see the 'third eye' as a physical organ. It's another way of seeing. yan lag mchog ni gnyis pa dang | | de bzhin mig ni gsum pa ste | | bcad dang phyung bar dogs pa ni | | de gnyis med na gang las 'gyur. "Who's afraid their second head or their third eye will be chopped off or plucked out? If those two things don't exist, why would they be afraid?" A verse in Kambala's Ālokamālā.

•SPYAR MA nyes skyon can. skyes pa gzhan dang 'grogs pa'i bud med. Btsan-lha.

•SPYI Stein. Sometimes misspelling for dpyi.

•SPYI BSKOS gzungs thag spyi bskos su bskor te / wind the dhāraṇī sūtra 'counterclockwise.' (T. J. Norbu).

•SPYI GAM 'common box,' local treasury deposit. Goldstein, Taxation 20-21.

•SPYI 'GREL Karmay, Great Perfection 127.

•SPYI SGOS commonly and privately, generally and personally, as a group and individually. I've seen it spelled spyi sgo.

•SPYI CER OT = spyi ther. Blaṅ 304.5. bald.

•SPYI GCER mgo skra med pa klad dmar. Btsan-lha.

•SPYI CHINGS I thought to translate it as 'constitution' but then settled for 'general guidelines.' Lde'u 254.

•SPYI CHIB mthar phyin. Dbus-pa no. 271.

•SPYI 'JOMS BDE BA'I MYU GU a medicinal compound. Prescriptions 63. Lag-len 43.3. TMC 20 (38).

ril bu SPYI 'JOMS RDO RJE CAN a medicinal compound. Prescriptions 67. Lag-len 46.3. = zur lugs rdo rje can (Lag-len 37.1). TMC 63 (141). BT 37v.1.

•SPYI 'JOMS MAN NGAG RIL BU BT 41r.1.

•SPYI RJE spyi rje dang gung kab tu bzhugs nas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 598.2.

•SPYI TANG KA See byi tang ga.

•SPYI TI See a ti. Germano in JIABS 17 no. 2 (1994) 268.

•SPYI TOR CAN OT = gtsug tor can. Blaṅ 291.2.

•SPYI GTOR CAN gtsug tor can. Dbus-pa no. 262.

•SPYI BRTOL log par spobs pa dang snying khams che ba sogs la 'jug. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. impudence. Jamspal, Treasury 102. loquacious. Hahn, EI 6.

•SPYI BRTOL CAN foul-mouthed one. Cabezón, Great Debates 77.

•SPYI BLTOL CHE BA OT = dbral ko 'thug pa. Blaṅ 305.1.

•SPYI MTHUN common. Karmay, Treasury. common property.

•SPYI DON Teachers notes describing a subject in general way. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 18. Contrasted to mtha' dpyod, devoted only to the difficult points.

•SPYI RDOL CAN ngo tsha mi shes pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYI DPON 'general officer' (the lowest grade functionary on village level whose main duty is to carry government messages between he Rdzong and the village, hence, 'village messenger.' Sources.

•SPYI'U PA = spyi tsam pa. BBNP 485.

•SPYI SPUNGS theg rim dgu spyi la spungs pas spyi spungs te / dbal gsas lta bu yin. See 506A 336. 'heap of universality [general applicability],' n. of a certain group of the best known Bon tantras. Karmay, Treasury.

•SPYI PHUD sublimity. Karmay, Treasury.

•SPYI PHUR bying po. Dbus-pa no.

•SPYI BUNGS SU BSHAMS PA thun mong du bshams pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYI BUR byi bo. Btsan-lha. lecher, baldy?

•SPYI BO OT = rtse mo. Blaṅ 282.4. Dbus-pa no. 007. Btsan-lha.

•SPYI BOR GCIG SKYES See bse ru.

•SPYI BLA = dpon slob. three governors (see dpon slob). Sources.

•SPYI BLUG 'CHANG BA See lang thang rtsi.

•SPYI BLUGS 'pitcher,' reservoir. Klong-chen-pa 4.4. rgyal thabs spyi blugs dbang bskur nas. Rnying Rgyud 1982 II 10.2. See ril ba spyi blugs.

•SPYI MI Chimi. Short for: spyi pa'i mi ser. Servants of a village-as-corporate-entity. Goldstein, Taxation 23.

•SPYI MES universal grandfather. Karmay, Great Perfection 65, 107 n. 3, 108, 175, 178.

•SPYI MONG See dbyi mong. = tsa bya. YTTM 291.17.

•SPYI SMAN See a ru ra.

•SPYI GTSUG DD illus. 11.

•SPYI GTSUG LTA BA mthar thug pa'i don rtogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYI GTSUG BLTAR MI MTHONG BA anavalokita-mūrdhatā, not looking at the top of the head (of the Buddha).

•SPYI TSHIGS spyi don. Btsan-lha.

•SPYI MTSHAN universal.

•SPYI 'UR byi bo. Btsan-lha.

•SPYI ZHUNG See shing ldon.

•SPYI ZHUR See stabs seng.

•SPYI GZHI Germano, Poetic Thought 852.

•SPYI BZHUR a herb (sngo). = (sngo) stab seng. JD 171. KP3 295.3. KP4 470.1n.

•SPYI YOMS Samdo A V 69r.5.

•SPYI G.YA' BA 'jigs su rung ba'am bag khum pa'am spu zings byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYI G.YU THAG PA strings with a turquoise at the crest (a type of headdress). See June 10, 2017 entry by Trine Brox of objectlessonsfromtibetblog.wordpress.com.

•SPYI'I LUNG CHEN PO BDUN Dalton, Crisis 148.

•SPYI SHA 'BUNGS spyir 'bad. Gces 582.5. Btsan-lha.

•SPYING bying ba'am bying du bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYING SKOR GSUM bon gyi brda la chos kyi 'khor lo gsum. Evid. equiv. to grags pa skor gsum. Btsan-lha.

•SPYID TSHUGS Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 351.1. C.f. spyi'u tshugs in quote from Avatamsaka Sūtra. SBKK I 176.13.

•SPYIN glue. = 'byar byed. Lcang-skya. On the origins of glue, see the La-dwags Rgyal-rabs as cited in Haarh, Yar-luṅ 121. slan myed spyin la 'byar ba'i nus pa myed. Glue without moisture has no ability to adhere (cannot stick). Zhi-byed Coll. I 277.4. gar spyin la sbrang ma 'byar ba lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. V 38.5. See sping. SS 539.3. spyin bzhin du 'byar. [It] sticks like glue. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 76, p. 382.4. BLKC I 154 ff., with information on horn and leather-derived glues. See rdo rje spyin.

•SPYIN PO See under nyag spyin po'i skyo ma. (BBNP 472).

•SPYI'U BA spyi tsam pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYI'U TSHUGS mgo thur du tshugs pa'am mgo mjug log pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYI'UR = byi bo. Lcang-skya.

•SPYIL PO rtswa shing las bcos pa'i khang pa. mal chas sogs kyi khur po. Btsan-lha.

•SPYIL BU rtswa'i spyil bu, equiv. to Skt. tṛṇakuṭī. grass hut. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 131. lo ma'i spyil bu, equiv. to Skt. parṇakuṭikā. leaf hut. Jackson, MB 119 et passim translates it as "cogon grass hut." Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, Early Indian Architecture, contained in: Michael Meister, ed., Essays in Early Indian Architecture, Oxford Univ. Press (New Delhi 1992), pp. 105-108, discusses types of huts such as kuṭī, plain hut of the peasant or forest recluse; paṇṇasālā, leave hut; nalāgāra, reed hut.

•SPYIL MO CHE BA khang pa chen po'am tshoms chen. Btsan-lha.

•SPYIS 'BYIN PA dpyis 'byin pa'am mthar phyin par 'byin pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYIS BTSAN PA dpral ko mthug pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYUGS PA sa mthar bskrad pa'am yul nas bton pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYUR BU spong ba. Dbus-pa no. 340.

•SPYUS See bcus.

•SPYE SBRUL ? Haarh, Yar-luṅ 68. This form seems doubtful!

•SPYO bkyon pa. 'thab pa. smad pa. gshe ba. bsdigs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPYO BA OT = 'thab pa. = smad pa. Also, brgyad pa. Blaṅ 302.6. scolding, berating. Skt. avasāda. Mvy. 2636.

SPYO BA BRGYAD Lde'u 158. I noted one instance in Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna.

•SPYOD to circulate. Peter Skilling, Jambudvīpe pracaramāṇaḥ: The Circulation of Mahāyāna Sūtras in India, Journal of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies, vol. 7 (March 2004), pp. 73-87, at p. 73.

•SPYOD PA CHAGS MED RANG GROL GYI GNAD GSUM Listed in Klong-chen-pa 12.8 comm.

•SPYOD PA NYI SHU RTSA GCIG Listed in 445 IV 150.2.

•SPYOD PA BA Mīmāṃsaka school of brahmanical philosophy.

•SPYOD PA BZHI 1. thugs rje chen po'i... 2. don dang mthun pa'i... 3. thabs chen po'i... 4. lhun gyis rdzogs pa'i... Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 444-445. Stein.

•SPYOD PA HRAL LE PHAGS TE spyod pa gang 'byung mang 'byung. Dpe-chos 511. Btsan-lha.

•SPYOD TSHUL Skt. vṛtta. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•SPYOD YUL Skt. gocara. realm of activity, range, pasturage, habitat, foraging area...

•SPYOD LAM Stein. Skt. īryāpatha. Mvy. 7382.

•SPYOD LAM RNAM PA BZHI 'gro ba / 'dug pa / nyal ba / 'chag pa'o. 600 36.

•SPYON PA spyan 'dren pa'i tshig gam 'bod pa'i brda. Btsan-lha. don kun grub pa yar la spyon. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 19.1.

•SPYOMS PA OT = ngom pa. = bdag bstod. Blaṅ 304.3. Btsan-lha.

•SPYOS PA OT = sdigs pa. = khros pa. Blaṅ 292.1. OT = 'thab pa. = kha smras. Blaṅ 306.2. Btsan-lha. bsdigs pa. Dbus-pa no. 284. = bsdigs pa. Lcang-skya.

•SPRA CHAL zas ro sgyur byed kyi tshwa. Btsan-lha.

•SPRA THOG PA Mdo 213.

•SPRA SPRA thug po. Gces 589.6. mthug po. zab pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPRA SPRO kho bo la tshig gi spra spro mang po gsungs kyang ma gsungs. Zhi-byed Coll. III 46.2.

•SPRA SPROS Stein.

•SPRA PHAB pra phab pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPRA BA Norbu, Drung 261, n. 36. tinder (used as a metaphor). Samdo A V 102v.6. yul gcig la gcig za ba spra ba la me mched pa lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 477.4. spra ba'i dud pa nam mkha' la yal bas / 'khor 'das kyi chos thams cad 'di dang 'dra ba yin gsungs nas yun ring po bzhad. Zhi-byed Coll. II 167.4. Mdo 216. After processing, used in moxa. Anaphalis contorta. TDD 13.

•SPRA BA'I THO GU JD 200. spra ba'i thog gu in SS 521.6.

•SPRA MO ogresses. Eastman, Mahāyoga Texts at Tun-huang 49 [this meaning doubtful]. shing spra. Tree ape. Btsan-lha.

•SPRA RTSI translated as lacquer in Thuken 332.

•SPRA TSHIL sprang rtsi'i ro ma'am snyigs ma. Btsan-lha. See sbra tshil.

•SPRA 'TSHAL Stein.

•SPRA YAS lam spra yas su 'chor ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 41.7. 'jug pa'i go cha cig tu ma khyel na thabs kyi lam spra yas su 'chor. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 40.4.

•SPRA LAG shob be'am rdzun. Btsan-lha.

•SPRAG SPRIG rags rim. Gces 584.1. Btsan-lha.

•SPRAG SPRUG MANGS Stein.

•SPRANG SPRONG sprang sprong kham rlung 'tshal ba rnams kyang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 301.2.

•SPRANG TSHANG homeless shelter. It is said that Zangs-dkar Lo-tsâ-ba 'Phags-pa-shes-rab built them in Lhasa (see Dorji Wangchuk's blog entry for Aug. 18, 2015, entitled "Three Charitable Projects").

•SPRANG LANGS slong mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•SPRAD TA SPROD TA Samdo A III 237r.4.

•SPRAD SPRAD sprad sprad byed pa ni brad brad byed pa'am rem rem byed pa'o. Dpe-chos 508.

•SPRAD MA KP1 146.2. Varieties: dkar, dmar, sngon po.

•SPRABS PA OT = zas. Blaṅ 305.3. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya spells it sprebs pa.

•SPRAL RIS dpral bar sa dkar gyi ris mo bris pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPRI [1] cream, or the thick milk produced by a cow immediately after calving. [2] Equivalent to skyi, as in the phrase sha skyi pags mtshams. BBNP 473. sha mtshams kyi pags pa shin tu phra ba sha skyi. Btsan-lha. I suppose this means the hypodermis, or subcutaneous tissue.

•SPRI KA fenugreek. Skt. sp®kka, sp®ka, sp®kṣya. Roberts, King.

•SPRI SHĪ See kaṇṭa ka ri.

•SPRIG perhaps related to phrig? See prig. Samdo A V 208v.2, 217r.4. rang rig khong nas 'ol khyug sprig gsum shar ba la. Zhi-byed Coll. V 219.4.

•SPRIG PA dpyod pa. Gces 587.3. Btsan-lha.

•SPRIG PA GCIG cung tsam cig. Gces 588.5. Btsan-lha.

•SPRING BA skur ba'am 'bri ba'am 'gro ba sogs. Btsan-lha.

•SPRIN cloud. See Mig sprin.

•SPRIN MGO ME LONG = sog pa'i me long. YTTM 293.21.

•SPRIN THAG CHAD PA cloudless. Karmay, Treasury.

•SPRIN MTHONGS sprin bar. Btsan-lha.

•SPRIN MDANGS 'cloud shading,' shading applied in horizontal cloud-like bands. Jackson.

•SPRIN BYUNG 1. dbyar kha. 2. char. Blaṅ 529.

•SPRIN BRAL ZLA ZER a medicinal compound. TMC 8 (5).

•SPRIN GYI DBYANGS 'melody of the clouds' (metaphorical expression for the 'Brug-pa [thunder] sect).

•SPRIBS PA ltogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPRIL SPRIL smad pas myi rtog pa spril spril ba 'byung ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. II 25.2.

•SPRIS cheese made from the first milking after a cow has calved. PD. cream [of an egg]. TPS 712.

•SPRIS MA spris ma is the 'scum' of urine, milk or yoghurt. Perhaps 'the skim' is a better translation for it. In the case of the egg, it probably means the membrane (although generally the word for the latter is gdar sha).

•SPRU DKAR Hogweed (not verified). Heracleum candicans. TDD 90.

•SPRU DKAR MCHOG Mdo 219.

•SPRU DKAR 'BU See spru ma'i 'bu.

•SPRU DKAR DMAN PA Mdo 222.

•SPRU NAG Heracleum candicans. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•SPRU NAG SNGO RIL a medicinal compound. BP 189.4.

•SPRU NAG NYER DGU a medicinal compound. BP 193.1.

•SPRU BA Varieties: nag po, dkar po, sngon po. KP3 333.7. KP4 547.4.

•SPRU MA JD 153. Varieties: spru dkar, spru nag, spru dkar. SS 513.3. Bialek, SM 394.

•SPRU MA'I 'BU a kind of caterpillar that appears on the spru dkar plant. JD 256. = spru dkar 'bu, shu ta ngye pa (?). SS 503.4.

•SPRU RTSA chopped cow parsnip. TM IV 64. Leinad Notserp Nitram is my complete name spelled backward. This is written in invisible ink so nobody can see it. If you have stolen this and put your own name on it, or if you are selling this for money, I have this to say: Shame on you and!

•SPRUG sprag. Gces 587.1. Also, spru gu. bu phrug gam phru gu. Btsan-lha. O.T. to be finished, spent, used up. to purify.

•SPRUG PA [1] O.T. exhaust, clear off, clear away. O.T. = zad pa. Blaṅ 289.3. Dbus-pa no. 201. Lcang-skya. [2] shake, agitate. zad pa'am phyi ba. sra brtan dbyer med du gyur pa. Btsan-lha. rang mgo gong gi kha ba sprug pa'i bsam pa. Shaking (clearing) the snow off the top of your own head. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 541.3.

•SPRUG MAR BYED PA mnyam du spel mar byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPRUL SKU [= sprul pa'i sku] Emanation Body. 'Tulku in Tibet and its Esoteric Significance' by G. A Barborka, American Theosophist, vol. 60 (1972) no. 5, p. 143 ff.

•SPRUL SKU GSUM 1. bzo bo sprul sku. 2. skye ba sprul sku. 3. mchog gi sprul sku. Translators do not agree on whether the first one is an 'artisan' or an object of art (and this seems to stem from various Tibetan interpretations of the past, although the form "bzo bo" suggests to me that the craftsperson is intended).

•SPRUL PA'I 'KHOR LO name for the navel cakra.

•SPRUL PA BRNAL sprul pa gshig pa. Btsan-lha.

•SPRE 367 I 234. This is said to be a mistaken back-formation from spre'u (spre'u is diminutive of spra, not spre). Hill, Review 181.

•SPRE'U A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 292. = gnyer gdong, yan lag gi ri dwags. JD 238. SS 499.1. For performing monkeys, see Jamspal, Treasury 176. spre'u tsam gyis gnas bcas kyang // gnas med par ni byas la ltos. Look how a mere monkey made homeless a person who did have a home. Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 166.

•SPRE KHO A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 292.

•SPRE DGA' See se yab.

•SPRE'U MJUG PA See rgyal po re ral.

•SPRE'U 'DZIN PA monkey-catcher (evidently, a monkey trainor, organ grinder...). Jamspal, Treasury 44.

•SPRE GZHUG phyags ma. Btsan-lha. See re ral.

•SPRE BZHUG phyag ma'i yul skad yin snyam. Dpe-chos 517.

•SPREBS PA See under sprabs pa.

•SPREL KHAM kiwi fruit. CTEV 29.

•SPREL MJUG See re lcag.

•SPRO BSDU to fuse and diffuse (as in the projection and absorption of light in visualization practices), analysis/synthesis. Klong-chen-pa 7.8 comm.

•SPRO BA ebullient, radiant.

•SPRO BSRINGS encouragement, giving comfort or consolation. Jātakamālā, chap. 14 (Story of Supāraga). I think the literal meaning is 'prolonged the high spirits' or 'prolonged the enthusiasm.' The Buddha does encourages this in his horse in Lde'u 61, last line.

•SPROD DEB conveyance document (registering changes between different district administrators). Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 13.

•SPROD DEB PA Stein.

•SPRON myig ha cang myi che myi chung par mdun gyi bar snang spron myed dang pa'i ngos su (but here spron myed may be just sprin med!). Zhi-byed Coll. IV 30.4.

•SPROM dkar po'am gsal po. Btsan-lha.

•SPROS PA fabrication, fissured (integral). Thurman. profusion, [over]abundance, elaborations. reality management reflexes. Projection. 'Conceptualization,' according to Thondup, BM 246. Germano, Poetic Thought 864. For cognates, see Beckwith in TS7 II 1049. Stein. 127 73. Skt. prapañca. Pāli papañca. EoB VII 299-303. construct.

•SPROS BRAL = spros pa dang bral ba. undiffusive, unexpanded (beyond its natural, appropriate place). Unfissured, unviolated [integral]. Applied to upper levels of meditation, where mind stays with mind. Skt. niṣprapañca, aprapañca; subject to no expansion or manifoldness. spros pa'i mtshan ma spangs pa'i chos nyid. Btsan-lha. mtshan mar mi 'dzin pa dang stong nyid dam chos nyid. Gser Sbram 113. spros dang bral ba / spros pa ni rgya che ba'i mtshan ma dang rtog pa'i don yin la / spros dang bral ba ni mtshan mar mi 'dzin pa dang / stong pa nyid dam chos nyid do. Gser Sbram 296.

•SPROS BRAL ZAB MO stong pa nyid. Stein.

*PHA*

•PHA [1] father. [2] = tsam pa. "tsampa, parched barley flour." Kuijp (1986) 36. [3] as a term for ritual priests, see under pha ba.

•PHA'U SS 526.4.

•PHA KHA (Khams) on that side, yonder. MTTP.

•PHA KHU father and paternal uncle. Yisun. Lde'u 336.

•PHA'I 'KHOR patricians (in E. Tibet). Epstein, Dissertation 26.

•PHA GI there (opposite of tshu gi, 'here'). Samdo A V 225r.1.

•PHA GI NA Also, pha ki na. par ngos su, 'on the far side.'

•PHA GIR THOS THANG BSHA' BA pha gi na yod skabs thos rgyu yin pa la. Btsan-lha.

•PHA GU brick. Rin po che'i pha gu is the rim of jewelled bricks that occurs in maṇḍala representations. Doboom, Buddh. Path to Enlightenment, p. 61. See the drawing and description by Kohn in Mandala & Landscape 390. sa phag. Btsan-lha. Wayman, Buddhist Tantras 88. 27 143. It is interesting that the Tibetan word for 'brick' should be a diminutive for the Tibetan word for 'pig,' phag. The English word porcelain is also said to have originated in Italy as porcellana, a word for cowries, given them because of their resemblance to the back of a pig (Hobson-Jobson 725). The Jo khang is apparently quite unique in Tibet in being constructed mainly of burnt clay bricks. See Alexander, Temples 45 for a photo. 'Metal bricks' (lcags kyi phag) or 'bricks of iron' appear in the story of the young Śākyamuni, as told in Lde'u 52. I imagine that pha gu might at times mean 'tiles' [probably rather small ones, perhaps even terrassa size] rather than bricks.

•PHA TING dried apricots. LW 476.

•PHA THEL pha rol. Btsan-lha.

•PHA 'DRI A Tibetan transcription of Italian Padre (or the plural Padri), used in a document by Pho lha nas. See Engelhardt, Between 77.

•PHA SPAD father & sons. Sources. pha bu. Dpe-chos 517. Btsan-lha. Stein. Compare ma smad. Example in Lde'u 164.

•PHA SPUN paternal siblings. Sources. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 70. A group that gathers around a shared pha lha without necessarily being related (although generally they would be). Todd Gibson's dissertation (1991), p. 174.

•PHA SPUN SPAD patrilateral parallel cousins and their descendents. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•PHA PHAD ? 131 98.6, 93.6. pha bu gnyis. Btsan-lha. See pha spad, phas phad.

•PHA BA [1] 'father' (?). a term used in connection with the gshen rab priests in OT documents, as well as in Bon texts. See, for example, Norbu, Drung 35. Discussed by R.A.Stein. SFHB 33.1 supplies an explanation (which suggests it does mean somehow 'father', but in a special context). Bellezza, L&T 36. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 184. [2] There is a possibility of it being confounded with the word for 'bat.'

•PHA BA GO GO =pha wang sgo ti. Puffball. Calvatia cyathiformis Marg. The spore powder is used for dressing wounds. TDD 32.

•PHA BA LGO LGO a type of mushroom. sha mong gi rigs pha ba dgo dgo. Btsan-lha.

•PHA BA DOG DOG a type of meadow mushroom. spang sha. Btsan-lha.

•PHA BA MA MA Looks like it means fathers & mothers in an OT text. Tan, Theses 104.

•PHA BANG DREG PA See (rdo) dreg.

•PHA BANG LONG BU = pha wang long bu.

•PHA BI OT = pha rol. Blaṅ 295.1. Dbus-pa no. 401. Btsan-lha. I notice its occurrence in Gzer myig, chap. 13. = pha rol. Lcang-skya. I've also noticed its occurrence (about 30 times) in the Vinayavastu.

•PHA BO Huber in FBTB 285.

•PHA BONG boulder. Metaphorical usage — pushed up the mountain with difficulty, but easy to roll down — in Hahn, TSD 47.

•PHA BONG DGO DGO a type of mushroom. JD 190. = 'dre sha mong, ma sreg thal ba. Spelled pha ba dgo dgo in SS 523.1.

•PHA MES ancestors. Sources.

•PHA MES BDAG PO 'lord of ancestors,' epithet of Yama. Skt. pitṛpati.

•PHA MYING GI YUL Haarh, Yar-luṅ 195.

•PHA DMAG Nationalarmee. Kaschewsky2.

•PHA TSA ? an article one may carry with one. Gold Ms. I 11r.1. This seems to be an Old Tibetan word for 'parcel,' and perhaps ultimately in some way related to that English word (?!). See F.W. Thomas in AO.

•PHA TSE thang ka pha tse tsam cig la... NTSP (NGA) 128r.3.

•PHA BTSAS pha nor. Btsan-lha.

•PHA TSHA mi dang rta phyugs dang / pha tsha dang / zor ba dang / the gu dang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 588.1.

•PHA TSHANG tshang ma thams cad. Btsan-lha.

•PHA TSHAD NA pha gi na. Btsan-lha. on the opposite side (of something).

•PHA TSHAN paternal relatives (male relatives on father's side). Sources. pha tshan khe grags kyi smag bseb nas. Zhi-byed Coll. III 57.6. fraternity [or archers, for example]. CR.

•PHA TSHI sgye mo. Btsan-lha.

•PHA 'TSHER pha'i khyim mam 'dug sa. Btsan-lha.

•PHA WANG bat. On the bat in popular religious ideas, see Ramble's article "Real and Imaginary Tibetan Chimeras and Their Special Powers." See bya wang, pha bang. bya rgod kyi spu gseb tu pha wang nyal ba'am pha wang. XX 583.2.

•PHA WANG CHO LONG See pha wang long bu.

•PHA WANG LONG BU Seems to have literal meaning 'bat's anklebone' (and not blind bat?) This is a stone said to serve as a soul-stone of the btsan. See Yisun under both pha bang long bu and pha wang long bu. Gyatso, Apparitions 70. = sman byi drang srong, pha wang cho long. JD 58. My guess is it's galena (lead ore). Gerke, SLT 127, identifies as iron sulphide, or acc. to others galena (lead sulphide). Rin 78 identifies it as Pyritum (pyrite).

•PHA 'ONG pha bong ngam rdo bo. Btsan-lha.

•PHA RAD RGYAB PA Stein.

•PHA RE pha re dang tshu re la ma yengs pas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 84.1.

•PHA ROL GYI SEMS SHES PA knowledge of the thoughts of another (mind reading, clairvoyance). One of the five abhijñā. See Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, vol. 4, p. 109, under "Cetopariyañāṇa."

•PHA ROL TU PHYIN PA BCU sngar gyi drug po'i steng du thabs mkhas kyi phar phyin / smon lam gyi phar phyin / stobs kyi phar phyin / ye shes kyi phar phyin rnams so. 600 146.

•PHA ROL MA ? Zhi-byed Coll. IV 207.7. rang che ba'i nga rgyal gyis pha rol ma'i yon tan gyi rtsi myi 'khu ba'o. Ibid. IV 239.1.

•PHA LA TA KA See se bsam. See se 'bru.

•PHA LAM The diamond. There is something obscure about the use of turtle innards (or shell?!) for diamond processing in Zhi-byed Coll. I 420.6. My guess is it might be a name of a diamond source. It seems that in the 17th century (at least) there was an active diamond-producing area in Andhra Pradesh in south India, a place called the Palam mines.

•PHA LE suggested meaning "stirred up and diffused like a cloud or a mist. Kvaerne in RET 32 (2015) 187.

•PHA LOGS OT = pha rol. Blaṅ 297.1. Dbus-pa no. 496. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha.

•PHA LOGS SU PHYIN PA Sinitic vocab. for pha rol tu phyin pa. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 162.

•PHA LOS Uray, Narrative 27-28. mi khral 'phar ma. (something in addition to the usual head tax?) Btsan-lha. census. 28 106. See 2008 article by Uebach & Ziesler. It seems to be a census of able-bodied males that might be called up for service. It took place every 30 years or so. This word only occurs in the OTA. See examples in H. Uebach, From Red Tally to Yellow Paper, RET (Oct. 2008) 60, 61. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•PHA SHID pha tshe 'das kyi dge rtsa. Dpe-chos 513. Btsan-lha.

•PHA SE See the discussion in Bellezza, L&T 85, where he tends to translate it as 'suddenly.'

•PHAG [1] pig. Beckwith in TS7 II 1049. = rlog po, spu langs [bristley fur], gti mug. JD 246. SS 498.5. The pig as a symbol of ignorance (along with the dove for lust and the snake for anger) occurs in the Divyāvadāna. [2] brick. a short form of pha gu, q.v. [3] [in] secret, back behind (as in eavesdropping). See phag tu.

•PHAG KO pig leather.

•PHAG KRUM pork.

•PHAG SKYAG pig shit.

•PHAG SKYOGS (hon.) 'ladle.' Schmied 201.

•PHAG MGO JD 47. SS 404.3. a stone. DG 126.4. Rin 100 identifies with a kind of fossilized shellfish that is found in Tibet.

•PHAG RGOD a mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 299. Zhi-byed Coll. I 438.5. JD 235. = ri phag. SS 536.6.

•PHAG TU lkog tu. Gces 586.5. lkog tu'am rgyab tu. Btsan-lha. Discussed as equiv. to Skt. tiras, which means secretly, across, beyond, over. The phrase is rtsig pa'i phag tu, which must mean 'over the wall.' Schopen in JA 296.2 (2008) 230, where he suggests the original reading of the Tibetan could have been pha ga tu. I imagine (only imaginatively) that the true meaning here could also be 'brick' in the sense of listening 'through the bricks' (assuming there is some missing mortar, I suppose). Of course Tib. bag must be related to phag just as bug is related to phug (and both must be related to each other).

•PHAG TU YIB Stein.

•PHAG LDANG BA See yu gu shing.

•PHAG LDANG MA KP3 330.3.

•PHAG DUG pig poison. See under zwa 'dra.

•PHAG SNA 'pig snout,' an architectural detail of protruding 'snouts' found under the eaves (see illus. in Pho-brang Po-ta-la [1988], illus. no. 13 following p. 29). See also Po-ta-la (1996) 49. BLKC I 361.

•PHAG SNA RE LA BDUD PO RA RGYOB sna gcig 'byung na mdung re rgyob. Gces 588.5. Btsan-lha reads mdud po re instead of bdud po ra. For each nose that appears, strike it with a spear!

•PHAG PA'I BCUD LEN <<lard>> Text 15.

•PHAG MO GRUB PA'I SBYOR BA BP 130.5.

•PHAG ZE brush made from pig bristles. Man LXI no. 102 (p. 84B).

•PHAG RA [1] Acc. to Yisun, this means a pig pen. [2] Das, JTL&CT has it meaning a sheep's carcass (roasted whole without skinning, like pork).

•PHAG RIL THAL BA = ga pur nag po. YTTM 293.14.

•PHAG SUG PA DG 247.6.

•PHANG lto ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHANG MKHAN rigs ngan pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHANG PHANG GI localism for the mammal 'bat.' See under lpags byi'u.

•PHANG BA thu ba'i sgang ngam pang ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHANG MA SS 481.5. Wolf-berry, with scientific name Lycium. The Tibet House (New York City) website hosts an article by Jill Ettinger, Himalayan Fountain of Youth: The Secret of Goji. It is claimed that Goji is a Tibetan term (not Chinese), which may be true. This might be go bye (in fact the fruit of Senecarpus Anacardius, which is also red colored). There has been considerable hype about this recently (writing in 2006), claiming it has Human Growth Hormone and anti-oxidant properties.

•PHANG RUL phug rul. Gces 590.1. Btsan-lha.

•PHANG LO = phang long. wheel, round like full moon, globular, ball, pendant. T&BS II 279. 'khor lo. Btsan-lha. Compare phol mig. In the sense of 'wheel' see usage (with spelling 'phang lo) in a fresco inscription in pp. 244-5 of Fresco Art of the Buddhist Monasteries in Tibet, Si-khron Mi-dmangs Dpe-skrun-khang (1994). Zhi-byed Coll. IV 246.7 (on p. 247.5, rten 'brel gyi 'phang lo seems to refer to a device for concentration exercises, in this case containing the letter 'a'). rten 'brel 'phang los skor te thod par bzhugs. Zhi-byed Coll. I 82.1. I've noted an occurrence in a work by Abhayākaragupta: shing rta'i 'phang lo'i tshad tsam. Note also: stong gsum gyi 'jig rten yang shing rta'i 'phang lo bzhin du bskor bar nus pa. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 44.2.

•PHANGS PA valuable.

•PHANGS BON PO Bialek, SM 394.

•PHAṬ Hartzell, Dissert. 760 says that in Vedas it's onomatopoeic for 'crack'!

•PHAD PHOD phad phod mi bya ba ni spyad gang thub bam gtong gang thub mi bya ba'o. Dpe-chos 515. Btsan-lha.

•PHAD MA (?) 'khyud gang. Gces 588.6.

•PHAD RTSE sgye mo. Btsan-lha.

•PHAN CAD phan chad. Btsan-lha.

•PHAN PA KUN LDAN a medicinal compound. Prescriptions 24. Lag-len 20.2. TMC 35 (75). BP 200.1, 232.5, 376.6.

•PHAN PHUNG = (shing) ge lab. 367 II 127.2.

•PHAN PHUN disagreement. See under nam ka phan phun. zang zing phan phun ni zang zing dam dum. BBNP 483. cal col. ma rung pa. 'khrug long. nam langs ma langs. chud zos. Btsan-lha. un peu (a little). Stein.

•PHAN PHUN MED PA chud zos su mi 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHAN MED BDUN skyabs 'gro nas sngags kyi bar du sdom pa thams cad blangs kyang / 'jig rten pa'i chos las blo ma log na phan med / dus rgyun du gzhan la chos 'chad kyang / rang gi nga rgyal ma zhi na phan med / yar skyed ston kyang / skyabs 'gro'i chos gzhug shor na phan med / nyin mtshan med par dge sbyor la 'bad kyang / byang chub kyi sems kyis ma zin na phan med / kun brtags gzhan dbang la sogs pa gtan la phebs kyang / sgyu ma lta bur ma shes na phan med / sde snod gsum shes kyang / bla ma la mos gus med na phan med / stong pa nyid bsgoms kyang / nyon mongs pa'i gnyen por ma song ma phan med do. Bka-gdams Thor-bu 41v.5.

•PHAN TSHUN mutual, back and forth. phan tshun dbyer med pa (indistinguishable one from the other).

•PHAN YON benefit[s], efficacy, salubrious effects. Skt. anuśamsā (although this ought to mean joining together in praise, and in fact is sometimes translated with this usage as rjes su bsngags pa). Mvy. 2626 (wth imperfect spelling "phan yan").

•PHAN YON BRGYAD 45 lahul II 322.3.

•PHAN SHU potato. LW 517.

•PHAN BSOD PA Sinitic vocab. for phan yon. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•PHAB Ardussi, Drinking 119. chang rtsi'i ming. Eimer, Dbyangs 55.

•PHAB GE PHAB GE bsdog gin bsdog gin. 367 II 126.5.

•PHABS chang gi phabs. beer starter/yeast. SS 525.3.

•PHABS PA bzhag pa. Dbus-pa no. 669.

•PHAM KHA [1] defeat. [2] loss [opposite of profit].

•PHAM GLING za 'og. Btsan-lha. Also spelled pham ling.

•PHAM PA BZHI 'four defeats,' these being the four reasons why a monk should be demoted to lay status. See ltung ba bzhi, 'four downfalls,' which are different. EoB VII 304-307 (pārājikā).

•PHAM PHABS leftover food. BA 562. zas kyi lhag mo'am gsol ras. Btsan-lha.

•PHAM 'BABS = kha zas lhag ma, = gsol lhag. BBNP 469.

•PHAM LING See pham gling.

•PHA'U pha bu. Btsan-lha.

•PHAR KAN pha rol lam phar phyogs. Btsan-lha.

•PHAR RGYAB (Khams) on that side (of the hill). MTTP.

•PHAR CHIN embroidery. Equiv. to 'tshem drub. Yisun. Appears to be a borrowing from Chinese.

•PHAR SPYANG A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293. It's usually understood to mean the hyena, the one animal that was not covered by Tibetan government prohibitions against hunting. See phar ba.

•PHAR PHYIN [1] Apart from its use as a contraction of pha rol tu phyin pa, I have also noticed this as [2] a [mis]spelling of phar chin, 'embroidery.'

•PHAR BA A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293. The lesser wild dog, Cuon primaevus. Das.

•PHAR BYI'U A type of insect. Phag-gru, Bka'-'bum (2003) VI 11.1.

•PHAR SBYANG Pallas's wild-dog, Cuon alpinus. Das.

•PHALKA OT Skt. from which 'phal ka is derived. Blaṅ 307.6. = ri mo, = 'phal ka, = phan tshun sbyar ba. BBNP 475. Btsan-lha.

•PHAL CHER for the most part, in the majority. probably. C&LT 172.

•PHAL THOG PHYED GNYIS mi'i mtho tshad phyed gnyis. Btsan-lha.

•PHAL DU SLOG HRUL DU 'GRO BA rgyug rgyug mang na gos rnying ral rul lta bur 'gro nyen yod. Btsan-lha.

•PHAL MANG phag rgod. Btsan-lha.

•PHAL MANG PO skyes bu mang po Btsan-lha.

•PHAL SHUL RING PO NAS MCHI BA pha rol shul thag ring po yod pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHAS KYI Zhi-byed Coll. I 437.2.

•PHAS KYI SDO BA pha rol po'i 'gran zla. Btsan-lha.

•PHAS PHAD See under pha phad. da 'og nge rang phas phad skyid pa cig byed dgos pas. Zhi-byed Coll. III 52.3.

•PHAS PHAM PAR 'GYUR BA'I CHOS BZHI Skt. catvāra-pārājikā-dharmā. These offenses ought to necessitate expulsion from the order. Gustav Roth, Bhikṣuṇī-Vinaya, K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute (Patna 1970), p. xl. But on this subject see also Shayne Clarke's paper in JIP XXXVII (2009). He shows that monks committing these offences were not necessarily expelled in every case (other circumstances, as for instance if they monk never tried to conceal the offense, might be mitigating).

•PHAS BSU BA Skt. pratyudyāna. Mvy. 3614.

•PHI PHI BLO kite flying. TS7 II 1055.

•PHIG PHIG jelly, a gelatinous substance. This word seems to only exist in modern.

•PHIGS PA Stein.

•PHING CHANG Ch. pingchang, privy counsellor. Kuijp, KPTB 49.

•PHING BRIS a special outlining technique for clouds. Jackson.

•PHU [1] the high end of a river valley, the opposite of mda', q.v. [2] the sound made when blowing on hot food to cool it. Hahn, VG 436 (verse 89).

•PHU KHANG Tr. as 'chapel' in Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 70, 71.

•PHU KHROL MDA' KHROL blo phu khrol mda' khrol / phu tshogs mda' tshos. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum IV 508.1.

•PHU GU NA = phug na. BBNP 482. Btsan-lha.

•PHU GUNG YING LW 517.

•PHU'I RGYAL PO See gangs sbal.

•PHU CHU phu chu zer ba ste lung pa'i phu'am phugs kyi chu'o. Dpe-chos 514. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 122.

•PHU TIG = phu phu ti ti, ti ti phu phu. JD 227.

•PHU THAG GCOD PA conclude, decisively settle. Klong-chen-pa 9.24 comm. phu thag chod. Ma 57.4. dpyid phyin pa'am gting phyin pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHU DUNG = phu thung. sleeve (of a robe, gown, etc.). Lde'u 400.

•PHU DUD BYA BA gus 'dud dang bsti stang byed pa. Btsan-lha. See also bud dud.

•PHU BDAG ritual effigy, see Norbu, Drung 94.

•PHU 'DEBS or phus 'debs, phu yis 'debs. To blow on food in order to cool it. Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 180.

•PHU NU = spun. Blaṅ 516. clan. Dotson, OTA glossary. "kinsmen and clansmen in general" (brethren, and not just uterine brothers). Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 319. See article by Karmay in BSOAS (1995), which refers to OT spellings pu ma nu, pu nu, pu nu po/pu nu mo. mi 'di ni nga'i phu nu pho'o. This person [was in a previous life] my male kinsman. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 76, p. 382.6. Hill, Aspirated 478. ZZFC 243 n. 119. Bellezza, L&T 80, where it is supposed to be some kind of armor.

•PHU PHU an expression of disapproval. Das.

•PHU PHU TI TI See phu tig.

•PHU MED sleeveless chu ba. Illus. in Yisun.

•PHU RU de ltar btab pa'i smon lam rgya che rnams // phu ru ma lus rgyud la 'byor par shog. Gold Ms. IV 225r.2. gze ma'am / phu ru'am / rdza'i snod legs pa'i nang du. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 133.5.

•PHU RUNG = phu dung ma. "waistcoat." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•PHU LU (sp?) a unit for tax assessment. Dargyay, TVC 59, 64.

•PHU SHI Chinese title Fushi sometimes found in Dunhuang texts.

•PHU SHU ske rags. Btsan-lha.

•PHU SUM CHU A mistake for phu chu. Dpe-chos 514.

•PHU SE A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 296.

•PHU SOB SOB phugs kyi don nam rtsa ba ma go ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHU GSIL blow-pipe for metal working which does the work of bellows. Schmied 146.

•PHU LHA familial deity. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 72.

•PHUG cave.

•PHUG 'GUGS Fangschlinge in einer Vertiefung. Kaschewsky2.

•PHUG THAG prob. for phu thag. Zhi-byed Coll. II 462.5.

•PHUG THRIL sgra grag stangs te.

•PHUG RON JD 226. SS 502.6. = skad gcig 'od can, (bya) bra 'phrul mig can.

•PHUG RON RKANG See re skon.

•PHUG RON GSANG DD illus. 1.

•PHUG RON BSRUNG BA pigeon keeper. A monastic office in India. See Sanderson in Einoo, ed., Genesis & Development of Tantrism, p. 99.

•PHUG SHUD Occurs in a list of animals, paired with the owl, in G.yung-drung Bon-gyi Bka'-'gyur Rin-po-che, Khedup Gyatso, TBMC (1985) III 336.5. Here I believe the hoopoe (pu shud) is intended.

•PHUG SHUD MIG SMAN See dza ha na.

•PHUGS Innermost (or furthest back in time, and therefore the ultimate origin [of something]). See Stein. for all time, for a long time, [in the] long run. Yisun. Sometimes it seems synonymous with khungs, '[the ultimate] source [of something].' I believe this word is derived from the verbal root 'bigs pa (to pierce, penetrate, hollow [something]), evidently a past form. rdzun phugs means 'the ultimate source of the falsehood.' distant future. Jamspal, Treasury 159.

•PHUGS CHA (Dbus) the outcome. MTTP.

•PHUGS THUB PA capable of remaining for a long time. Yisun.

•PHUGS NOR BCU Pabongka, Liberation II 106. See Yisun.

•PHUGS YUL plan for the far distant future, ideal. Used in Dalai Lama VI's love songs, no. 25.

•PHUGS SU eventually. Jamspal, Treasury 159.

•PHUGS SO See Yisun.

•PHUNG KROL OT = don med pa. Blaṅ 289.3. = don med pa. Lcang-skya. nyes pa'i rtsa ba dang / don med kyi don sogs. Btsan-lha. don med pa'i rgyu. Utpal 13.3. phung byed dam nyes pa'i ming. Eimer, Dbyangs 57.

•PHUNG KHROL = phung byed. = nyes skyon. 367 II 127.2. Btsan-lha.

•PHUNG NGE See khra phung nge. See kha phung nge ba.

•PHUNG 'DRE phung 'drer grogs ngan rten pa che. Zhi-byed Coll. II 441.4. ma rig pa phung 'dre'i rtsa ba yin no. Ibid. II 194.5. Ibid. V 184.6. rlag 'dre phung 'dre chen po yin. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 112.4. skyes bu kun nyes pa dang phung 'dre thams cad kyi rtsa ba chags pa 'di gcig pu yin te. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 54.2.

•PHUNG PO heaps, aggregates, bodily aggregates. In effect, if often just means 'the body.' skandha. 445 III 57.1 ff. Sa paṇ suggests that the Tibetan word phrag pa might correctly translate skandha.

•PHUNG PO LNGA bsod nams kyi phung po lnga ni / tshul khrims kyi phung po / ting nge 'dzin gyi phung po / shes rab kyi phung po / rnam par grol ba'i phung po / rnam par grol ba'i ye shes mthong ba'i phung po rnams so. 600 61-62.

•PHUNG PO GSUM ltung bshags la phung po gsum pa'i mdo zhes pa'i phung po gsum ni / phyag 'tshal ba'i phung po / bshags pa'i phung po / bsngo ba'i phung po'o. 600 18.

•PHUNG PO LHAG MA MA LUS PA Meinert in TS9 II 300 n. 45, has a definition.

•PHUNG 'TSHENG MED tshegs med. Gces 589.5. Btsan-lha.

•PHUNG LA pham kha. Btsan-lha.

•PHUNG SHING CHAG (etc.) dpe yin te lung pa'i phul shing chag pa dang mda' 'am mdo la rdzing chu shor ba bzhin du phyogs mtha' dag nas rkyen ngan gyi ru 'dzing yang zhes pa'i don. 367 I 241.4.

•PHUNG SRI vampires of decline (Ramble).

•PHUNG SRIN Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 183.

•PHUNG GSUM PA the third (logical) possibility. 'third body,' i.e., a third possibility beyond the two alternatives already presented. Jinpa.

•PHUD chang. Btsan-lha. first offering; examples of such rituals in 87 LXVIII. Tucci, Religions 172 (note).

•PHUD BU skra dpral bar bcings pa. spyi bor bcings pa'i skra'i thor tshugs chung ngu. Btsan-lha. See gser gyi phud bu.

•PHUN a measurement (half a thumb?). Yangga's dissert., p. 323.

•PHUN PHUN BYAS PA chud za ba'am brlags pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHUN BU chag pa'am bam po chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHUN TSHAR ras dang snam bu thags rtsom dus kyi rgyud 'phro ni phan tshar dang btags zin pa'i 'dzar ba ni kha tshar te. Btsan-lha.

•PHUN TSHUGS PA rtsa ba tshugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHUN SUM TSHOGS PA LNGA chos phun sum tshogs pa / dus phun sum tshogs pa / ston pa phun sum tshogs pa / gnas phun sum tshogs pa / 'khor phun sum tshogs pa'o. 600 63. Achard, L'Essence 43. Defines the existential Gestalt of the teachings that is basis for a great deal of mystical speculation and symbolism, used to analyze the first words of Buddhist scriptures. One might do a similar interpretative move on the Lord's Prayer: Our ['khor] Father [ston pa] who art [dus] in heaven [gnas] (only the Teaching is missing). Rather than 'perfections' (technically more literal) I choose to translate as 'unities' in order to evoke apt comparison with the unities in Aristotelian literary theory. See now Yeshi & Dalton in RET 43 (Jan. 2018) 256-273, at p. 261 ff.

•PHUN SUM TSHOGS PA BDUN Mayer in JIABS 27 (2004) 155. Cathy Cantwell & Rob Mayer, Continuity and Change in Tibetan Mahāyoga Ritual: Some Evidence from the Thabs zhags Manuscript and Other Dunhuang Texts (a forthcoming paper).

•PHUB [1] dper na rgya gar gyi phub dang 'dra'o. Zhi-byed Coll. III 104.6. [2] vault, canopy. See Lde'u 243 for several examples of use. [3] short for phub chung. Lde'u 234.

•PHUB KHA pham kha. Btsan-lha.

•PHUB CHUNG Seeming to mean a small shield. Lde'u 224, 347. Per Sørensen, in his translation of Bsod-nams-rgyal-mtshan's history, at p. 220, translates it as 'buckler,' which seems spot on.

•PHUB MA husk, chaff (?). See (rta) bres kyi phub ma. nas gtsang bar 'dod na phub ma rlung la bkur (bskur) dgos. Zhi-byed Coll. II 339.6. til gyi phub ma tsam gyi zug rngus kyang // nges par sdug bsngal chen po 'byin par 'gyur. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 535.4.

•PHUB ZLUM Skt. kheṭaka. shield. Mvy. 6084.

•PHUB SHUD pu shud. Btsan-lha.

•PHUB SOG chaff and fodder (the sog is short for sog ma, the phub for phub ma). Samdo A III 278r.5.

•PHUM PHUM rta'i thod par mar 'pyang ba'i spu ring po. horse's mane. Btsan-lha.

•PHUM MA sog ma. Btsan-lha.

•PHUR as a possible variant spelling for hur, see Stein in McKay, History of Tibet I 581 n. 75.

•PHUR DKAR See phur mong.

•PHUR KHA chos lugs kyi dmod mo'i rigs shig gam mi kha. lwa ba'i phu rung gi kha. Btsan-lha.

•PHUR 'DEBS a planting stick, used in planting untilled soil. ZZFC 151.

•PHUR NAG DGU THANG a medicinal compound. BP 195.2.

•PHUR RNA CAN See bong bu.

•PHUR PA Skt. kīla. For the indrakīla, see entry in EoB.

•PHUR BA mgo phur ba ni mgo gtums pa. Dpe-chos 503. gtums pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHUR MA phur ma ri rab mnyam pa la // dri rab mnam par 'chad pa dang. Rhoton, CD 169. The most finely ground medicinals or fragrances for rubbing on the body. JS: refers to [piles of] unstrung petals of flowers (a kind of potpourri of nice smelling stuff).

•PHUR MANG KP1 91.1. KP4 431.3.

•PHUR MO a plant. Zhi-byed Coll. II 294.5.

•PHUR MONG a medicinal. TR XIV no. 4, p. 16. = dga' ldan mkhan pa. JD 157. phur mo. SS 506.3. TM IV 64. For shing phur mong, see yog mo.

•PHUR GTSUGS bdag nyid chen po la gsol ba phur gtsugs su btab pa las. 602 15r.5.

•PHUR TSHAGS u tshugs dang phyogs gcig xxx rtsad gcod dang nyams len byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHUR TSHUGS single-mindedly. C&LT 172.

•PHUR TSHUGS RE LA phur pa ltar rtse gcig pa re la. Btsan-lha.

•PHUR TSHO BA = phur pa phrin las (of Nyingma). BBNP 484.

•PHUR LEB See ltum stag. See ldum stag.

•PHUL the smallest measure of grain (= 1/6 bre?). Sources. measure equivalent to 1/4 bre or 1/80th khal (a khal, 'load' is 25-30 lbs).

•PHUL KROL don med dang phung byed dang nyes pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•PHUL GRANGS as a school subject, the conversion of smaller to larger units. Travers, BPPI 122.

•PHUL THAG See Karmay, Great Perfection 187. phul thogs in 192-vol Bon Kanjur CLXXXIII 142r1. Achard, L'Essence 229 n. 42.

•PHUL BA mthar skrod pa'am 'ded pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHUL MED Term used (in contrast to phul che, or phul skyed?) in description of some of the imperial tombs. Hazod in Steinkellner Festschrift 272. Phul is an element in the tomb construction that Dotson, Dissert. 54 translates as "tomb pinnacle." I simply translate it as 'without skill', for example in Lde'u 377. It could also mean 'without elaboration' or 'without following a plan' or any number of such alternatives. Without distinction? Without added [architectural] elements?

•PHUL LU RE TSAM phul re tsam zhes pa'i yul skad. Dpe-chos 505.

•PHUS PHUS khyad du bsad pa. Gces 588.4. Btsan-lha.

•PHUS BU TSAM pus mo nub tsam zhig. Somewhat more than the measurement called khru gang. Btsan-lha.

•PHE'U a kind of brick for building walls, able to withstand fire. Rin 143 mysteriously defines it as (Latin or English) glus, which is perhaps a special kind of clay. Rin 143.

•PHE SGROGS ce spyang. Btsan-lha.

•PHE'U DUGS DG 145.2.

•PHE PHE zhib mo. Btsan-lha.

•PHE TSHEM Pollock, Forms 346.

•PHE RU ce spyang. Btsan-lha.

•PHE RENG This word derived from Persian-Indian Ferengi only had a short shelf-life in Tibet, soon giving way to the term phyi ling, for [western] foreigner. It was used for the first time in 1743. See discussion in Luciano Petech, The Missions of Bogle and Turner according to the Tibetan Texts, T'oung Pao, vol. 39 (1950), pp. 330‑346.

•PHE SHA shugs ring 'byin pa'i 'bod tshig cig. Btsan-lha. See under pheng ta. Example in SKC 235.4.

•PHE SHAR (Ausruf des Stolzes). Kaschewsky2.

•PHEG ?? de ni brla dang / pheg dang / yid dang / mi gtong ba dang / dzeng shing rnams cig tu 'dug pa las... Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 79, p. 356.1.

•PHEG RDOB pheg rdob 'di brda rnying yin brda gsar du lag pa'i rol mo zhes byung bas rol mo'i ming deng [59r5] sang rol mo'i bye brag ting shags las che tsam pa de la zer ro. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•PHENG A strange word that occurs in the Phadampa Tanjur texts.

•PHENG TA A strange word that occurs in Samdo A I 80.4. However, another version of the text has instead phe shwa (phe sha, q.v.).

•PHED bcad pa'am brkos pa. Btsan-lha. tha ba sra yang phed de mchi. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 573.3.

•PHEB RDOB thal mo brdab pa'i sgra. Btsan-lha.

•PHEBS PAR SMRA BA dmigs kyis dri ba byed pa. bag phebs yid gcugs kyi gtam smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHEBS SU CHA BA phebs grabs yod pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHER be able, be capable, be permitted, be allowed. See under ma pher.

•PHER DANG MI PHER thub mi thub dang chog mi chog. Btsan-lha.

•PHER BA See under me pher ba.

•PHER YONG CAN kraftvoll, stark. Kaschewsky 84.

•PHER YOD proved useful. CFMS 96.

•PHO may be the past tense form of 'bo ba.

•PHO DKAR a harder variety of ka rag white. = pho rag. Jackson.

•PHO RKYANG pho rang.

•PHO SKYE Stein.

•PHO KHA snod drug gi nang tshan zhig ste / snod drug ni / pho kha / long / mkhris pa / rgyu ma / lgang bu / bsam se'u bcas so. Nomads 277.

•PHO KHYIM pho khyim bdag gam pho khyo ga. Btsan-lha.

•PHO KHYER Stein.

•PHO GRES Spanish iris. Iris kemaonensis. TDD 96.

•PHO GLANG I believe the pho lang, as in Lde'u 396, is identical in meaning. See Yisun who gives this definition: glang thabs pho bar babs pa zhig. A type of glang thabs that inflicts the stomach.

•PHO DGE BA Sinitic vocab. for rigs kyi bu. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•PHO RGOD A courageous man, but also one who is wild and untamed. Schwieger in Kailash 18 (1996) 91.

•PHO SGO stobs shugs sam 'jon thang. Yisun. pho sgo tshe 'di ru mi dbyung ste / chos men gyi bya ba thams cad sdug bsngal gyi rgyu yin. Zhi-byed Coll. I 137.4.

•PHO NGAR strong. Sources.

•PHO LCAM = ha lo, mdog ldan, bod lcam. JD 141. DG 263.5. Mdo 228. See lcam pa.

•PHO CHE BA khengs pa'am lta ba mtho ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHO CHOD Stein.

•PHO NYA Gyatso, Apparitions 191. Alex Wayman, Messengers, What Bring Ye? contained in: T. Skorupski, ed., Indo‑Tibetan Studies, The Institute of Buddhist Studies (Tring 1990), pp. 305-322.

•PHO MNYAM men of equal standing. Sources.

•PHO SNYUNG key. Karmay, Great Perfection 73 n. 84, 76.

•PHO TONG Beyer 327, 352.

•PHO THANG pha tshab. Btsan-lha.

•PHO THU BA pho lhag par bzang ba'am ngan pa. Btsan-lha. mo thu ba occurs in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 200.1.

•PHO THEG bearing a burden. khur khyer ba. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 461. = khur khyer. Lcang-skya.

•PHO THEG CHE BA OT = khengs pa ste lta ba. = mtho ba'i don. Blaṅ 296.3. khengs pa che ba. khur khyer ba. Btsan-lha.

bad kan PHO THOG SRZT 27. Lag-len 274.3.

•PHO GDONG Norbu, Drung 79.

•PHO MDO pho mdo che ba ni chos grub pa yin / mi lus kyi 'gyur chos la ma chod na pho mdo med. Zhi-byed Coll. V 512.7.

•PHO RDE'U stomach pebble? JD 53.

•PHO LDUM See myang rtsi spras.

•PHO BA See 'bo ba. stomach. DD illus. 2, 17.

•PHO BA'I GNYEN See se 'bru.

•PHO BA SBOS Mkyen rab/11, no. 16. Distention of the stomach due to obstructed flatulence. Generally a symptom of ma zhu ba (q.v.) Dag-yig.

•PHO BA'I DAR SHA DD illus. 5, 29.

•PHO BA SPU BYI Text 66.

•PHO BA'I NAD SRZT 86.

•PHO BA SBOS Mkhyen-rab/11 no. 16. Distention of the stomach due to obstructed flatulence. Generally a symptom of ma zhu ba, q.v. Dag-yig.

•PHO BA RI = na le sham, shi kru, drod sman hril mo. JD 88. YTTM 291.16. = mi tsi ra. Spelled pho ba ris in YTTM 292.14. Black pepper. LW 458. Clifford, list.

•PHO BO older brother (älterer Bruder). Kaschewsky2. spun che ba. Btsan-lha. Perhaps for pho ba? mi mang po'i pho bo la chags ka lhung. Zhi-byed Coll. V 150.5.

•PHO BO NO BO pho bo, elder brother, plus no bo, = nu bo (an example of vowel harmony at work?), younger brother. Samdo A V 209v.2.

•PHO BYANG A type of panel or plate used in the construction of helmets and armor. Another type is called mo byang. ZZFC 241.

•PHO BRANG [1] fort, palace. [2] Denwood in T. Skorupski, ed., Indo‑Tibetan Studies, The Institute of Buddhist Studies (Tring 1990), p. 76 ff., has suggested that in OT documents if has the sense of a mobile 'court.' It is an institution of state that moves from place to place, not an immobile piece of architecture. [3] As a piece of shaman equipment, may refer to a staff with many hanging colored ribbons with a trident on top. See J. Bellezza, Calling Down the Gods.

•PHO SBOS distended stomach. Text 14, 16.

•PHO SBRA For this and the concept of mo sbra, see Nomads 268.

•PHO MA khyu pa'am khyu g.yag. Btsan-lha.

•PHO MID 'BREL MTSHAMS DD illus. 17.

•PHO SMOS OT "gentlemen and ladies." Coblin in JAOS 111, 320. Gold Ms. II 285r.2. pho smos kyi rang mdo che chung shi ba'i dus der shan 'byed. Zhi-byed Coll. V 206.3.

•PHO BTSOG pho las byung ba'i grib. Btsan-lha. pho btsog / pad pho mo ma ning gi pho dang / btsog pa ni mi gtsang ba dang / btsog po rdeg / brda rnying [62r3] la btsog po zhes pa brda gsar la pho btsog zhes par yod pas pho btsog pa des rdeg pa'am de la rdeg pa'i don. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•PHO RTSAL SNA DGU See rtsal sna dgu.

•PHO RTSED SNA DGU See rtsed sna dgu.

•PHO TSHAD Lag-len 280.3.

•PHO TSHOD cocky, overly self-assured, arrogant. But see Yisun.

•PHO TSHOS red paint, rouge. See rgya skyags.

•PHO MTSHAN penis. DD illus. 5.

•PHO MTSHAN GYI NAD SRZT 83.

•PHO MTSHAL DG 113.1.

•PHO ZO kha pho'am kha ta. Gces 589.2. Btsan-lha.

•PHO ZOM A type of boot illus. in Yisun.

•PHO YU RTAR dbang gu nas zhes pa yin snyam. Dpe-chos 511.

•PHO YON Or, pho yan. vagabonds. Karmay, Arrow 364.

•PHO RAG See pho dkar. Jackson. See ra gan.

•PHO RANG pho rkyang.

•PHO RU = phor bu. "small eating bowl." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•PHO RUS pho rul. Gces 590.1. ches bzang ba'am ngan pa'i pho. Btsan-lha. phyogs zhen byed pa. Nomads 242.

•PHO RE BO (?) pho re bo dang kun gyi rje. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 293.2.

•PHO RENG [1] = pho rkyang, 'bachelor.' BBNP 478. Btsan-lha. tshogs pho reng du myi gzhag par bya'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 114.7. Blue Annals 456 mistakenly translates it as 'widower.' [2] In one context translated as hinterland. See Dotson, D&L 14, 69 (with a question mark). Perhaps it just means 'solitude.' See also Dotson, Dissert. 336.

•PHO RENGS bachelor. See yug sa ma. Sources.

•PHO RED chur po. Gces 586.4.

•PHO RES individually. Sources.

•PHO ROG = bya rog. Kuijp (1986) 36. See bya rog. For mineral pho rog (rdo pho rog), see gru bzhi.

•PHO ROG MIG = pho rog nor bu. SS 520.6.

•PHO RON RKANG PA See rtsi mar rkang gcig.

•PHO LA LI a kind of cloth. Vitali, Tho.ling 74.

•PHO LAD steel. LW 479.

•PHO LOG zas ma zhu ba'i dbang gis bskyed pa'i pho nad kyi rigs shig. Dag-yig. Text 25, 66.

•PHO LONG [1] ball or reel [of thread]. OT = gru gu. Blaṅ 299.5. Lcang-skya. Dagyab. See under dar gyi pho long. skud pa'i gru gu'am skud pa'i zlum po. Chödag. Example of usage in Lde'u 207. The object with which polo was played. Berthold Laufer, The early history of polo. Polo, The Magazine for Horsemen, vol. 7, no. 5 (Apr. 1932), pp. 13, 14, 43, 44. I find in Vinayavibhaṅga a passage where five hundred monks at a riverside are enjoying themselves with gdos bu and with pho long. [2] an abbreviation for pho ba, 'stomach,' and long ga, 'caecum.' I think it may be used as shorthand for the entire digestive tract. [3] gser ri pho long, meaning a large block of ice or snow, see Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 65.

•PHO LONG RGYU GCONG a chronic debility of the stomach, caecum and intestines. Trungram, Gampopa 42.

•PHO LONG HEL pho rtags sam pho dbang. Btsan-lha.

•PHO LOM drug gu. Dbus-pa no. 617.

•PHO SHA See under nyung ma pho sha.

•PHO SHA'I KHU SHA sha'i dum bu dang bcas pa'i thug pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHO SHAL glen pa tha shal. bsod nams med pa'i mi. Btsan-lha.

•PHO SHING 'male tree,' referring to the birch tree. Karmay, New Horizons 385, 576.

•PHO SHOD chu dbang du 'dus pas pho shod kyi chu la myi 'bying ba. Zhi-byed Coll. II 384.7.

•PHO SUL fold of the stomach. Text 66.

•PHO SO pride, haughtiness. Jaeschke.

•PHO SO 'DON PA 'tshor tho 'don. Gces 581.5. 'tsher tho 'don pa'am 'dod yon la longs spyad nas 'tsho ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHO SRIN Text 75.

•PHO LHA a family protecting deity passed along in the male line. They might be of the lha or btsan types. Todd Gibson's dissertation (1991), p. 173. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 170. Per Kvaerne wrote about contexts in which the Emperor's (singular) mgur lha is distinguished from his subject's (plural) pho lha.

•PHOG GU CAN ska rag phog gu can, = OT ska rags rgyan can. Blaṅ 293.1-.2. Btsan-lha. A belt with attached ornaments?

•PHOG SNYA CHE BA OT = sran che ba. Blaṅ 296.3. Btsan-lha.

•PHOG THUG phog thug gi gags myi hrol. Zhi-byed Coll. V 477.3.

•PHOG SNA CHE BA sran che ba / sems sran che ba sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•PHOGS allowance[s]. Jansen, Elephant 130.

•PHONGS [1] ong do'am rkub. buttocks. Btsan-lha. Also spelled 'phongs. [2] Name of a type of spirit? Also spelled phong. See Strickmann, CPP 179 n. 88.

•PHONGS CHOS CAN Hahn, EI 14.

•PHONGS PA distressed. phongs pa'i dus, 'time of distress.' Schopen in IIJ 44 (2001) 123. Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 174, line 4.

•PHOD [1] srin bu me khyer lta bu zhes bya ba dud khang nas du ba sngo phod phod pa 'byung ba lta bu'i gseb nas me stag dmar tshig tshig pa lta bu'am. Lati Rinbochay, Death 37: "It is like red sparks seen within puffs of smoke rising from a chimney..." [2] ci phod yod ni ci 'dra yod. Dpe-chos 517. [3] ? bla ma la stong phod nus pa de nyung bar gda'. Zhi-byed Coll. V 203.2. [4] cope with, withstand, put up with, be up to [the task].

•PHOD KA sngags pa'i 'cham gos shig. Btsan-lha.

•PHOD KHA = phod kha can, = sngags pa'i gos. tantric cloak. Karmay, Treasury.

•PHOD KHA CAN phu dung can. Btsan-lha.

•PHOD PA able, daring, willing, ready [to do something]. Example of usage in Lde'u 73. Sa paṇ suggests it as a good translation for Skt. śākya. Rhoton, CD 172.

•PHOD MOD Haarh, Yar-luṅ 213, where he interprets as male and female principle. I think it just as likely that it is a scribal error or misreading of yod med, given the cosmogonic context.

•PHOD BTSUGS PA dpa' bskyed pa'am nus pa 'don pa. Btsan-lha. Namdak.

•PHON As an OT spelling for bon, see Dotson, D&L 25. Yangga's dissert., p. 293, translates sog phon as bunches of straw.

•PHON TE phan te. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•PHON THAG Samdo A VI 271v.2. rope made of grass (or even straw).

•PHON PO OT = tshogs pa. Blaṅ 289.5. Dbus-pa no. 214. spungs pa'am tshogs pa. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•PHOM PA OT = bum pa. Blaṅ 290.3. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•PHOR RNYI bya 'dzin byed kyi rgya. rnyi bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•PHOR THANG Trinkschale. Kaschewsky 84.

•PHOR DO Samdo A IV 218v.5.

•PHOR PA 'dish' Schmied 211. This is the bowl of the sort Tibetans often carried with them, often made of wood.

•PHOR BA = phor bu. "small eating bowl." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•PHOR RTSI See under byi'u star ka.

•PHOR RA = bor ba. "thrown, lost." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•PHOR SHUB (Dbus Gtsang) a small silk bag, lit., the cup-case. MTTP. Illus. in Yisun.

•PHOL any blister caused by burning. Das. Jaeschke. boil, abscess. Goldstein. For an example of a child being born out of a popped blister, see Lde'u 200.

•PHOL TE OT = phan te. Skt. hita. Blaṅ 296.6. Dbus-pa no. 481. Btsan-lha.

•PHOL BA OT = rtogs pa. Blaṅ 291.4. Btsan-lha. rtog pa. Dbus-pa no. 267. = rtogs pa. Lcang-skya.

•PHOL 'BRAS boils. Text 46.

•PHOL MIG OT = 'khor lo. Blaṅ 295.1. Dbus-pa no. 404. = 'khor lo. = nad kyi bye brag. Lcang-skya. phol mig ni bu ston rin po che'i karma sha tam gyi rnam bshad las / 'bras ni 'brum bu 'bru chen po dag yod pa'o // phol mig ni 'brum bu phra mo dag yod pa'o // zhes 'byung bas 'bras phol mig lnga pa ni 'brum bu phra mo mang du yod pa'i rma rigs 'bur po lnga dod pa zhig yin nam snyam. Dpe-chos 510. Btsan-lha. phol mig ni rma zhig gi ming. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. rma rigs shig gi ming ste, gtso bor glo mchin mkhal ma dang pho ba long ga'i gnas su byung. gsar dus de dag skrang zhing rnying na brdol nas rnag khrag 'dzag cing gso dka' zhes bod kyi sman gzhung du gsungs. Dag-yig. circle, disk, sore, ulcer, boil. Das. 476 V 68.5. KB 120.2. boil. Jamspal, Treasury 88.

•PHOL MIG LNGA PA 'brum bu phra mo mang du yod pa'i rma rigs 'bur po lnga dod pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•PHOS SMOS pho mo. Dbus-pa no. 497.

•PHYA [1] smod. Gces 585.4. smod. n. of a clan. Btsan-lha. Namdak. [2] Discussed in Karmay, Arrow 247, who insists that phya means 'lots, prophecy, prognosis, life,' while phywa ought to refer to the deities. The Akkadian term for casting of lots is pūrū, borrowed into Hebrew as the pūr used in the name of Purim, the holiday. [3] a kind of life-force-like factor or quality found in humans corresponding to the g.yang found in animals.

•PHYWA 'lots, prophecy.' See BBNP 473. Acc. to Shāk-mchog (Shākya-mchog-ldan), 'maker of worldly vicissitudes.' BBNP 473. Schaik, Prayer 196. mo pa dang ltas mkhan. Dpe-chos 503. 'jig rten pa'i lha'i bye brag cig. mo pa dang ltas mkhan. Btsan-lha. As an ancient clan, discussed in Karmay, Arrow 250 ff. Risking the inevitable derision of over-seasoned linguists, we might venture to suggest that this word is somehow related to Greek phua, which is behind a number of other words. The Greek word seems to mean 'natural' genius or talent (as opposed to technique) in the arts, and has meaningful connections with the concepts of nature (Gr. phusis), productivity (Gr. phuein, 'to produce') and tribe (Gr. phūlé). Hence the 'English' words physics, physical, phylum, etc. Well, I at least think it is an interesting suggestion. It is said that Greek phusis comes from a root meaning, to grow, and that it was "a material continuum, alive and divine, identical with the primitive substance out of which the divinities of Greek religion took shape" — Geo. P. Conger, Did India Influence Early Greek Philosophies? Phil. East & West, vol. 2, no. 2 (July 1952). pp. 110-111.

•PHYA MKHAN Skt. sthapati. Mvy. 3770. Often translated as architect. See Schopen, Menial 237.

•PHYWA MKHAN a foreteller of worldly vicissitudes, astrologer, diviner, fortune teller. BBNP 473. ltas dang rtags lta mkhan dang / mo pa sogs. Btsan-lha. phya mkhan — 'di brda gsar du [60r2] 'jig rten gyi bde sdug lung ston mkhan la bshad pa ltar mo 'debs mkhan sogs la phya mkhan zhes grag go. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•PHYA CHAD phyogs su lhung ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYA THAG phya-cord (see and compare dmu thag). Sources.

•PHYA PURD Also, 'phor pur. Nishida, TTDD 145.

•PHYA PHYO Stein.

•PHYWA BLAN PA to consult a soothsayer. Karmay, Treasury.

•PHYA MA PHYAD mnyam nyid. Btsan-lha.

•PHYA MI Huber in N-L I 264.

•PHYWA MO mo 'debs pa. Nomads 242.

•PHYA TSHAN See dre'u. SS 542.4.

•PHYA BRDZES sa cha'i ming. Dpe-chos 515.

•PHYA RA door curtain (made of heavy blanket material or felt, re lde). This may be a reduction of phyar ba, meaning sail cloth.

•PHYA RAB ? bdud kyi phya rab. 367 I 232.

•PHYA RU = 'geb rgyu'i ber. BBNP 483. Las-chen, Chos-'byung II 358.1, 358.2. Btsan-lha. Spelled phya ra in Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 50. nyi zer la ras kyi phya ru 'gel ba dang. 24 I 412.3.

•PHYA LE BA do mnyam pa. Btsan-lha. = mnyam pa. Lcang-skya.

•PHYA LEGS PA attractive. Perdue, Debate.

•PHYWA LEB OT = mnyam pa. Blaṅ 289.1.

•PHYWA SRID SKOS GSUM phywa rje ring dkar dang / srid rje 'brang dkar / skos rje drang dkar bcas gsum mo. 506A 335. All three of these figures appear in the Mdzod-phug.

•PHYAG [1] hand (hon. for lag pa). [2] a prefix to certain terms that makes them honorific. Ex: phyag dam, phyag rdzas. [3] greeting; actually to be understood as being short for phyag 'tshal when used as second element in compounds (ex: 'byor phyag, thon phyag).

•PHYAG RGYA Skt. mudrā. Has various meanings. An unusual usage seems to indicate, from context, a meaning like 'handbook' in Lde'u 329 ff.

•PHYAG RGYA BKROL BA 'releasing the seal' (allowing the summoned deity to depart).

•PHYAG KHANG Evid. a Tibetan way of referring to mosques (masjid), because of the Muslim practice of prostration. See Dung-dkar 17.

•PHYAG RGYA LNGA bla med nas 'byung ba'i yum gyi phyag rgya lnga ni / dbu rgyan / snyan rgyan / mgul rgyan / gdu bu / ska rags rnams so. 600 68.

•PHYAG RGYA BCINGS assuming, forming a gesture. Lde'u 284.

•PHYAG RGYA CHEN PO [1] I recommend translating Great Sealing (makes an agreeable pun with Ceiling, too, since in Great Sealing explanations they say there is utterly no way to get beyond it, it being the ultimate teaching). Possibly also "Ultimate Confirmation." The common translation "Great Seal" I do not favor simply because it conjures visions of a design on the American dollar bill or, alternatively, a large back-stroke swimming mammal in the Arctic balancing a ball on the tip of its nose. phyag rgya chen po'i bshad pa la // lag pa'i sgra don 'chad pa dang (what Sa paṇ means is that the Tibetan translators simply made an honorific term, phyag rgya, for 'seal,' rgya, so there is no reason (in the Sanskrit!) to explain to us the meaning of 'hand' (in the Tibetan translation!). Rhoton, CD 169. [2] It is of interest that Mvy. 8031 gives the Tib. translation of mahāmudrā as rgya rtags chen mo, but it is important to note that here it is but one in a list of very large numbers.

•PHYAG RGYA BSTEN PA chung ma len pa'am rig ma bsten pa. phyag rgyar rol. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG RGYA DRUG [1] yab kyi phyag rgya drug ni / dbu rgyan / rna rgyan / mgul rgyan / gdu bu / mchod phyir thogs / thal chen gyi tshom bu rnams so. 600 83. [2] For a different listing connected with the Tibetan emperor (regalia, apparently), see ZZFC 244: sgron bu, ru mtshon, sku mkhar, lha khang, stag slog, yig tshangs. For more, see under bka'i phyag rgya drug.

•PHYAG RGYA BZHI Thondup, BM 20. lta ba bkar btags kyi phyag rgya bzhi ni / 'dus byas thams cad mi rtag pa / zag bcas thams cad sdug bsngal ba / chos thams cad bdag med pa / mya ngan las 'das pa zhi ba'o. 600 44. rnal 'byor rgyud las 'byung ba'i phyag rgya bzhi ni / phyag chen / dam rgya / chos rgya / las rgya'o. 600 46. Germano in JIABS 17 no. 2 (1994) 306. Listed in late OT text (Hackin, Formulaire 32).

•PHYAG RGYAS BTAB phyag dam brgyab pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG MJAL gifts (offered to a superior). Sources.

•PHYAG RJED brtsi bkur byed mkhan gyi yog po. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG RJES 'hand-print.' Fig.: a token to someone's achievements. Sources.

•PHYAG BRNYAN OT = 'khor g.yog. Blaṅ 302.6. phyag phyi ba'am 'khor g.yog. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG RTEN DMAR mjal rten bzang ba. Dpe-chos 511.

•PHYAG THAB TSAM ZHIG phyag phebs khyug tsam zhig. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG DAR KHROD Skt. pāṃśukūla, a heap of rags in the garbage. Silk, Dissert. Jonathan A. Silk, Dressed for Success: The Monk Kāśyapa and Strategies of Legitimation in Earlier Mahāyāna Buddhist Scriptures, Journal Asiatique, vol. 291, nos. 1-2 (2003) 173-219, at p. 195. garbage heap. 60. Jamspal, Treasury 47.

•PHYAG DAR KHROD PA sweeper? Zhi-byed Coll. V 407.1. Actually, this is Skt. pāṃśukūlika, something made from rags found in the refuse heap (used for monastic robes as a special asceticism). For more on its significance, see Strong, RB 216 & ff.

•PHYAG DAR BA a sweeper. a particularly low example (of any given particular occupational group).

•PHYAG RDOR rdzas kyi phyag rdor, see gu gul.

•PHYAG RDOR RIL BU BT 48r.5. BP 261.3.

•PHYAG NA RDO RJE'I CHE BA BRGYAD 'khor lo chen po dbang gi che ba / gos sngon can chos skyong gi che ba / 'byung 'dul me dmigs kyi che ba / rnam 'joms khrus kyi che ba / u tsarya drag sngags kyi che ba / gtum po khyung gi che ba / phyag rdor mdo lugs mdze gsos kyi che ba / bha ba ma gdams ngag gi che ba rnams so // phyag na rdo rje me lce sde brgyad gnad la 'bebs pa'i che ba bsnan na dgur yang grags so. 600 118.

•PHYAG NAS In art inscriptions, phyag nas bzhugs (preceded by the name of a person ending in genitive case) is an abbreviated way of writing (noticed in dkar chag's like the Rwa sgreng Dkar chag), meaning that the image or thangka contains the hand-barley of the named person or just that it was consecrated by them. Acc. to Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 39, it means hand-held sacred barley. This phrase also occurs in an inscription on the back of a wooden statue of Karma-pa I, which says it contains the hand-barley of Karma-pa VIII (statue in possession of Michael Henss). Roesler, Kadampa Sites of Phempo, p. 59, has an example of usage. Also, Sørensen in Lungta 16 (2003) 116. Stearns, King p. 481, n. 164. See now the long discussion in Jackson, MB 207 n 172. Stearns, SR 79,

•PHYAG PHYI attendant (especially although not exclusively during travels). See under chags phyi.

•PHYAG DBANG to do a blessing with the hands (phyag gis byin rlabs byed pa). Nomads 242. mi phal pa rnams bla ma rtsa ba chen po'i drung du bcar ba'i tshe mi de dag gis phyag rgya dang bcas te bla ma'i drung du mgo bos btud pa na / bla ma des bkra shis pa'i bden tshig brjod cing phyag g.yas pa mi de dag gi mgo thog tu 'jog pa'o. Nomads 277. Holly Gayley, Soteriology of the Senses in Tibetan Buddhism, Numen, vol. 54, no. 4 (2007), pp. 459-499, at p. 495.

•PHYAG DBAL rgyal po'i bang mdzod. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG 'BUR The bump that sometimes occurs on the foreheads of people who prostrate frequently. Muslims sometimes develop them, too.

•PHYAG SBAL btson dong. yig mdzod dam bang mdzod. Btsan-lha. Scherrer-Schaub in JIABS 25 (2002) 268. btson dong. Dbus-pa no. 715. = btson dong. Lcang-skya.

•PHYAG SBYAL archives.

•PHYAG MA In a list of small creatures in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 441.

•PHYAG MI BZHUGS bzhugs med pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG RMEN LDANG BA lag mthil la sha ro chags pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG TSANG g.yos khang ngam thab khang. Btsan-lha. Bialek, SM 394.

•PHYAG BTSAL phyag 'tshal ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG TSHA n. of a clan. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG TSHANG thab ka pa'am za ma bcos mkhan. g.yos khang. lag bde ba. Cook. Kitchen. Btsan-lha. he he rgya mtsho'i drung na phyag tshang rku ba'i chu dang 'dra gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 191.2. kun dga' khyod rang bden myed khong du chug la phyag tshang rku ba chub bor gsung. Ibid. II 232.2.

•PHYAG MDZOD bang mdzod. mdzod khang. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG MDZOD CHAS Costume illus. in Yisun.

•PHYAG MDZOD PA Das, JTL&CT 80.

•PHYAG BZHES [1] took in hand (?), equiv. to phyag len. [2] learning, or a particular type of learning. Spelled as phyag bshes in BHBW 372, techniques learned by copying the ways demonstrated [by a master of the art] to you over time.

•PHYAG ZONG SUG LAS MED PAR = phyag rgyu lag pa stong pa las med pa. BBNP 483.

•PHYAG YAR 'phrin las. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG RIS byas rjes. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAG LAS KHOM drunk, intoxicated. chang gis ra ro ba. bzi ba. Btsan-lha. OT = ra ro ba. Blaṅ 299.5. phyag las khoms / ra ro ba. Dbus-pa no. 618. = ra ro ba. Lcang-skya.

•PHYAG SHUL n. of a clan. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAGS lham. Btsan-lha. Hon. for lham, 'boot.' Lde'u 346.

•PHYAGS DAG BSIL lham phud pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAGS MA broom. srog chags thag pa 'dra ba dang / gtun 'dra ba dang / phyags ma 'dra ba la sogs pa mthong ba rnams. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 45.3. sgom nyams mu chor smra ba'i mi des nyams myong phyags mas 'debs. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 43.5.

•PHYANG NGE BA OT = 'jol le ba. Blaṅ 303.3. snying myi dga' phyang nge 'dug. Zhi-byed Coll. II 274.6.

•PHYANG BCAD thag bcad pa. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 178.

•PHYANG CHAD certain, definite. An Old Translations version of thag bcad. Skt. yama; restraining, controlling, restraint, fixed, established, etc. Klong-chen-pa 12.9. 91 I 573.4. Blaṅ 288.6. Germano, Poetic Thought 939, 'sterile nothingness.' = thag bcad. Lcang-skya.

•PHYANG SPRUL OT = rgyan. = spud pa. Blaṅ 295.2. rgyan nam spud pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYANG PHYANG = lheb lheb. BBNP 483.

•PHYANG PHRUL rna brgyan. Dbus-pa no. 411. = rna rgyan. Lcang-skya.

•PHYANG YAR OT = 'phrin las. Blaṅ 287.6. Dbus-pa no. 139. mdzad pa phrin las. Btsan-lha. phyang yar / [64r1] 'phrin las / mdzad pa 'phrin las nam mkha' dang mnyam lta bu / 'di dge slong ma'i chos gos lnga la ngan ngon sogs la smad pa'i tha snyad sbyar ba'i chos gos smad lnga zer ba yin [64r2] nam / yang skabs gang dang 'brel pa'i tshig grogs sbyar ba de'i snga phyir dpags nas go ba len dgos. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•PHYANGS tshe 'di blos phyangs kyis ma btang gi bar du chos bya ba'i skabs myi rnyed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 240.2.

•PHYAD KYIN phyad kyin 'phur ni ram gyin 'phur ba. Dpe-chos 512.

•PHYAD KYIN 'PHUR rim gyis 'phur. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAD KYIS thal byung. Gces 585.1. rbad kyis. Gces 588.3. thal byung. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAD KYIS 'GRO BA shar se 'gro ba. cham gyis 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAD KYIS BTANG rbad kyis btang. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAD KYIS SONG BA = cham gyis sam rbad kyis song ba. BBNP 473.

•PHYAD DE = 'jol le ba. Lcang-skya.

•PHYAD PA rgyun du'am rtag tu. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAD PA Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 4.4.

•PHYAD PAR rgyun du. Dbus-pa no. 131.

•PHYAD PHYOD Samdo A V 137r.2. yid had had por gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAD YAR phrin las. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAN BTANG 'og rlung shor ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAN PA rgyun par yang yang 'khor ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAM [1] In architecture, the rafters. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3. de'i steng du phyam zhes dpyam las phra ba'i shing chas. Namdak, Bzo-rig 77. [2] (elsewhere, cham) utter, utterly, to-the-limit. beam (also, the support place of a beam), as something overarching, level and enduring. Klong-chen-pa 8.6, etc. 'cham. Gces 583.1. Btsan-lha. Namdak. See under lcam.

•PHYAM BU ? Gold Ms. I 21r.2.

•PHYAM GYIS Samdo A IV 175r.3. See phyams kyis.

•PHYAM CHAD mnyam nyid. Btsan-lha. See phyam phyad.

•PHYAM STAN dmag sgar. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAM GDAL spread-out-to-the-limit. Phyam means (roof) beam, also, and sometimes this meaning is played on. Klong-chen-pa 3.5.

•PHYAM BRDAL Thondup, BM 330, n. 67.

•PHYAM PHYAD OT = mnyam nyid. Skt. samata. Blaṅ 286.1. Btsan-lha. = mnyam nyid. Lcang-skya. See phyam chad.

•PHYAM PHYAM PO kha 'phyam pa. Gces 587.1. 4 215v.3.

•PHYAM BYUNG pham par btang ba. cham la phab pa byung. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAM ME equalness. Thondup, BM 364.

•PHYAM TSE Or, phyam rtse, phyam tshe. gos kyi bye brag zla gam. phyam tse [~zla gam] ni nams kyang mi gsol ba'i rang bzhin. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 189.5, 190.1. BA 570, where it is translated as mantle, and BA 622, where it is translated as upper garment (but here spelled cham tsheg, but compare Lho-rong Chos-'byung, p. 477, where in the same narrative context it is spelled phyam tse). J. Karsten says it is the robe of a high-ranking monk and that the word is said to derive from Mongol camca ('shirt'), but he thinks it may be from something in Chinese.

•PHYAM TSHE zla gam gyi ming. 367 II 126.4. BA 891. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAMS KYIS Samdo A IV 48r.2, 215r.6. See phyam gyis.

•PHYAR THAN ? nyam brod phyar than la blangs nas skams pa yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 394.7.

•PHYAR PO CHE phyar po che'i khud na ni phya ra chen po'i nang na. Dpe-chos 517. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAR BAR BDAL Ardussi, Drinking 119.

•PHYAR G.YENG OT = rnam g.yeng. = rang nyid 'dod pa'i chos gzhan la ngom zhing sgeg pa. Blaṅ 289.4. rnam g.yeng. kun tu rtse ba. rang nyid 'dod pa'i chos gzhan la ngom zhing sgeg chos byed pa. Btsan-lha. = rnam g.yeng. Lcang-skya. I've noted use of this word in Vinayavastu.

•PHYAR G.YENG CAN 'du 'dzi la dga' ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAL (hon.) stomach, belly. = lto ba. Blaṅ 312.2. "mooring." Klong-chen-pa 10.18 comm. grod khog gi zhe sa. Btsan-lha. Schaik in JIABS 27 (2004) 183, simply translates it as 'openness.'

•PHYAL PA (= chal pa) float, buoy, coracle boat (with inflated skin for flotation). Samdo A V 100r.5. For a symbolic usage of the inflated bag, see BA 922. On the use of floats among Mongols, see Serruys in BSOAS 44 (1981). On use of floats for river crossing, etc., in many cultures, see James Hornell, Floats: A Study in Primitive Water-Transport, J. of the Royal Anthropological Institute 72 (1942) 33-44. PDF.

•PHYAL PA LHUG PA loose buoy (floating freely). Common in Klong-chen-pa.

•PHYAL PHYENG lto ba 'grang ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAL BA [1] traverse. grod pa. Gces 588.4. [2] = phal ba. ordinary. Karmay, Great Perfection 152-3, 162-3, 169. [3] apathetic [about philosophical questions]. Dalton, Crisis 129-130.

•PHYAL BAR [1] = yal ba (?), "to dwindle, vanish, be wiped out." [2] Or, scribal error for phral ba, "to throw away, remove, get rid of." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 318.

•PHYAL BAR GNAS tshul bzhin mi gnas par 'chal ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAL BAR BOR yal bar bor ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYAL BYAL rtsal cir yang 'char ba / phyal byal ba / rjen rjen pa / bun bun pa. Zhi-byed Coll. III 51.3.

•PHYAL LE BA ngos mnyam pa. Btsan-lha. phyal le ba la blo mtha' zhig pa de lta ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 285.5.

•PHYAS THOGS PA gzhan la skyon sbyar ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI dar yol. rgan po. Btsan-lha. Here evid. just a variant spelling for phyid.

•PHYI'I RKYEN in tantra, a way of referring to the generation stage. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 320.1.

•PHYI KHA Stein.

•PHYI KHYAMS verandah. The 'porch' that encircles the maṇḍala palace. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 368.4.

•PHYI MGRON commissioner. 'external chamberlain' (government representative on temporary deputation). Sources.

•PHYI RGOL YANG DAG proper opponent. See Hiroshi Nemoto, Who is a Proper Opponent? The Tibetan Buddhist Concept of phyi rgol yang dag, JIP 41 (2013) 151-165.

•PYI LCIGS SHE DAG 'gog rkyen sha stag. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI CHAD mnyam nyid. Dbus-pa no. 054.

•PHYI NYUG sprang po. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI TA phyi ta la sol du chud nas 'ong ba yin / 'phags pa dang dgra bcom pa kun rang chos kyi bdatg med bsgom pa / sngon du rdel dkar nag dran / dang po rdel nag po mang / phyi ta la rdel dkar po'i phung po bzhin du song tsam na dgra bcom pa'i 'bras bu thob par bzhed pa de dang 'dra. Gold Ms. III 78v.4-5.

•PHYI STA = phyi rol. "outside." Kuijp (1986) 36.

•PHYI THAG BSTUNGS PA 367 I 232.

•PHYI THANG BSTUNGS PA phyi ma'i bsam pa je thung la btang ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI THES RTSI BA phyi bshol byed par dga' ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI'I DE NYID BCU gzugs can dang gzugs can ma yin pa'i dkyil 'khor / dang po sbyor ba sogs kyi ting nge 'dzin / lha la rgyas 'debs pa'i phyag rgya / stangs stabs / 'dug stangs / las la sbyor ba / slar bsdu ba / bzlas brjod / sbyin sreg / mchod pa rnams so. 600 144-145.

•PHYI DE NANG BAR later in that day until the following morning.

•PHYI DOR byi dor byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI NAS GTUNG phyis su 'gyod pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI PANG smad dpyad mkhan. yig mkhan nam slob dpon. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI PHI (Dbus, Gtsang) = phyi ba, the large Tibetan marmot.

•PHYI 'PHRED phyi dro. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI BA A mammal, the marmot. See Sandberg, Tibet 300. glungs (klungs?) su nyal ba'i phyi ba dang 'dra ste. Zhi-byed Coll. II 468.1.

•PHYI PHYIR Spelled also pyi pyir. more and more (as time goes on). ZZFC 222-223 ("gradually"). [left] behind, late [for class]. C&LT 172.

•PHYI BI (compare: pha bi). OT = phyi rol. Blaṅ 295.1. Dbus-pa no. 398. = phyi rol. Lcang-skya. lha'am pha mes. phyi rol. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI BU sprang po. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI SBUN KOR LE sngar gyi nyams myong rtogs pa shar tshad kun // phyi sbun kor ler lus pa yang yang tshor. Samdo A III 193v.3.

•PHYI MIG a backward glance, a looking back (less literally used in 'nostalgic' contexts, or more literally, physically turning the head to look behind oneself).

•PHYI MO [1] root, basis. [2] ma dpe. original used to make copies. [3] grandmother (whether on father's or mother's side). [4] queen. rtsa ba'am gzhi ma dang ma dpe dang btsun mo sogs. Btsan-lha. btsun mo. Dbus-pa no. 586. rtsa ba. Dbus-pa no. 028. = btsun mo. = rtsa ba. Lcang-skya. [5] alphabet

•PHYI MYUG MA phyogs nas 'ongs pa'i sprang mo. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI TSHAS outer wrapping. phyi thum. Btsan-lha. Takeuchi in Brandon Dotson, et al., eds., Scribes, Texts, and Rituals in Early Tibet and Dunhuang, Reichert Verlag (Wiesbaden 2012) 102.

•PHYI TSHIGS Stein.

•PHYI TSHIS = phyi ma'i 'tsho thabs, = 'tsho thabs, = so nam, = 'tsho tshis. BBNP 476. bu chung lta bur phyi tshis med. Samdo A V 97r.3. means for future sustenance, provisions for the future (for tomorrow, or for old age). Samdo A V 120v.2, 265r.3. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI GZHOL phyir 'then nam phyir bshol. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI ROL PA'I RTAG PAR SMRA BA'I RTOG GE SDE LNGA grangs can pa / phur bu pa / bye brag pa / rig pa can / gcer bu pa rnams so. 600 53.

•PHYI ROL PA'I RTOG GE SDE DRUG sngar gyi lnga'i steng du chad par smra ba rgyang 'phen pa bsnan pa'o. 600 75.

•PHYI LA BSHUG phyi lag spyod pa dang bsnur ba dang tshong ba sogs. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI LANG I think it may be justifiable to translate this as a 'relapse' (falling back into past misdeeds). Lde'u 60. Perhaps even recidivism could work, although it sounds quite technical in English.

•PHYI LANG MTHO BA gshis ngan pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI LONG DD illus. 1, 5, 6, 14.

•PHYI SHA O.T. Dotson, Princess 75.

•PHYI SHAD the back of a saddle, cf. snga shad. Karmay, Treasury.

•PHYI SHOL dge sbyong la phyi shol ma byed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 241.1. gser sa dang phrad nas las la phyi shol ma byed. If you find a goldfield, don't go putting off work! Ibid. II 229.1 (similar to 168.5). kha cig long yod pa'i dus su bsgrub pa phyi shol byed de bsdad dbang med pa'i nang par 'gyod de mchi gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 60.5. Nowadays spelled phyi bshol, it means 'putting off' [work].

•PHYI SA excrement. BBNP 469. Skt. gūtha. Mvy. 4064. Upadhyaya in Mishra, ABS 350. See under ka ti sa ra. bshang ba. Btsan-lha. Smith, Remarks 6, where it is just taken to mean an outside place.

•PHYI SA'I GNAS defecation ground, shitty place. Kramer, Rngog 91.

•PHYI SUL brla'i phyi sul. DD illus. 6.

•PHYING felt. der thams cad 'tshogs nas phying dkar cig gi steng du bu mo cig bzhag. Zhi-byed Coll. II 295.7. See Berthold Laufer, The Early History of Felt, American Anthropologist, n.s. vol. 32, no. 1 (Jan. 1930), pp. 1-18. Wall paintings from 7th millennium BCE Turkey have been identified as copies of felting patterns. Mary E. Burkett, An Early Date for the Origin of Felt, Anatolian Studies, vol. 27 (1977), pp. 111-115.

•PHYING KA LOG lag gnyis rgyab tu bcings pa. Arms tied behind the back. Btsan-lha. Also spelled phyin ka log.

•PHYING PA Skt. namata. Mvy. 8981.

•PHYING BA [1] brda rnying par slob dpon. Btsan-lha. [2] felt. T&BS I 330.

•PHYING BA PA one of the optional monk-asceticisms. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 51.2. This is no doubt identical to the 'phying pa pa that appears in Mvy. 1130, equiv. to Skt. nāmatika or nāmantika.

•PHYING BU phying pa srab mo. Btsan-lha.

•PHYING RIL =phying rild. Uray, Narrative 29. felt roll [tax]. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•PHYING RIL BA OT 'consolidate.' (C. Beckwith).

•PHYING SANG rgya skad blon po'i sgra sgyur. Btsan-lha.

•PHYING SAD Chinese for: blon po. Blaṅ 311.1.

•PHYID See ma phyid. See under ngan phyid (BBNP 471). The vocabularies of obsolete words (brda rnying) say it means dar yol ba, or, rgan po. phyid ni phul thabs zhes pa la'ang 'jug. Dpe-chos 505. phyid nang bud med kyi 'phong rar lad mo byas pa. Gold Ms. I 2v.6. Btsan-lha.

•PHYID NYIN for phyi nyin (?). Gold Ms. I 12v.1.

•PHYID DE phyis te. Gces 582.3. phyis te. dar yol. rgas pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYID PA ldang ba. longs pa. Btsan-lha. Stein.

•PHYIN CI LOG BZHI mi gtsang ba la gtsang bar 'dzin pa / bdag med pa la bdag tu 'dzin pa / sdug bsngal la bde bar 'dzin pa / mi rtag pa la rtag par 'dzin pa'o. 600 38. These are called viprayāsa in Skt. (Pāli vipallāsa).

•PHYIBS GZHOL rta nas babs pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYI'I GO RGYA TSAM GCOD PA phyi'i thos pa rgya cher btsal ba las don dngos su nyams len mi byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYIR As it occurs at the end of a statement in debate, it indicates the reason (see under thal).

•PHYIR RGOL antagonist (opponent). Thurman.

•PHYIR RGYU perhaps phyir rgyug. lit. 'running outside,' name of a channel. Yangga's dissert., p. 299.

•PHYIR DU In order to (this is in contrast to phyir na, q.v.).

•PHYIR NA In contrast to phyir du (q.v.), phyir na means 'because, since.'

•PHYIR NANG am Morgen. Kaschewsky2.

•PHYIR BSNUR phyir nur ba'am 'then pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYIR PHYIR PHYIR In debates, accompanied with 3 hand claps, it is meant to hurry up the defender of the thesis. Dreyfus, Sound 213 convincingly explains the phyir as a short version of ci'i phyir, 'why'? Dreyfus, Rationality 52.

•PHYIR PHRI BA phyir 'then pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYIR MA BLAN PA tshur ma bsdus pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYIR MI LDOG PA non-returner. Skt. avivartya. No. 7 of the 10 bhūmis in the Avataṃsaka (lecture by Jan Nattier).

•PHYIR ZHING DBYUNG BA 'phel ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYIR LANG BYED PA nyes pa yang yang byas pa. kha ya byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYIR BSLAN PA phyir bsdus pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYIS dbyi ba'i bskul tshig. Dagyab. later, later on, in the future.

•PHYIS GNON mthu yis mnan pa dang zil gyis gnon pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYIS BU OT = snod. Blaṅ 289.6. Dbus-pa no. 219. zangs gzhong snod. Btsan-lha. = snod. Lcang-skya.

•PHYU BA Probably the correct spelling of chu ba, q.v., the Tibetan national garb. See Hobson-Jobson, p. 205 (the entry for choga), which relates it to a Turkic word.

•PHYU RU RU nad kyi blangs pa thams cad gyen du phyu ru ru song bar bsam mo. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 288.1 (also, 288.5).

•PHYUG See Beckwith in TS7 II 1049. Cattle as wealth.

•PHYUG PHYUNG MA slim beauty. mdzes ma lus phra ma. Btsan-lha.

•PHYUGS For an (evidently rare) Buddhist usage of the term in its Śaivite sense of paśu, see David Gray, Eating the Heart of the Brahmin, History of Religions, fol. 45, no. 1 (2005), p. 63. But see Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 130, which translates paśu in the ordinary sense of 'cattle.'

•PHYUGS RGOD 'animal gorilla.' Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 51.

•PHYUGS CUNG gzhon nu ma. Btsan-lha.

•PHYUGS CHUNG lang tsho dar la bab pa'i gzhon nu ma. Btsan-lha. gzhon nu. Dbus-pa no. 647.

•PHYUGS CHUNG MA NYAMS PA gzhon nu ma grong pa'i chos kyis ma gos pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYUGS DEB cattle register. Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 13.

•PHYUGS PHYUNG OT = gzhon nu ma. Blaṅ 300.4.

•PHYUGS RDZI'I 'DZAR BA 367 I 237.

•PHYUGS RU nor 'brog, she 'brog. Nomads 242.

•PHYUGS LHAS It literally means a cattle yard, but in effect means a settlement or inhabited place. Yisun defines as a place where the domestic animals have packed down the earth, an enclosure where they sleep, etc. Negi gives Skt. ābhīrasthāna.

•PHYUNG PHYUNG = gzhon nu ma. Lcang-skya.

•PHYUR RKANG a difficult term, it might be corrected to chu rkang, meaning rhubarb stem. Discussion in ATPP 69.

•PHYUR BA = phyu ra. For the two types of cheese, one bluish and one lightish, see Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 41. Sngo phyur is produced at higher elevations. An iron cheese container is illus. in Precious Deposits V 140. Pema Namgyal, Research on 'Cheese' in Tibetan Culinary Tradition, paper to be given at the 5th International Seminar of Young Tibetologists (St. Petersburg 2018).

•PHYUR BU roof top. See the drawing and description by Kohn in Mandala & Landscape 390.

•PHYE nyi ma phye / nyi ma phyed. Btsan-lha.

•PHYE GTOR 1. Tsam pa scattering as a religious practice. 2. Praise. Samdo A IV 253r.6. Could translate, Praise to high heavens. See under che gtor.

•PHYE 'THOR ngo bstod. Btsan-lha.

•PHYE BA dpyad pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYE BRUL phye brul ni phye zan. Dpe-chos 509. phye zan. Btsan-lha.

•PHYE 'BRED phyi dro'i dus. Btsan-lha.

•PHYE MA BDAR bcad pa'am gzhogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYE MA PHUR MA spos kyi phye ma sogs bdug tu rung ba thum por byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYE MA RED phyi dro'i dus. Btsan-lha.

•PHYE MA LEB butterfly or moth. As symbol of 'thirst': phye ma leb me mar gyi 'od la 'dod pas nang du 'phyong ba dang 'dra bar. Zhi-byed Coll. V 296.2. JD 256. = stag khra, bye stag khra, bye stag, ltung byed. YTTM 293.12. Skt. pataṅga. Mvy. 4857. See Klaus Karttunen, "Śalabha, Pataṅga, etc. Locusts, Crickets and Moths in Sanskrit Literature," Cracow Indological Studies, vols. 4-5 (2002-2003), pp. 303-316. Note that Skt. pataṅga, besides meaning butterfly, may also mean kite (see P.K. Gode in Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. 37 [1957?], pp. 111-119; other words for 'kite' being guḍḍī, vāvaḍī).

•PHYE MAR A mixture of barley flour and butter, kept in a trough-like container called 'bo on the altar at New Year. A pinch of this is thrown into the air by guests. See gro so phye mar. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 9. Norbu, Drung 110. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 47. Noble Mountaineer 267.

•PHYE MAR BSREG PA calcination. Simioli, AG 54.

•PHYE LEB (Amdo, Khams) = phye ma leb, = bye ma leb. MTTP.

•PHYE LEB SHOG BZHI One of six names for dragonfly discussed in M.A.J.E. Kiauta-Brink, Some Tibetan Expressions for Dragonfly, with Special Reference to the Biological Features and Demonology, Odonatologica 5 no 2 (June 1976) 143-152 [PDF].

•PHYE GSAL dbye 'byed zhib 'jug gsal por byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYED dar yol. rgan po. Btsan-lha. Be carefully aware that phyed dang bdun means 6 1/2 (like German halb sieben), while bdun dang phyed means 7 1/2. Also, phyed gsum has to be translated 'two and one half.'

•PHYED DKYIL skyil krung phyed pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYED SKU Achard, L'Essence 125, 135, 196.

•PHYED PA See ma phyed pa. Blaṅ 311.6.

•PHYED PAR rgyun par. Btsan-lha.

•PHYEN 'og rlung. rtug dri. Btsan-lha.

•PHYEM DRED afternoon. phyi dro. dgong mo. Btsan-lha, where it is marked as obsolete. For other spellings, see following entries.

•PHYEM 'PHRED phyi dro. Yisun.

•PHYEM BRED phyi dro. Btsan-lha.

•PHYEM REG rjes ma. Btsan-lha.

•PHYEM RED OT = phyi dro'am dgongs mo. Blaṅ 516.3. Yisun.

•PHYES 'BRANG mgron khang. 'grul pa'i gnas tshang. Btsan-lha.

•PHYO LA LA OZZ 122 n. 33.

•PHYOGS side, orientation, leaning toward a particular side, headed in a particular direction. Especially philosophical or 'ideological' orientations. Skt. diś, pakṣa, etc. = dam bca'; position, thesis. Skt. pakṣa. Thurman.

•PHYOGS SKYONG BCO LNGA dbang po / gshin rje / chu bdag / gnod sbyin / me lha / srin po / rlung lha / 'byung po / tshans pa / sa'i lha mo dang bcu / de'i steng du nye dbang / tshogs bdag / nyi ma / zla ba / thag bzang ris bsnan pa'o. 600 183.

•PHYOGS SNGA proponent, proposed thesis.

•PHYOGS GCIG = khor gcig. Lcang-skya.

•PHYOGS BCU phyogs bzhi / mtshams bzhi / steng 'og gnyis rnams so. 600 136.

•PHYOGS BCU'I RGYAL BA Listed in Gser Sbram 358.

•PHYOGS CHOS travel clothing (worn by monks). Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964) 136.

•PHYOGS RTOGS partial realizers (those who realize only part). Dalton, Crisis 130.

•PHYOGS SPRANG tinker (Kesselflicker). Wandering smiths. Schmied 89, 103.

•PHYOGS MA ?

•PHYOGS MI monks visiting from other monasteries, distinguished from gzhi ba, permanent residents. Jansen, Elephant 124.

•PHYOGS MED impartial, nonpartisan (opposite of 'partial' in the several different senses of the English word). undirected, without prejudice.

•PHYOGS ZHEN biased.

•PHYOGS BZUNG khas blangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYOGS YOR BLTA phyogs thams cad la lta. Btsan-lha.

•PHYOGS RE BA partial, piecemeal, incomplete, one-sided, lopsided.

•PHYOGS LAS RNAM RGYAL Stearns, King 62.

•PHYOGS SU BRLAN phyogs su gtogs pa dang bsdus pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHYOGS BSLAD PA lam phyogs nor ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYOGS LHUNG partial definition, bias, partiality. Skt. pakṣapāta (?); lit., falling of feathers (wings), maintaining a thesis, taking sides in an argument, partisanship.

•PHYOD KYIS glo bur. Btsan-lha.

•PHYOD CHUNG BA 'gor 'gyangs sam dal ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHYOD CHE BA tshegs chung. Btsan-lha.

•PHYON MA ?? phyon ma'i chos sha stag bshad do. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 79, p. 356.1.

•PHYOM RED phyi dro.

•PHYOR impv. of 'phyar. Dagyab.

•PHRA KHANG the setting. MTTP.

•PHRA KHAB 'fine needle,' the name of one of the heart channels. Yangga's dissert., p. 296.

•PHRA RGYAS Skt. anuśaya. An Abhidharma concept. I recommend translating it as 'insinuators,' since these are 'poisons' that insinuate themselves in the mind stream, and are subsequently 'amplified' Perhaps 'infiltrators' would also do the trick. rkyen ngan gyi 'phra rgyas ldang. Zhi-byed Coll. II 467.7. 'phra rgyas ma spangs pa'i rang bzhin gyis nyon mongs pa 'go rkyen. Zhi-byed Coll. V 139.6. nyon mongs pa phra ba las rgyas par byas pa ste / ngo bo mthong dka' bas na phra ba dang / dmigs pa dang mtshungs ldan gang rung gi sgo nas rgyas par 'gyur bas na rgyas pa'o. Gser Sbram 129. See under bag la nyal.

•*PHRA RGYAS BDUN In Pāli sources, you find the seven 'latent tendencies' listed as 1. sensual desire (kāmarāga). 2. aversion (paṭigha). 3. wrong view (diṭṭhi). 4. spiritual doubt (vicikicchā). 5. conceit (māna). 6. desire for existence (bhavarāga). 7. ignorance (avijjā).

•PHRA TIG rdo rje dbyings la 'phra tig gi srin bu zhugs pa gyis cig. Zhi-byed Coll. III 13.1. I understand it to mean 'inset dots' or 'inset lines,' although the tig could also be a Tibetanizing spelling for Skt. ṭīka, 'commentary,' as the tig in phra tig surely means in the Snying thig ya bzhi titles where it occurs. Perhaps phra tig (more often spelled 'phra tig) really does just mean a commentary that works on subtle levels...

•PHRA PHABS mirror divination. Berounsky, Murdered 24.

•PHRA PHRE'U Evidently means 'subtle and extremely subtle'. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 90.2.

•PHRA MA [1] calumny. a type of slander intended to create divisions between two persons or groups. Often calumny or slander are used to translate this, but they don't necessarily supply the full meaning . I believe calumny comes closest. Try this: 'sowing discord.' [2] As a legal term, see under khra ma.

•PHRA MEN [1] evil spirits. Sam van Schaik & Kazushi Iwao, Fragments of the Testament of Ba from Dunhuang, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 128, no. 3 (2008), pp. 477-487, at p. 485. N. for asuras. phra men [lha ma yin] phyin kha log. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 456.4. [2] As a word for a kind of metal or combination of metals, at the moment I believe electrum may be the best translation. Electrum is a naturally occuring combination of gold and silver. The first coins stamped with designs in human history were electrum coins made by Greeks in western Asia Minor in the late 7th century BCE. Richardson thinks (HP,PE 14-15) that this is probably gilded silver, but that it may have been a variegated hard stone such as agate or onyx (which appears to have 'inlays'). silver inlay. 28 88. so ga'i chang 'phra men gyi snod gang grangs par gda' bas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 74.3. Dotson, Note, p. 81, opts for the translations 'gold alloy' and 'silver and gold alloy' (also, Dotson, OTA glossary). But in a more recent work, he considers the question again in light of the Tang Annals and concludes that it means gold-plated silver (back to Richardson's idea; see Dotson, Dissert. 250-215). Guessed to be manganese in Arch. of TB 81. [3] It may also stand for a title of rank in the imperial government. Takata Tokio, A Note on the Lijiang Tibetan Inscription, Asia Major 19 nos 1-2 (2006) 161-170, at p. 164 (here understood as 'silver inlaid with gold' although it is noted that Yamaguchi interpreted it as 'opal'). I was once thinking that silver with gold inlay makes good sense most of the time (filigree would probably be a fine translation in such cases), although I also was also thinking semi-precious stones with inlay-looking 'veins' are somehow sometimes intended, and this material could serve as a badge of official rank, I suppose. But then 'electrum' has emerged as a very strong candidate, here, too. Most recently Uebach has divined that it is a borrowing based on Skt. pramaṇḍita (maṇḍita means 'adorned, decorated'). See her "Two Indian Loanwords in Old Tibetan: Men-tri and Phra-men," contained in: Charles Ramble & Hanna Havnevik, eds., From Bhakti to Bon: Festschrift for Per Kvaerne, Novus Forlag (Oslo 2015) 543-549.

•PHRA MEN GYI YI GE phra men gyi byang bu'i thog go gnas sogs bkod pa'i yi ge. Btsan-lha. Dotson, Note 81.

•PHRA MEN MA Eastman, Vajrayana Handbook, says this is the common Tun-huang version of Mkha' 'gro ma. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 187. sha za mkha' 'gro. Cantwell in FBTB 158 ('phra men ma) translates as [human-animal] 'hybrid females.'

•PHRA MEN SRIN 87 I 56.1.

•PHRA LA DRIL BA Achard, L'Essence 131.

•PHRA LA PHRAN BU ganz gering. ZAS VII 474.

•PHRAG [1] gap between teeth or tusks. mche ba'i phrag ni mche ba'i bar te / phrag dang srag dang hrag dang bar rnams rang rang gi yul skad do. Dpe-chos 516. [2] 'upper back'; area of back between the two shoulder blades. [3] (used with numbers) a complete set of...

•PHRAG THAG BTSUM ME sgom thag mngon par. Gces 585.3. sgom thag mngon par byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHRAG DOG gnas lugs kyi don la rtog dpyod byed pas phrag dog byung. 91 I 582.2-.3.

•PHRAG RDANG GIS KHUR 'KHUR BA shing ring gi sne la khur po btags nas khur ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHRAG NA = dbus na, = bar na. BBNP 480.

•PHRAG NA GNAS bar na gnas. Btsan-lha.

•PHRAG PA DD illus. 6. Sa paṇ suggests this would be a proper translation for Skt. skandha. Rhoton, CD 172.

•PHRAG PA'I CHU BA DD illus. 30.

•PHRAG PA'I LHUN MDZES PA dpung mgo legs par zlum pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHRAG DBYUNG ring 'gag. Btsan-lha.

•PHRAD 'PHROG 'phrad ma thag. Btsan-lha.

•PHRAN BU DRUG finger blood vessels. DD illus. 23.

•PHRAN TSHAGS sred zhen che ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHRAL Stein. the short term, immediate (benefit).

•PHRAS TE 'DUG PA rkang lag brkyangs te 'dug pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHRI phyi'i shun pa'i nang gi bar shun srab mo. Btsan-lha.

•PHRI LI LI See Yisun. rgyun chad med par sngags su shes pa la 'dres par byas nas phri li li bgrang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (1991) I 328. Rangjung Yeshes dictionary says it means 'quivering, shivering.' I think it means 'tumbling'.

•PHRID bdag 'dzin gyi kha ma phrid na chos thos pa'i dgos pa stor. Zhi-byed Coll. II 431.7. Probably the phrid in this sentence is an unusual spelling (correct spelling phris, not phrid) of the past or imperative form of kha 'brid pa, which means [1] to entice and catch something through trickery (as in to bait a fishhook), or [2] to lessen, diminish. See kha 'brid pa.

•PHRIG PA CIG = 'gul ba'am g.yo ba tsam. BBNP 480. Btsan-lha.

•PHRIL GYIS phril gyis song ba ni hril gyis song ba. Dpe-chos 515. Samdo A II 81v.6.

•PHRIL PHRIL Samdo A IV 174r.3, 175r.6. rang bzhin snang ba'i rtogs pa mi 'gyur bar nyin mtshan phril phril gnas nus na / bsgom brtan cing rab tu gyur pa yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. II 355.7.

•PHRU [1] phye ma'am phub ma dang rngog ma sogs. Btsan-lha. [2] Rolf Stein's The World in Miniature, pp. 202, 333 (gnam gyi phru ka, phru'u kha), where it is used for the point at the top of a helmet or a palace.

•PHRU BTAB dmag sgar rgyag pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHRU RTOG Mvy. no. 9385, says this is Skt. ghaṭikā, an earthen vessel for measuring time, a clepsydra type of clock.

•PHRU RTOG BTSUGS PA thab kha btsugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHRU DO ngo bo phyogs ma lhung ba rgyal mtshan gyi phru do lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 482.7.

•PHRU DREG SS 526.6.

•PHRU RDOG thab zangs. Btsan-lha.

•PHRU DPON phru dpon ni / 'brog gi 'bri mdzo rta lug phru ma'i gnyer byed pa'o. Lde'u 256.

•PHRU BA See rdzi'u. rdza ma'am khog ma. Btsan-lha. nor phru ba [rdza snod] de las mi 'dug pa la. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 168.2.

•PHRU 'BREG rdza ma zangs nga khog ma sogs kyi dregs pa'i ming. Btsan-lha.

•PHRU BLUGS PA phye ma'am sa rags pa blugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHRU MA [1] fort. OT = pho brang. Dbus-pa no. 279. Blaṅ 292.1. Lcang-skya. [2] military camp. phru ma btab (to pitch camp). OT = dmag sgar. Blaṅ 292.1. = dmag sgar. Lcang-skya. [3] female diviner. mo ma. Btsan-lha. [4] afterbirth or placenta. = sha ma. phru ma gson por lpags pa bshu ba lta bu. '[Taking off] the afterbirth is like being flayed alive.' umbilical cord. Havnevik, Dissertation 147. See Dagyab. Btsan-lha. Used as a child's toy, when blown up as a balloon. [5] Jake Dalton (Berkeley) tells me that this is a Bru-sha (Burushaski) word with the Tibetan meaning being 'khor, 'retinue, court.'

•PHRU MA BTAB dmag sgar btab pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHRU TSHUD dar ba'i snyigs ma. Btsan-lha.

•PHRU RLOG sa zhing gsar pa rmos pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHRU SLOG zhing rmo ba, 'to plow a field.' = phru rlog in 4 46.6. This seems to be used more for spring plowing (before seed planting), or for newly turning the soil of a previously uncultivated field.

•PHRU SLOG BTSUGS PA sla nga thab tu btsugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•PHRUG [1] This is original one-syllable form of phru gu, child (M.T. Lhasa pron. pugu). [2] = snam phrug, thick woolen cloth. MTTP. [3] used in numeric expression.

•PHRUG GI GDAN Wollmatte. Kaschewsky2.

•PHRUG LCE Stein.

•PHRUG PHRIG rkang lag gis sa sogs 'thor ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHRUGS See dgu phrugs. Gces 586.5. bzhi phrugs in Karmay, Great Perfection 97 n. 70. lhan cig. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (1991) I 124.1.

•PHRUGS PA to scratch. Jamspal, Treasury 63.

•PHRUM [1] curd. yogurt and buttermilk. zho dang dar ba. Btsan-lha. [2] army. dmag. Dbus-pa no. 335. [3] cartilage, gristle.

•PHRUM KHU phyur khu. Btsan-lha.

•PHRUM PHYE phur ba. Btsan-lha.

•PHRUM PHRUM 445 III 26.1.

•PHRUM TSHUD 'o ma dang dar ba bskol ba'i snyigs ma. zho'i snod. Btsan-lha.

•PHRUM RUS DD illus. 15.

•PHRUL PHYAL grod pa'i zhe sa. Btsan-lha.

•PHRE'U [1] sked rags kyi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha. [2] srin bu phre'u. Skt. kunta. Mvy. 4851. A type of insect. Monier-Williams defines kunta as spear or lance, small animal or insect, a species of grain, passion, the god of love, etc.

•PHRE CHEN LTE BA See gla rtsi.

•PHRENG RGYUD garland stringer. Hahn, TSD 13.

•PHRENG LDAN Skt. sragviṇī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•PHRENG PHRENG PO thang thang po. mkhregs po. Btsan-lha.

•PHRENG BA Skt. paṅkti. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37. Skt. sraj. N. of still another metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•PHRENG BA SKOR GSUM a bhya ka ras mdzad pa'i dkyil chog rdo rje phreng ba / sgrub thabs rnal 'byor rdzogs phreng / sbyin sreg 'od kyi snye ma rnams so. 600 18-19.

•PHRENG BA LDAN Skt. mālinī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•PHRENG BA 'DZIN MA Skt. sragdharā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•PHRED GTAN 'dan shing ngam a shing. Btsan-lha.

•PHREN SHING ME TOG See ja ta lugs pa.

•PHREL Samdo A IV 138v.2.

•PHROG SS 531.2.

•PHROM [1] place name, perhaps in origins a word for Rome or Byzantium. hor sog gi stod kyi byang phyogs pa rnams la go. 506A 339. [2] zil pa phrom me ba. chang glum. Btsan-lha. See thang phrom. [3] Said to be an O.T. word meaning 'white.' Hill in Archiv Orientální 83 (2015) 191.

•PHROM PHROM See dngul gyi phrom phrom.

•PHROM MER C&LT 172.

•'PHAG PA OT = 'jug pa. Also, cha ba. Blaṅ 294.2. 'jug pa. Btsan-lha. = 'jug pa. Lcang-skya.

•'PHAGS GDAMS PA Jansen, Elephant 114.

•'PHAGS PA 'gro ba. bskyod pa. tshad nges can zhig las brgal ba'am lhag par du. Btsan-lha.

•'PHAGS PA'I NOR BDUN dad pa'i nor / tshul khrims kyi nor / thos pa'i nor / gtong ba'i nor / ngo tsha shes pa'i nor / khrel yod pa'i nor / shes rab kyi nor rnams so. 600 91. Gser Sbram 86.

•'PHAGS PA'I DBYANGS A style of metrical composition (sdeb sbyor). Rabsal 119.

•'PHAGS LAM YAN LAG BRGYAD yang dag pa'i lta ba / yang dag pa'i rtog pa / yang dag pa'i ngag / yang dag pa'i las kyi mtha' / yang dag pa'i 'tsho ba / yang dag pa'i rtsol ba / yang dag pa'i dran pa / yang dag pa'i dran pa / yang dag pa'i ting nge 'dzin 'phags lam yan lag rnams so. 600 116.

•'PHANG [vertical] height.

•'PHANG BKRA Norbu, Drung 79. Beyer 327.

•'PHANG CHEN Mdo 231.

•'PHANG MDUNG mdung rno can. mdung zhags. Btsan-lha.

•'PHANG NAG a tree. See 'phang ma'i 'bras bu.

•'PHANG GI SPANG SA mda' 'phang ba sbyong mkhan gyi sdod sa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHANG 'BRAS Chinese wolfberry. CTEV 29.

•'PHANG MA'I 'BRAS BU DG 208.5. Varieties: 'phang skya, 'phang nag. JD 97.

•'PHANG LO wheel, cycle, spindle. rin po che'i do shal bkrol nas lus kyi brgyan du gyo mo'i 'phang lo 'degs pa cig mthong. Zhi-byed Coll. II 254.1. bram ze 'di la rang gi yab mes nas rigs byed sgrubs pa'i rdzas rten 'brel gyi 'phang lo bzhi yod de. Zhi-byed Coll. II 115.1. See under phang lo. One Skt. word for 'spindle' (there seem to be many in M-W) is tarku, and it is hard to avoid the idea this latter may be related to 'torque.' "The ritualist places the feminine symbols spindle and distaff in the patient’s hand, he walks under a gate she has constructed of reeds, the ritualist takes the spindle and distaff away from him, giving him the masculine symbols bow and arrow..." Jared Miller, Paskuwatti's Ritual, JANER 10 (2010) 84.

•'PHANGS PA threw, shot out (an arrow, etc.). Used for distance-throwing sporting event.

•'PHANGS MED [giving] without holding back.

•'PHAN OZZ 113.

•'PHAN SGU ? zag pa'i 'phan sgu ma shes na gnyen po'i rtsi mi 'thung ba yin gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 40.4.

•'PHAN CAN phyag rten dang rgyags dang 'phan can mang po bzung nas. Gold Ms. I 7r.3.

•'PHAN DAR Notice its use in a text btsan phyugs 'phan dar gsum dang ldan (left untranslated with a question mark) in Daniel Berounsky, Tibetan Myths on 'Good Fortune' (phya) and 'Well-Being' (g.yang), p. 64.

•'PHAN DAR MA na ba'am rgas pas nyams pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHAN PA OT = chag pa. = ma nyams pa. Blaṅ 296.3. = chag pa. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. "disintegrated." See Kuijp in JAOS 111, p. 100. Dpe-chos 507. See under rmang ba. Norbu, Drung 103, etc. chag pa'am skyon zhugs pa'i don. chags pa. Dbus-pa no. 465.

•'PHAN MED PA nyams skyon med pa. 367 II 127.2. Btsan-lha.

•'PHAN ZEL 'phan zel ni chag pa dang gas pa dang nyams pa sogs la 'jug par brda gsar rnying du byung. Eimer, Dbyangs 55.

•'PHAN ZEL RIN CHEN ma nu ha'i rigs kyi rin po che zhig. Btsan-lha.

•'PHAR See sgo 'phar. sgo'i glegs bu. Btsan-lha.

•'PHAR 'GRO See sbal ba.

•'PHAR BA [1] 'Promotion,' as when a student is promoted to a higher level. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 35. [2] Name of an animal in Bon Kanjur (192-vol. version) CLXV 272a.4. In a list of carnivores. Samdo A V 52v.3. JD 239. In a list of carnivores in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 438. See under phar ba. TM IV 112. = ri khyi dmar chung, ri dwags 'tsho byed. JD 239. [3] Other meanings: leap, jump, pulse (throb), multiply into many.

•'PHAR 'BUB Stein.

•'PHAR MA additional, extra, more than ordinarily required. 'phar ma'i tshul du bdag gis 'di bzhag go. Zhi-byed Coll. III 66.1.

•'PHAR MA KU KANG a type of animal featured in seals attached to royal orders according to a Dunhuang text. See Dotson, Dissert. 312, 314. Stein thought it was a type of bird, but a kind of wild dog seems more likely, really.

•'PHAR MA PA'I MI yi ge skyel ba'i pho nya. Btsan-lha.

•'PHAR RTSA'I GTSAGS BU medical implement. JD 276 (item 3). 'phar rtsa means 'artery' as distinguished from 'vein' (sdod rtsa).

•'PHAR SRANG metal puncher, or embossing tool. Schmied 148.

•'PHAL KA OT deriv. from Skt. phalka q.v. Blaṅ 307.6.

•'PHUNGS PA spungs pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHUR mchongs. "to have jumped." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•'PHUR SLEB bya rgyal 'phur sleb. KP1 202.3. KP4 510.1. See phur leb.

•'PHUR SLEB BZHI SBYOR a medicinal compound. BP 235.4.

•'PHUL BA'I BTUNG PHOR phor pa bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•'PHENG BA = 'phreng ba. "garland, chain, mala." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•'PHEN BYED propellent. Rhoton, CD 47 ff. Actions divided between propellent ('phen byed) and culminative (rdzogs byed).

•'PHEN MED skyon med. Btsan-lha.

•'PHE'U to sup, dine. OT = gsol ba. Blaṅ 295.2. zas sam gsol ba. Btsan-lha. = gsol ba. Lcang-skya.

•'PHEL KA 'GRIG 'phel ka 'grig 'di legs sbyar gyi phalka zhes pa ri mo'i skad dod zur chag pa'i 'phal ka de yin des na ri mo 'grig [60r3] ces pa'o. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'PHEL 'GRIB Stein.

•'PHEL GDUNG Discussion by Laufer, Kleinere Schriften I 68-69, giving a history of the very strange European idea that Tibetans are a coprophagous people. He traces the first report of this back to the 17th cent. work by Köppen, Die lamaische Hierarchie, p. 348. One might also refer to Capt. John G. Bourke (an American), Scatalogic Rites of All Nations: A Dissertation upon the Employment of Excrementitious Remedial Agents in Religion, Therapeutics, Divination, Witchcraft, Love-Philtres, etc., in All Parts of the Globe, W.H. Lowdermilk & Co. (Washington 1891); from its many citations one may see the continuity of this particularly nasty (but remarkably persistent) 'image' of Tibetan religiosity.

•'PHEL BA Stein.

•'PHEL BYED SS 433.6.

•'PHEL TSHA a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'PHEL LU gsol ba. Dbus-pa no. 407.

•'PHO BSKYAS sdod gnas spo ba. Btsan-lha.

•'PHO 'GYUR MED PA untransformed and untransported (neither altered nor transferred to another place apart from its own).

•'PHO CHEN SKU = pho ba chen po'i sku. A kind of 'ja'-lus that lives on for centuries helping people. Thondup, TTN 193. Rdo Grub-chen III, Works V 184.4.

•'PHO LTUNG GI SDUG BSNGAL Expl. in Gser Sbram 19.

•'PHO BA = 'phen pa. Lcang-skya.

•'PHO BA CHEN PO Thondup, BM 137.

•'PHO LEN transfer of officials. See not yet published article by Christoph Cüppers, Some Remarks on the Tibetan Language Used in Former Government Decrees, p. 336.

•'PHOG CHES Stein.

•'PHONG 'phong dang gri skor mkhan 'thab pa lta bur ma yengs pa. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 225.5.

•'PHONG SKYEN PA ltong sbyar ba la mkhas pa'am goms pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHONG GI DPONG SA mtshon cha'i sgyu rtsal bslab pa'i gnas. Btsan-lha.

•'PHONG GI DPYOD 'phongs rtsal. Btsan-lha.

•'PHONG BA 'phen pa. Dbus-pa no. 424.

•'PHONG GI SLOB DPON archery instructor. mda'i sgyu rtsal slob mkhan gyi dge rgan. Btsan-lha. 'phong gi slob dpon gam nas rgyang du sring. Zhi-byed Coll. I 268.6.

•'PHONG RA archery practice arena. mda'i sgyu rtsal slob sa'i ra ba. Yisun. bud med kyi 'phong rar lad mo byas pa... (an enclosure for archery? or perhaps just an open 'square' in the town?). Gold Ms. I 3r.1. me bza' skyid de 'phong ra zhig na bal 'khel [~bal 'khal] gyin 'dug pa la bskor ba... Lo-ras-pa's biography.

•'PHONGS PA [1] nyon mongs. Btsan-lha. [2] 'og sgo, rkub, phongs. anus, buttocks. Stein.

•'PHONGS PHYIS PA'I RDO Butt wiping stone. (A metaphor for something that really ought to be discarded quickly and far away!) I've noticed this phrase used by Pha bong kha pa in a polemical passage against Bon. See also Thuken 152.

•'PHONGS RUS DD illus. 8.

•'PHONGS SU RGYAB 'phongs su rgyab ni 'phongs su bcug pa'am ' brgyal du bcug pa. Dpe-chos 509. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYA BA ming smos pa'i sgo nas skyon 'dogs byed pa. Btsan-lha. 'phya langs kyi sa na gnas kyang... Zhi-byed Coll. V 470.2. smod pa. Dbus-pa no. 015.

•'PHYA BA THO RE BA CIG DGOS mi rnams kyis 'phra smod dir re byed pa cig dgos. 367 I 241.4.

•'PHYA SLAS gzhan la lad zlos kyis khrel dgod byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYAG PA Stein. sweeping [with a broom].

•'PHYANG a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYANG GDANG A part of a loom. See Dag-yig 325.

•'PHYANG MO NYUG the tshom. Btsan-lha. nam mkha' stong pa la 'phyang mo snyugs cig. Zhi-byed Coll. III 13.1.

•'PHYANG MO SNYUGS PA spyir the tshom gyi ming yin zhing skabs thob kyis shing sogs la 'thams pa'am 'khril ba'i don la'ang 'jug par snang ste. Generally means doubt, but sometimes coil around or wrap around wood or the like. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYAN See zhu 'phyan. Gces 588.2.

•'PHYAN PA wander aimlessly, roam freely. lower air. OT = 'khyam pa. Blaṅ 297.5. dbang med du 'khyam pa. 'og rlung. Btsan-lha. 'khyams pa. Dbus-pa no. 518. helplessly churn. Decleer, Tragkar verse 2. = 'khyam pa. = yan pa. Lcang-skya.

•'PHYAN MO cook, housekeeper. 'phyan mo 'di byanydza na [i.e. vyañjana, which can mean 'cookery'] zur chags pas byan zhes pa tshod ma'i ming dang / de'i g.yos mkhan mo la byan mo zhes grags te / nang gi las byed pa la nang byan zhes pa lta bu'o. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'PHYAM LDING lding ba. 'byams pa. gsel ba (gsom shing) dang phyag mtshan bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYAR khang pa'i mda' yab. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYAR KA GTONG BA rdzun gyis sun 'byin pa'am smod pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYAR KHA smod pa. Gces 584.6.

•'PHYAR G.YENG rnam g.yeng. Dbus-pa no. 203.

•'PHYAR DU MI STER BA = g.yeng du mi 'jug pa. BBNP 472. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYAR BA sgeg pa. Btsan-lha. Stein. fluttering, billowing (of cloth like flags or robes).

•'PHYAS 'phyas glengs kyi sar song na yang song. Zhi-byed Coll. V 235.3.

•'PHYAS MYI 'DAGS 'phya smod mi bya. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYI BA JD 247. bya rgod 'phyi ba khur ba ni las dbang gis bya rgod kyis 'phyi ba gang du 'gro 'dod pa der khur te bskyal ba. Eimer, Dbyangs 57. JD 247. SS 499.5. Acc. to Róna-Tas, this is the correct spelling of the word for marmot: András Róna-Tas, A Khitan Word for Marmot, AOH 57 (2004) 27-29.

•'PHYI MO = slad ma. "later." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•'PHYIG PA 'khyig pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYING BA lug bal gyis bzos pa zhig. Nomads 243.

•'PHYING SANG rgya skad blon chen gyi sgra sgyur te. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYID PA wipe off, rub off. Jamspal, Treasury 38.

•'PHYUGS PA fouled up. Cuevas, Hidden History 96.

•'PHYUR 'GU A kitchen vessel depicted in Nomads 269.

•'PHYE BA OT = 'gro ba. Blaṅ 286.6. 'gro ba. mig sogs long ba'am ldong ba. Btsan-lha. = 'gro ba. Lcang-skya.

•'PHYE BO OT = gong po. = yan lag med par lto bas 'gro ba. Blaṅ 290.6. rkang pa med pa'am yang na rkang pa 'khums nas 'gro ba. Btsan-lha. gang du ma phyin 'phye bo'i 'gros. Zhi-byed Coll. I 323.4. 'phye'o / gong po. Dbus-pa no. 256. = gong po. = yan lag med par lto bas 'gro ba. Lcang-skya.

•'PHYEL BA 'gro ba. Dbus-pa no. 093.

•'PHYES 'KHRUL gog 'gros byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYO BA OT = lding ba. Blaṅ 290.4. Dbus-pa no. 244. TM II 44.

•'PHYO LAM In a Bon text, a name for the cymbal. Helffer in Karmay, Habitants 344, 356 ff.

•'PHYOG mchog. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYONG There are two distinct translations or redactions of the Guhyagarbha Tantra, one of which has 'phyong (insertions?), while the other does not. See Dorji Wangchuk in TS9 X 286.

•'PHYONG DGU 251 preface. Also spelled mchong.

•'PHYONG RDO the weight on a plumbline, illus. in Po-ta-la (1996) 190.

•'PHYONG GSUM Also, 'phyong chen po brgyad. 445 III 107.3, 117.5.

•'PHYONGS mchongs pa. Btsan-lha. khyod rang lha rem pa de la 'phyongs khos gnyer byed kyis gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 306.7.

•'PHYON PO skyes pa 'chal po. Btsan-lha.

•'PHYON MA PA a coquettish or lustful person. DCD 70.

•'PHYON MA'I BU dwa phrug. Btsan-lha. It seems more accurately to mean a prostitute's child.

•'PHYOR rgyan gos sogs kyis brgyan pa. Btsan-lha. lus 'di dar zab kyis g.yogs kyang mi gtsang pa'i thum skogs yin gyis 'phyor dang rgeg chos ma che. Zhi-byed Coll. II 300.1 'phyor dang rang mthong shig / hrul ba'i dug po gon. Destroy vanity and self regard. Wear tattered robes. Ibid. II 441.2 (also, V 476.2). "Handsome person." ZZFC 242.

'PHYOR SGO BLKC I 113.

•'PHYOR PO ji ltar byas kyang 'phyor po'i rta bzhin du / 'gro na 'gro dbang med la. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 590.4.

•'PHYOS MA 'khyos ma'am skyes ma. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRA BKOD Mvy. 6055: khacitam. Decorated, mixed, inlaid.

•'PHRA GCOD BA 927 tr. as 'revised conclusions,' but I have very big doubts (although I can't offer a convincing meaning at the moment). Perhaps it means 'to decide the fine points.'

•'PHRA TIG BA 927 translates this as 'conclusion,' but I have very big doubts, and want to translate this as 'inset dot.' It could mean 'very fine point.' Perhaps 'fine dots' would work. Name of the Zhi-byed texts of Pa-tshab belonging to the Zhu-lan genre (the others were called 'phra gcod, which evidently means 'deciding the fine points').

•'PHRA MEN lcags rigs gnyis las grub pa'i dngos po zhig. an item made of two kinds of metal. Btsan-lha. zung 'jug 'phra men du song yul la spu ris 'ong ba'i [g]nad ka des lan pa yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. V 325.7. Lde'u 352, where I translate it as filigree (still, I think that electrum is likely right). Note discussion by Dorji Wangchuk in TMXT 374. See phra men.

•'PHRA MEN GYI TING NGE 'DZIN Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 408.1 ff.

•'PHRAG Namdak.

•'PHRAG PA = phrag pa. "shoulder." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•'PHRANG tight spot, breach [in a path]. A place on the Path which joins as well as separates. Rather like the barzakh (isthmus) in Sufi thought, or the razor-edged path. In fact, the bar do is often described using the term 'phrang and 'phrang lam, so it does indeed seem to correspond to Quranic notions of the intermediate state. See Tommaso Tesei, "The Barzakh and the Intermediate State of the Dead in the Quran" (PDF from internet).

•'PHRANG GYUR PA sems chags par gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRANG LNGA thon par dka' bas 'khor ba'i 'phrang / chos las 'khyogs pa 'du shes kyi 'phrang / rang gcig pur sdod pa bdud kyi 'phrang / gdams pas ngoms pa thos pa'i 'phrang / spyod pa tho co bgegs kyi 'phrang ngo. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 39r.3.

•'PHRANG SNE Felsschlucht(anfang). Kaschewsky2.

•'PHRANG MA 'GUG gnod lan 'grub pa'i dus 'jal ba. Btsan-lha. Don't lie in ambush. Jinpa, Mind Training 406.

•'PHRANG LAM Cuevas, Hidden History 55.

•'PHRANG BSAL getting through the tight spots. Klong-chen-pa 10.8 comm.

•'PHRAD PA encounter, come into contact with.

•'PHRAD ZOG bag skal gyi dngos po. Nomads 243.

•'PHRA' MA mi mthun par byed pa'i phra ma. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRAL Stein. opposite of phugs (distant future), it means the immediate future. Bellezza, D&B 154.

•'PHRAL GANG Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 318.

•'PHRAL GYI temporal [benefits].

•'PHRAL CHAS common (everday) dress. CC, List 84.

•'PHRAL BRTAD PA ma bsams pa'am snang med byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRAL DU adv. [1] temporarily. [2] immediately. C&LT 172.

•'PHRAL SPRED to touch foreheads ('phral in OT being equiv. to dpral). Tan, Theses 115 n. 9. This is still a frequent Tibetan greeting for family and close friends.

•'PHRAL DMIGS Stein.

•'PHRAL THES PHUGS THES don dag che chung yod tshad. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRAL BA OT = dpral ba. Blaṅ 303.3. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRAL YUN immediate and/or enduring. Discussion in Decleer, Tragkar verse IV.2.

•'PHRAL LA immediately, in the immediate future. Example of usage in Lde'u 185.

•'PHRAS gzhogs phab nas nyal ba. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRI BA Sometimes ought to be read as 'khri ba, meaning entanglement, creeper vine.

•'PHRIG bla mas 'phrig ma bcug pa ni bla mas nges par ma byas pa. BBNP 465. don gyi 'phrig med... Samdo A III 303r.5. rig pa phyir bton na shes pa'i 'phrig 'joms pa'i brda' ru. Zhi-byed Coll. II 174.5. See under prig pa.

•'PHRIG CHUD PA nges pa rnyed pa'am nges shes drangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRIG PA rtags spyi bo za ba dang 'phrig pa ['phar ba] dang / 'gul ba dang... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 64.1.

•'PHRIG PA ZOS SO the tshom za ba'i don. 506A 339.

•'PHRIG MA BCUG PA nges par ma byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRIG BTSUD khong du chud pa. Gces 587.6.

•'PHRIG TSHUD PA = nges pa brnyes pa. BBNP 466. khong du chud pa'am don rags rim shes pa. spyang po. nges pa rnyed p'am nges shes 'drongs pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRIGS Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 380.5.

•'PHRIGS PA Achard, L'Essence 134. skyes bu 'ga' zhig rgya mtsho'i gling du 'gro bar 'phrigs pa'i tshe dgra gnyen gnyis kas gcog. Zhi-byed Coll. V 509.6. sha chang nyos pa dge 'dun gyis 'phrigs. Phag-gru, Bka'-'bum (2003) VI 7.3.

•'PHRIGS PA CAN risky, doubtful. Karmay, Great Perfection 110.

•'PHRING rjes su bsam pa. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRIN LAS charismatic activities (sometimes — public works motivated by religion...bridge building, dike building, etc.).

•'PHRUL sublimity, dazzle, bedazzling quality. Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 318. 'phrul gyi, Sinitic vocab. for 'phags pa. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163, 186-7. a clan. Btsan-lha. Karmay, Confucius 563. See discussion in Shen-yu Lin, The Tibetan Image of Confucius, Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines, vol. 12 (March 2007), pp. 105-129, at p. 109 ff.

•'PHRUL 'KHOR sorcerous device, mechanism. Sources. lus rtsal gyi gtso bo. Nomads 243.

•'PHRUL CHA weapon or amazing object. Yisun.

•'PHRUL CHAS amazing implement. Yisun.

•'PHRUL THANG BCU GNYIS a medicinal compound. BP 336.1.

•'PHRUL THUR surgical implement pictured in JD 280 (item 3).

•'PHRUL SLOG PA zhing rmo ba. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRUL GYI LHA As epithet of emperor, corresponding to a Chinese concept. See Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 164. See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 71 note 3.

•'PHRUL MA Dagyab.

•'PHRENG a spelling, perhaps reflecting a dialect difference, of 'phrang. Lde'u 341, several examples.

•'PHRENG PA'I TSHUL snying nye ba. Btsan-lha.

•'PHRENG SRUNG A slight spelling mistake for 'phrang srung, with meaning of border guard. Lde'u 306.

•'PHRED SGO Haarh, Yar-luṅ 353.

•'PHRED GTAN A part of a door. See Dag-yig 167. A kind of bolt used for securing doors, in vinaya illustration text. Das defines phred gtan as a bolt or bar of a gate.

•'PHRED GTAN MA SHU A part of a door. See Dag-yig 167.

•'PHRED BA'I TSHUL snying nye ba. Gces 581.6.

•'PHREN MO Hill in RET 10 (2006) 95.

•'PHRO dus. skabs. Stein.

•'PHRO 'DU expansion & contraction. See 'du 'phro. emitting and ingathering (of light). Thondup, BM 307 (rnam rtog 'phro 'du, 353 n. 136). Achard, L'Essence 244 ('phro 'du'i 'khor lo).

•'PHRO BA Skt. spharaṇa. radiate, diffuse.

•'PHRO YE MA THOD PA 'phro gtan nas ma dod pa ste ma byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•'PHROG BYED 1. dbang phyug. 2. ri dwags. 3. nyi ma. 4. tsan dan dkar. 5. rlung. 6. rlung lha. 7. gshin rje. 8. a ru ra. 9. brgya byin. 10. lo ma'i 'khri shing. 11. seng ge. 12. na le sham dkar. 13. mi dpa' bo. 14. nam mkha'. Blaṅ 529. JD 236, where it means 'lion,' evidently. See seng ge.

•'PHROD tshogs pa. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•'PHROD PA meeting, fitting.

•'PHROM RTSI = lang rtsi. YTTM 292.3.

•'PHROS during the course of [doing something else]. C&LT 172.

•'PHROS GTAM legend. Sources. Stein.

•'PHROS PA'I RGYUD continuation tantra, a type of tantra in the way that 'explanatory tantra' is. Example of usage in Lde'u 128 (noting that on its 2nd occurrence it is misspelled 'phrod pa'i rgyud).

•SPHA ṬI KA crystal. See shel.


*BA*

•BA See ba glang.

•BA MKHAL SMUG PO See (mchin pa) zho sha.

•BA GA The typical Bonpo spelling for Skt. bhaga, womb (or perhaps the anyways related Persian word baga?). See Kvaerne, Canon K98. Nine Ways, glossary. sku gsum 'byung gnas ba ga yum gyi klong. Mdo-'dus 165.1. nam mkha' dbyings kyi ba ga ru // rig pa'i rdo rje gsor nas kyang. Zhi-byed Coll. I 325.5. ba ga'i dkyil 'khor du gsang ba'i dbang zhus. Zhi-byed Coll. V 86.2.

•BA GAM See Mvy. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 130 (translated 'pinnacle'). I think it includes the notions of vault and dome, but am still not sure of it.

•BĀ GU DZĪ See so ma ra dza.

•BA GOR = pa gor. a clan. Btsan-lha.

•BA GLANG ox. See also ba lang. = ba 'jom, 'o 'phel, (f.) ba. JD 243.

•BA GLANG MGO See gor shi sha (BBNP 469).

•BA GLANG MIG OT of gavākṣa. Blaṅ 291.1-.2 q.v. skar khung gi ming. ba glang la 'tshe ba'i gcan gzan bye brag cig. Btsan-lha. = skar khung. Lcang-skya.

•BA RGAL gsung rab kyi ba rgal ri rgyud 'dra. Gold Ms. II 285r.1.

•BA RGYA spider web. See Yisun. 'jig rten gyi ba rgya shags kyis tral. Gold Ms. II 284r.5.

•BA RGYA CAN See sdom.

•BA SGRUB = thal dres. YTTM 291.19. See ka sho.

•BA CAG = 'u bu cag. "we." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•BA'U GCONG SHOG (Amdo,Khams) an alpine flower. MTTP.

•BA CHU'I 'PHRUL SBYONG a medicinal compound. BP 165.1.

•BA 'JOM See ba glang.

•BA GNYIS PA Skt. dvigu. Mvy. 4727.

•BA TA See (snying) zho sha.

•BA TA BA SHA See ba sha ka.

•BA TA SA See ram.

•BA TRA a sea creature. JD 38. Perhaps a spelling for pa tra?

•BA THAG ba thag rdog pa'am. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 62.5. cobweb. Almogi, Materiality 253.

•BA THAG PA'I THAG PA 367 I 233.

•BA THU BA (sugar) beet. NMH 370.3.

•BA DA RA See shug pa.

•BA DAN OT deriv. from Skt. pa tā ka. Blaṅ 308.5. Illus. in Yisun.

•BA DAM [1] almond. LW 476. [2] peanut. CTEV 31, also called sa star ka ('earth walnut').

•BA DE ba de ci'i phyir zhe na... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Works (2001) V 270.1.

•BA DE'I 'BRAS BU shing sman bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•BA DED rig pa ba ded du skyong dgos. Zhi-byed Coll. II 27.2. ba ded du bsgul bskyod kyis 'bros 'ded du ma skyangs na. Ibid. II 27.3. rig pa ba ded bya. Ibid. II 27.5. rig pa ba ded du bskyangs nas sgrims rlod kyi bar nas. Ibid. V 60.2. (I speculate that perhaps 'ba' 'ded is equiv. to this, but not sure what that means either.)

•BA DRA RA See shug tsher.

•BA DRUS MA ba drus ma ni ba bzhon ma be'u 'brangs pa'i don te dbu ma la 'jug pa'i mdzad byang la yod pa de yin. Dpe-chos 513.

•BA NA TSAN DA NAṂ See a ka ru.

•BA NU JD 51. Das. a stone shaped like a calve's nipple, hence the name. SS 407.5. DG 131.5. A fossil found in Tibet, it seems to be a type of crinoid stem to judge from the photo. Rin 117, with a larger "male" variety depicted on p. 118.

•BA'I NU MA See rgun 'brum.

•BA SPU Babu. title used in ref. to those E. Bhutanese who settled in or near the Assam Duars and gained a measure of control over the local Indian populations. Sources. = a shwa gandha. JD 140. SS 496.2.

•BA SPRU hellebore. Norbu, Drung 261. See a shwa gandha.

•BA SPRU BDUN SBYOR a medicinal compound. BT 45v.6.

•BA SPRU SMAN MAR a medicinal preparation. RR 81.

•BA SPRU GSANG BA'I 'BU SGYOGS SMAN a medicinal preparation. BT 37v.6.

•BA BO RE RE Ms. corruption (?) of dpa' bo rab re. BBNP 473.

•BA BYUNG LNGA The five products of the cow. Skt. pañcagavya. ba'i chu / lci ba / 'o ma / mar / zho'o. 600 60. See Frank Korom, Holy Cow! The Apotheosis of Zebu, or Why the Cow is Sacred in Hinduism, Asian Folklore Studies 59 (2000) 181-203, at p. 193 ff.

•BA BLA yellow orpiment. Anyetsang in TSB 15 (1980) 6. Pabongka, Liberation II 237. JD 50. SS 407.4 (a mineral). DG 129.4. Skt. haritāla. Mvy. no. 5923. = ha ri ta la, a gante, ser po dri ldan, lha'i na bza'. yellow arsenic, yellow orpiment. Das. Looks like gold. Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 567.4. See Edward Schafer, Orpiment and Realgar in Chinese Technology and Tradition, JAOS 75 (1955) 73-89. The Sanskrit word haritāla became the more popular hartal (see Hobson-Jobson under hurtaul). Simioli, AG 56. Arch. of TB 43, 208. Also called ser po dri ldan, gar gyi rgyan, sna tshogs mdog, ba spu lhung ba, ba lang so, byi la'i mig, sa 'og 'phreng ba. Rin 114.

•BA 'BRI ? Bellezza, L&T 88.

•BA MA kettle, tea-cooking pot. T&BS I 329.

•BA MI BA zad mi zad. Btsan-lha.

•BA MEN This is the Tibetan name for the mithun, the crossbreed between the wild Indian ox known as gaur and the domestic cow, especially common from E. Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. Aris, Discourse 21. Discussion in Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo, p. 96. ba glang dang dbyibs 'dra ba'i srog chags lkog shal med pa zhig. Btsan-lha. to dress the head in a ba men horn. Zhi-byed Coll. II 301.3. ba men gyi rwa cig gi nang nas gsung bsgrags so. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 160.7. SS 538.3.

•BA MO cow. See Kvaerne, Bonpo Wheel 282. frost.

•BA MO DKAR KP4 483.1. = ba mo gor, ba mo gol.

•BA MO KHA See rtsa mkhris ba mo kha.

•BA MO GOL KP1 161.1. KP3 302.6.

•BA TSI See shu dag.

•BA TSTSHA See shu dag nag po.

•BA TSHA =ba tshwa. dper na rgya mtsho' ba tsha can de la srog chags phyin pa tham cad rul nas 'gro skad. Zhi-byed Coll. I 438.1. JD 69. SS 532.4. Sometimes spelled lba tsha (goiter salt, perhaps another special kind of salt?), it is sometimes identified as saltpetre or soda salt. I think it means borax. brine. Jamspal, Treasury 78. Identified as the salt humus nitrosus in Simioli, AG 54.

•BA TSHWA CAN CHU saline water. gang zhig kun tu bgrod bya yod pa de // rang yul chags pas brlag par ci phyir byed // skye bo ngan pa bdag gi khron pa ni // 'di yin zer zhing ba tshwa can chu 'thung. Here it translates Skt. kṣāraṃ jalaṃ, and this could mean a caustic or corrosive or acidic solution. Hahn, TSD 21.

•BA YAG PA Mdo 234.

•BA RA NA GA See byu ru.

•BA RU NA Skt. varuṇa. Sacred caper plant. Emmerick, On Ravigupta's Gaṇas, BSOAS 34 no. 2 (1971) 370.

•BA RU BZHI SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 280.4.

•BA RU RA Beyer 261.1 JD 84. SS 434.3. KP3 341.1. KP4 565.1. LW 465. TM I 50. DG 188.2. Clifford, list. Terminalia bellerica. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27 (here spelled ba ru). Belleric myrobalan. Terminalia belerica. TDD 185.

•BA RU SHING KA See rgun 'brum.

•BA RE BO RE [deriv. from bor, to lose] = bar bor. thoughtlessly. Soundings 26.

•BA ROG MO ba rag rag mo. Dpe-chos 511.

•BA LA See bu shel rtsi. See Emmerick in BSOAS 58 no. 2 (1995) 406.

•BA LA WARDHA See dbang lag.

•BA LANG NOG CAN See mdzo rgod.

•BA LANG 'TSHO a name for the jackal, spyang ki. JD 239. See spyang ki.

•BA LAM Tan, Theses 134.

•BA LI a clan. Btsan-lha.

•BA LI KA JD 115. SS 443.1. = ga bur dri ldan, ba le ka, ma ṇi bri kṣa, nor bu'i shing, sa du kṣa ti, gcig stobs. KP3 337.5. KP4 557.2. TM IV 69, 101. This has been identified as birthwort (Aristolochia griffithii), and Greeks used Aristolochia sempervirens (etc.) as a plaster to draw out poisons and for discharges after childbirth, etc. (Charles Singer, The Herbal in Antiquity & Its Transmission to Later Ages, J. of Hellenic Studies 47 no 1 [1927] 1-52 at p. 8). Aristolochia griffithii. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. In Arabic it is known as zarawand.

•BA LU Abies webbiana. Norbu, Drung 261, n. 45. TR XIV no. 4, p. 16. Karmay, New Horizons 388. See da li. DG 220.1.

•BA LU'I PHON PO shing ba lu'i chun po zhig gi rting pa rnams lhan du bal dkar gyis dkr[i?]s pa'o. Illus. in Nomads 277.

•BA LU MAKTI KA DG 95.1.

•BA LE KA TR XIV no. 4, p. 16. See ba li ka.

•BA LE DUNG Nine Ways 51.

•BA SHA KA = khrag 'thung. JD 132. Spelled pa sha ka in KP3 337.3. KP4 556.4. SS 442.3. Clifford, list. TM IV 60, 100. = bri ṣya, bri ṣa, byi ba, ro tsa ba, na ta par ṇi, pi ka sha la, ba ta ba sha, khrag skem, khrag 'thung. DG 248.1. Malabar nut. Adhatoda vasica Nees. TDD 6.

•BA SHA SHA See ri bong.

•BA SHI a clan. Btsan-lha.

•BA SHE TSHOL BA ba glang mo be la 'gro ba. Dpe-chos 512. Btsan-lha.

•BA GSHIN be'u can gyi ba gshin po. Btsan-lha.

•BA SU KI ba su ki'i rkyal bu cig. Samdo A III 153r.2.

•BA SO ivory, elephant tusks. Some remarkable ivory pieces illus. in Precious Deposits V 61-70 (one is clearly made in Siam/Thailand). In the biblical list of products of Ophir brought to Solomon (including peacocks), occurs shen-habbim, which probably combines the Hebrew word for 'tooth' with the Sanskrit ibha, 'elephant.' Hobson-Jobson 337. See also Sylvain Lévi, Autour du Bāveru-Jātaka, contained in: Mémorial Sylvain Lévi, Motilal Banarsidass (Delhi 1996), p. 289. See ga dza danta. Tucci remarks that Buddhist images made of ivory are rare in Tibet in his article, Indian Paintings in Western Tibetan Temples, Artibus Asiae, vol. 7 (1937), pp. 191-204 (with a picture of one he purchased at Mang nang in western Tibet). As a material that a throne might be made of, see ZZFC 223. Rin 45.

•BA SO'I LUG GDUG glang chen gyi mche ba las grub pa'i lag gdug a lung ltar bzos pa'o. Nomads 278.

•BĀ HI KA LW 459.

•BA HU MŪ LA See nye shing.

•BA HNI RE See tsi tra ka.

•BAK SHI from Mongolian, = btsun pa. Blaṅ 311.3. From Uighur. Beyer, CT Lang. 141. See Kuijp's article on the subject. There is a nice discussion of its meaning in Reuven Amitai, Did Chinggis Khan Have a Jewish Teacher? An Examination of an Early Fourteenth-Century Arabic Text, JAOS, vol. 124, no. 4 (Oct 2004) 694, where it says, "can be translated as a 'religious teacher' or 'scribe.' It has additional meanings of 'strolling minstrel,' 'magician,' 'shaman' and even 'quack doctor.' Originally, however, it had connotations of a Buddhist lama or scholar." (Here I would question the use of the word "originally"!)

•BAG [1] = brag. "rock." Evidently this is quite rare. Kuijp (1986) 33. (regionalism) for brag, 'rock.' BBNP 467. [2] For a mental disposition, for ex., bag ma khrol, bag ma dgyes. Gold Ms. I 13r.6, 13v.2. [3] traces or signs (of being some kind of thing in the past). [4] a clan. Btsan-lha. Stein. [5] a kind of pollution evidently resulting from contact with the dead. Noble Mountaineer 268. [6] as used in divination, one of sixteen combinations, as used in a Dunhuang text (PT 1047), acc. to B. Dotson's forthcoming article on divination, “Three Dice, Four Faces...” Dotson believes the 16 names for them may be Zhang-zhung.

•BAG RKYONG skyengs med dam 'tsher ba med pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAG SKAL bag ma'i nor skal. Nomads 243.

•BAG 'KHUMS PA sdar ma'i rang bzhin can. with a cowardly nature. Btsan-lha.

•BAG GI BUG GI in a sink. Soundings 29.

•BAG GYIS LA bag yod dang ldan par gyis. Btsan-lha.

•BAG GRO BA alternative spelling for bag dro ba, q.v.

•BAG RGOD inferred from the context to mean 'marriage.' Dotson, D&L 41, 69 (with question mark).

•BAG CAN narrow minded, ignorant, deluded.

•BAG CHAGS hidden [karmic] formations. Skt. vāsanā. Klong-chen-pa 5.7, 12.5. bag chags la yang bzhi ste / bag la ma chags pa dang / ma bag la chags pas / bag kyang bag la chags kyang chags pa / bag kyang ma bag la chags kyang chags pa dang bzhi. Zhi-byed Coll. II 110.7. Sa paṇ suggests that Skt. vāsanā might be correctly translated into Tibetan with gnas ('residuum'). Rhoton, CD 172. In my student days, I glossed this with 'bagged cats,' and found this quite amusing. Actually, the English expression comes from sailor talk. I quote from an internet source: "Cat Is Out Of The Bag - meaning "The secret is out and it's too late to do anything about it." From the practice of keeping the cat o' nine tails in a red baize bag and not removing it until the offender was secured to the gratings and there was no possibility of a reprieve." Perhaps that frivolous translation of mine bears an uncanny metaphoric sense after all. Note: The cat of nine tails was a whip with 9 knotted straps for flogging insubordinate sailors.

•BAG CHAS bag ma'i rgyan gos. Nomads 243.

•BAG CHOG bag ma gtong len gyi cho ga. Nomads 243.

•BAG CHOD 'jug pa. Dbus-pa no. 204.

•BAG CHOS khur ba'i zas. Btsan-lha.

•BAG RTON PA bag phebs kyis blo gtod. Btsan-lha.

•BAG DRAG SHOS = cung drag shos. BBNP 475. cung zad legs pa'i nang gi drag shos. Btsan-lha.

•BAG DRO BA See Yisun. resplendent, enticing.

•BAG SNA Earthen pig in marriage abduction rites. Explained in Nomads 278.

•BAG PA smad. Btsan-lha.

•BAG PUG bag pug [~brag phug] 'dra bar bsdad pa des. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 313.5.

•BAG PHEBS yid la bab pa. Gces 588.2. to become reckless, to not watch out (or just the opposite?). Jamspal, Treasury 71, 80.

•BAG PHYE CHU BTSOS meat pieces cooked with kneaded flour shaped like ears in hot water. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 56.

•BAG BUG brag phug gi ming. BBNP 467. Btsan-lha. Thuken 154, where it is translated 'small corner' [of a monastery]. Short form of bag gi bug gi.

•BAG BYED PA sems chung byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAG BLA marriage officiant. Norbu, Drung 117.

•BAG DBAB PA yid gcugs sam mdza' mthun du gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAG MA means a new daughter-in-law (a virilocal bride), while mna' ma, q.v., means a daughter-in-law even years after the wedding. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BAG MI BGYID cung zad tsam yang mi byed. Btsan-lha.

•BAG MI TSHA mi rmongs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAG TSAM a little bit, a little while. Generally adverbial.

•BAG TSAM BKRUS PA cung zad dred pa'am cung ma legs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAG RTSIS bag ma gtong len gyi rtsis. Nomads 243, 279. A part of nag rtsis.

•BAG TSHA BA 'jigs pa dang zhum pa'i don. Gser Sbram 225.

•BAG TSHAB gdong smad pa'am sdar ma'i rang bzhin can. Btsan-lha.

•BAG ZHAD bag zhad ni cung zad dam cha shas. Dpe-chos 517. rtags sam phyogs tsam. cung zad. cha shas. Btsan-lha.

•BAG ZON bag yod. Gces 588.2. bang mdzod sku ba'i (rku ba'i) myi de bag zon ldan. Zhi-byed Coll. I 274.2. Jamspal, Treasury 98.

•BAG YANGS [1] free of care, carefree. Translated as 'leisurely' in Hahn, TSD 24. [2] In vinaya terminology, it means leniencies.

•BAG YOD conscientious[ness], heedfulness.

•BAG YOD PA Skt. apramāda. Mvy. 1941. Sealings and other artefacts inscribed with the single word apramāda have been found all over south and southeast Asia. See Peter Skilling, The Circulation of Artefacts Engraved with 'Apramāda' and Other Mottos in Southeast Asia and India, A Preliminary Report, ARIRIAB, vol. 18 (2015), pp. 63-78.

•BAG RE a little bit. = cung re, = cung zad re. BBNP 465. Btsan-lha. Stein. Lde'u 371.

•BAG RE PHYOGS cung zad re 'chag par gyis. Btsan-lha.

•BAG LA a kind of yellow earth used in painting government buildings. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 31. Does this have anything to do with ba bla?

•BAG LA NYAL lit., hidden and asleep. quiescent. dormancies. Thondup, BM 241, 419. Acc. to Khangkar, Yellow Annals, 59 & 75, despite their differences in meaning in Tibetan, this word and phra rgyas, q.v., both stand in Tibetan for single Chinese or Sanskrit terms. Both refer to kleśas in their latent 'unconscious' form. The seed metaphor is used because they are like underground potentials that may result in eruptions of fullblown kleśas. Vaibhāṣikas recognized 10, and Sautrāntikas only 8. Dalton, Crisis 163.

•BAG LA ZHA BA lit., hidden and weak. dormant.

•BAG LA ZHAR latent. bag la nyal. Gces 585.5.

•BAG LA GZHA' BA lkog tu gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAG LE BA bread, dough. Probably bag leb is more common spelling. It is purportedly a borrowing from Prakrit form similar to Bengali bāklā, 'bark.' Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo 465 (it might mean 'cotton'). Perhaps baklava? Related to bagel? See Laufer, L-W 532. Usually baklava is regarded as a Turkish word, although the dish itself may have ancient roots in Rome or Sumeria. Evidently Buell believes the word has Mongolian origins.

•BAG SHAS a little, a few. cung zad dam cha shas. Btsan-lha.

•BAGS OT = rim gyi. Blaṅ 299.4.

•BAGS KYIS slowly, gradually, by stages. 445 III 25.5, 46.4. ga le. Gces 583.3. = rim gyis. BBNP 473. Dbus-pa no. 610. rim gyis. dal bus byas. Btsan-lha. = rim gyis. Lcang-skya. C&LT 172.

•BANG [1] = brgyugs. "to have raced." Kuijp (1986) 33. [2] tshang bang ni tshang mang zhes pa'i yul skad de. This word tshang bang, q.v., occurs in OT docs. [3] gyad kyi stobs dang byis pa'i bang. Zhi-byed Coll. I 435.1 (but here bang would seem to be just dbang).

•BANG KHANG Namdak. granary. BLKC I 82 ff.

•BANG GAṂ See gsha' dkar.

•BANG GONG bang sgrom. Btsan-lha.

•BANG CHEN PA pho nya ste 'phrin skyel mkhan. Gser Sbram 136.

•BANG RNYIL BA See Dalton, Crisis 164.

•BANG THANG THANG bang rgyug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BANG DUG NAG PO See bal bu nag po.

•BANG LDAN See rta.

•BANG NA NYAL phru gu skyes pa'i ma mal sa nas ma langs par nyal ba. Btsan-lha.

•BANG PHYIN pho nya'am gtam skyel mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•BANG BA a grain storage box. A small one is called bang bu.

•BANG BU diminutive of bang ba, q.v.

•BANG BUL bang rtsal med pa'am 'gor ba. Btsan-lha.

•BANG MI Bote. Kaschewsky2.

•BANG MIG skar khung. Btsan-lha.

•BANG ZA bang mdzod. Btsan-lha.

•BANG RAL lho byang du bang ral shas gcig yong la dbus par las ban ral zhes 'byung ngo // don ni lho byang du rgyug nas ban gzugs khrims ral lam 'chal ba 'dra ba zhig yong zhes pa yin pa 'dra'o. Dpe-chos 515.

•BANG SO gravesite, tomb. See chad pa. Blaṅ 296.5. ro khang. dur gnas. Btsan-lha. Tshe dbang (b. 1969), Spu rgyal dus kyi bang so'i zhib 'jug las 'phros pa'i gtam, Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (Lhasa 2012), in 208 pages.

•BAD [1] trim, border. [2] ZZ = pags pa. 'skin' Bru II 292.1.

•BAD KAN There is a discussion of the linguistic connection between bad kan and phlegm, etc., in Marianne Winder, Tibetan Medicine Compared with Ancient and Mediaeval Western Medicine, Bulletin of Tibetology n.s. 1 (1981) 14-15. Hahn, TSD 58. R. Yoeli-Tlalim's article on urine analysis says one of its earliest usages is in the So-ma-ra-dza, saying it seems to derive from Arabic balgham.

•BAD KAN NAD SRZT 18. Phlegmatic disease.

•BAD KAN SMUG PO SRZT 19. Text 29. Lag-len 272.2. See the discussion by Blezer in RET 23 (2012) 142 ff., where he compares with Greek medicine's black bile and melancholia. It has been argued that it is rather a stomach disorder that results in serious ulceration and is difficult to treat. Yangga's dissert., p. 187.

•BAD KAN GSHA' RINGS DD illus. 23.

•BAD KAN SER PO SRZT 19.

•BAD KYIS ril po'am rtsa ba nas. Btsan-lha.

•BAD KHRAG Text 8.

•BAD MKHRIS SRZT 14. Text 6.

•BAD PHUR See Yisun. These are the 'peg' endings that stick out slightly at regular intervals from the sides of traditional Tibetan buildings, at the level where two storeys meet. They are joined together by long pieces of wood called kha shing. The bad phur seem to be identical with the nya rgyab and the pu shu.

•BAD RTSA SS 515.5.

•BAD TSHAD Text 31.

•BAD YOD PA chang gis bzi yod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAD RLUNG MGO 'KHOR SRZT 11. Mkhyen-rab/11, no. 16. Kong-sprul/1 11. Symptoms: dizziness (mgo 'khor) on account of a mixture of phlegm (bad kan) with air (rlung) — nausea, dry heaves.

•BAD RLUNG SHING KUN BRGYAD PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 86. Lag-len 61.2. = bal ldan ril bu. Lag-len 37.3.

•BAN [1] vase. Stein. [2] as a measure of beer, see Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 172.

•BAN GYIS See ye 'gro ban gyis. rim gyis mi 'gro bar glo bur du mchongs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAN GLANG See lung bong. Blaṅ 295.1. ba glang. Btsan-lha.

•BAN CHANG CHAG PA rdza'i 'dzin rgyu'i yu ba chag pa zer ba yin snyam. Dpe-chos 506. Btsan-lha.

•BAN MCHONGS rtsal gyis mchongs pa. BBNP 472. Btsan-lha.

•BANDA Explained as Indic bāṇḍa in Dalton, Crisis, p. 127. skullcup.

•BAN DE See ngur ba.

•BANDE In general it means a wandering monastic, perhaps of only novice ordination. See bha tan ta. In Pāli: bhadanta or bhaddanta, sometimes contracted to bhante. BBNP 477. See Hobson-Jobson, under "bonze." For a discussion, see Shakya, Self-Arisen 138.

•BAN DHU In certain Nyingma tantras, this occurs frequently with the meaning of skullcup. Given this meaning, which is difficult to explain using familiar forms of Sanskrit, it's interesting to see that Darma (Christina Willis' dissertation) has a word bandu meaning 'dish, pot.' This may recall Middle English mazer (a wooden drinking bowl) that later turned into Shakespearean mazard (face, head, skull). (Hmmm. What about 'Hit him in the mug'?) The word bandha as a word for skullcup appears in Nebesky, Dances 101 (for other refs. see the index on p. 310).

•BAN DHU DZI BA KA a type of flower of red color. me tog gi bye brag mdog dmar po zhig. Btsan-lha. bandu dzi ba ga / rgya skyegs te sman gyi rigs shig. Gser Sbram 307. Skt. bandhujīvaka, Pentapetes Phoenicea, a plant with red flowers that open at midday and wither away the next morning. M-W.

•BAN BUN snang ba ban bun ni / snang ba thar thor ram zar zir te / 'di yin 'di min gyi ngos gzung yang med pa spros pa sna tshogs nub pa'i snang ba tsam mo. 367 II 133.2. fragmentary. Klong-chen-pa 9.19. to rise, to spread (of smoke or incense). Karmay, Treasury. thar thor. zar zir. Btsan-lha. See Dagyab. phyi'i snang ba ban ma bun du bzhag pa. Rgya-ras-pa in Gling-ras-pa, Bka'-'bum II 531.2.

•BAN BON See Dagyab. Mostly used in a negative sense, as kind of riff-raff of wandering mendicants regardless of school affiliation. ban bon rnams ni bag med spyod par rtsing. HS V 329.5.

•BAN MO SKYAR CHOG bande dang bande mo bslab bskyar ba. Gces 584.4. Btsan-lha.

•BAN LA byas pa'i gla. drin bsab pa. Btsan-lha. = byas glag. Lcang-skya.

•BAN LONGS SPYOD bkle glang (?) spyod kyi ming. Name of ba glang spyod continent. Btsan-lha.

•BAB COL See bab bab. ma brtags pa'am brda don ma go ba'i cal col. Btsan-lha. ma bsams. Dbus-pa no. 138.

•BAB COL DU carelessly [saying whatever pops into your head]. C&LT 172.

•BAB CHOD 'jug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAB CHOL DU 'JOG PA ma brtags par 'jog pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAB CHOL PHYAR YANG = ma bsam par 'phrin lan. Lcang-skya.

•BAB BAB (also, bag col). OT = ma bsam par smra ba. = 'phral ma. Blaṅ 287.5-.6. ma bsams par smras pa. gang byung du bzhag pa. Btsan-lha.

•BABS past form of 'bab. circumstance (perhaps as something one has 'fallen' into). Generally, it means something more like descent, or dismounting. Also, in some usages implies a quest for a place to settle down, including the notion of a 'pitched' camp, or finding a place to spend the night. JS: incoming money.

•BABS KYIS shugs kyis. rim gyis. Btsan-lha.

•BABS THOB skabs thob pa. 'os thob. Btsan-lha.

•BABS GZHIS economic system adopted in 1930. Schmied 38.

•BABS SHES PA Stein.

•BAM bam ro. Btsan-lha. With meaning of swollen corpse (subject of foulness meditation), see example in Lde'u 65.

•BAM CHEN an entire human corpse. Karmay in JA (1995) 175.

•BAM DU SBAM phyogs gcig tu spungs pa'am dril ba. Btsan-lha.

•BAM PA sgom chen kor ler bam pa mang po yi // thugs su ma shong smra ba mang po byung // khyed rang kor ler bam pa ma tshor bar // bogs la gdon rgyu bying phyir nyams las rtogs pa min. Samdo A III 194r.2. Schopen, Menial 228.

•BAM PO [1] corpse. ro. Btsan-lha. [2] fascicle. It is sometimes said that 300 śloka equals one bam po. See discussion in Ernst Steinkellner, Paralokasiddhi-Texts, contained in: Buddhism and Its Relation to Other Religions: Essays in Honour of Dr. Shuzen Kumoi on His Seventieth Birthday, Heirakuji Shoten (Kyoto 1985), pp. 215-224, at p. 222. There is also an article on this subject by Helmut Eimer, and more recently by Leonard van der Kuijp (he finds that a bam-po is one third of one thousand ślokas [330], although some calculate this as 300, others as 350). The bam po was not used in India, where they calculated by ślokas only.

•BAM POR SBRES PA mnyam por bsdams pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAM ME TING NGE yam me yom me. Btsan-lha.

•BAM TSHA me ne. Dpe-chos 508.

•BAṂ SHI KA See a ka ru.

•BAR Stein.

•BAR SKABS In some contexts, this means a [spatial] gap. But of course it usually refers to temporal gaps.

•BAR SKABS KYI TSHIGS BCAD Skt. antaraśloka. Subject of Mimaki article in Indianisme et Bouddhisme, p. 233 ff.

•BAR BSKAL GYI DUS BZHI rdzogs ldan / gsum ldan / gnyis ldan / rtsod ldan no. 600 34.

•BAR 'GA' res 'ga'. Dbus-pa no. 620. = res 'ga'. Lcang-skya.

•BAR CHAD obstacles, interruption[s]. the popular idea of demonic/delusionary 'interruptions' is discussed in Epstein, Dissertation 84 ff.

•BAR CHOD BZHI Zhi-byed Coll. V 381.5.

•BAR TANG stan khra. grum tse. Btsan-lha. = stan 'bol. Lcang-skya. See bar thang.

•BAR RTA rlig ril bton pa na ba. Chödag. Dagyab. castration? Text 1.

•BAR THANG = phrug stan. Lcang-skya. A kind of carpet. Skt. ciliminikā, cilimilika. Mvy. 8984. See bar tang, par tang.

•BAR DAR Bcom-ldan Rig-ral had the odd idea that there was an intermediate period in the spreading of the Dharma, but what he meant by bar dar was just the invitation by western kings of Indian teachers in the 11th century. Those translators that were not sponsored by them are classed under later spread, or phyi dar.

•BAR DO Germano, Poetic Thought 897.

•BAR DO RNAM PA DRUG A brief section on this topic in MKB 765-770: 1. rang bzhin gnas pa'i bar do. 2. skye shi'i bar do. 3. shes pa snga phyi'i bar do. 4. rmi lam byi bar do. 5. 'chi kha ma'i bardo. 6. srid pa'i bar do.

•BAR DOG PA tightly spaced.

•BAR 'DUM 'conciliation,' a kind of internal dispute settlement without appeal to the courts but rather done by means of a 'mediator' (bar mi). French, Yoke 122.

•BAR GYI SDER CHAGS See rtsangs pa.

•BAR NA MAR in the regions between [one country and another]. bal yul dang mang yul gyi bar na mar byon tsa na. Lde'u 341.

•BAR SNANG I've thought about an appropriate translation. Although I've used it in the past, firmament is not good, because it suggests the realm of fixed luminaries when actually it's between our world and that one. I'm thinking aether could work well enough, especially as a medium of the light that shines on us from above. Problem is this may be confused with the 5th element, nam mkha' — space or ether in Tibetan. I suggest translating as 'middle realm of space' (or something like that). It is used to translate Skt. antarikṣa, which does indeed have a similar valence.

•BAR PA TA Hypecoum leptocarpum Hook. f. et Thoms. Mdo 237 & color plate. SS 469.3. See par ba ta.

•BAR BA TA See nye shing.

•BAR BAR occasionally, sometimes. Examples of usage in Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 79, p. 367.3.

•BAR BU a rare word in some Bon texts, of unknown meaning, although it appears to be an object or substance. Could be misreading of par bu, q.v.

•BAR BUR ba re bu re. Btsan-lha.

•BAR LANGS PA lus la glo bur du thor ba langs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BAR SHA KA Skt. vārṣika, vāraṣika. Gardenia. Roberts, King.

•BAL As cognate to the English word 'wool,' see Beckwith in TS7 II 1046. As possible loan from Skt. kambala or bāla, see Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 37. When a butcher sheers a sheep of its wool and then lets the sheep go, it should be considered a great gift. (A metaphor for getting off lightly.) Hahn, TSD 55.

•BAL GLANG MO rkang rjes zlum po min par chur ring ba'i bal po'i glang chen gyi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•BAL LTE BA JD 254.

•BAL STAN woolen mat. MTTP.

•BAL THUL bal thul nam mkha' la bzhag. Zhi-byed Coll. II 151.5. The PRC version of Phadampa's bio. (p. 59) says bal thul is the only clothing he wore (from context, must be made of wool loosely knotted together).

•BAL LDAN See lug.

•BAL LDAN RIL BU a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 86. Lag-len 37.3 = bad rlung shing kun brgyad pa. Lag-len 61.2.

•BAL NAD pho ba dang rgyu ma'i nad rigs shig gi ming. Dag-yig. rims nad shig. Dagyab. Chödag. Text 21, 70. Nepalese disease. Yangga's dissert., pp. 108, 197.

•BAL PO'I GZINGS Nepalese ship (?). See discussion in Jinpa, Mind Training 60 and note.

•BAL BA DZA Skt. balbaja? Mvy. 5392. Acc. to M-W, balvaja and valvaja are later possible spellings. It means " Eleusine Indica (a species of coarse grass not liked by cattle)."

•BAL BU Skt. tāliṣa. The talisa tree or its leaf used in medicine. Mvy. 5787.

•BAL BU NAG PO KP1 62.4. = bang dug nag po. KP3 268.1.

•BAL BU SUR DKAR See da li.

•BAS KAN nad kyi bye brag bad kan. Btsan-lha.

•BAS KYI zad kyi. Btsan-lha.

•BAS MTHA' lung stong. Rtse-le VIII 429. Stein. bas mtha'i gter gyi bum pa ni // rigs ngan bu dang phrad pa las... Zhi-byed Coll. V 277.6. bas mtha' dgon par rab gnas shing. Lobsang Dorjee Rabling, Five Treatises 19. zad pa'i mtha' ste grong zad pa'i thag ring ba'i sa gnas. Gser Sbram 373.

•BAS MTHA'I GNAS MAL Skt. prāntaśayyāsana. sleeping place on the edges of ah inhabited place. Mvy. 2988.

•BAS LDAG nad kyi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•BAS PA OT = zad pa. = mtha' dag pa. finish, end, the end. Blaṅ 288.1. See der bas kyi. spyir 'dzad pa dang mtha' dag pa yongs su rdzogs pa sogs. dben pa. mi khrel ba. Btsan-lha. 'dzad pa dang / mtha' dag pa / yongs su rdzogs pa sogs don du ma la 'jug ste / 'dir 'dzad pa'i don. Gser Sbram 164. zad pa. Dbus-pa no. 150. = zad pa. = mtha' dag pa. Lcang-skya. nothing but, and that's all. Example of usage in Hahn, EI 16.

•BAS MAṂ GI a kind of turquoise. DG 80.1.

•BAS SO zad do. Btsan-lha.

•BI as suffix, see phyi bi and pha bi.

•BI GUL bugle. Borrowing from English. Francke, Antiquities II 146.

•BI CI See under bi tsi. The spelling bi rje also occurs.

•BI JI'I MTSHAL LUD KHA BSDAM BP 211.2.

•BI ṬAM GA See byi tang ga.

•BI DRU MA See byu ru.

•BI MA MI TRA RIL BU a medicinal preparation. RR 78. Evidently a pill associated with Vimalamitra.

•BI MA LA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 84. Lag-len 59.2. TMC 10 (11). BP 119.3.

•BI MU MA RA Abbreviations for viṭa, mutra, maṃsa & rakta, ingredients of elixir. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 320.5.

•BI TSI See under snar ma. Often spelled bi ci. Probably has something to do with the Persian word bizek (Middle Persian), bzyk (Parthian), bizik (New Persian), which all of course are cognate to Skt. bhiṣaj. Chris Beckwith (JAOS 1979, p. 303) shows that it probably came into Tibetan via Sogdian "byc" (I cannot reproduce the diacritic marks here). Kuijp, ZH 32.

•BI TSI KAN SI TAṂ gso dpyad. KB 24.1.

•BI TSUL RA MA ṆI = chu yi snying po. DG 86.4.

•BI DZA YA DG 83.1.

•BI RĀ ṬA DZA See mu men.

•BI RI gna' dus kyi mi sde zhig / deng sang zi khron zhing chen dkar mdzes ljongs kyi khongs su gtogs. Gser Sbram 136.

•BI RĪ GA See sle tres.

•BI SHA LA See sngon bu.

•BI SHU A type of bow-and-arrow illus. in Yisun.

•BIG BAN probably copper sulphate. = nī la tho tha, tshur sngon. JD 69. a mineral. SS 412.2. = sgog skya bye ku. YTTM 292.4. copper sulfate. LW 520. For rlung sel big ban, see sgog. A substance tentatively identified as potash in Gerke, TP 16 (here spelled big pan). Spelled big pan, identified as chalcanthitum (i.e., chalcanthite, hydrated copper sulfate, with beautiful blue crystals) in Rin 162, with synonyms: ni la tho ṭha, sog rtsi, sag ram tsi, mtshur sngon.

•BIG BAN BCU SBYAR a medicinal preparation. BT 47r.3.

•BIGS BYED BDUN THANG BT 10r.1.

•BING lha ma yin gyi dmag skung ba'i gnas. lag che bye brag pa zhig. skabs 'gar 'phen pa dang bsgyur ba. Btsan-lha.

•BING KA RA phyag dang po gnyis na rdo rje dang ril ba bing ka ra bsnams pa. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 368.2.

•BING CHANG a Chinese loanword. Blaṅ 311.2.

•BING CHEN [1] a sandalwood stick. Norbu, Drung 57. [2] lha ma yin gyi bskung sa'i gnas chen. Btsan-lha.

•BIN DHA dper ma bin dha skad bzhin du// 'gag med grags stong rol par snang. Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 685.2.

•BIN TSI a kind of crabapple. LW 517.

•BIM PA LW 469. apple. LW 502. CTEV 28. See ku shu.

•BIM PA LTAR DMAR rgya skeg me tog. Btsan-lha.

•BIL BA Bilva. A fruit described as having a rind like dry leather, and filled with seeds inside like sesame. Zhi-byed Coll. I 444.5. JD 183. = ku ba chung, ka bed chung ba. SS 448.1. quince. LW 469. = shāṇḍi lya, she mū ṣa, mā lū ra, shrī pha la, dpal 'bras, bhai la.

•BILBA rab tu grags pas 'gro mi bya // bdag nyid kyis ni mngon sum bya // bilba chu nang lhung ba yis // nags tshal stongs par gyur la ltos. This alludes to a story about six timid rabbits who heard a bilva fruit fall into the water, and their rumors made all the animals in the forest run away. Hahn, TSD 28-29.

•BU In OT woodslips, the broken off piece is referred to as bu (child), while the larger piece was called ma (mother). Tsuguhito Takeuchi (lecture, London 2002).

•BU KHA NA RE SDUG ZER kha la bu re sdug zer. BBNP 474. Btsan-lha.

•BU GA DGU rnam shes 'pho ba'i bu ga dgu ni / tshangs bug / smin mtshams / mig / rna ba / sna / kha / lte ba / chu lam / bshang lam mo. 600 120.

•BU GU a kind of stag. LW 496.

•BU DGA' chos lugs phyogs do dam byed mkhan gyi go gnas shig. Gser Sbram 136.

•BU BRGYUD issue, progeny, descendants. Sources.

•BU NGU = bong bu. "donkey." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•BU CHEN [1] eldest son delivered as hostage to guarantee good behavior of his relatives. Sources. [2] story teller. In some western regions, this is the name of the Manipa. He or she might accompany pilgrims. Buffetrille in NTFC I 45.

•BU TANG ritual object. Norbu, Drung 86.

•BU TOG =bul tog, q.v. soda. Bellezza, D&B 122 (as a hair cleansing agent).

•BU RTA Kuijp in TH&L 302 n. 26. Military term used during Yüan, it means an elite cavalry unit. TS5 671. rta dmag. Nomads 243.

•BU GTE sons kept as hostages or pawns (in a political struggle or as part of a war). Sources. Might not the "bu" be short for bu lon? See under gte ma. mi gta' ma. Btsan-lha. Sørensen, Restless Relic 867.

•BU RDO child stone, a stone one carries around to holy sites, in hopes of giving birth to a child. Havnevik, Dissertation, p. 55.

•BU GNAS bu snod. womb.

•BU SNOD child vessel, womb. DD illus. 22. The association of the womb with clay vessels goes back to ancient Mesopotamia.

•BU PO SPAD sons and their descendents. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BU MAD Stein.

•BU MO SPUN BDUN sngo'i bu mo spun bdun ni / g.ya' kyi ma / stong zil / ganggā chung / hong len / tig ta / bong dkar / spang rtsi do bo'o. 600 88.

•BU MO MA LOM bu mo ma blang ngam ma brdzangs. Btsan-lha.

•BU SMONGS bu dang bu mo chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BU TSA bu phrug. Btsan-lha. Apparently this is just an OT spelling for bu tsha.

•BU TSHA [1] offspring, children. Dotson, OTA glossary, translates 'lineage.' Lit. child and nephews (& nieces). [2] hungry. bkres pa. Dbus-pa no. 149. Perhaps this would be a slight mistake for bru ba tsha bo (bru tsha), which also means 'hungry'?

•BU TSHA LAG DO CC, List 84, 85.

•BU ZAN MO mkha' 'gro ma dang sring mo. Btsan-lha.

•BU BZANGS ya med dam khrel med. Btsan-lha.

•BU YAR bu'i dod dam tshab. Btsan-lha.

•BU RABS RIM PA successive generations of sons.

•BU RAM = ta la. JD 128. LW 456. Clifford, list. raw brown sugar. Suggested loan from Bengali bhurā. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 38. On sugar milling and its history, see Habib, Pursuing 6. Annabella Pitkin, The Inexhaustible Lump of Brown Sugar: Tibetan Buddhist Narratives of Miraculous Hospitality, Pleasure & Meditative Abundance, paper given at the conference of the American Academy of Religion (San Francisco 2011).

•BU RAM CHU as a superior cleansing agent for clothing. Zhi-byed Coll. I 433.1. bu ram chu bzhin kha nas brjod. Flick, Carrying Enemies 42.

•BU RAM GYI DBU BA bu ram. Btsan-lha. Skt. phāṇita. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 131.

•BU RAM SHING Or, bur shing. Sugarcane. Saccharum officinarum. TDD 169.

•BU RON A type of horse. See under rong bu.

•BU LA MA SKYES ME TOG See 'om bu snye ma.

•BU LAS MA SKYES See 'om bu.

•BU LU Discussed in Karmay, Arrow 262.

•BU LUD Discussed in Karmay, Arrow 262, 269.

•BU LE Namdak.

•BU LON loan. Jampel Kaldhen, Interest Rates in Tibet, TJ 1 no. 1 (1975) 109.

•BU LON GYI DPANG RGYA ledger of debts, promissory note. Skt. ṛṇapattra. A theory attributed to some Vaibhāṣika schools. Wangchuk, D&S 180.

•BU LON CHAGS PA one who has made a loan. lender. Dotson, D&L 69.

•BU LON MCHOG CAN Skt. arṇa. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•BU SHEL TSE rtswa dres ma'i rtsa ba. Btsan-lha.

•BU SHEL RTSI = sdog bur, u shi ra, ba la. JD 166. YTTM 292.12.

•BU SRID bu rgyud spel ba. Btsan-lha.

•BU GSANG a shortened way of talking about the points of access to the anterior lobes (glo ba bu, or glo bu). Yangga's dissert., p. 328.

•BU LHA son god. A god or spirit that has to do with children. Lde'u 232 etc.

•BUG SGE Stein.

•BUG PA deriv. from Skt. bhūka (bhu ka q.v.). Blaṅ 307.5. Laufer, LW 453, discusses but finds doubtful the derivation from Skt. bhūka, 'hole'.

•BUG SUG alfalfa. LW 500.

•BUNG DANG 'on kyang. Dbus-pa no. 493.

•BUNG BA bee. Skt. bhramara. sbrang rtsi'i zhen pa ma spongs kyi bar du bung pa la dal dbang myi mchi' gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 176.5.

•BUNG BA STAG GZIG tiger-leopard fly (evidently a variety of fly). 4 287v.4.

•BUNG BA'I RTSE DGA' Skt. bhramaravilasita. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•BUNG TSHANG CAN [lung] cavern (a type of lung disease). Yangga's dissert., p. 204.

•BUNGS PA 'khrigs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BUD DUD bsti stang ngam gus 'dud. See phu dud. Btsan-lha.

•BUD MED There is an 11th-century etymology in Gro-lung-pa, Bstan-rim, fol. 180v, ff., where he also etymologizes chung ma. The idea that it means 'that which can't be put outside' (Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 138, and many earlier English-language sources) is a mistaken one, founded on Das Dictionary's mistaken translation of a Tibetan passage. See the latest discussion of the term in Janet Gyatso, Spelling Mistakes, Philology and Feminist Criticism: Women and Boys in Tibetan Medicine, Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, vol. 14 (October 2008), pp. 81-98, especially p. 97. Note also BHBW 307, suggesting a near-pun with bu med, 'childless,' but see especially 322-323.

•BUD MED KYIS DUB PA worn out (or drained) by women. lus zungs zad pa. bud med bsten drag pas lus zungs zad pa. Btsan-lha.

•BUD MYED bud med. Btsan-lha.

•BUD SMAD 'khrug dpon bud smad can du 'gyur. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 251.2. sangs rgyas skyong ngam bud smad skyong. Ibid. IV 399.4.

•BUD SHING Skt. indhana. Mvy. 4345.

•BUN SKYED contraction of bu lon & skyed ka.

•BUN NE BZHAG g.yo 'gul med pa'am ci yang yid la mi sems par bzhag pa. Btsan-lha.

•BUN BUN Stein.

•BUN TSER rig pa bun tser btang / yang na de nyid du gsal sing nge bzhag / yang bun tser gtang. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 266.6.

•BUN LAGS (Gtsang) = bu mo lags. girl, Miss. MTTP.

[NOR] BUN LEN nor gyi bu lon len (in other words, bun is a contraction of bu lon). 367 I 240.2.

•BUB 'tails' of a coin. Choix, P. tib. 1055 (note).

•BUB KHA pham kha. 367 II 129.2. Stein.

•BUB KHA LEN PA gyong kha'am pham kha dang du blangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BUB CHANG rol mo cha lang.

•BUB RTEN Samdo A VI 256r.3.

•BUB PA snod kha bub pa.

•BUBS GCIG a particular measure of cloth, a 'bolt.' It seems to be larger than yug gcig, which can also be translated as 'bolt.'

•BUBS PA nyams pa. Dbus-pa no. 234.

•BUM BSKYED generation [of the deity] in a pot. For examples of deity images found in pots in excavations in Orissa, see EoB VII 230.

•BUM KHRUS bum pa'i chus khrus byed pa. Nomads 243.

•BUM CAN Stein.

•BUM PA [1] vase, pot. [2] As n. of a zodiacal sign, Aquarius. [3] As n. of a medical implement, see under me bum.

•BUM PA GANG BYO rang la gang yod gzhan la bslab pa'am sprad pa. Btsan-lha.

•BUM PA CAN pot-shaped (breathing). Skt. kumbhaka. Germano, Poetic Thought 954 (which has bum chen). See gu gul.

•BUM BU OT = bum chung. Blaṅ 297.6. Dbus-pa no. 533. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha.

•BUM BED SKYED rnying pas gsar pa bskyed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BUM DBANG BCU GCIG chu / cod pan / rdo rje / dril bu / ming dbang ste slob ma'i dbang lnga / rdo rje slob dpon gyi dbang / sngags kyi dbang / lung bstan dang dbugs dbyung gnyis gcig tu mdzad pa'i dbang / rdo rje'i brtul zhugs gyi dbang / spyod pa'i brtul zhugs kyi dbang / rjes gnang rnams so. 600 153.

•BUM 'DZIN A monastic office. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 41.

•BUM RIL Namdak. Example of Bon usage in Gzi-brjid XI 173.

•BUR DKAR RIL BU a medicinal preparation. Evidently made of white sugar. BP 233.1.

•BUR GYIS lhag par. Gces 582.6. Btsan-lha.

•BUR 'GYOGS = chu sbur. YTTM 293.19.

•BUR DAM bu ram. Btsan-lha.

•BUR MAR tshang ma'am thams cad. Btsan-lha.

•BUR SHING See bu ram shing.

•BUL a type of mineral salt used by nomads to enhance the color of tea. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 39. See bul tog.

•BUL KHYI a dog kept by nomads to watch over the flocks at night. Opposite of sha khyi, hunting dog. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 37.

•BUL TOG natron ('native sesquicarbonate of soda'), a cleansing substance. = dzi bu ka, pod tsha, lhad tsha. JD 67. In laundry instructions — gos dri ma can la sogs pa 'khru bar byed pa la / chu tshan mo la bul tog la sogs pa'i 'dag chal dang bcas pa dang / 'khru ta shing so yang 'jam pos mi slong bas... Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum V 292.4. Ancient Egyptians also used natron for laundering clothes. Discussion in ATPP 58. Trona. =dzi bu ka, bod tshwa, byang thog, le bul, bul thog. Rin 159.

•BUL BA to await [occasionally with the meanings to ambush or spy]. spyir 'gor ba'i ming dang skabs 'gar nyul ba la'ang 'jug ste. Btsan-lha. bul zhing / nyul zhing. Dbus-pa no. 601.

•BUL MTSHO soda lake. May be [part of] a proper name.

•BUL HA RI LW 490.

•BUS PA child. OT = byis pa. Blaṅ 297.3. Btsan-lha. khu tshur stong pa bus pa [byis pa] brid pa lta bus (like tricking/teasing a child using an empty fist). 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 39.1. Another example in Lde'u 64.

•BUS PA LA sman 'u su. Btsan-lha.

•BE SKYE See ldum bu re ral.

•BE KHUR See tha ram.

•BE KHYIM lady. Borrowing from Urdu. Francke, Antiquities II 146.

•BE KHRAG NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 152.1.

•BE KHROD oak grove. Kazi 525.

•BE GE'I SMAN SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 199.4.

•BE RGA dbyug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BE CHAL a soap-making herb. Bellezza, D&B 123.

•BE CI byis pa. Btsan-lha.

•BE CON See mu men.

•BE CON 'CHANG [1] 'khyab 'jug. [2] gshin rje'i rgyal po. Blaṅ 529.

•BE LJANG See ldum bu re ral.

•BE LJANG RE RAL DG 265.1. Oak fern. Polypodium vulgare. TDD 144.

•BE TA coconut. LW 457. CTEV 29. Technically, I believe it ought to be the name for the coconut palm, with the nut itself being called be ta'i 'bras bu.

•BAI ḌŪR CHUR BSGYUR See stabs seng.

•BAI DŪRYA The identity of this gemstone in different periods is problematic, but the Skt. word vaidūrya is surely the source, via Greek & Latin, of the English word beryl (see the entry in Hobson Jobson). Beryl is a class of stones that includes emerald and aquamarine etc. The Skt. word is a 'strengthened' derivative of the place-name Vidūra, the mountain that was the main source of lapis lazuli (called lajwurd [lāzaward in Arabic], source of words azure and lazuli, in Yule-Cordier, Marco Polo I 162). However, the colors blue [i.e., green], white and yellow which are used in titles of works by Sde-srid Sangs-rgyas-rgya-mtsho suggest rather the beryl (or perhaps still other stones). rin po che be dur rgya ni g.yu' bzang po la zer (used for a high quality turquoise). Zhi-byed Coll. I 440.7. The blue beryl may be identifiable as aquamarine, but for now I will translate it as lapis. See the arguments in an article by the late Marianne Winder. = shin tu dangs pa. JD 32. LW 465. DG 81.4. Identified as Sapphirum stellatum (Star Sapphire) in Rin 14.

•BAI DŪRYA 'DRA Mdo 240.

•BAI DE HI See pi pi ling.

•BE DO oak is the likely meaning. See spang rtsi do bo. See be shing.

•BE DO BCU GCIG a medicinal preparation. BP 171.1.

•BE DO BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. BP 171.6.

•BE DO NAG PO See mon char.

•BE DHA Also spelled 'be dha. itinerant musicians.

•BE RDO Yisun says in Central Tibet it's called be rdo, while in Kham and Amdo it's called be lo; also spelled be do, q.v.

•BE NO OT = 'dzin pa. Blaṅ 294.4. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya. Yisun.

•BE RNAB nad kyi bye brag bad kan. Btsan-lha.

•BE SNABS [1] slime, mucus. gcin snabs. Btsan-lha. thick slime or mucus. sna nang gi gsher khu'i ming. de dang rnam pa 'dra ba'i lus kyi gsher khu'i ming ste: pho ba'i be snabs / rgyu ma'i be snabs zhes pa lta bu. Yangga's dissert., p. 188. [2] Also n. of a mineral substance. Das. Dag-yig. Text 40. JD 47. SS 404.1. = bel snabs. Rin 98, identifies as chalcedony, with varieties differentiated by color (the green type is depicted).

•BE PHUM Zhi-byed Coll. II 148.6.

•BE PHUR ? spang gi be phur thon. Zhi-byed Coll. II 228.1.

•BE BA chu rdzing. Btsan-lha.

•BE BUM ngas be bum sgro ba gang byin kyang cang phan nam. Zhi-byed Coll. V 307.6 (also, 308.4, 308.7).

•BE BRUM Must be an odd spelling for be'u bum. ci gsung yi ger btab pa yin gsung nas be brum cig gnang. Zhi-byed Coll. III 40.7 (also, 50.3). shi tsam na ro la be brum g.yogs la zhog / des bar do chod dam mi chod lta yis. Zhi-byed Coll. V 323.1.

•BE MO calf of a cow. Jaeschke.

•BE'U calf. "When the calf notices the milk has dried up, it leaves the cow, its mother, far behind." Hahn, TSD 41.

•BE'U BUM a small po ti volume. BBNP 464. See also be bum. Roesler in Facets 157.

•BE ZHABS BTSUM PA KP1 205.5. KP4 518.5.

•BE YO'U Transcription of Ch. biao. [wrist]watch. Thuken 335.

•BAI RA ṬA Skt. vairāṭa. See mu men.

•BAI RĀ DZA See g.yu. DG 79.6.

•BE REG snum khur nang tshangs can. Btsan-lha.

•BE LE KHA = be le'i kha. Medical implement in the class of 'spoons' (thur ma). JD 278 (item 5).

•BE LO See under be rdo.

•BE LOG Das, based on Jaeschke, says it means 'a great-grand father.'

•BE SHA See be shing sha mo.

•BE SHING KP4 490.2. hazel tree. Dhongthog 195. oak tree. Kazi (this says that char shing is another word for 'oak'). Oak (Lonely Planet Phrasebook), with synonym be do.

•BE SHING SHA MO The Matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake). It can also be called in short form be sha. Daniel Winkler, in an article in his webpage on the internet. They are flown to Japan at tremendous profits these days.

•BE SA RA See stabs seng.

•BEG = brag. "rock." Kuijp (1986) 33. (regionalism) = brag. BBNP 467.

•BEG CAM = bag tsam. "a little, a few." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•BEG PO ?? bla ma gzugs skur ma go na // rang yi dam du gsal yang beg pos khyer. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 41.1. I've seen in Jan-Ulrich Sobisch's blog he tr. it as 'dead matter.'

•BEG TSE 'coat of mail,' deriving from Mongol begder, acc. to Beyer, CT Lang. 141.

•BED KA dbyug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BED SKYED 'phel kha. Btsan-lha.

•BED YOD PA khe phan yod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BED 'HE (yes, this is a correct spelling, although it breaks the rules! Perhaps, therefore, it is borrowed from another language like Chinese) cold swellings. TM IV 98.

•BEN [1] coming into being, being. Namdak. [2] This is probably the more correct spelling (also, bem, and even ban) for the word that means a beer or water jug.

•BEN DA BAR OT Skt. = 'don pa. Blaṅ 308.1.

•BEN NO 'dzin pa. Dbus-pa no. 383.

•BEM [1] bem pa; to become dull, numb. T&BS II 277. See bem po. [2] inert. [3] rdza snod chu bem sogs. Btsan-lha. See under ben. Note that in Darma language, bem means 'rug.' GSB 86.

•BEM GYIS = lhod 'bol gyis. BBNP 485.

•BEM CHAG dkar chag. Btsan-lha. Almogi, Tibetan Titles 37. "The name bem-chag itself is not of Tibetan origin. It derives from the Mongolian word bicig 'letter' which was used during the 13th centuries as a designation for legal documents of a certain type." Dieter Schuh's article "The Political Organisation of Southern Mustang..."

•BEM TOL sor mos bem tol byas pa lta bu. Btsan-lha. Well, it's something done with fingers, but what exactly?

•BEM PO nonvital, lifeless [matter or object]. The Skt. ought to be jaḍa. gos hrul po. Gces 585.3. gos hral po. mal gzan mthung po. srog med kyi dngos po. Btsan-lha. ben por ltar lkug. Silk, Dissert. 283. Some prefer the spelling bems po.

•BEM BZHAG Bemchak? DTK5 129.

•BEM LO gos hrul. Btsan-lha.

•BEMS PO See bem po.

•BER cloak (likely brocade), monk's winter outer robe.

•BER KA Staff, stick. Stock. Kaschewsky2. = dbyug pa. BBNP 480. dbyug pa'i ming ngo. Dpe-chos 516. ber kas brdung ni dbyugs pas brdung pa. Utpal 6.3. See per ka (a misspelling, evidently).

•BER KHYIM For some reason I translate this as "sitting bag," although the usual term is zla gam, q.v. Lde'u 329.

•BER GA bdud rtsi ber ga, see KP4 420.4. Simioli, AG 59.

•BER SGRA bung ba'i sgra lta bu 'ur sgra. Btsan-lha.

•BER ZHA Translated 'coats and caps' in Hoernle, Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature found in Eastern Turkestan, p. 403.

•BER ZLAM See under tsam 'be'u (BBNP 480).

•BEL Denwood in TH&L 133.

•BEL SNABS = be snabs. DG 126.1.

•BEL BA skyon mtshangs brtol ba. Btsan-lha.

•BO Evidently, in nomad dialect, the syllable "bo" may be used in the meaning of LT "ni." See dgung sngon po & bka' bo in Nomads.

•BO KKA NA See shing kun.

•BO THO See under bong ba (BBNP 480).

•BO DE de bzhin du bo des ma nu'i don byed pa yang ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. I 440.6-7.

•BO DE NYAL BA skyid po nyal ba. Btsan-lha.

•BO DE TSA = bo dhi tse. JD 104. LW 452, 516-7. = tro dzi ba. DG 212.5.

•BO BA (regionalism) rang bzhin gyis zag pa'am lhung ba. to fall or leak naturally. Yisun. bla ma la gus pa'i blo shor na bo ba'i dri ma yin pas. Zhi-byed Coll. I 137.6.

•BO MO = bu mo. "girl." Kuijp (1986) 33. Bellezza, D&B 138, et passim. Schaik, Sweet 28, in an OT text where, from context, it must be understood to mean 'mother' or 'woman,' and not 'girl.'

•BO ZHABS TSUM See 'o zhabs tsum.

•BO RANG = ri bong. rabbit. Sihlé in TS9 II 190.

•BO SHING sp? KP3 306.5.

•BO ZAGS I believe this is a compound of bo (present form 'bo) and zag[s], leaked and dripped, but with a more specific or metaphorical application (zags pa, meaning leakage, could mean leaking secrets...). dka' thub kyi bo zags bsrungs. Zhi-byed Coll. III 26.3. bo zags ltem log tu myi gtang ngo. Ibid. IV 137.7. bo zags ltems log bsrung. Ibid. IV 158.1. dum bur song ba tsam gyis bo zags su song ba yin te. Zhi-byed Coll. V 183.6. gdams ngag gi khyer so bo zags ldem log gi snad (gnad) 'dri myi shes. Zhi-byed Coll. V 232.1. dang po blo sbyong gi dus su bo zags ltem log bzhi las thar na / bar gyi nyams len dka' thub la bar chad yong mi srid. Zhi-byed Coll. V 317.2. An 'etymology': dka' thub kyi gdams ngag med par bo zags kyi bsrung sdom mi shes pas / grub pa la thob don mi snang bar / dang po blo sbyong gi dus su nus pa'i rtsal gzhan la phyung na bo ba yin / pha rol gyi zas gos la spyad na zags pa yin / bya ba gzhan gyi dus su spyad na sna ltebs pa yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 319.2 (but see further on following lines 6-7). bo zags gsum med. Zhi-byed Coll. V 330.6. sngar bo zags su song bas phyis kyi rjes rnyag pa chos nyid yin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 449.7. de ltar sgrub pa bo zags ltem log la mi lta bar tshar du 'jug pa ni 'phags lam gyi shing [r]ta'i srol la byed pa yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. V 451.3. dka' thub kyi bsrung sdom ma shes na bsgrub pa bo zags la 'gro. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 40.3. The syllables bo zags ltebs log seem to be explained one at a time in a passage in Zhi-byed Coll. I 137.6 ff.

•BO LA bo la dang ka ko la mnyam par sbyor ba. Gold Ms. II 263r.3. Here it seems to mean pho mtshan. Samdo A III 285v.1, 291r.5. A tantra passage clearly glosses bola with vajra. See Bagchi, ST 30. Upadhyaya in Mishra, ABS 350.

•BOG [1] incense name. spos kyi ming. [2] firearm. me mda'. Nomads 243.

•BOG PA skrag cing 'jigs pa las byung ba'i brgyal ba. Btsan-lha. brgyal ba'am myos pa. Dagyab. dran pa nyams pa'am myos pa. Chödag.

•BOG MA usufruct. Tucci, Religions 158.

•BOG YAG n. of a particular kind of hunting party. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 42.

•BOG RA bang rim lta bu. Dagyab.

•BOG RWA me mda'i rwa. Nomads 244.

•BOG RAN bag zan. Btsan-lha.

•BOG RIM ra ba dang ba gam. Btsan-lha.

•BOG RE OT = ba gam. Blaṅ 294.3. ra ba dang ba gam. Btsan-lha. = ba gam. Lcang-skya.

•BOG RES ba gam. Dbus-pa no. 376.

•BOG LE =bo le. vulture's foot. Bellezza, D&B 155.

•BOGS 'DON PA skyed 'don pa. Btsan-lha. Stein. to enhance or enrich (a practice, an experience).

•BOGS PA brgyal ba. Btsan-lha.

•BOGS DBYUNG to progress in practice. Norbu, Cycle.

•BOGS 'BYIN enhancer. Germano in JIABS 17 no. 2 (1994) 253. skyed dam phan nus 'byin pa. Btsan-lha.

•BOGS MA lease fee. Goldstein, Taxation 13.

•BONG When used in compounds, like bong ra, 'rabbit horn', or bong spu [~bong spul], 'rabbit fur', it is a shortening of ri bong ('rabbit') or perhaps more likely a contraction of bo rang ('rabbit').

•BONG DKAR bong nga dkar po. JD 159. TM IV 62. Aconitum orochryseum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24 (in the thesis itself this herb's properties are analysed). Indian Atis. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle. TDD 3.

'Bri-lugs BONG DKAR BCU PA a medicinal preparation. BP 164.2.

•BONG DKAR BCU GSUM TMC 12 (18).

•BONG KHRAG BCU GCIG BP 241.5.

•BONG KHRAG NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 78. Lag-len 55.4. BP 241.6.

•BONG GU (Dbus, Gtsang) = bong bu. ass. MTTP. A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 299.

•BONG NGA JD 159. SS 440.1. KP1 107.1. Aconitum. Clifford, list.

•BONG NGA DKAR PO Skt. ativiṣa, a kind of white plant [curemna fedoaria]. Mvy. 5821.

•BONG NGA DMAR PO See ra dug dmar po. Mdo 245. Bong nga dmar po, hab shan tshe'u, hab shang tse'u, in Skt. prativiṣa, a sort of antidote. Mvy. 5822. Aconitum violaceum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24.

•BONG NGA SER PO KP3 279.5. = ra dug ser po. Clifford, list.

•BONG NGE size. PD.

•BONG MCHU harelip. T&BS II 279.

•BONG DOR bong phrug. Dpe-chos 512. Btsan-lha.

•BONG NAG JD 160. SS 533.6. = sman chen, gtum po, bong nga nag po, ra dug nag po. KP1 110.1. KP3 279.7. Skt. nirviṣī, nirviśi. A plant (Curemna fedoaria; Kyllimgia menocephala). Mvy. 5820. Aconitum lacinatum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24.

•BONG RNA BA KP1 41.3. = stag ru pa. KP3 257.1. = rta rug pa.

•BONG BA = bo tho, = sa dum. BBNP 480. zhing gi bong ba, see SS 528.3.

•BONG BU donkey. Flick, Carrying Enemies 45. = dud mkhan, mgrin bzang, phur rna can, rdo rje rna can. JD 245. SS 500.1. donkey in leopard skin, see Jamspal, Treasury 82. For the common saying about getting down off a horse (or elephant) to ride on a donkey, see Kambala's Ālokamālā, final verse.

•BONG BU RGYAS 'CHOR BA ri bong rgya'am rnyis bzung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BONG BU PHYE MAR See lhog dug pa.

•BONG BU TSHA sngo sman sga tsha'am lce tsha me tog. Btsan-lha.

•BONG BU LAN TSHA KP1 197.6 (?). KP3 317.3. KP4 512.2. YTTM 292.5.

•BONG DMAR = nīr bi sha, gtum po dmar po. JD 159.

•BONG DMAR BRGYAD PA a medicinal preparation. BP 212.5.

•BONG DMAR BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. TMC 66 (149). BP 388.5. BP 212.3.

•BONG SER JD 159.

•BONGS KYI CHU ZHENG GAB PA gzugs bongs kyi 'phred gzhung mnyam pa. Btsan-lha.

•BONGS TSHOD as big as … [preceded by genitive].

•BOD attendant. Sources.

•BOD LCAM See pho lcam. = sū rya naṇda, nyi dga', ar dzha ka, sū rya ba ghi, nyi mar gus pa, ar ka, sau warṇa, bha ha mi, bra se, sa rang yo, lhab ma'i 'bras bu, ldum bu a phyag, spu sdad padma, sngon po chu khrid, lcam mo, lha mo. DG 263.6. This is evidently the Skt. arka, Calotropis gigantea, known in English as Swallowwort.

•BOD MCHIL See nas zan.

•BOD MDA' 'Tibetan gun.' Illus. in Yisun.

•BOD SNOL SNGON PO See snol.

•BOD PA For this ethnonym being used by both western and eastern Tibetans to refer to central Tibetans, see Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 50.

•BOD MA In late 11th through 13th century works, this may be a short way of referring to Buddhist texts (or scriptures) composed in Tibet. Zhang G.yu brag pa & Khug pa Lhas btsas use this term in contrast to Rgya gar ma ('Indic text'). In 13th century, there is a reference to Mchims Nam mkha' grags being impartial toward the Dharma, whether it be found in Indic [composed], Sinitic [composed] or Tibetan [composed] texts (see and notice the different reading in Kuijp, KPTB 55-56).

•BOD KYI TSAN DAN See mdzo mo shing.

•BOD SHING SGO Leonard W.J. van der Kuijp, The Tibetan Expression Bod Wooden Door (bod shing sgo) and Its Probable Mongol Antecedent, forthcoming in Wang Yao Festschrift (Beijing 2009?).

•BOD SRAN =sran ril. peas (of the ordinary kind). CTEV 25.

•BON See lan bon. bya tshig bzla ba'am brjod pa. thon pa'am slebs pa. Btsan-lha. Namdak. Karmay, Treasury vocab.

•BON Med. callus. Skorupski TA

•BON PA OT = zlas pa. Blaṅ 301.3. bzlas pa. Dbus-pa no. 764. See pon pa. zlas pa'am byung ba. Btsan-lha. = zlas pa. Lcang-skya.

•BON PO Used to translate a Chinese word meaning 'sorcerer.' Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 173. a clan? Btsan-lha.

•BON BON PA bzlas pa'am brjod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BOND to offer, to proclaim, to intone. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BOR MO In its context, this seems to mean a rejected woman or a divorced woman. Lde'u 64.

•BOR TSHONGS BYED spor ba dang tshong byed par zer ba'o. Dpe-chos 516. Btsan-lha.

•BOR ZAGS chud zos. Btsan-lha.

•BOR RAM a sack or bag generally used for holding corns, etc. Suggested loan from Indic borā. Bhattacharya, LW 354.

•BOR RAL Also, bor ral chen po. Referring to the pothatches (big division or distribution of wealth) by Gnas-nang-pa. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 67.5 ff.

•BOL Or, bol po. calling. Compare Prakrit and vernacular bola or bol. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 40.

•BOL GAR Russian leather. LW 490.

•BOL GONG rkang mgo'i mdun steng. lag mthil gyi lhag ma. Btsan-lha.

•BOL GONG 'GUL RTSA NAG PO DD illus. 3.

•BOL MO NYER LNGA BP 256.3.

•BOL LONG rkang rgyab kyi rus tshigs. Btsan-lha.

•BOS gal te myu gus ma bos na. "would not call for attention by its shoot." Hahn, TSD 17.

•BYA a clan. Btsan-lha. message. Stein. = zangs ze can, dus tshod 'dzin, 'dod chags, mtsha' lu, de pho. JD 247. SS 500.6.

•BYA KRI See kaṇṭa ka ri.

•BYA YI DKA' THUB bird asceticism. I made a note about this in the Lde'u history translation. For more see the article Andrea Acri, The Vaimala Sect of the Pāśupatas, Tantric Studies 1 (2008) 199.

•BYA DKA' BYED GTAD phog thug 'khel sa mang ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYA RKANG [1] n. of a kind of triangular zigzag stitch. See also under rta so. Evidently name of the birds' footprint stitch made with blue thread used when sewing together the bla gos robe. Zangpo, Robes 45. Kieschnick, Impact 92. [2] a medicinal plant. = lo btsan, ti mu sa. JD 196. YTTM 292.1. SS 490.2. See lo btswan 'thong po. a fern. Clifford, list. Mdo 248. Delphinium drepanocentrum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. Larkspur. Delphinium himalayi. TDD 65.

•BYA RKON snare. OT = bya rgya. Blaṅ 296.5. bya 'dzin byed kyi rgya. Btsan-lha. = bya rgya. Lcang-skya.

•BYA SKON bya rgya. Dbus-pa no. 472.

•BYA SKYIBS bird alcove, dovecote (natural or constructed?). Schopen in JIABS 17 (1994) 151, sees them as crags with overhanging ledges providing rain shelters for humans. See M.Vy. 5359: prāgbhara. Acc. to Edgerton the Skt. means to be [lit. & physically] inclined [toward something]. For the Skt. form viṭaṅka, see Negi dictionary under Bya skyibs can. brag ldeng ka'am bug yod pa. Btsan-lha. brag phug. Utpal 29.4. Skt. kṛtaprāgbhāra. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 131 ('rock-shelter'). 'Bird Shelter,' used by Dkar-ru Grub-dbang "to downplay the sophisticated ancient architectural tradition of all-stone corbelled edifices." ZZFC 247. I wonder if this might at times have the meaning of columbarium or dovecote; see under bya rdang.

•BYA SKYU RUG MA Czaja in NTFC I 98.

•BYA KHA BA nyin mo lta mkhan bya ra ba dang / mtshan mo lta mkhan mel tshe. Btsan-lha.

•BYA KHYI [1] (Dbus, Gtsang) = glag. a large Tibetan bird of prey. [2] But see Terrone in TS9 VIII 222, where the 'bird dog' is a tiny dog found in the nests of cliff-nesting birds, which has the power to detect poison in food. It is also mentioned in Gyurme Dorje, Tibet Handbook, p. 620.

•BYA KHYUNG JD 240. For gnyen po bya khyung, see KP1 130.1, KP3 288.4, KP4 459.5.

•BYA KHYUNG DKAR PO See ngang pa.

•BYA KHYUNG LNGA PA a medicinal preparation. BP 243.5, 262.5. = khyung lnga.

•BYA KHYUNG SNGON PO a medicinal preparation, a salve. Prescriptions 43. Lag-len 30.5. TMC 59 (131). BT 40r.6. BP 243.1.

•BYA KHYUNG BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation, belonging to the Byang lugs. BP 383.5. BT 46r.6. BP 248.6.

•BYA KHYUNG DMAR PO See ngur pa.

•BYA KHYUNG 'DZAG SDOM BP 223.6.

•BYA KHYUNG SHEL RAL CAN a medicinal preparation. BP 243.4.

•BYA KHRA See skya ga. = ri bong za. JD 242.

•BYA MKHAN THAG SHUR 'Sliding Down a Rope Like a Bird.' Richardson, Ceremonies 20.

•BYA GAG (regionalism) 'chicken' or rooster. BBNP 469. khyim bya. chu bya dkar po ske ring lu gu'i tshad tsam pa zhig. Btsan-lha. Flick, Carrying Enemies 45. a waterbird, duck. Jamspal, Treasury 53. This bird is frequently mentioned in Vinaya literature. 'di khyim bya'i ming yin te / 'chi med mdzod du / khyim bya zangs kyi gtsug [64v2] phud can / kug ku'i sgra sgrogs rkang pa'i mtshan / zhes bya gag la ming bzhi gsungs pas so. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•BYĀ GHRI See kaṇṭa ka ri.

•BYA DGA' rngan pa. Blaṅ 516.4. Also spelled bya sga, bya rga. present, reward, gift in recompense. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BYA DGU LA PHYI LANG BYED PA byas tshad la skyon du bzung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYA RGOD JD 240. SS 499.3.

•BYA RGOD RGYUS 'BYOR See brag spos.

•BYA RGOD SPOS = (sngo) ma gi ta, (sngo) shig gsod. JD 192. SS 453.3. Delphinium brunonianum. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•BYA RGOD SUG PA Corydalis Stracheyi. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. Saussurea gossypiphora. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27. See da byid dkar po.

•BYA RGYAL 'PHUR SLEB See (bya rgyal) 'phur sleb.

•BYA RGYUD KYI LHA DRUG stong pa'i lha / yi ge'i lha / sgra'i lha / gzugs kyi lha / phyag rgya'i lha / mtshan ma'i lha'o. 600 82.

•BYA RGYUD RIGS DRUG de bzhin gshegs pa'i rigs / padma'i rigs / rdo rje'i rigs / nor bu'i rigs / lngas rtsen gyi rigs / 'jig rten pa'i rigs rnams so. 600 82.

•BYA SGA gzengs bstod kyi ster cha'am rngan pa. Btsan-lha. See bya dga'.

•BYA SGAB glo bu bya sgab. DD illus. 2, 19. anterior pulmonary lobe of the lungs. Yangga's dissert., pp. 286, 299.

•BYA SGRUNG grong tshes kyi lo rgyus. Gces 583.5. grong mtshes kyi lo rgyus. Btsan-lha.

•BYA GCOD bya ra byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYA LCE LAG PA = bye lce lag pa. DG 259.6.

•BYA RNYANG sgying ba'am glal ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYA TRA PHA TRA See spyang tsher ag ne.

•BYA TRA PHAG KP1 19.6.

•BYA GTONG 'phrin gtong ba'am gsang brda. Btsan-lha. [three] messages [of death], Yangga's dissert., pp. 373-374.

•BYA GTOR scattering for the birds, commonly known in English as sky burial. ZZFC 113.

•BYA BTANG Stein.

•BYA BTANG PA ri khrod pa'am bsam gtan pa.

•BYA STAG SS 545.6.

•BYA THAL See rgod brum. bird dung.

•BYA THI BA phug ron. sreg pa.

•BYA DE PO = khyim bya. regional synonyms: bya po, bya gag, by pho, gzer mo. BBNP 469.

•BYA 'DAB bya yi gshog pa brkyangs pa'i nyams dang ldan pas bya 'dab kyang zer. Namdak, Bzo-rig 78.

•BYA 'DAB CHU GZAR something made of metal, here explained to be eaves with bird feather designs. ZZFC 240.

•BYA 'DABS transverse process (a part of the vertebrae). Yangga's dissert., p. 276.

•BYA RDANG Also, bya ldang, bya gdong, bya gdang. "[A] type of small temple or tabernacle of the gsas mkhar type, set up on mountains or near houses, which in ancient times was devoted exclusively to the protectors of the sNang gshen theg pa." Norbu, Drung 242-3. TS6 129, and note. Nine Ways 303. In more modern Tibetan at least, this means a 'bird roost' (a set of nesting boxes for domestic poultry). Also spelled bya ldang. dgra bla'i gnas. Btsan-lha. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 389. Perhaps it really means a kind of dovecote, built as dwelling for birds. For examples, see Elizabeth Beazley, The Pigeon Towers of Isfahan, Iran 4 (1966) 105-109. Ngawang Gyatso finds that in the Gansu family mss. he studies, "bird rack" refers to a ritual for the propitiation of the mountain gnyan spirits. In 2017, Charles Ramble gave a paper, "Bya rdang Rituals of the Le'u Tradition."

•BYA RDO Also, bya sdo, jag to. A type of horse. TS7 II 614. See (rdo) thal.

•BYA NA OT = tshod ma. = sbags pa. Blaṅ 304.2. Tib. deriv. from Skt. byanydza na [vyañjana, in the sense of a condiment, sauce, seasoned dish?], = tshod ma. = zas sbags ma. Blaṅ 308.6. skyu ru mtshod ma'i ming. Blaṅ 516.2. zas sam lan tsha dang tshod ma. Btsan-lha.

•BYA NU Also, bya rnu. Plant name. Emmerick, On Ravigupta's Gaṇas, BSOAS 34 no. 2 (1971) 373.

•BYA BRNUR bya ba ngang 'then. Btsan-lha.

•BYA PA fowler (hunter of birds, generally using nets).

•BYA PHO [1] rooster, the male chicken. [2] = khyim bya. "domestic bird, chicken." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•BYA PHO GDANG KHAR 'DZEGS PA khyim bya skas kyi gdang bu la 'dzegs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYA PHO TSI TSI See a bi ṣa. = a'u rtsi. JD 154. SS 470.6. Mdo 257. Olaf Czaja discusses the various ways of identifying this plant in a forthcoming paper. Cotoneaster microphyllus. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. Garden pea. Pisum sativum. TDD 136. Spelled bya pho rtsi rtsi. Czaja in NTFC I 97.

•BYA PHOD feathers and plumes. Bellezza in RET 42 (2017) 23.

•BYA 'PHIR kite [made of paper].

•BYA 'PHUR SLEB See ldum stag.

•BYA BA NAR MA bya ba rgyun ma'am dkyus ma. Btsan-lha.

•BYA BA MYED PA Sinitic vocab. for 'dus ma byas. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 162.

•BYA BA BSRUNG BA 'Guardian of duties.' A monastic office in India. See Sanderson in Einoo, ed., Genesis & Development of Tantrism, p. 99.

•BYA BANG kwa yi sgra can gyi bya zhig gam pho rog che ba'am bya rog. Btsan-lha. pheasant. Bellezza, D&B 144.

•BYA BAL See thang khrag. See dud pa bya bal.

•BYA BAL MA the softest down of the krung krung bird. Yisun. Example of usage in Lde'u 361, which speaks of an [impossible] spear made of bird down.

•BYA BO rdza ma. Btsan-lha.

•BYA BYIS = bya dang bye'u. birds (lit., birds & small birds).

•BYA BYED actions, things to do. Everyday functions (Jinpa).

•BYA BYED LAS object, agent and action. See under 'khor gsum.

•BYA BRAL unemployed (but not, therefore, necessarily inactive), free of business concerns. Skt. niṣkriya. 1. mtshan mo. 2. 'du 'dzi bral ba. Blaṅ 529.

•BYA BLAGS MANG don med kyi bya byed mang ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYA BLO KHAL KHOL chos bya snyam pa'i blo kha re kho re'am bra bre re. Dpe-chos 508.

•BYA BLO KHAL KHEL bya snyam pa'i blo kha re kho re. Btsan-lha.

•BYA 'BRAS bird fruit. An odd way of talking about eggs, isn't it. Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 15.

•BYA MA RTA OT = nyan rna. = bang chen. Blaṅ 292.4. Dbus-pa no. 297. Btsan-lha. = bang chen. = nyan rna. Lcang-skya. Generally means 'messenger.' I etymologize this to mean 'neither bird nor horse' (or 'everything from bird to horse').

•BYA MA BUM chu snod ril pa spyi blugs. Btsan-lha.

•BYA MA BYI JD 248. = bya leb. SS 502.1.

•BYA MA BYEL flying squirrels. See Huber in N-L I 277.

•BYA MA BYEL BU See discussion in the glossary of Nine Ways.

•BYA MEN ? Shastri in TS9 I 140.

•BYA MO ZER bya mos bya skad sgrog pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYA MO LAB OT = mchod rdzas. Blaṅ 300.5. mchod rdzas. gzhon nur lab brdol ba. 'bul rdzongs dang dga' ba'i sbyin pa. Btsan-lha. mchod pa'i rdzas. Dbus-pa no. 650. = mchod pa'i rdzas. Lcang-skya.

•BYA DMAR Norbu, Drung 105.

•BYA SMYANG yibs nas lta ba. rkang lag rnams shad du rkyong ba. Also spelled bya myang, bya rmyang, bya rmyong. Btsan-lha.

•BYA TSHAN byis pa ma'i khong du gnas dus kyi brun. Btsan-lha.

•BYA TSHE GZE MA THA RAMS sgo lcags bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•BYA WANG [1] bat (the mammal). = pha wang, lpags 'dab can, byi'u so can. JD 249. SS 500.2. [2] "It is a bluish and white pheasant found in places such as sTeng-chen." Bellezza, L&T 90. Berounsky in FBTB 106.

•BYA ZHU feathered hat. Karmay, Treasury vocab. bya zhu can gyi chos ni sa le 'od. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 186.1.

•BYA BZHAG employment, business. Sources. Stein.

•BYA RA spying. Putting in a regular alignment or in a row. In compounds, reduced to byar. I wonder if in some instances it means an aviary (fenced in birds), especially since I've seen it paired with rta ra, or horse corral.

•BYA RA BA watcher, spy. ma yengs sems la bya ra thong / bya ra ba'i ngo bo rtogs. Zhi-byed Coll. II 450.5. In Vinayavastu, used (once only) specifically for elephant keepers. Occurs in Buston II 18. It is said in Tang Chinese sources that Tibetan royal dispatch riders "were called 'bird messengers' niao shi, or 'flying bird messengers' feiniao shi." Denis Twitchett in Hans van de Ven, ed., Warfare in Chinese History, Brill (Leiden 2000) 107.

•BYA RI SKEGS = gtum mo (?). = ri skyegs, q.v.

•BYA RU This Bon term is hardly ever used in Chos texts. Still there are some occurrences, for example in the Lo rgyus chen mo (the Nyingma history). The most interesting example of Chos usage is in the consecration (rab gnas) text by Atisa. There is also an occurrence of it as finial of a mchod rten in Rgod-tshang-pa's biography; 64 I 40.6. It's possible (although it depends on the reading) that it appears in the following quote from Tsong-kha-pa's Sngags-rim Chen-mo (PRC ed.), p. 236: phyogs can ni bya dang zla ba yar ngo mar ngo gnyis ka la 'jug pas / pa tshab kyis bya ru bsgyur ba 'gyur nyes pa yin sung ngo (but on 2nd thought, this is just explaining the Skt. word pakṣin, which can have two different meanings... so no, this is not a usable example). Its symbolism of method and insight is discussed in Bon Kanjur, 3rd ed. XC 675.3 (I can't actually relocate this ref. unfortunately). ZZFC 239. Karmay in JIABR 1 (2013) 25, 30. Huber in N-T I 278-279. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 181. Bellezza, D of T 87-88. As a horse adornment, see Dotson, Horse 278.

•BYA RU CAN spyir bya rgyal khyung gi ru la brjod kyang bya ru can zhes pa ni go gnas thob thang gi rtags shig. Btsan-lha.

•BYA RU BYA GRI A type of finial for the top of a chorten. See rock art illus. as fig 345 in ZZFC 185.

•BYA RE BA BRENG CHAGS PA so pa'am bya ra ba gcig rjes gnyis mthud. Btsan-lha.

•BYA ROG gzings las 'phur ba'i bya rog gar bder 'gro bar gyis. Zhi-byed Coll. I 310.2. lta ba gzings kyi bya rog la dris. Ibid. II 226.7. Flick, Carrying Enemies 45, 48. = pho rog, gtor ma za, bden sgrogs pa, mig la khyung mig. JD 242. SS 537.1. bya rog gzings 'phur gyi gdams ngag yin no. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 123.5. For their tendency to hide things away, see Jamspal, Treasury 93. For its enmity with the owl, see Jamspal, Treasury 149, 180. For the story of how it stole a golden necklace and used it to get the snake killed, see Hahn, TSD 56-57. For the parable of the crow and the palm tree (for random, not causally connected, events), see P. Granoff, "Chance & Causality: Of Crows, Palm Trees, God & Salvation," JIP 46 (2018) 399-418.

•BYA ROG SGOG PA DG 270.6.

•BYA ROG MCHU skam pa bya rog mchu, a type of surgical tong or pincher pictured in JD 274 (item 3).

•BYA ROG NYUNG MA JD 198. = (?) bya rog nor bu. bya rog yung ma in KP1 203.3. KP3 319.2. Jurinea dolomiaea. TDD 103.

•BYA ROG GDONG See a ka ru.

•BYA ROG NOR BU See pa re pa kon.

•BYA ROG DMIG lit. 'crow's eye,' it means an access point (gsang) above the stomach.

•BYA LAG red colored flat top of the wa sgor. Velm I 137. (dialect) a badly behaved child. Yisun.

•BYA LAM bird path (i.e., the sky). Berounsky in FBTB 101.

•BYA LE clitoris. DD illus. 22. See under mkha' 'gro gdong.

•BYA LE SHA MED SPANG LO (?) KP1 164.2.

•BYA LEB See bya ma byi. fruit bat.

•BYA LOG See under ja log & gya log.

•BYA SHA KHAM BU YONG thams cad dgrar langs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYA SRAN MA KP1 218.1.

•BYA SLAG CAN See chu rtsa.

•BYA GSOB 'dra gzugs. 'dra gsob. Btsan-lha.

•BYAG See the Tib.-Tib. dictionaries.

•BYAG PA As it occurs in Lde'u 277, it has to be equiv. to jag pa, robber, bandit, since the latter is the reading in its source, the Bka'-chems Ka-khol-ma (1989), p. 202.

•BYAG BYAS PA rgyu nor 'phrog bcom byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYAG TSE ling tse. dra mig. Btsan-lha.

•BYANG [1] north. [2] used in a contexts where it seems to be a substance analogous to conch, a type of semi-precious substance. See Bellezza, D&B 102, 124.

•BYANG RKYANG See Dhongthog under 'trousers.'

•BYANG KHOG I'm not sure how to explain the first syllable, but this refers to the entire trunk of the human body containing the viscera. It is frequently divided into upper (thorax) and lower (abdomen) parts, with the division being the one created by the diaphragm. Yangga's dissert., p. 234, tr. as "abdominal," isn't accurate (he corrects this later and translates as "torso").

•BYANG KHRA See pad me.

•BYANG KHRAM tablet notches (?). Uray, Narrative 27. I think it means notched sticks for labeling or categorizing.

•BYANG CUB byang chub. Btsan-lha.

•BYANG CHUB clear comprehension ('pure realization'). bodhi. The "chub" goes back to an Old Translation of rtogs pa — chub pa — 'realization.' Sometimes byan tshud pa, q.v. is said to be a synonym.

•BYANG CHUB LJON SHING See pi pi ling.

•BYANG CHUB SNYING PO Bodhi Heart, clearly comprehended essence. Klong-chen-pa 12.2. byang chub kyi snying po la gnyis las rtogs pa byang chub kyi snying po ni ye shes chos kyi sku'am thams cad mkhyen pa'i ye shes la bya zhing / gnas byang chub kyi snying po la 'og min dang rdo rje'i gdan lta bu 'jog. Eimer, Dbyangs 58.

•BYANG CHUB ME TOG See me tog ser chen.

•BYANG CHUB KYI TSHOGS BCU GSUM Pabongka, Liberation II 202.

•BYANG CHUB SHING Peepal. Ficus religiosus. TDD 79.

•BYANG CHUB SEMS bodhicitta. "clearly comprehended mind." equivalent to Awareness (rig-pa), Ultimate Truth, self-engendered Full Knowledge and Dharmabody. (Klong-chen-pa 2.9 comm.) It is beyond subject-object dichotomies and, so, equivalent to Realm of Dharmas as well (see dbyings). See analysis in Klong-chen-pa 12.18.

•BYANG CHUB SEMS DPA' Bodhisattva. For three types, the shepherd (lug rdzi), the leader (rje dpon), and the oarsman (gnyan pa), see 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 15.1 ff.

•BYANG CHUB SEMS DPA' SEMS DPA' CHEN PO byang chub sems dpa' zhes pa'i sgra bshad ni / nyes skyon byang zhing yon tan khong du chub pas na byang chub dang / 'gro ba'i don sems shing bdud las tshar gcod pas na sems dpa' 'am // yang na bden pa gnyis la yang yang byang zhing de'i don chub pas na byang chub dang / bden pa gnyis kyi don yang yang sems la sran tshugs pas na sems dpa' zhes a lag sha'i shes rab snying po'i 'brel pa las gsungs / sems dpa' chen po ni byang sems kyi sa thob pa'i sems dpa' ste / mdo sdud pa las / gtong ba che dang blo che ba dang mthu chen dang / rgyal ba rnams kyi theg chen mchog la zhugs pa dang / go cha chen po bgos shing bdud kyi sgyu 'dul ba / de yi phyir na sems dpa' che zhes rab tu brjod / ces gsungs pa ltar ro. Gser Sbram 43.

•BYANG CHUB SEMS RTSA See J. Gyatso in History of Religions 43 (2003) 101.

•BYANG CHOG 'name card ritual' for deceased. TS7 II 1071. Illus. and explanation in Nomads 280.

•BYANG LDE LHAGS PA mi skya'i zhwa bye brag pa zhig dang lhags pa ni 'dir ldem me gyon pa zer ba yin snyam. Dpe-chos 514.

•BYANG RNAM Also, byang rnams. Seems to be name of a paradise, or a land of happiness that is a possible afterlife destination. Tan, Theses 144, 154.

•BYANG PA = brang ha la, stag chung dmar khra, mo nad dpa' bo. an insect. JD 262. SS 503.1. TM IV 65. Translated as 'blister beetle' in Subsequent Tantra (2011 ed.), ch. 19.

•BYANG BU [1] name-card used in death ritual. TS7 II 1071. LW 446. For its use in very early Chinese funerary rites, see Ursula-Angelika Cedzich, Corpse Deliverance, Substitute Bodies..., J. of Chinese Religions 29 (2001) 20. [2] [administrative] woodslips. In Lde'u 262 various types are described, all apparently meaning woodslips. Uray, Narrative 27. [3] a document authorizing the gter ston. Janet Gyatso, "The Relic Text as Prophecy: Analogous Meanings of Byang(-bu), and Its Appropriation in the Treasure Tradition," unpublished paper.

•BYANG LUG A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 297.

•BYANG SHING wooden slate which, when covered with chalk dust, serves for writing exercises. See Das, JTL&CT 81. Is the word lcam shing behind it? Travers, BPPI 123. See under thal byang.

•BYANG SEMS DKAR PO Text 15. See cong zhi.

•BYANG SEMS DKAR DMAR SS 524.2.

•BYANG SEMS DMAR PO See brag zhun.

•BYAD mthu gtad pa sogs gnod par byed pa. Gser Sbram 184.

•BYAD GA gzengs bstod kyi bya dga'. Btsan-lha.

•BYAD GTAD nan gtad byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYAD STEMS Haarh, Yar-luṅ 235. Also, byad ltems. dmod gtses kyis gcun pa'am zug pa dang drang srong smod pa'i tshig. Btsan-lha. Example of usage, with spelling byad ltems, in Lde'u 234.

•BYAD PA See pad me.

•BYAD MA [1] sorcerer. mthu gtad byed mkhan. Btsan-lha. byad ma ni mthu gtad byed mkhan gyi ming. 367 I 232. [2] beautiful woman. chags bral byad mas ci zhig bya. "Of what use is a beautiful woman for him who is passionless?" Hahn, TSD 37.

•BYAD GSAS Karmay in JIABR 1 (2013) 22.

•BYAN See nang byan. lan tshwa. Btsan-lha.

•BYAN CHUD PA See byan tshud pa, rang byan tshud pa, etc. snang ba la byan chud pas rang rig khong nas 'char ba'i dus dang drug. Zhi-byed Coll. II 361.7.

•BYAN PA cook (a monastic occupation). Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 275.

•BYAN PHO zas g.yos pa lta mkhan. Btsan-lha. Acc. to Tsuguhito Takeuchi (London 2002), the byan po was the chief cook, a member of the 4-person watchman unit in Central Asia (his assistant was called byan g.yog).

•BYAN BYAS log g.yem. Btsan-lha.

•BYAN MO bag ma dang zas g.yos mkhan la'ang byan mo zer. Dpe-chos 508.

•BYAN TSHUD PA Said to be a synonym of byang chub pa. Dagyab.

•BYAN G.YOG assistant cook. See under byan pho.

•BYAN LAG byan chud dam yid 'ong ba. Gces 587.1. Btsan-lha. bya lags. Dbus-pa no. 515.

•BYAB TA Samdo A IV 168r.1, 168r.3.

•BYABS KHRUS A vessel used in this type of bathing rite illus. in Po-ta-la (1996) 185.

•BYABS PA thur du 'then pa'am 'og tu 'dren pa dang sel ba. Btsan-lha. tapped (as with a stick or a magic wand).

•BYAMS As translation of a Chinese concept, see Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•BYAMS CHOS SDE LNGA mngon rtogs rgyan / rgyud bla ma / mdo sde rgyan / chos nyid rnam 'byed / dbus mtha' rnam 'byed do. 600 64.

•BYAMS MA a Bon term, name for Drölma. bon gyi brda sgrol ma'i mtshan. Btsan-lha.

•BYAR Stein.

•BYAR 'DAB leb mo. Btsan-lha.

•BYAR PAṆ CHU RTSI Willow herb. Epilobium laxum. TDD 73.

•BYAR MED I decided to try translating it, as it occurs in ZC, as 'absence of [mental] preoccupations' [in fact, it may be short for yid la byar med pa]. I may change my mind.

•BYAR YOD bya rgyu yod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYAS Stein.

•BYAS 'THUS YONG byas na 'grig gam chog. Btsan-lha.

•BYAS PA Stein.

•BYAS PA SMOD PA phan btags pa la smod pa'i don. Btsan-lha.

•BYI adultery, (or in general:) wrong sexual act. log g.yem. Btsan-lha. See chu byi.

•BYI'U KHRA JD 242.

•BYI'U MGO lit. 'birdy head.' JD 48. SS 404.4. DG 126.5. Rin 101 identifies as "Fossilia spiriferis," a kind of fossilized shellfish. It is also called rdo bye'u, bye'u rdo, rdo ril byis mgo, a hri bye'u ske. I've seen it translated as 'sparrow head.'

•BYI CHAD penalty for adultery or rape. Sources.

•BYI CHUNG A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 296.

•BYI'U COG phrase explained in BBNP 473. Regional equivalent: byi thi rnam 'joms.

•BYI TANG GA JD 89. a tree. SS 428.3. Spelled byi tang ka in KP1 178.3. Spelled spyi tang ka in KP3 210.2. KP4 497.1. = bi ṭang ga. LW 469. DG 197.6. Clifford, list. Symplocos ramosissima. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27 (here spelled byi tang ka). false black pepper (treatment against micro-organisms). Yangga's dissert., p. 214.

•BYI TANG BDUN PA TMC 49 (108). BT 22v.6. byi tang ka bdun thang. BT 10r.4. BP 236.4.

•BYI TRA GSANG PHRUM See thar nu.

•BYI STAG 'tiger mouse,' a type of mouse. byi ba bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•BYI'U STAR KA Balsam. Balsam weed, touch-me-not. Impatiens balsamina. Tibetans commonly call it phor rtsi, since it is used to dye wooden bowls. TDD 95.

•BYI'U STAR GA Impatiens laxiflora. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•BYI THI RNAM 'JOMS See byi'u cog (BBNP 473).

•BYI THUR porcupine. See gzugs mo.

•BYI THUR SGRO porcupine quill.

•BYI DOR wiped clean, well scrubbed. Generally this is what you are doing when you wipe, scour or scrub household surfaces to make them clean. But applied to the body, it means grooming.

•BYI NA SA Knotgrass. Polygonum aviculare. TDD 141.

•BYI NAL ming sring bsdeb pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYI PO gyos po. Btsan-lha.

•BYI PHO A man who commits adultery with another man's wife. gzhan gyi chung mar log g.yem spyod pa. Btsan-lha. An example of usage in Franco in Steinkellner Festschrift 170. See byi bo, which is a different word.

•BYI PHRUG 'chal phrug. Nomads 244.

•BYI BA [1] mouse. = tsi tsi, 'bigs byed, rlun chung. JD 249. SS 501.4. See ba sha ka. "Where the mouse is the keeper of the storage-room." Hahn, TSD 38. [2] the act of rape. For an O.T. text relevant to penalties for a rapist (byi ba bgyis pa), see Dotson, Dissert. 337.

•BYI BA ZA See byi la.

•BYI BO [1] bald, unadorned. [2] rapist. "Thieves, rapists, robbers and hunters also stay in retreat." Samdo A V 52v.4. [3] adulterer. [4] sounding the gandi as a signal for assembly. tshogs brda 'gan de brdung ba. Btsan-lha. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 215.3.

•BYI BYAD lus la khrus dang gtsang sbra byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYI BRUN MA cat faeces, an inferior type of gu gul. DG 243.4.

•BYI 'BRAS See 'bras.

•BYI MO [1] female servant. g.yog mo. Btsan-lha. [2] prostitute. smad tshong ma. Btsan-lha. [3] bald woman. mgo skra med pa'i bud med. Btsan-lha. [4] cheating wife, a married woman who sleeps with someone else's husband. Misspelled bye mo in Lde'u 64.

•BYI MO GZIG (Amdo) bu mo gcig. a girl.

•BYI DMAR CHE A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 301.

•BYI RTSI A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 301.

•BYI TSHER JD 117. SS 477.3. KP3 305.5. KP4 488.1. Mdo 263. See discussion in Jean Filliozat, ed. & tr., Yogaśataka: Texte médical attribué à Nāgārjuna, Institut Français d'Indologie (Pondichéry 1979), pp. xxiv-xxv.

•BYI'U ZUL BYED PA 'dzul ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYI BZUNG JD 158. SS 512.4. Great burdock. Arctium lappa. TDD 17.

•BYI YUM CHEN PO A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 299.

•BYI RIL See pi pi ling.

•BYI RIL LBU DKAR a kind of suger in small lumps. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 31.

•BYI RU byu ru. Btsan-lha. See byu ru.

•BYI RUG JD 200. LW 447n. Mdo 266. Elsholtzia. Popularly known as "mint shrub."

•BYI RUG SMUG PO horsemint. Mentha longifolia. TDD 117.

•BYI LA 'cat,' derived from Indic; see Beyer, CT Lang. 142. Pha-dam-pa gives three words for cat: 'a 'o, zhum bu and byi la. Zhi-byed Coll. II 9.4. byi la'i dug ni dran bas phung. Zhi-byed Coll. I 306.6. byi la ni deng sang yul phyogs 'dir li'u zhes pa de. Eimer, Dbyangs 57. = zhum bu, bshang sbed, byi ba za. JD 246. SS 538.1. LW 464. = pi shi. "Where the cat is the guardian of butter." Hahn, TSD 38.

•BYI'U LA PHUG JD 207. SS 486.1. Mdo 270. An unidentified member of the Liliaceae family of herbs. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27. Alpencress. Hutchinsia alpina. TDD 93.

•BYI LONG 'blind rat,' mole.

•BYI SHANG DKAR MO JD 198. SS 510.4. = ra dkar 'o ma, kyi lce dkar po, bsha' rdo. Spelled byi shing dkar mo in Mdo 268.

•BYI SA SS 532.3. DG 143.2.

•BYI'U SO CAN See bya wang.

•BYI'U SRAD NA KP3 325.1.

•BYIG SHU Tibetanization of Bhikṣu. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 187. An example in a Sinitic scripture: gos dkar po gyon nas byig shu rnams phyag 'tshal du bcug. Dressing in white robes, he makes the monks prostrate. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 79, p. 366.4. This same spelling also appears in the title of a Dunhuang text (Pelliot tibétain no. 126).

•BYING GUR N. for stone rings, acc. to Bellezza, Divine Dyads 261.

•BYING RGOD sinking and scattering. The two extremes to be avoided when attempting to bring the mind to the state of settled concentration on the object of meditation in the early stages of the Path. This settled concentration is called Peaceful Abiding (zhi-gnas). These two are mental/moral failings which prevent the Two Accumulations of Full Knowledge and Merit. They are, then, correspondent manifestations of obscuration (sgrib pa) and afflictive emotions (nyon rmongs) within the context of initial stabilization (zhi gnas) in meditation.

•BYING NGAS fish.

•BYING CHE SA equivalent to khyab che se (?). BBNP 477.

•BYING CHE SE khyab che se. Btsan-lha.

•BYING BYING THU LU 'bu bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha. a type of beetle or similar bug, it is pictured rolling a ball, so perhaps it is a dung beetle. It is larger than the bse sbur.= rdzib rdzib, zhol spur ba. JD 255. SS 503.3.

•BYINGS [1] Sometimes used for Skt. dhātu in the sense of the verbal roots (in other contexts, with other meanings, Tibetans translated dhātu by dbyings, with the initial 'd'). Stein. [2] the rest, what's left over, the remainder. [3] sunk, dull, common. May be used more specifically to refer to the ordinary workers who hold no special rank. Used in this sense in Lde'u 230. Pema Bhum interprets it to mean here the majority (apart from the royalty).

•BYINGS SE NYOGS SE phrase interpreted in 367 II 126.3. sems la 'char rgyu nges po med pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYID [1] OT = dar yol ba. = rgan po. Blaṅ 304.6. dar yol lam rgan po. yal ba. Btsan-lha. [2] self-erasing traces, like breath on a mirror, as in the phrase: chos rnams me long gi byid bzhin du shes par gyis gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 213.7.

•BYID PA a tsa ras 'dzam bu'i gling sum gnyis su phyin nas zhal te snying byid pa btang ste nyan mkhan myi gda'. Zhi-byed Coll. II 302.4.

•BYID PO'I KHA sbubs thur byid po'i kha, a medical instrument pictured in JD 277 (item 3).

•BYIN 'majesty, charisma, prestige.' Used to translate Chinese concept. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 164 (= rlabs, gzi byin, gzi brjid). See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 72.

•BYIN KYOG blood vessel. DD illus. 24.

•BYIN GYIS RLOB PA PO an unusual form noticed in the Guhyasamāja bskyed-rim work by Mkhas-grub-rje. The ones who do the blessing...

•BYIN GYIS GZHOL BA rim gyis thur du bab pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYIN CHED PO nus pa chen po. Btsan-lha.

•BYIN PA'I NYWA SNYING DD illus. 30.

•BYIN PA LEGS See dgo ba.

•BYIN PO rtswa byin po ni rtswa mang ma'am rtswa mang. Dpe-chos 505.

•BYIN BU byin bu sdan [i.e., gdan] du bting. Zhi-byed Coll. V 170.3.

•BYIN THOB what is received by way of blessing (used in combination with skyed thob, what is obtained by generating it oneself). Samdo A III 273v.3, etc.

•BYIN TSHAL celery (Lonely Planet Phrasebook).

•BYIN GZHUG blood vessel. DD illus. 24.

•BYIN ZA offering eater (fire).

•BYIN LOG infectious calf of the leg. Yangga's dissert., p. 111.

•BYIN RLABS Skt. adhiṣṭhāna. See Wayman, BI 20 ff. for a discussion of what he believes the early meaning to be. Wayman recommends 'spiritual foundation' or 'spiritual support.' The translation 'staying power' has much to recommend it, but we prefer the more ordinary term 'blessing.' For an online discussion of the translation of this term, see Alexander Berzin, "Inspiration ('Blessings') and Its Relation to Mantras and Oral Transmission" (berzinarchives.com), where 'inspiration' or 'uplifting transformation' would seem to be preferred. Germano, Poetic Thought 831. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 198-9. Bell, Religion 86: byin gyis rlobs. Lit., 'Make blessings to flow like waves over.' byin gyis brlabs pa / byin ni sku gsung thugs kyi gzi byin dang / brlabs ni bsgyur ba'i don te blo bsgyur par go dgos. Gser Sbram 78. byin rlabs / 'phags pa'i lam chos kyi don gang yin pa la gnas pa'i dbang thob cing mthu yod pa ni byin rlabs zhes bya'o zhes chos kyi rnam grangs kyi brjed byang [by Ka-ba Dpal-brtsegs] du gsungs. Gser Sbram 79. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 112.

•BYIN RLABS BZHI LDAN 'khor lo chen po'i rdzogs rim byin rlabs bzhi ldan ni / lus byin rlabs / ngag byin rlabs / yid byin rlabs / de kho na nyid kyi byin rlabs rnams so. 600 48.

•BYIB PA to cover, wrap. (Is it related to yib pa?)

•BYIM PO so dmag gam bya ra byed mkhan. Btsan-lha. Chinese border troops (I think he means Tibetan troops on the border of China). Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BYIL TUG KP1 127.6. KP3 287.5. KP4 458.2.

•BYIL PO rtswa'i gur. Btsan-lha.

•BYIL BA to stroke, pet. Example of usage in Lde'u 247.

•BYIL BYIL = byug byug. BBNP 478.

•BYIL SRAN MA KP4 529.4.

•BYIS NAD children's ailments. SRZT 119 ff.

•BYIS PA [1] child. [2] simplistic, childish, immature, unsophisticated (as used by some authors, = commoners, ordinary people). See the discussion of Skt. bāla in Encyclopedia of Buddhism.

•BYIS PA'I BDUN THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 9v.1.

•BYIS PA TSA NA byis pa'i dus na. Btsan-lha.

•BYI PHRUG a child born out of wedlock (the man must pay the byi rin, adultery indemnity).

•BYIS TSHER cocklebur, ditch burr, xanthium fruit. Xanthium strumariam. TDD 201. The name means child thorn.

•BYIS TSHER BA KP1 167. DG 235.6.

•BYIS SHIG gyis shig. Btsan-lha.

•BYU RIL winzig, rund. Kaschewsky 84.

•BYU RU = pa pa lam, pra pa la, stobs rab, bi dru ma. JD 36. DG 90.3. = ba ra na ga. YTTM 291.10. SS 401.2. coral. LW 465. This word, of probable IE origins (note vidruma), is discussed by Bielmeier in the Schuh Festschrift. Rin 36, with other names given as: mdog can, rnam par shing, nor bu chen po, nor bu'i 'khri shing, rin chen sdong po, lus dmar 'dab, gser can 'dab.

•BYU RU LUGS SU BSHAD PA drang por smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYU LONG A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 296.

•BYUG DAR GYI RTSI lus la byugs shing snar snom pa dang bdug pa'i sman. Btsan-lha.

•BYUG PA See rnyeng. Blaṅ 298.3. zhal ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYUG MDANGS spread-on shading. shading applied through a smooth transition. Jackson.

•BYUG SMAN a medicinal preparation. BT 50v.7.

•BYUG PIR brush used for applying main coats of color. Jackson.

•BYUG RIS OT = gral. Skt. vistara. Blaṅ 303.3, 516.4. gral lam go rim. 'dug sar re'u chung 'bri ba. Btsan-lha. = gral. Lcang-skya.

•BYUNG KHRA income account book, distinguished from the song khra, for expenditures. District administrators kept such books to record all income apart from that derived from taxation. Cüppers in Prats, Pandita & Siddha 13.

•BYUNG RGYAL rtser son pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYUNG RGYAL DU SPYOD PA gang thon du 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYUNG RGYAL SMRA BA gang dran dran bshad pa. Btsan-lha. If you speak of your meditative experiences as they are happening the inner sap gets lost. nyams myong byung rgyal du smras pas nang gi rtsi shor. Zhi-byed Coll. II 331.4. Talking off the top of one's head, so to speak.

•BYUNG NA RE rgyun mthud de byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYUNG BA Skt. udgatā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•BYUNG TSHUL unfolding of past events, historical background, episode (hence, on occasion, it means chapter). The Skt., vṛttānta, has a root that means 'turning,' and most literally means 'end or result of a course of actin,' (M-W), and in usage may mean event, incident, account, and in fact, chapter. Example of usage in the meaning of chapter in Lde'u 7.

•BYUNG TSHOR A term used in Bon Abhidharma, for which I haven't been able to find a good explanation. It doesn't seem to be included in the Mvy. Sgam-po-pa also uses it (Kragh's thesis, note 151), and it appears in works by Ma-cig Lab-sgron. byung tshor rang dangs su ma shes na / rtog pa'i rlangs skyibs kyang. Zhi-byed Coll. II 466.6. myi gzhi' phung po la byung tshor gnas / des dbang po dang rnam shes 'brel / der bzung yul dang / 'dzin pa'i shes pa gnyis dbang po dang gsum tshogs nas... Zhi-byed Coll. IV 8.3. Carmen Meinart has studied an interesting passage that is found in P.t. 699, in which it is interpreted as 'being aware of arisings,' with the tshor compared to the watchman, and the byung to a thief. See her article in TS9 II, pointed out to me by Thierry Lamouroux. Sgra-'grel commentary on the Mdzod-phug has this interesting line: mi nyag gis gsungs pa / sems byung sems su ro gcig na / byung tshor bya ba ga la yod ces gsungs so.

•BYUNG TSHOR GYI RTOG PA conceptual constructions whose occurrence one feels/senses (or is aware of). Wangchuk, D&S 186.

•BYUR OT = mya ngan. Blaṅ 288.3. Dbus-pa no. 161. Lcang-skya. la chose possédée par l'esprit. Karmay in JA (1995) 166. an impurity (removable through ritual) derived from misfortunes. TS6 131. mya ngan. bkra mi shis pa'i rkyen ngan. bon gyi brdar gshen la bar chad gtong ba'i bdud kyi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha. 267 I 239. byur / byur po ste / ltas ngan nam rkyen ngan / sdug bsngal 'byung ba'i gzhi'o. Gser Sbram 92. byur nam mkha' la lding ba rtsol bas blangs pa ni grub pa po khyim 'thab byas pa yin. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 121.5. nor byur du 'gro bar ma nges. Zhi-byed Coll. V 167.2. 'di byur dpal du babs pa bya ba mi chos ma byung bas lha chos grub. Zhi-byed Coll. V 465.5.

•BYUR KHENGS byur bur gang ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYUR 'GONG mya ngan nam gnod pa byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYUR BU = spung ba. Lcang-skya. spyir bltams pa dang gang ba'i don la jug cing skabs 'gar mthar thug pa'i don la'ang 'jug ste. Btsan-lha. stong gsum gyi stong chen po rin po ches byur bur bkang nas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 126.5.

•BYUR BUR adv. to the point of overflow. C&LT 172.

•BYUR DMAR NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 111. Lag-len 38.1. = dil dmar ba'i rin chen byur dmar nyer lnga (Lag-len 80.4). TMC 54 (119).

•BYUL BA nyul ba'am myul ba. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 727.

•BYUS Stein.

•BYUS TSHOD BZUNG BA longs spyod dang mnga' thang la chog shes kyi rang tshod bzung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYUS LEGS DANG BYUS NYES bya ba lam 'gro yod med. Btsan-lha.

•BYE As an odd spelling for phye, barley meal, see Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 205.

•BYE RGYA thag ring sar 'gro mi chog pa'i khrims. Btsan-lha.

•BYE RGYUG = pu ra pa. YTTM 292.18.

•BYE LCE LAG PA See bya lce lag pa.

•BYE CHUG See rmigs bu.

•BYE LTONGS bye mas khengs pa'i thang stong. Btsan-lha.

•BYE STAG See phye ma leb, rmig pa.

•BYE STAG KHRA See phye ma leb.

•BYE THO BYE THO Mdo-sde Me-tog Gsil-ma, p. 374.3.

•BYE SBRUL KHRA BO See brag spos.

•BYE PHRA Nomads 265.

•BYE BA [1] the number 10,000,000, or ten million. [2] divided, separated, opened, bloomed.

•BYE BRAG distinct type. This word has an interesting etymology, since it must be a compound of bye ma and brag, sand and stone.

•BYE BRAG PA Vaiśeṣika school of brahmanical philosophy.

•BYE BRAG PA'I TSHIG DON DRUG rdzas dang / yon tan dang / las dang / spyi dang / bye brag dang / 'du ba ste drug go. 600 74.

•BYE BRAG PHYED PA bye brag tu shes pas so sor rtogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYE BRAL thag ring sar 'gro ba'am shi ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYE MA sand. SS 532.3. DG 138.5.

•BYE MA BUM golden 'sand vessels' occur in the Vinayavastu, but also in Lde'u. They seem to be used in landgrant rites, or town foundation rites. I have no special explanation, although I suspect they were used for laying out the plans directly on the ground.

•BYE MA MYU GU 'sand sprout,' lizard. See rmigs bu.

•BYE MA REG GCOD red sandstone. Rin 135.

•BYE RUG SS 482.4. Misspelled bje rug. Elshoutia eriostachya. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•BYED GRUB dkar rtsis kyi rtsis 'go mi 'dra ba gnyis te / gtso cher rgya rtsis kyi rjes su 'brang ba byed pa'i rtsis dang / gtso cher dus 'khor gyi rjes su 'brang ba grub pa'i rtsis so. Nomads 281.

•BYED CHOL brjid chags pa'i go rim la mi gnas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYED SNYING GU LU LU byed 'dod sha ra ra. Btsan-lha.

•BYED PA [1] doing, making. It can make causative meanings when added to another verb, although sometimes it has no meaning at all (just a function to disambiguate the tense). On this point, see Philologica Tibetica blog entry for January 2, 2014. [2] In special cases, may mean 'knowing' or 'recognizing'. [3] to say (ending a direct quote).

•BYED PA BYAS PA bya ba tshul bzhin du rdzogs par byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYED BYED PO one who does [something] again and again. 'Gos, Stong-thun 22.1.

•BYED RTSIS rgya rtsis kyi lugs. Nomads 244.

•BYED LEN byed len zhes pa sbur len dang don gcig gam snyam yang brtag go. From Namdak, Bzo-rig 119.

•BYE'U One may expect this to be the diminutive of bya, or 'bird,' but in Rolf Stein's Tibetica Antiqua 150, it is diminutive of phya.

•BYE'U MGO SNGON ltas ngan. Btsan-lha.

•BYE'U NON yongs rdzogs tshur len pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYE'U ZUL sa 'og tu thogs med du 'dzul ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYE'E = bye'u. "little bird, sparrow"? Kuijp (1986) 33.

•BYER as in tshad byer. Text 10 et passim.

•BYER BA OT = song ba. Blaṅ 287.2. Dbus-pa nos. 106, 425. Lcang-skya. 'thor ba. bros pa. so sor phye ba'am gyes pa. Btsan-lha. Bellezza, D&B 23.

•BYES MED = bud med. "young woman." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•BYO BA snod gcig nas gcig tu blug pa (but the usual present form is 'byo). Btsan-lha. yon tan chu byo ba dang 'dra ba bag mi yong. Zhi-byed Coll. V 454.3. byin brlabs bshu gu cig nas cig tu byo ba lta bu'i lugs yin pas. Zhi-byed Coll. I 118.6 (also, 142.3).

•BYO BO gzhan gyi bud med dang 'grogs pa. To befriend the wife of another. Btsan-lha.

•BYOGS PA ldag pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYON OT = sleb. OR, mistake for sbyon. Blaṅ 294.1 q.v., 311.5.

•BYON TA = byon pa. "to have come, have arrived." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•BYOL "[A] special type of ransom offering or blud known as byol." A type of demon as well as the affliction it brings. Bellezza, L&T 34, 46, 47 ("the byol ritual is designed to buy the freedom of humans and gods who find themselves in the clutches of treacherous demons").

•BYOL PO an obscure class of evil beings. Bellezza, L&T 47.

•BYOL BA kha ba'i ro la byol ba ni / gzur ba'am 'brod par byed pa. Rtse-le VIII 422. 'dzur ba'am g.yol ba. Btsan-lha. See 'byol ba, which ought to be the correct form of the present tense.

•BYOL SONG spyir dud 'gro'i ming dang / thogs med du 'gro ba. Btsan-lha.

•BYOS PA bros pa. Btsan-lha.

•BYOS SHIG OT = gyis shig. Blaṅ 296.2. Dbus-pa no. 456. Lcang-skya.

•BRA sems stor ba. Btsan-lha. marmot. LW 497.

•BRA GA = chu shor. KP4 434.2. = ga bra?

•BRA MGO mig thur bra mgo, medical implement illus. in JD 277 (item 6).

•BRA CA brag cha. Btsan-lha.

•BRA SPU RTSE A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 300.

•BRA PHYE'I BRA 'bru'i bye brag bla bo dang phye ni rtsam pa'i ming. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•BRA 'PHRUL MIG CAN bya bra 'phrul mig can. See phug ron.

•BRA BA [1] ye mi bra ba ni gtan nas mi phod pa. BBNP 479. zang zing gis mnyes pa'i zong srang bu cig myi bra ba'i mi la gdams ngag gsha' ma cig mi phyi. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 56.5. rang re'i lag nas ka cha mi bra ba tsam cig bla ma la yang dka' las byas pa'i chos la ser sna skye ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 56.6. [2] much, many. Hill, Review 181. [3] Jäschke gives it as a verb meaning 'to be or have in great plenty, abound.' The only other dictionary with this as a verb gives the definition, 'to be able, to withstand, endure.' Hill, Review 181. [4] the rodent by this name (a class of gopher-like creatures that includes: a bra).

•BRA BA RGYU LUG See brag spos.

•BRA BO bla ma rin po che'i zhal nas / sa bon bra bo btab pa la 'bras bu nas re ba ltas ngan yin gsung skad. Zhi-byed Coll. V 395.1. JD 216. Spelled bro ba in KP3 276.4. KP4 440.3. Buckwheat. Fagopyrum esculentum. TDD 78. CTEV 31.

•BRA BO'I MGO brtag dpyad bra bo'i mgo. a type of surgical probe. JD 272 (item 3).

•BRA BON NAG PO KP1 102.5.

•BRA BRE RE See under kyal kyil re. BBNP 480.

•BRA MA = sle tres. JD 118. KP1 55.5. KP3 264.3. KP4 404.3. = nal ma, bra tsher, dme ma. DG 237.2. Caragana. TDD 38.

•BRA MA BYAS PA bra ma byas pa zhes pa la dbus par las grabs byas pa zhes 'byung ste / chu lud sogs grabs byas nas 'debs pa'i don no. Dpe-chos 513.

•BRA TSHER See bra ma.

•BRA SE See bod lcam.

•BRAG bar. Btsan-lha.

•BRAG SKYA HA BO = btsun mo re ral, bri gu gser thig, ming bdun sring gcig, hu lu ka. JD 143. SS 473.3. = ha bo, brag ja, brag rgyan ko lo, brag la ya khod, lha lcam ma, gong ba 'dzin pa. DG 265.6. Mdo 276.

•BRAG SKYIBS brag phug. Btsan-lha.

•BRAG KHYUNG a medicinal preparation. TMC 52 (115). BP 180.4.

•BRAG KHYUNG BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 105. Lag-len 75.3. BT 40v.5.

•BRAG GI KHRAG See brag zhun.

•BRAG RGYA HA BO KP1 82.6. Spelled brag rgya a bo in KP4 424.4n.

•BRAG RGYAN KO LO See brag skya ha bo.

•BRAG CA OT = brag cha. Blaṅ 283.3. bre mo'i gtam mam long gtam. Btsan-lha.

•BRAG LCAM JD 142. SS 480.5. Cortusa brotheri. TDD 54.

•BRAG CHA echo. lit., rock part. The Eight Thousand Perfection of Insight Sûtra has a nice passage explaining the science of echoes and using it as a metaphor. See Tian Xiaofei, Seeing with the Mind's Eye: The Eastern Jin Discourse of Visualization and Imagination, Asia Major 18 no 2 (2005) 68.

•BRAG JA See brag skya ha bo.

•BRAG NYAL See rtsangs pa.

•BRAG THEM rock-cut staircase. MTTP.

•BRAG DE'U brag chung ngu. Btsan-lha.

•BRAG RDO See (rdo) thal. DG 138.4.

•BRAG SPOS = blon po re ral, ra sa ya na, gzag mjug. JD 142. = skye ba rgyun gcod. YTTM 293.15. SS 473.5. = bre gu gser thig, bya rgod rgyus 'byor, mgo chag gsang ldum, ka ba rgyud gcod, thig khyab can, bra ba rgyu lug, gzig mjug pa, bye sbrul khra bo, ru mthun pa. DG 265.3. Mdo 279. Lepisorus spp. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. Pyrrosia leaf. Lepisorus thunbergianus. TDD 107.

•BRAG 'BRUS votive stones. T&BS II 240.

•BRAG GI ME TOG See (rdo) dreg.

•BRAG RTSI See (rdo) dreg.

•BRAG ZHUN = byang sems dmar po, u ma'i mngal khrag, ri snying, 'dod 'jo'i ba smug, sa steng nad 'joms, rin chen sngon po. JD 79. SS 412.6. = shi la dza du. YTTM 291.16, 412.6. = rdo bcud. YTTM 293.22. SS 524.3. TM IV 60, 99. = a ga ua. a ba. a gjo ro. brag go khrag, etc. DG 167.2 (I apologize for my typos here; please recheck the source). Mvy. 5825. In English, bitumen or mineral pitch, this is nowadays often called by the Russian name mumio, or the Hindi shilajit. =srid pa'i byang sems dmar po, brag dar ya kan, khrag dar ya kan, brag gi khrag, brag gi rakta, brag gi bdud rtsi, 'byung ba'i khrag, rin chen bcud, srid pa'i khams dmar, khams lnga'i bcud sman. Note the photo in Rin 146-147.

•BRAG ZHUN DGU PA a medicinal preparation. RR 76. TMC 52 (114). BP 128.1.

•BRAG ZHUN SMAN MAR a medicinal preparation. RR 85.

•BRAG ZHUN BZHI PA a medicinal preparation. RR 79. TM IV 62.

•BRAG RI The Kha che Pha lu seems to use it to mean 'the crags of life,' or more specifically a metaphor for sangsara. RET XXXIX 82, 94.

•BRAG RI MA Jackson, MB 75.

•BRAG RI SMUG PO basalt. Dhongthog.

•BRAG RUM brag khung ngam brag gseb. Btsan-lha.

•BRAG RLUNG CAN A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 296.

•BRAG LA YA KHOD See brag skya ha bo.

•BRAG SRAM A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 295, 299.

•BRANG [1] N. of a type of pack animal (Aris thinks it's the 'camel'). Aris, Discourse 29. [2] countryside. See Bellezza, D&B 100.

•BRANG KRAD SS 532.5.

•BRANG KHAG thoracic region. Seen in a medical chart.

•BRANG KHANG [1] dwelling. sdod khang. Gces 582.3. One's own house. BBNP 479. 'dug sa'i khang pa'am gnas khang. Dpe-chos 503. rgyun par sdod sa. gnas khang ngam mgron khang. Btsan-lha. de nas brang khang du byon pa dang. 24 I 408.7. Eimer, NG 113. [2] Perhaps meaning 'chest, breast.' Samdo A IV 175r.4.

•BRANG GOG GNYER MA 'UB STE na tshod rgas te rked pa mdun du sgur nas brang ka gog por song zhing dpral ba gnyer mas gang ba'i don. 367 I 241.2.

•BRANG 'GRO'I RGYAL PO klu rgyal. Btsan-lha.

•BRANG GI RGYA SKAS DD illus. 7.

•BRANG NGE feeling of pain, cold etc. C&LT 172.

•BRANG CHAB breast milk (?). brang chab myed pa'i bu mo rjed ngas che. Zhi-byed Coll. I 276.6.

•BRANG CHINGS bud med kyi stod gos nang ma bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha. Brassiere.

•BRANG CHUNG Seems to be a diminutive of the ruler title pho brang, in the sense it was used in western Tibet. KWT 87.

•BRANG BTAB PA sdod sa byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRANG GI DAR SHA DD illus. 2.

•BRANG RDAL thab ka. Btsan-lha.

•BRANG PA Sometimes for bran pa.

•BRANG SPRAD kha rje dbang thang sprad pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRANG BRENG normal, common, of no account. gyi na'am ngan ngon. cung zad dam chang chung. chags zhen. Btsan-lha. See Dagyab & Chödag. dad pa brang breng yod pas ci phan. Zhi-byed Coll. II 266.3.

•BRANG MAL 'dug gnas. Btsan-lha.

•BRANG ZHOL pleura, diaphragm, membrane. DD illus. 5. T&BS II 278.

•BRANG GZHUNG DKAR NAG MTSHAMS DD illus. 1.

•BRANG RUS DD illus. 7. sternum. Yangga's dissert., p. 276.

•BRANG SA sdod khang gi zhe sa. Btsan-lha.

•BRANG SRED chang chung. Gces 581.4.

•BRANG HA LA See byang pa.

•BRANG LHAN lham mthil gyi lhan pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRAD BRAD brad brad ni 'dir rem rem. Dpe-chos 516.

•BRAD PA btums pa'am bcings pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRAD BRAD GYIS rem rem mam hur brtson gyis. Btsan-lha.

•BRAD BRUD chang nge chung nge'am tshan ne tshen ne. Btsan-lha.

•BRAN servant, or more likely slave. Stories for and against ordination of slaves found in Banerjee, SL, p. 173-176. bondservant. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BRAN KA a clan. Btsan-lha.

•BRAN RKYA LA GTOGS PA dang po bran g.yog yin pa la rjes su 'bangs mir gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRAN PA to know, understand (E. Bhutanese dialect, pronounced as spelled). Sources.

•BRAN MO niyoginī (?). N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 40.

•BRAN G.YOG Diener. Kaschewsky2.

•BRAM DZE bram ze. Btsan-lha.

•BRAM ZE Tib. deriv. from Skt. brāhmaṇa. Blaṅ 307.6.

•BRAM ZE'I LAS DRUG klog pa dang / klog tu 'jug pa dang / mchod sbyin dang / mchog sbyin byed du 'jug pa dang / sbyin pa dang / len pa'o. 600 74. IN Pabongka, Liberation I 220.

•BRI KA OT deriv. from Skt. tri ka (trika?). = ri mo nyis rim. = khron pa'i mu khyud. Blaṅ 309.3.

•BRI BKOL phyogs ris. Btsan-lha.

•BRI MKHYUD phyed bshad phyed skung byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRI GU TA an obvious borrowing, used to refer to the eyes as one of the four main 'palaces' where awareness resides within the body. Germano, Poetic Thought 846.

•BRI GU GSER THIG See brag skya ha bo. Spelled bre gu gser thig in KP1 215.3. SS 515.1. KP3 323.6. KP4 526.5. Mdo 77.

•BRI TI an odd word that appears in a dohā of Kāṇha, it appears to be Indic Vṛt[t]i, and from context I think this must represent vṛṣṭi, meaning rain. The idea of the rain seeking to find the edge of the sky is regarded as absurd here. But this is just a guess, and it seems usual to understand it as a bad transcription of Skt. preta.

•BRI TI PRA TRA See thar nu.

•BRI BYA perhaps means 'the subject of a painting,' but in context of maṇḍala, it means the one that is 'drawable' (i.e., the 2-dimensional version). Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 363.4.

•BRI ṢA See ba sha ka.

•BRI SHI KA See a shwa gandha.

•BRI HA TI See ga bri. See kaṇḍa ka ri.

•BRI HAD RU See (shing) de wa.

•BRIN PA rtsis che ba'am rin thang che ba. Btsan-lha. Chödag. Stein. Eimer, Dbyangs 55. Jamspal, Treasury 13. de 'dra ba brin snye nam na yang mi 'dug gsung ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. III 149.2. to be in demand. Jamspal, Treasury 131, 186.

•BRIM PA bkram pa dang 'gyed pa. Btsan-lha. Has sense of carrying around a container of something to be offered to each person present. Schopen in JIP 30 (2002) 364. The items so 'distributed' may include food or voting sticks, money, etc.

•BRIMS mkhas pa mang po'i zhal brims te. Bsam-gtan Mig Sgron 498.2.

•BRIMS PA bstabs pa. Dbus-pa no. 101.

•BRIS BKOD ri mo'i bkod pa. Nomads 244.

•BRIS THANG thang ka. Nomads 244.

•BRU BA OT = ltogs pa. = bkres pa. Blaṅ 305.6.

•BRU BA TSHA BA grod khog ltogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRU BAS GZIR ltogs pas sdug bsngal ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRU TSHA BA = bkres pa. Lcang-skya.

•BRU ZAN MO mkha' 'gro dang srin mo. Btsan-lha.

•BRUG mi dar chu ru brug ni chu ru brub ces pa ste chu rgyas pa ltar mi rgyud dar ba'i don. Dpe-chos 510. In glossary of Nine Ways, meaning 'flow.'

•BRUG PA = 'dri ba. Lcang-skya.

•BRUNG PA gna' lugs dpon gyi go gnas shig. Btsan-lha. This title occurs in O.T. documents. commissioner. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•BRUNGS KYANG OT = kun kyang. Blaṅ 297.6. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•BRUD BRUD chung chung. Btsan-lha.

•BRUD PA do dam byas pa'am bsdu ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRUN ordure. ka ca'i gsog brun mkhan gyi lag tu nor yong ste. Zhi-byed Coll. V 308.2.

•BRUB mi dar chu ru brug ni chu ru brub ces pa ste chu rgyas pa ltar mi rgyud dar ba'i don. Dpe-chos 510.

•BRUB PA See chu brub pa.

•BRUB TSHA BA OT = bkres pa. Blaṅ 288.1.

•BRUBS BTANG BA mthu byas pa. Dpe-chos 516. Btsan-lha. dgra ji ltar brubs pa ltar rang brubs te ma go. Zhi-byed Coll. II 186.2.

•BRUBS PA bsdus pa'am do dam byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRUBS BYED rub byed pa. Gces 583.4. mthu byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRUM TSHE = grum ze, grum tshe. = dre'u rngog. "carpet frills, donkey mane." (= grum rtse). Kuijp (1986) 33. Spelled grum tshe in Lde'u 339, where it clearly means a seating cushion or mat.

•BRUMS brums kyang / kun kyang. Dbus-pa no. 535.

•BRUL This is past of 'brul, meaning get broken, pulled apart; or [in case of tree leaves] shed, dropped. I notice in a story about an automata in the form of a girl in the Vinayavastu where it says she turned into a pile of wood dust [?] or woodshavings — shing brul gyi phung por gyur to.

•BRUL CHOS gto chog gam gtor zlog cho ga. Btsan-lha.

•BRUL GTOR IN Pabongka, Liberation I 153. SBTD I 230.

•BRUL PA phyi bzhin snyegs. "to have run after appearances." Kuijp (1986) 33. See under phye brul.

•BRUL TSHO Being one of the tree-related organizational metaphors of the ZC, it means clumps or build-ups of freshly dropped leaves (subject-matter subordinate to the branches). Although not 100%, I suggest to translate "leaf-pile," to keep it short.

•BRE [1] As an element in the design of the uppermost part of a pillar, below the capital. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 3. [2] As an element of the mchod rten, this is the Skt. harmikā (also called pu shu in Tibetan). In very early Indian stupas it was a large box immediately above the dome, and appears as if having a railing. It might be understood as equivalent to the 'cool house' (bsil khang) located on the roofs of other buildings besides the stūpa (see Edgerton). [3] A measure. See phul. See bre bo.

•BRE KHYAD the different sizes of volume measures. Travers, BPPI 122.

•BRE GA JD 189. KP1 126.5. KP3 287.1. SS 483.2. Mdo 282. Thlaspi arvense. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27.

•BRE GA BCU BZHI a medicinal preparation. BT 41v.5.

•BRE GA BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 37. Lag-len 27.4. TMC 47 (103). BT 41v.3. BP 227.2.

•BRE GU little stone Namdak.

•BRE GU GSER THIG See brag spos.

•BRE GDAN ka ba'i bre 'jog sa. Btsan-lha.

•BRE PHUL 'jal byed kyi bye brag bre dang phul. Dagyab. bongs tshad 'jal byed bre dang lag pa'i phul gang. Chödag. Architectural term for a small capital, acc. to Jinpa.

•BRE BA 'bru bshar ba'i bre. Dpe-chos 508. 'then pa. gre ba'am med pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRE BO [1] a standard measure, in Skt. droṇa. Mvy. 6766. [2] bla ma yang ci yin cha med bre bo zhig bsgoms pas mi 'ong ste. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 71.4. [3] greyish hairs around an animal's eyes and mouth, or the color of the same. See Yisun.

•BRE BYE dag yig le tshan du bla phye zhes 'dug pa bre zhes pa'i 'greng bu nor. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•BRE MO a cow of inferior kind. Karmay, Treasury. rtsed mo. Btsan-lha. kha nas bre mo'i gtam smras pas / ngag la nus pa 'byung bar byed. Zhi-byed Coll. I 257.6. bre mo 'di smra ba ma nyungs pas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 8.5. shoms kyang bre mo bgyis pa lags. Snellgrove in BSOAS 14 (1952) 397.

•BRE MO'I GTAM long gtam. Btsan-lha. gdams pa ni kha nas bre mo'i gtam smras pas / ngag la nus pa 'byung bar byed pa... spyir ngag gi bre mo dang long gtam 'di bsgrub pa po'i spang bya yin kyang... Zhi-byed Coll. II 66.1. bre mo'i gtam la dga' zhing. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 333.5 (also, I 316.5).

•BRE TSHAN na ba'i sdug bsngal nya bye tshan la 'dre ba lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. V 364.1.

•BRE GZHU khang pa'i bre gdan gyi thog tu gdung stan 'jog sa. Btsan-lha.

•BRE SE Weisser Flecken (bein Yak). Kaschewsky2.

•BREG SPYAD sen mo gcod spyad. Btsan-lha.

•BRENG GIS See under thad thed. shar se. Btsan-lha.

•BRENG RGYUN srol rgyun nam rus rgyud kyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•BRENG CHAGS blo phra zhing gsal ba rgyun chags pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRENG PA rgyun bu'am ko thag. Btsan-lha.

•BRENG BRENG gsal ba dang myur ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRENG MA CHAD PA rgyud dam rgyun mi 'chad pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRENGS CHAGS 'bral mi phod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRED skrag. Gces 598.5. 'jigs skrag. Btsan-lha. rang dbang med pa'i bred shugs kyis... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 70.4. intimidation, dejection, alarm, shame.

•BRED NGAS PA 'jigs skrag skyes pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRED CHUM CHUM 'jigs skrag gis 'dar chum chum byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRED THABS SU mgyogs myur du. Btsan-lha.

•BRED SHA THON PA 'jigs skrag gi nyams lhag par thon pa. Btsan-lha.

•BREL BA [1] deprivation, lack of opportunity. [2] being busy.

•BRES wrapping up, spreading around. Ramble in Mandalas & Landscapes, p. 161. brgyan pa. ra ba. Btsan-lha. Btsan-lha. Generally means a 'corral' for domestic animals (see Mvy. nos. 5607-5613). stables. ZZFC 257.

[RTA] BRES KYI PHUB PA rta ra'i 'bru'i shun pa [the grain chaff of the horse corral]. 367 II 127.1.

•BRO OT = mna'. = nad. Blaṅ 286.2, 516.6. mna'. Dbus-pa no. 065. = mna'. Lcang-skya. mna' yi don / dper na bro bor ba ni mna' skyel ba'i don dang mtshungs. TS7 II 738. nad kyi ming. mna'. gal. Btsan-lha. 'di'i dus su mi mthun phyogs kyi bro gcong chen po zhig byung ba'i dus su bla ma'i gdam ngag dgos te. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 127.5.

•BRO 'CHOL BA na ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRO THON NAS MCHI mna' bskyal lo (?). BBNP 481. Btsan-lha.

•BRO BRDUNG mna' bskyal ba. Gces 582.1.

•BRO NAD nad spyi dang bye brag mdze nad. Btsan-lha.

•BRO BA The phrase btag pa mi bro bar ma btab pa pha tshan bro ba, explained in BBNP 472. T&BS I 330. See bra bo.

•BRO BOR BA mna' bskyal ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRO GTSIGS BGYIS gal 'gangs che ba'i mna' bskyal. Btsan-lha.

•BRO STSOL 'sworn.' Kuijp in JAOS 111, p. 100.

•BRO TSHA BA bkres skom. Btsan-lha.

•BRO 'TSHAL mna' dgos [who has need of a nurse]. Gces 582.3. nad pa [sick person]. Dbus-pa no. 298.

•BRO 'TSHAL BA OT = nad pa. Blaṅ 292.4. nad phog pa'am na ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRO G.YOG nad g.yog. Btsan-lha.

•BRO LAG CHUNG BA RLAG GE BA = bro ba chung la bcud che ba. BBNP 483. Btsan-lha.

•BROG STONG As an inaccurate Tib. rendering of Skt. araṇya, 'forest,' see TJ 26 no. 2 (Summer 2001) 94.

•BROG PO sa grog po. Btsan-lha.

•BROGS SHIG yid la nges pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRONG PA sdod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BROD spro. Gces 585.5.

•BROD RGYAL lus po brod rgyal 'o ma yis // bkang ba snyam. Gold Ms. II 289v.5.

•BROD PA Chödag. enjoyment (in work, play, music).

•BROD SU RE BA spro thag chod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BROM 'khyags rom. Btsan-lha.

•BROS PA byol ba. Dagyab.

•BLA OT = rung. = bzod. = chog. = steng. Blaṅ 304.5, 516.6. = rung, = chog, = bzod. BBNP 476. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 201. TS6 132. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 33. Btsan-lha. See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 94 ff. 192-vol. Bon Kanjur CXX 299: brla yid sems gsum las med / brla yid sems la dbyig pa dang kha dog ma nges / yod pa yang ma yin med pa yang ma yin / dper na sems rta 'dra / yid mi 'dra / brla de gnyis kyis gsos 'dra / yid mi dang sems rta kha lo bsgyur / brla de zas 'dra ste med na 'chi dang 'tsho dang 'gro / sngon gyis bsod nams kyis rtsa dbugs yang dog gis sems che chung 'dra / snying dang srog rtsa'i nang na gnas nas... TR XV no. 2-3, p. 14b. For Tenzin Namdak's way of differentiating bla (food [for both the horse and the man]) from yid (a blind horse) and sems (a lame man who can see), see Millard in Schrempf, ed., Soundings 269. Dotson, D&L 47, etc., translates it as 'the authority' meaning the power of the state. There is a very good discussion in a review of Mike Walter's book by Nathan Hill, who also points out the coincidence of Tib. bla with Burmese prā, 'soul.' For the syntax of bla'i ... min, or bla yi ... min, as a clause [dis]joiner, see example in Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 117, line 3, and other verses as well, like 172.

•BLA KYAL BA mi bzad pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLA RKYAL mi bzod pa'am mi bde ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLA SKYAL BA OT = mi zad pa. Blaṅ 285.1. Dbus-pa no. 008. Lcang-skya.

•BLA SKYES sho gam dang gru gla sogs. dpya khral dang lag rtags. Btsan-lha.

•BLA KHAB Nel-pa's history, p. 37.

•BLA KHAB CAN steng g.yogs sam thog g.yogs yod pa'i khang pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLA KHYAD OT = dregs pa. Blaṅ 297.1. Dbus-pa no. 491. Btsan-lha. = dregs pa. Lcang-skya.

•BLA MKHAN las byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLA MKHYEN [1] watcher, spy. bya ra byed mkhan. Btsan-lha. [2] In some contexts it seems to be an epithet referring to astrologers, perhaps more specifically royal astrologers. The meaning of chos kyi bla mkhyen in Lde'u 265 is unknown.

•BLA 'KHYER Epstein, Dissertation 138.

•BLA GAB OT = steng g.yogs. Blaṅ 301.2, 516.6. Dbus-pa no. 675. (See bla gab in Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 264.3.)

•BLA GAB MED PA living in the open. Skt. ābhyavakāśika. Roberts, King.

•BLA GOS stod gos dang chos gos. Btsan-lha. Skt. uttarāsaṅga. the upper garment of the monastic robes. In the Indian style, it was draped over the left shoulder and upper left arm.

•BLA SGROL rnam rtog sna tshogs. Dpe-chos 510.

•BLA GNYAN ston pa'am nyer 'tshe. Btsan-lha.

•BLA GNYER SBREL MA those holding the joint office of bla ma and gnyer pa (monastic officials with secular responsibilities). Sources.

•BLA GNYOM bla btsong. Btsan-lha.

•BLA GTER Term discussed by Childs in AO 60 (1999) 147. He believes that it is connected to preserving the royal lineage.

•BLA RTOL bla btsong. Btsan-lha.

•BLA THABS [1] glo bur. brjod bde'am rung thabs. Btsan-lha. bla thabs — [60r5] bla 'di brda rnying du / rung / bzod / chog gsum la 'jug pas des na thabs dang 'brel tshe rung thabs / bzod thabs / chog thabs zer ba gang rigs la go dgos pa'i skabs yod shas che yang / smra rgyan du / glo bur dri ma sems la ni / [60r6] bla thabs byung bar shes gyis la / zhes 'byung bas glo bur gyi don yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. Example of OT usage in Kazushi Iwao, An Analysis of the Term rkya in the Context of the Social System of the Old Tibetan Empire, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko 67 (2009) 89-108, at p. 93. [2] This is used in the Sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa in the sense of 'specifier' (the Tibetan word placed before a Sanskrit transcription in order to specify which type of thing it is, like 'tree,' 'flower,' 'country' etc.).

•BLA MTHANG OT = stod smad. = phyi nang. Blaṅ 287.1. Dbus-pa no. 099. Lcang-skya. stod smad dam phyi nang. Btsan-lha.

•BLA DWAGS ming lhag gam ming tshig. appellation. Karmay, Treasury. See under tshig bla dwags.

•BLA RDO Gyatso, Apparitions 70.

•BLA RDOL bla col lam gnyid gtam. Btsan-lha.

•BLA BRDOL OT = bla bcol. Blaṅ 303.3. "sleeptalking." Skorupski TA. Compare ngag spyi brdol. smyos pa'i mi ltar ngag gis bla brdol sna tshogs smra. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 297.1. Perhaps related to English 'blather'? (Come on guys, I'm joking! Or am I?)

•BLA NA OT = smra ba. = zer. Blaṅ 306.1.

•BLA NAS In Lde'u in O.T. contexts it appears to mean "from on high." 'bangs ban dhe rnams kyi 'tsho ba bla nas sbyor. The livelihoods of the subject bande were obtained from those above them (from the royal government). Lde'u 363. The phrase 'tsho ba bla nas sbyor, meaning livelihood supplied by the ruler, occurs near beginning of Sba bzhed, as well as in Sørensen, TBH 311, 405.

•BLA GNAS Bellezza, Divine Dyads 33. For a discussion of the circulation of the bla, and its locations in the body depending on lunar phases, see Yoeli-Tlalim, TMA.

•BLA SNON reprimand. Dotson, D&L 51.

•BLA DPON During Phag mo gru times, this term was reserved for members of the dynasty who combined both religious and political leadership in one person. Term discussed in Franz-Karl Ehrhard, "Spiritual Relationships between Rulers and Preceptors: The Three Journeys of Vanaratna (1384-1468) to Tibet," contained in: Christoph Cüppers, ed., The Relationship between Religion & State (chos srid zung 'brel) in Traditional Tibet, Lumbini International Research Institute (Lumbini 2004), pp. 245-265, at p. 247.

•BLA PHYAG Goldstein, History 338.

•BLA BA smra ba'am zer ba. cal col smra ba. sla ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLA BO bla bo ni gtam smra ba. 506A 339. bla bo byed pa, = go brda 'phrad pa. to talk, to converse, to explain. Karmay, Treasury. 'di yul skad smra ba'am gtam gyi ming yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•BLA MA gsang ba spyi rgyud las / bla ma med par bla med min / bla ni yang dag rdzogs sangs rgyas // de skyed phyir na ma zhes bya. Zhi-byed Coll. V 190.5.

•BLA MA'I RNAL 'BYOR Nomads 281.

•BLA MA'I MTSHAN NYID BCU See under mtshan nyid bcu.

•BLA MAR BYA BA mthon po'i gnas su 'jog pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLA MI Huber in N-L I 264.

•BLA MED RNAL 'BYOR This should not be re-Sanskritized as Anuttara Yoga, as is so often done. The real Skt. is likely to be Yoganiruttara (or Yogottara or Yogānuttara?!), which has a sense of being higher than yoga (and not 'supreme' or 'unsurpassed' yoga), and would be best translated into Tibetan as rnal 'byor bla na med pa, and not bla na med pa'i rnal 'byor.

•BLA SMAN royal physician (in imperial period, but also later). Since the famous one who is also entitled Bi-ji came from Byzantium (Phrom), it is interesting to note that the Byzantine period Greek term archiatros closely corresponds with bla sman (iatros means physician).

•BLA BTSONGS PA Stein.

•BLA RTSA This vein is among those checked in pulse diagnosis, especially to make predictions about lifespan. See Gerke in Schrempf, ed., Soundings 196 ff.

•BLA TSHE rtsa ba'i srog. Btsan-lha.

•BLA MTSHO lake offerings, etc., explained in CHMO 15 6.

•BLA'O ZUR tshig zur tsam. Gces 585.4.

•BLA ZOG bla g.yu gnas sa'i zog. Btsan-lha.

•BLA 'UR glo bur. Btsan-lha.

•BLA 'OG OT = steng 'og. Blaṅ 285.1. Dbus-pa no. 006. Lcang-skya. Translated 'under the authority' in Dotson, D&L 27, 38.

•BLA YI GRA khrims ra sogs. Dbus-pa no. 734.

•BLA RI BA 624. It's interesting that this term occurs in a very Buddhist Dunhuang Tibetan text, no. IOL Tib J 320.

•BLA RUNG bzod chog. Btsan-lha.

•BLA SHA BCANG sha thang thang. Gces 584.3.

•BLA SHING Vitali, Tho.ling 86.

•BLAG 'bad pa cher mi dgos pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLAG COR skad chen po 'don pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLAGS See rna blags. Blaṅg 286.6. Sinitic vocabulary for klog, 'to read.' Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 161-2. Acc. to Hill, Aspirated 474, it is the obsolete OT past form of klog, 'to read.' blags che ltar yong ba ni brlag tshabs chen po yong ba. Dpe-chos 511. See W.J. de Jong, Tibetan blag-pa and blags-pa, BSOAS 36 (1973) 309-312. Michael Hahn has written an article on this word: Blags und Verwantes [Miscellanea Etymologica Tibetica VI] in: H. Eimer, Studia Tibetica et Mongolica [Festschrift M. Taube] Indica et Tibetica Verlag [Swisttal-Odendorf 1999] 123-126.

•BLANG DOR selectivity. As when Sa-paṇ attempted to employ kāvya theory to Tibetan composition. MTLSC 96.

•BLANG NAN blang bya dang re ba nan po. Btsan-lha.

•BLANG BA Stein.

•BLANGS KYANG slar yang. Btsan-lha. = slar yang. Lcang-skya.

•BLANGS PA See srin shing sna ma.

•BLAN tshur 'gug pa dang / nang du phyogs pa dang / kha drangs pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•BLAN PA brda rnying ste / 'gugs pa dang / phyogs pa / drangs pa / bskyar ba / 'debs pa / sgyur ba bcas don du ma la 'jug ste / 'dir lan 'debs pa'i don. Gser Sbram 184. bsdus pa. Dbus-pa no. 287.

•BLAB RI = bla re. "canopy." Kuijp (1986) 33.

•BLA'I GRWA las byed pa'i grwa'am tshogs sa. Btsan-lha.

•BLA'O chog gam mchog. Btsan-lha.

•BLA'O ZUR tshig zur tsam Btsan-lha.

•BLAR BZHES PA rgyal pos gzhung bzhes byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLAS rung ngam chog pa. zhabs 'debs byas pa. ser ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLAS PA ltas ma byas pa'am glas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLINGS PA phying ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLUG GU GANG bum pa gang. Btsan-lha.

•BLUG PA pour [liquid]. Has many usages in modern Tibetan, including use as a euphemism for sex.

•BLUD BU pouch made of animal skin. Skorupski, TA. ma gshags par hril por bshus pa'i rlid bu. Btsan-lha. Lde'u 299.

•BLUN PA Sinitic vocab. for byis pa. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163.

•BLUN PO G.YENGS PA'I BLO Skt. jaloddhatamati. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•BLES NA BOR yal bar bor ba. Dpe-chos 507.

•BLES LA BOR yal bar bor ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLO RGYANGS KYIS BSKYUR blos lings kyis bskyur. Btsan-lha.

•BLO RGYUGS Oral memorization test. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 38.

•BLO SGAM blo zab pa'am mkhas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO CID = brjod kyang. Lcang-skya.

•BLO 'CHOL byung rgyal du smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLO GTAD trust, reliance. Translated as 'reference point[s]' in Dilgo Khyentse, Hundred Verses of Advice of Padampa Sangye 61.

•BLO BLTOS 'CHA' BA blo gtad dam re ba byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO MTHUN discussed in Havnevik, Dissertation 183.

•BLO GDAB PA blo 'bul ba'am gros ston pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO 'DAS gnas lugs sam stong nyid. Btsan-lha.

•BLO 'DROGS blo myur ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLO RDEG A common word in titles of Bon books, Geshe Dagkar says it means something like 'elevating the thoughts' (something that really impresses you). Also spelled glo rdeg, glo brdeg, etc. blos gsal 'debs byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO LDOG reverse tendencies.

•BLO SNA rang rgyud par 'dzin pa'i blo sna zhig. Zhi-byed Coll. V 114.2. something on the 'tip of the thoughts,' immediate plan, short-term objective.

•BLO SNA THUNG BA blo rtse thung ba. Gces 587.3. Btsan-lha.

•BLO BA DGA' yid tshim pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO BUG bug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO BEM GYIS SONG blo lhod 'bel gyis song. Btsan-lha.

•BLO BLONG OT = yi mug. = rig pa mi gsal ba. Also, blong blong. Blaṅ 296.5. yi mug gam rig pa mi gsal ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLO SBRAMS blo gros gting zab mo. Btsan-lha.

•BLO MA DKROGS blo ma dkrugs. Btsan-lha.

•BLO MAL DU CHUD PA blo bde ba'am mnal du phab pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO DMUN blun pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO RMUS sems skyo ba dang / sun pa/ yi chad pa/ mtsher ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLO TSHUD PA blo 'gyur ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLO 'TSHAM PA yid mthun pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO BZANG [1] mkhas pa. [2] 'dod lha'i bu. Blaṅ 529.

•BLO YUS accuser, complainant. Dotson, D&L 70. Lde'u 262.

•BLO G.YUNG blo brtan pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO RIG BDUN See Jonathan Stoltz, Gettier and Factivity in Indo-Tibetan Epistemology, The Philosophical Quarterly, published online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/ on April 2, 2007, where they are listed: 1. mngon gsum tshad ma; [valid perception]. 2. rjes dpag; inference. 3. snang la ma nges pa; indeterminate appearing. 4. bcad pa'i yul can; subsequent cognition. 5. yid dpyod; factive assessment. 6. log shes; mistaken cognition. 7. the tshom; doubt. They are also listed in Yisun.

•BLO BRLUG PA yid gcugs pa'am grogs po. Btsan-lha.

•BLO LA SKYEL BA LA GZO BA mkhas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO LA BTAGS PA snying grogs byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO LA BSDOGS PA blo la bzung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLO LA RUG GE YOD PA blo la yongs rdzogs yod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLO SHO RGOD rig pa sbyang ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLO SRUN blo bde. Btsan-lha.

•BLO BSRAL Sometimes, blo gsal. See Aris in Past & Present no. 115 (May 1987) 153 ff. A form of verse.

•BLONG OR, blong blong. See blo blong. Blaṅ 296.5.

•BLONG GYUR PA rmugs shing yi chad pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLONG BA rmugs shing song ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLONG BLONG PA dngangs tshabs che ba. mi bde ba. yi chad pa. yi mug gam rig pa mi gsal ba. chags pas yid gdungs te rmongs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLONG BLONG PO Skt. viklavī. confused, bewildered, alarmed. Jātakamālā, ch. 14.

•BLOD counsel, discuss, plan. Denwood in TH&L 135. gros byas pa. gtam brjod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLON gros. Btsan-lha.

•BLON DGU N. of the set of 9 high offices in OT period. Precious Deposits I 90.

•BLON BTAB PA zur nas gros 'debs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLON 'DEBS OT = chos ston. = zur nas gros 'debs. Blaṅ 297.1. chos ston. Dbus-pa no. 501. = chos ston. Lcang-skya.

•BLON 'DEBS PA chos ston nam gros 'debs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLON PO In the OT empire there were four great ministers: the prime minister (blon chen po), the interior minister (nang blon chen po), the maternal uncle minister in charge of political affairs (zhang drung?), and the deputy prime minister (blon po chen po'i 'og dpon). See Dotson, D&L 8 and ref. given there. Old Turkic texts make reference to the bölün of the Tibetan king, so it is clear blon was then pronounced with the initial 'b' sound. See Erhan Aydin, "Tibet in Old Turkic Texts," RET 46 (Oct. 2018) 90-97.

•BLON PO GUR GUM BDUN PA'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 175.5.

•BLON PO DGU SBYOR a medicinal preparation. TMC 66 (147).

•BLON PO CHEN PO with meaning of 'elephant driver' rather than 'great minister,' see Hahn in JoBS 4 (2006) 75 (note also p. 67). Skt. mahāmātra.

•BLON PO RE RAL a medicinal preparation. See brag spos. KP1 71.4.

•BLON PO GSUM SBYOR a medicinal preparation. TMC 60 (134). BT 21v.4. BP 253.3.

•BLOR 'JEN PA yid dang rna bar 'thad pa dang len pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLOS 'KHYUD PA blos rtogs pa'am khong du chud pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLOS BCAL BA blos shes pa'am rtogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BLOS BLANG Gyatso, Apparitions 78. 'bur du dod pa'i dkyil 'khor. Btsan-lha. More correctly, blos bslangs.

•BLOS MA LCIBS PA blo rgya chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•BLOS BSLANGS architectonic maṇḍala. See Tucci, Lhasa 37. See blos blang.

•BHA a kind of tree. Zhi-byed Coll. I 426.2 (also, 219.6). A porcelain mark found on cups produced in Grwa-nang in the 11th century. One or two pieces are said to survive. The meaning of the mark is unknown. Rinchen Sandhutsang, 'Tibetan Porcelain,' Tibet Soc. Newsletter no. 12 (Fall 1984).

•BHA TAN TA = btsun pa. regionalism for bande. BBNP 477.

•BHA TRA a kind of tree, which ought to be found in Caritra, according to Sa paṇ in his Sdom Gsum. Discussed in Zangpo, Sacred Ground 31.

•BHA DRA SHRĪ See tsandan.

•BHA BHA father. Borrowing from Urdu. Francke, Antiquities II 146.

•BHA BHA SHU SHU kha dbugs sna dbugs dang / bha bha shu shu la mi byed. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 480.4.

•BHA YI SHA See gu gul.

•BHA RE RAM See mon char.

•BHA LĀ TA KA See go byi la.

•BHA LA RA HRI bha la ra hri yin. Evidently Pha-dam-pa is speaking his native tongue (Telugu?) here. Zhi-byed Coll. II 451.2.

•BHA LING A kind of ritual object associated with the masculine side. Blondeau in Karmay, New Horizons 258.

•BYA LU SIPTA See dom mkhris.

•BHA HA MI See bod lcam.

•BHANG GE hemp. LW 470.

•BHAN DHA bhan dha ni pon (?) zhes bya'o. Zhi-byed Coll. I 421.3.

•BHAṂ PA LO TSĀ NA See cu gang.

•BHAS MA GARBHA See a ka ru.

•BHI MA shing bhi ma. SS 413.6.

•BHĪ MA MŪ LA See shing mngar.

•BHI SHA GROM KP3 327.4. = rmun bu, (rgya'i) zog le, (bdud rtsi) dar ya kan, bhi sho sdom. KP4 534.4.

•BHU KA OT Skt. from which bug pa is derived. Blaṅ 307.5.

•BHŪ KAṆḌA See gze ma.

•BHŪ DHA RO GA See ru rta.

•BHU SU KU Although this isn't the usual way, it is possible there is some explanation that would also explain Darma language's bhussu, 'ignorant, innocent.' GSB 88.

•BHU HU RA SA NI See a 'bras.

•BHE n. of a Tibetan clan. Btsan-lha.

•BHE TA a plant that produces leaves & flowers & fruits simultaneously. Samdo A IV 156r.6, 257r.2. I suppose this could be beta, the coconut, although I'm not sure of it.

•BHAI RO DHA LA DG 88.2.

•BHAI LA See bil ba.

•BHAI LA BA See go byi la.

•BHEM sgom. Gces 588.2. Used in this sense in the polemic by 'Bri-gung Dpal-'dzin (which would seem to place its usage in around the year 1400 very roughly). It occurs, with spelling bhai, in the text translated as Liberation through Seeing with Naked Awareness (in the Kar-gling Zhi-khro), where it is simply translated without comment.

•BHEM PA = sgom pa. Lcang-skya.

•BHO LA Samdo A IV 163r.4.

•BHO LO In physical description of Pha-dam-pa: dbu skra bho lo ltar gzengs pa. Gdams-ngag Mdzod XIII 413.5. A parallel passage reads instead...

•BHO SOR sailboat. Aris, Discourse 61.

•BHYO Exclamation, mostly in mantric contexts. It seems to be just the Sanskrit root bhyas (which due to sandhi rules can become bhyo), meaning fear, be afraid, tremble. It could also be a Skt. ablative ending.

•BHRANG RIS In Humla ('Om lo), Nepal. A specialist who invokes the deities for the one who is in trance (he is called dha mi). Bellezza, Calling Down the Gods.

•BHRUṂ GI a kind of turquoise. DG 80.2.

•DBAGS PA 'bags pa'am bsgos pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBANG power. I suppose this could be related to Indo-European wanak, meaning 'king' (as well as Old Chinese forms). See Tsung-tung Chang, Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese, Sino-Platonic Papers (Jan. 1988) 23.

•DBANG BSKUR This term exists in vinaya, but with a different meaning. Sobisch, Dissert. chap. 3.

•DBANG BSKUR BA [1] One who has obtained coronation. Skt. abhiṣekaprāpta. No. 10 of the 10 bhūmis in the Avataṃsaka (lecture by Jan Nattier). [2] one who confers initiation (?) or the potential initiate. [3] the conferring of initiation.

•DBANG GI RGYAL PO nor bu yid bzhin dbang rgyal te dgos 'dod thams cad 'byung ba'i nor bu mchog tu grags pa zhig. Gser Sbram 164.

•DBANG SNGON See indra nī la.

•DBANG GIS 'CHU BA dbang gis 'phrog pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBANG BCU tshe la dbang ba / sems la dbang ba / las la dbang ba / yo byad la dbang ba / skye ba la dbang ba / mos pa la dbang ba / smon lam la dbang ba / rdzu 'phrul la dbang ba / ye shes la dbang ba / chos la dbang ba rnams so. 600 147-8.

•DBANG CHEN Skt. mahendra, an epithet for the earth, the one of 'great might.' It often simply stands for 'earth' as one of the five elements of traditional physics.

•DBANG TANG dbang cha'am mthu stobs. Btsan-lha.

•DBANG THANG [1] Norbu, Drung 62: "ascendancy-capacity." I've heard it explained as "financial luck," while rlung rta is more like "social luck" or reputation. Uray, Earliest Evidence 358, sees this along with rlung rta as concepts borrowed from China. [2] 'Division of ranks.' Dotson, D&L 6.

•DBANG THANG CHE BA OT = skal ba che ba. = dpal che ba. = skal ba bzang ba. Blaṅ 300.2-.3. = skal ba che ba. = dpal che ba. = skal ba bzang po. Lcang-skya. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 178.

•DBANG DU BYED PA This is dbang du bya ba is said to be for the Skt. vaśīkaraṇa. Mvy. 4244. This is supposed to be the Sanskrit word (still used nowadays in India) for hypnosis (primarily as a way of making love spells), according to Lee Siegel.

•DBANG 'DU MI A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 301.

•DBANG 'DUS ME TOG Evening primrose. Oenothera biennis. TDD 121.

•DBANG LDAN KHUNG between the eyes.

•DBANG SDUD 'subjugation, bringing under one's power.' Pabongka, Liberation II 107, n. 37.

•DBANG PO Distinguished from stobs in the following: slob dpon rtsa rgya pa'i zhal nas yul la dbang du byed pa'i don gyis na dbang po / myi mthun phyogs 'joms pa'i don gyis ha stobs gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 301.3. See dug mo nyung.

•DBANG PO KUN GSAL ya sman dbang po kun gsal, a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 76. Lag-len 54.2. TMC 35 (73).

•DBANG PO'I RGYAL MTSHAN Indra's victory banner. Skt. indradhvaja. Mvy. 3363. On the Vedic pole raising, see M. Witzel's 1997 article "Macrocosm, Mesocosm & Microcosm," p. 520. The same rite was apparently used in the consecration of the stage in classical Indian theater.

•DBANG PO LNGA dad sogs dbang po lnga ni / dad pa'i dbang po / brtson 'grus kyi dbang po / dran pa'i dbang po / ting nge 'dzin gyi dbang po / shes rab kyi dbang po'o. 600 62.

•DBANG PO'I MCHOD SDONG Skt. indrayaṣṭi. Mvy. 3358. Indra's sacrificial post.

•DBANG PO'I RDO RJE Skt. indravajrā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38. Called dbang po rdo rje, a style of metrical composition (sdeb sbyor) used by Lo-chen Rin-chen-bzang-po. See Rabsal 95.

•DBANG PO LAG PA See dbang lag.

•DBANG PO'I SHING BAL Skt. indratūlaka. Indra's cotton. (flocculent seeds that float in the wind). Smith, Philology 14. In Mngon-brjod, a synonym for rainbow.

•DBANG PHYUG THIG LE See dngul chu.

•DBANG PHYUG GI YON TAN BRGYAD thun mong ba'i dbang phyug gi yon tan brgyad ni / gzugs phra ba'i yon tan / gzugs rags pa'i yon tan / yang ba'i yon tan / khyab pa'i yon tan / yang dag thob pa'i yon tan / bar tu gsal ba'i yon tan / brtan pa'i yon tan / 'dod dgu 'byung ba'i yon tan rnams so. 600 113. thun mong ma yin pa'i dbang phyug gi yon tan brgyad ni / sku yi dbang phyug / gsung gi dbang phyug / thugs kyi dbang phyug / rdzu 'phrul gyi dbang phyug / kun 'gro'i dbang phyug / gnas kyi dbang phyug / ci 'dod kyi dbang phyug / 'phrin las kyi dbang phyug rnams so. 600 113-114. Lhalungpa, Milarepa 204, n. 4. Lobsang Dorjee Rabling, Five Treatises, p. 187 has list.

•DBANG BLON ZZFC 244. Lde'u 266.

•DBANG RTSA See rtsa dkar.

•DBANG TSHONG to force someone to sell at extortionate rates. Sources.

•DBANG BZHI bum dbang / gsang dbang / shes rab ye shes kyi dbang / dbang bzhi pa'o. 600 47.

•DBANG ZA BA mna' za ba'am smod pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBANG YON initiation fee (an additional tax imposed on the public ostensibly for blessings bestowed on it by state monks). Sources.

•DBANG RIGS indravaṃśā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•DBANG RIL JD 80. = dbang po ril bu. DG 162.5. Three Tibetan Medical Texts 93 ff. Trungram, Gampopa 42.

•DBANG RIL NYER LNGA'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 220.2. Lag-len 658.3.

•DBANG RIL RTA KHRID a medicinal preparation. BP 220.6.

•DBANG RIS "fiefdom, personal district, lit. 'share of power / ownership'; identical with 'administrative arrangement of territory' (yul gyi khod bshams pa)." Dotson, OTA glossary.

•DBANG LAG dbang po'i lag pa. 'Indra's arm.' A medicinal plant with an arm-shaped root. Rock, Nāga Cult I 278; II 481 ff. JD 138. SS 491.1. = dbang po lag pa. KP1 56.5. = (bdud rtsi) dar ya kan. KP3 265.1. Mdo 285. = indra pā ṇi, indra ka ra, indra hasta, ba la wardha, stobs skyed, iṇḍa, brgya byin, hab shang tshe'u. DG 258.6. Mvy. 5823. S.Y. Huang, et al., Studies on Chemical Constituents from Tibetan Medicine Wangla [Rhizome of Coeloglossum viride var. bracteatum] (in Chinese), Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, vol. 27, no. 2 (2002), pp. 118-120. Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. orchid roots. Daniel Winkler, in an article in his webpage on the internet. Dactylorhiza hatagirea. In Hindi called salap or salep, which is evidently the same as sahlab (in modern Arabic and Hebrew).

•DBANG LAG BCUD LEN a medicinal preparation. BP 292.5.

•DBANG LAG DMAN PA Mdo 288.

•DBANG LAG ZHO GSUM RIL BU a medicinal preparation. BP 286.4.

•DBAD PA phud pa'am gtong ba. Btsan-lha.

•DBAB 'bebs kyi brda rnying. Btsan-lha.

•DBAB PA OT = 'bebs pa. = bzhag pa. Blaṅ 289.5. gzhag pa. Dbus-pa no. 211.

•DBA' red kyi zhe sa. rba rlabs. Btsan-lha.

•DBA' RGAL chu'i rba rlabs. Btsan-lha.

•DBA' RLABS rba rlabs. Rtse-le VIII 433. rlabs. Btsan-lha.

•DBAR bar. sbubs. Btsan-lha. Nine Ways 304, says it is a word for 'anger.'

•DBAL OT = me tog (flower). = rtse mo (point, peak). = sha nyams (shrivelled flesh). = me'i drod (heat of fire). Blaṅ 285.3. OT = rdzing bu (pool). Blaṅ 293.3. = tog sogs (pinnacle and so on). Lcang-skya. Replaced in New Translations by tog, to represent Skt. ketu. See Sa Paṇ, Mchan 148. rgya skad ratna ke tu la // ke tu'i sgra ni dbal dang tog // du ba mjug rings sogs la 'jug // skad rnying rnams la dbal du yod // gsar bcad man chad tog tu bsgyur // des na 'bum las rin chen dbal // gsar bcad kyis ni zhus pa yi // brgyad stong pa las rin chen tog // ces byar bsgyur ba mi shes par // rin chen dpal du bshad pa dang. Rhoton, CD 169. rtse mo dang drod dang tog. sha nyams rgyas pa. shugs. Btsan-lha. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 112. tog. Dbus-pa no. 019. Tan, Theses 109. Karmay in JIABR 1 (2013) 26. For a place where it evidently refers to a cooking vessel, see Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 211. Bellezza, D&B 34 ff. For an article on this word, see: Ka-shul Bsod-rin, Bon-gyi Chos-lugs Rig-gnas Khrod-du Snang-ba'i Dbal zhes pa'i Tha-snyad Skor Cung Gleng-ba, contained in: Mu-khri-btsan-po’i Dpyad-rtsom Bdams-bsgrigs (Chengdu 2015), pp. 320-325.

•DBAL CHOGS PA rtse bcag pa'am bcil ba. Btsan-lha.

•DBAL RTA See Bellezza, D&B 109.

•DBAL LDAN lit., pointed. a diagnostic instrument for checking the pus from swellings. JD 273 (item 1).

•DBAL MANG a clan. Btsan-lha.

•DBAL MO a class of goddesses. Karmay, Treasury. khro mo'am mkha' 'gro ma. Btsan-lha.

•DBAL RTSE BCIL BA rtse gcog thub pa'am ngar ram shugs gcog thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBAL ZANGS a vessel used in the dbal chu rites. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 311.

•DBAL RU ZZFC 229, 239.

•DBAL GSAS RNGAM PA See 506A 336-7.

•DBAS a clan. Btsan-lha.

•DBU head (hon.).

•DBU SKRA MI GSHOR BA dbu skra mi rtsub pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBU SKRA LI BA skra zang zing ma langs pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBU KHANG The 'head chamber' that contains the opening words and dbu lha paintings in traditional Tibetan manuscripts. Cüppers, Remarks.

•DBU GU Western Tibetan, hon. for monk.

•DBU CAN block letters, as distinguished from cursive (dbu med). Of course its literal meaning is 'headed,' since it preserves the flatly horizontal top lines on most letters (not just Tibetan, but also in Indic scripts) that tend to be lost in cursive.

•DBU LCOG Name for the spa lcog that important men of early tibet wore as a hairstyle. Yisun. Spelled dbu cog in Lde'u 344.

•DBU CHUNG dbu mdzad chung ba. Nomads 244. I think the best translation for this is 'assistant foreman,' the one subordinate to the dbu chen, or foreman.

•DBU CHEN foreman.

•DBU MCHED = mched grogs. = chos spun. clerical brother. Sources.

•DBU RJENG A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293.

•DBU NYUG BYUNG BA dbu rib tsam byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•DBU SNYUNG in sense of either 'headache' or 'promise.' Samdo A IV 25v.3.

•DBU SNYUNG KHUD PA spyir dbu snyung zhes pa mna'i ming. bro bor ba'i zhe sa. yid rton rung ba'i mna'. Btsan-lha.

•DBU THUG Stein.

•DBU THEB or, dbu thebs. A search of TBRC reveals 3 examples of this as an item of apparel, although I don't know what exactly; I'm thinking it must be something worn on the head.

•DBU PHOG PA mgo bcad nas bsad pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBU 'PHANG honor. Huber, Pure Crystal 11. Schrempf in Karmay, New Horizons 324. See under mgo 'phang, which ought to have the same meaning.

•DBU BA chu'i lbu ba. Btsan-lha.

•DBU BA RDOS PA lbu ba snga ma'i rjes su phyi ma tshogs pa'am zhig pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBU BLA the chief spiritual teacher of a king. Schwieger in Kailash XVIII (1996) 86.

•DBU 'BRENG dbu steng gi 'breng ba rmu thag. Btsan-lha.

•DBU MA [1] the Central or Centrist [view]. Madhyamaka. [2] As a name for the central vein (rtsa dbu ma), corresponds to Hindu suṣumnā, 'truly delightful, wonderful.' Hartzell, Dissert. 643. Avadhūtī has the sense of one who has 'shaken off' or 'renounced.' It might mean 'she who shakes.' Sa paṇ explains: rgya skad a bba dhū ti'i sgra // gnyis spangs sam ni kun 'dar yin // de la 'dod ster 'chad pa dang. Rhoton, CD 171 (note also Stearns, King 60). Hippocrates, in his treatise On Bones, knew a similar channel he called the 'archaic vessel' (archaie phleps), with a central route through the body, associated with the spine primarily. In Chinese medicine, the corresponding channel is called du. See E.M. Craik, Hippocratic Bodily 'Channels' and Oriental Parallels,' Medical History 53 (2009) 105-116, esp. p. 109.

•DBU MA CHEN PO Kuijp 37. A combination of Yogācāra and Madhyamaka traditions. Cabezón, Great Debate 87.

•DBU MED See under dbu can.

•DBU RMOG OT = dbu 'phang. Blaṅ 295.2. Dbus-pa no. 412. Lcang-skya. TS7 II 1041. chab srid. dbu 'phang. Btsan-lha. Stein in McKay, History of Tibet, vol. 1, p. 549, etc. See discussion by Todd Gibson in his dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 74. See also Schaik, Prayer 183. Rolf Stein's The World in Miniature, p. 204.

•DBU RMOG BTSAN PA dbu 'phang mtho ba'am bsod nams che ba. Btsan-lha.

•DBU RTSE the central square tower of every rdzong comprising a tier of temples several stories in height. Sources.

•DBU MDZAD PA Stein.

•DBU ZHABS Stein in McKay, History of Tibet I 566. Head-foot. Everything from beginning to end. [A book] from cover to cover.

•DBU BZANG RAM BU See shang dril.

•DBU YOG retribution. Karmay, Treasury (vocab. & also p. 61, n. 1). The 'backlash' for anti-Bon persecution. Spelled dbu yogs in Sga-ston, Gter-gyis Kha-byang, fol. 18r.5 (dbu' g.yogs on fol. 19r.7). See Dkon mchog dbu yogs in Dung-dkar 143.

•DBU G.YOGS Namdak. retribution. Karmay, Treasury vocab. Other spellings occur. This is one of those special Bon code-words, practically unknown to others (but compare dbu yogs in Lde'u 370).

•DBU RA [1] pride or jealousy. nga rgyal lam phrag dog. Btsan-lha. [2] I translated it as 'head corral' in a passage in the Mkhas pa Lde'u history (some take it as a proper name). I suppose it could also mean 'central corral.'

•DBU REG skra bzhar ba'i mgo ril. Btsan-lha.

•DBU GSIL dbu skra 'khrud pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBUGS breath.

•DBUGS NGAN 'og rlung. Btsan-lha.

•DBUGS MNAM PO dbugs hal ba'am rgod pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBUGS PHYUNG BA 'respite.' Eastman, Vajrayana Handbook. relief. comforted, cradled (a child).

•DBUGS MI BDE BA breathing discomfort. SRZT 90. asthma. Yangga's dissert., p. 213.

•DBUGS MED PAGS PA See (rdo) dreg.

•DBUGS TSHA BA kha dang sna nas dbugs tsha po 'don pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBUNG OT = dbus. Dbus-pa no. 140. Blaṅ 283.4. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. de'i bdag po de la dbungs kyis 'khyud dang kyi zhabs rtog gyis cig rgyud la skye ba dang mi skye ba'i khyad par yod pa lags so. Zhi-byed Coll. V 313.1.

•DBUN DGU spun dgu. Btsan-lha.

•DBUB DBYEL KHRAB somehow this is supposed to mean 'body armor.' ZZFC 240.

•DBUR rlon dbur, 'damp polishing.' skam dbur, 'dry polishing.' Jackson. See da bur (i.e., da nur).

•DBUR RDO stone for polishing or burnishing the ground. Jackson. BLKC I 248. In an early Bon consecration text, I have seen it spelled ur rdo (note that 'ur rdo is something else altogether).

•DBUS 'GYUR 'CHANG dbus 'gyur 'chang zhes pa spyir rgya gar gyi yul dbus rdo rje gdan la zer. Btsan-lha.

•DBUS MTHA' also, dbung mtha'. In OT has special meaning of center and periphery (but both included within the empire). Iwao Kazushi, Dbus mtha': Centre & Periphery in the Old Tibetan Empire, CAJ 61 no 1 (2018) 49-60.

•DBUS GTSANG PHO CHAS Dress of laypersons in Dbus and Gtsang. Costume illus. in Yisun.

•DBE MGO traditional name in Dolpo for the semi-nuns (jo mo).

•DBE 'JAGS rgyal khab bde 'jags las khung, means Ministry of State Security. Barnett, Resistance.

•DBE MO a type of tea. Gnyos 8.

•DBENG BA See sbengs. soak. dper na shing bzo ba mkhas pa thabs dang ldan pa de / shing bzo rings pas myur du skam par bya ba'i phyir chur dbeng skad. Zhi-byed Coll. II 73.3.

•DBEN PA [1] OT = mkho ba. = 'phangs pa. = yid du 'ong ba. Blaṅ 295.6. [2] Generally means, 'separated, isolated.' Used to translate Skt. viveka. EoB VIII 720-722.

•DBO a lunar asterism.

•DBON Ehrhard in Prats, Pandita 41, argues that this can just means descendent (dbon then meaning grandson, too, and not just nephews).

•DBON PO glossed as: <<pha rgyud bu spun>> in 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 485.5.

•DBON ZHANG Dotson, OTA glossary.

•DBON LOB This appears to be an OT term for a nephew 'sacrificed' in the funerary rites. Samosyuk in TS9 VII 72. See the discussion and references in Dotson, Dissert. 383. See now also Uebach, Three, pp. 102-5, for a thorough discussion, etymologizing it as 'so-called nephew' and identifying it with the sacrificed sheep (skyibs lug?) that acts as psychopomp for the dead emperor.

•DBON SRAS descendants. Sources.

•DBON GSAS See dpon gsas.

•DBOL BA 'pho ba'am gting dpag dka' ba. Btsan-lha.

•DBOS PA OT = sbos pa. Blaṅ 302.3. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha.

•DBYA BA OT = 'phya ba. Blaṅ 298.4.

•DBYANGS KYIS BSNYAD PA tshigs bcad dam drang don 'grel zhing 'chad pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBYANGS LNGA The 'five melodies' or 'five intonations' are given in the Hackin ms. (Pelliot tib. no. 849) in Sanskrit: mukhasvara, kākasvara, kumbhasvara, meghasvara, & mṛgasvara. Verhagen, HSGL II 31 ff.

•DBANGS CAN RIL BU 'phags ma dbyangs can ril bu. a medicinal preparation. BP 285.3. Chöyang I no. 1, p. 75.

•DBYANGS 'CHAR As a kind of astrology, TR XIV no. 10, p. 18 ff.

•DBYANGS SNYAN 1. khu dbyug. 2. lha yi glu mkhan dri za. Blaṅ 530.

•DBYANGS RTA Discussion in Ian Collinge, Developments in Musicology in Tibet, Asian Music 28 no 1 (Aut 1996-Wint 1997) 87-114.

•DBYANGS BDUN sgyu rtsal re bzhi'i nang gi dbyangs bdun ni / bar ma / drang srong / sa 'dzin / drug skyes / lnga ldan / blo gsal / 'khor nyan rnams so. 600 89.

•DBYANGS YIG Discussion in Ian Collinge, Developments in Musicology in Tibet, Asian Music 28 no 1 (Aut 1996-Wint 1997) 87-114. The Chinese system of musical notation called kung khre phu'u was 1st introduced to Tibet in 1793, and in the 1950's the phu'i tsi system (notes represented by numbers).

•DBYAR SKYES Stein.

•DBYAR KHANG dge slong ma'i gtsug lag khang ngam gnas khang. Btsan-lha. Schopen in JA 296 (2008) 246.

•DBYAR KHAMS lus khams kyi zhe sa. Btsan-lha.

•DBYAR GAD ? khyod la gdam ngag pas dbyar gad dga'. Zhi-byed Coll. II 298.1. Perhaps it means 'summer housecleaning'?

•DBYAR NGAN mya ngan. Btsan-lha.

•DBYAR RNGA summer drums. (allegorical for the 'Brug-pa school). Sources.

•DBYAR 'DAB snod kyi stegs bu'am sder ma. Btsan-lha.

•DBYAR 'DUN dbyar gyi tshogs 'du. Btsan-lha.

•DBYAR PA lcags rigs shig. Btsan-lha.

lcang ma DBYAR PA KP1 171.6. KP3 307.3. DG 241.2.

•DBYAR MO THANG KP4 433.1n.

•DBYAR RTSA DGUN 'BU 'caterpillar herb.' Name lit. means 'summer grass winter worm.' TS7 II 985. Nomads 282. JD 168. Mdo 294. Snellgrove, Asian Commitment 305. Cordyceps sinensis. A fungus. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. Said to be a syllable-for-syllable calque of a Chinese name for it; see Laufer, LW 445. This could explain why it doesn't occur very much in pre-modern Tibetan medical literature.

•DBYAR TSHUL 'JUG dbyar gnas khas len byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBYAR SA summer dwelling, rainy season retreat. Skt. vārṣikāvāsa. Mvy 5626. See entries in EoB, "Rains Retreat" as well as "Vassāvāsa."

•DBYAR SLA dbyar zla. Btsan-lha. summer month.

•DBYAL MO bud med. Btsan-lha. For more discussion, see under stangs dbyal.

•DBYI A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293. Sometimes spelled g.yi. 367 I 234. I believe this is the linx (its name is pronounced "ee").

•DBYI DKAR A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293.

•DBYI MONG = a za mo, tsa byā, 'khri shing, spyi mong. JD 117. SS 488.1. Also spelled dbyi mang. Varieties: dkar, nag. KP1 195.5. KP3 316.3. KP4 516.3. = a sa la, drod skyed byed, skra dkar can, sngon po rta phyag, me shing. DG 236.3. For the varieties dkar po, khra bo, nag po & ser po, see Mdo 297, 300, 303, 306. TM IV 64, 98. Piper chaba. Clifford, list.

•DBYI MONG DKAR PO Clematis connata. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24. Virgin's bower, Old man's beard. Clematis virginiana.

•DBYI MONG KHRA BO Mountain clematis. Clematis montana. TDD 51.

•DBYIG OT = nor. Skt. hiraṇya. Blaṅ 304.5. Rnying Rgyud 1982 II 24.3.

•DBYIG GI GDANGS CAN gser snod kyi sgra ltar mtho zhing zab pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBYIG PA dbyug pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBYIG DBYIG bskor ba'i rnam 'gyur ram ri mo sogs sub pa'i ming. Btsan-lha.

•DBYINGS Realm. Short for chos kyi dbyings (Realm of Dharmas): the 'objective sphere' of Full Knowledge insomuch as it may be said to have one. Skt. dhātu. Note that Realm with a capital letter is used to translate Tibetan dbyings, but the word should not be taken to connote a circumscribed space. The word 'realm' with a small 'r' translates Tibetan khams which may connote a particular realm ruled by one of the senses, circumscribed by the limitations of that sense. Sometimes, as in medicine, it means an 'element' distributed within a larger organism. Both dbyings (and byings, q.v.) and khams translate the same Skt. word dhātu, but in different usages of that word. Germano, Poetic Thought 882, translates 'expanse.' zab cing phra ba'i don dang skabs 'gar dgongs pa'i don. Btsan-lha.

•DBYINGS SNANG Germano, Poetic Thought 882.

•DBYIB MO gyo mo'am rdza'i dum bu. Btsan-lha.

•DBYIB LE chu bsro'i snod. Btsan-lha.

•DBYIL See a bhi sha. KP1 127.6.

•DBYIS zheng tshad. bod kyi rus rgyud.

•DBYIS KYANG 'BYIN PA rtsa ba nas sam gting nas 'byin pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBYU GU SKAM KHA shing gi lde mig. Btsan-lha.

•DBYUG GU SKAM KHA A kind of wooden key, the use of which is mentioned in the vinaya literature (pictured in vinaya illustration). Skt. ajapadakadaṇḍa. Mvy. 9045.

•DBYUG GU GCIG PA Skt. ekadaṇḍin. Mvy. 3540.

•DBYUG GU GSUM PA Skt. tridaṇḍin. Mvy. 3539.

•DBYUG SNGON CAN One of the wrath kings of Guhyasamāja system. Pan-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 333.6.

•DBYUG BCOS A term used at times in titles of texts, where it refers to the making of a three-sectioned willow (sba lcag, q.v.) staff for medical treatment purposes. A cubit-long staff of fine and flexible white willow is topped with an egg-sized knob. See BLSR 584.

•DBYUG CHOS a secret teaching hidden in a staff used as a walking stick. BA 790.

•DBYUG TO tog dang dbyug pa dang phyag mtshan sogs. Btsan-lha.

•DBYUG PA generally means 'stick, staff' (Skt. daṇḍa), although in certain cases it may mean 'clapper' (of a bell).

•DBYUG PA CAN 1. ma khol. 2. me long mdzad pa. 3. gshin rje'i rgyal. 4. nyi ma'i 'khor. Blaṅ 530.

•DBYUNG BA Skt. āhvayana or āvarhaṇa. Extraction (release from an offence); a Vinaya term (see Mvy. 8656). This refers to the formal act of 'recall' for a monk who had been charged with an offence (Pāli abbhāna). Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 146-7, 221 ('recalling' [to the saṅgha] or 'revocation' of a disciplinary action).

•DBYUL = myul ba. Lcang-skya.

•DBYE OT = thang. Blaṅ 286.3. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•DBYE TSHONG OT = tshong khang. Blaṅ 292.2. Dbus-pa no. 285. Lcang-skya. 'brog dgon pa'i gnas su tshong byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBYE SHAG khyad par logs su phye nas brtag zhib byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBYE BSAL MED [= dbye ba dang bsal ba med pa] undifferentiated and unbreached.

•DBYEN CO BA sdang bar byed pa dang co 'dri ba. Btsan-lha.

•DBYEN BCOS [1] In specific instance may mean: mnar ba OR gnod pa. 367 II 132.5. [2] See Yisun & Btsan-lha.

•DBYEN SPYO 'dod chags kyis nyes pa'am nyen pa. yid dkrugs pa dang bzi ba dang mtho 'tsham pa sogs. co 'dri ba. Btsan-lha.

•DBYEN SPYOD PA 'dod log spyod pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBYEL zheng tshad. Btsan-lha. See 'bum dbyel.

•DBRA a clan. Btsan-lha.

•DBRAG [1] space, interval. OT = bar. Blaṅ 286.1. Dbus-pa no. 052. Lcang-skya. bar mtshams. Btsan-lha. Example in Lde'u 287, 343. [2] vessel made of leather. ko bas bzos pa'i snod. Btsan-lha.

•DBRAG ZI a clan. Btsan-lha.

•DBRANG GU a clan. Btsan-lha.

•DBRAD PA 'brad cing gsheg pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBRAS PA brjes pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBRE btsog pa. Btsan-lha. = rtsog pa. Lcang-skya.

•DBRE DRI sbre dri.

•DBRE BA dme ba dang mi gtsang ba dang ngan pa'am gyong po sogs. Btsan-lha.

•DBRE BOR GYUR PA btsog par gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•DBRES chu'i lam mam yur ba. Btsan-lha.

•DBRES KYI MTSHAMS rgya mtsho'i rlabs. Btsan-lha.

•DBRES PA OT = brjes pa. Blaṅ 293.5. gyen du brdzes pa. dbres / rjed. Dbus-pa no. 354.

•DBROG PA OT = 'phrog pa. Blaṅ 290.4. Dbus-pa no. 248. 'phrog pa'am 'joms pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BAG SGO yong sgo. Btsan-lha.

•'BAG CHA mar snyigs dang chang snyigs sogs. Btsan-lha.

•'BAG 'BUG shab shub. Dpe-chos 508. shab shub bam tsha ne me ne. Btsan-lha.

•'BAG MO the 'witches' of Sa-skya. McGranahan in TS9 IV 107 (ref. to a Tibetan-language article on the subject on p. 125). See now the master's thesis by Sara Marie Conrad (Bloomington 2012).

•'BAG BTSOG nyams pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BAG RAG According to Matisoff, TI 475, means spider (the source is Jaeschke, but I haven't noticed occurrences of this word, which is absent from Yisun as well. The word for spider is generally sdom).

•'BAGS 'dres pa dang gos pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BAGS GOD chud zos. Btsan-lha.

•'BAGS PA OT = nyams pa. Blaṅ 291.6. Dbus-pa no. 274. = nyams pa. Lcang-skya.

•'BAGS RENGS riff-raff. Jansen, Elephant 131.

•'BANGS subject (of a ruler). Dotson, OTA glossary.

•'BANGS KYI SROG LHA BCU GNYIS 'og nas 'byung ba'i rje yi mgur lha bcu gsum gyi nang nas 'o de rung rgyal ma gtogs gzhan rnams kyi 'khor drag po re res bsdus pa'i blon po bcu gnyis lags. 600 159.

•'BANGS CAG = bdag cag. "we." Kuijp (1986) 32. Perhaps it really means 'we subjects.'

•'BAN a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'BAB dngangs pa'i skad dangs. Gces 586.2.

•'BAB STEGS a step for dismounting the horse. May also be used for a place where ships dock, a harbor or port (think of the steps at the banks of the river). The Skt. is said to be tīrtha. Negi. Example of usage in Hahn in J. of the Centre for Buddhist Studies Sri Lanka, vol. 10 (2012), p. 13 (verse 6), where it is tr. as "bathing-place," which must be right, although I wonder if the 'landing place' meaning may work better.

•'BAB TSA a tax. See Goldstein, Taxation 11.

•'BAB ZHUS acts of submission. Sources.

•'BAB G.YU SKYA DKAR kind of turquoise. Sources.

•'BAB SHA 'BAB NOR tribute meat/tribute wealth (offered on making submission to the 'Brug-pa authorities). Sources.

•'BABS SGO yong 'babs. Nomads 244.

•'BAM nad rigs shig yin zhing, de'i nad rtags ni rkang ba na zhing lus stod smad res mos su na, so rnyil skrangs shing khrag 'dzag, rkang pa skrangs zhing dmar thig nag thig 'byung. Dag-yig. While the feed are sick, the upper & lower parts of the body are sick by turns. The gums swell up and bleed. The feet swell up and red & dark spots appear. SRZT 111. Text 3, 47, 80. See also lce 'bam, thig nag 'bam & rkang 'bam. Lag-len 256. See Ruth Meserve, “On the History of Medicinal Plant Research in Mongolia,” Studia Orientalia, vol. 97 (2003), pp. 155-167, at p. 155, on the Mongolian disease bam.

•'BAM CHU SRZT 117.

•'BAM THANG ? de yang 'bam thang ya gi la dge bshes mar pas sbar ba gang yin zhus pa la. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 433.4.

•'BAM NAD rheumatism. Goldstein. a disease of the foot; rot, decay; lupus. Das. rkang pa spos pa'i nad dam skrangs nad cig. Chödag. a disease of the foot, gout. Jaeschke. arthritis. Dhongthog.

•'BAM PA putrefaction, morbidity. Jaeschke.

•'BAM PO = sha la yu ring. JD 206. SS 475.5. KP1 53.5. KP3 263.2. KP4 402.4.

•'BAM SEL GDU THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 7v.1.

•'BAM GYI GSANG SMAN a medicinal preparation. TMC 56 (124).

•'BA' KHUG Tinder pouch, illus. in Yisun. Examples illus. in Precious Deposits V 141-5. See BA 922, for a symbolic usage of the tinder bag.

•'BA' KHUG KHAB SHUBS A jewellery item illus. in Yisun.

•'BA' RGYUG 'ba' zhig gam kho nar rgyug pa. BBNP 472. kher rgyug gam mi gzhan gyi kha ru rgyug pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BA' CHA SS 528.2.

•'BA' JI 'bras yos brdungs pa'i byis pa'i zas. pounded oats. Btsan-lha.

•'BA' SHANG rmongs pa khyod la ci cha yod // 'ba' shang khyod rang kha rog sdod. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 179.4.

•'BA' SAM SMAN MAR RDO RJE PHA LAM a medicinal preparation. BP 231.4. TM II 77.

•'BA' SAM LHA LUNG a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 73. Lag-len 50.4. = 'ba' bsam lha lung. TMC 44 (95). = 'ba' sam lha yi lung bstan.

•'BAR GOG IN Pabongka, Liberation I 158.

•'BAR SGRA Mekkern (etc.). ZAS VII 474.

•'BAR DU BYUNG BA gshe gshe gtong ba. Btsan-lha.

•'BAR BA blazing, flaming. Note Sumerian bar, 'to shine.' Tóth no. 180. Also, Hebrew bo'air, meaning 'burn' (a word that itself contains the element bur). Indo-European root ber, 'to burn.' I believe the mar in mar me belongs together with 'bar (pre-nasalized pronunciation due to the 'a prescript). Connection to Gk. marmarein, etc. might be considered.

•'BAR MA OT translit. of Brahma. P.Tib. 849.90.

•'BAR RE 'BUR RE lumpily. Soundings 29.

•'BAR SHA bka' bkyon nam sdig tshig. Btsan-lha.

•'BAL a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'BAL BA to pull out [one's hair].

•'BAL MA 'BOL nang gi shes pa 'bal ma 'bol du bzhag pa. Rgya-ras-pa in Gling-ras-pa, Bka'-'bum II 531.2.

•'BAL MO Stein.

•'BAL LE cha 'bel le. 367 I 235.

•'BAL LE 'BOL LE softly. Soundings 29.

•'BAS a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'BAS 'BUS tshig cher mi gsal ba. Btsan-lha.

•'BI 'BI OT deriv. from Skt. bimba. Blaṅ 308.4. Mkhyen-rab-rgya-mtsho 1557 380.6. LW 453.

•'BIG PA to pierce, to bore. See Laufer, LW 453, with discussion of derived words bug pa, bu ga, bu gu, bi gang, bi yan, big. Note that 'bigs, with its past forms phug or phugs, is surely related to the Indo-European root peuk, to prick (source of a large number of English words, including poke, puncture, point and impugn, perhaps also pocket and poke [old meaning: 'bag']).

•'BIGS PAR BYED PA Skt. vedhana. Implying not only the literal meaning of penetration, it can also imply [alchemical] transmutation. Simioli, AG 53.

•'BIGS BYED 1. mda'. 2. thog. 3. ri bo bye brag zhig. Blaṅ 530. 'dzam gling shar phyogs kyi ri bo bye brag pa zhig gi ming. Btsan-lha. See byi ba.

•'BIGS BYED RAB G.YO See dngul chu.

•'BID PA TI'I SKAD = Sanskrit language (?). BBNP 468. Language of Vidyapati?

•'BU SKYOGS = klu dag kun dar, dung 'dra. Apparently a slug (or the snail it comes from). JD 263. SS 499.1. = sda khur. YTTM 293.18.

•'BU KHOG (Amdo) the casing (shell) of a crustacean, mollusc or tortoise. MTTP. Perhaps this has to do with the (late) Chinese word for 'shell' pronounced ba.

•'BU NYOG 'bu nyog gi ni bu nyog ces 'byung ste bu nyag nyog mang po. Dpe-chos 511.

•'BU THA OT translit. of Skt. Buddha. P. tib. 849.1 ff. Spelled 'Bhu ta in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 259.1, 'Bu ta in 260.2. I notice the spelling 'Bu ta in fol. 2 of a ms. said to be personal book of Khri-srong-lde-btsan (Precious Deposits I 80). The spelling 'Bu ta also occurs in Dge-'dun-chos-'phel-gyi Gsung-rtsom (1990) I 264 (note spelling 'Bud 'da' on p. 263), in citation from 'Bri-gung Dpal-'dzin. Other examples of 'bu ta: Kuijp, Treatise, p. 390; Gnyos 97. Esler in RET 24 (2012) 130, thinks this phonetic rendering was inspired by the Chinese form butsu (but I guess he means in a historically relevant pronunciation of the characters). See discussion in BYNP 334-335.

•'BU THAB 'bu tha ba? 'khor ba'i rgyu rang grol la song pa dang / 'bu thab dus mnyam pa'o. Zhi-byed Coll. II 5.4.

•'BU DONG gna' dus rgya nag gi btson ra mi la so rgyag mkhan gyi 'bu rigs sna tshogs lhan du bsags pa'i sa dong zhig go. Nomads 282-283.

•'BU SNAR SHING BUS BSUR BA 'DRA metaphor explained in 367 I 242.5.

•'BU RAS (coll.) a kind of silk cloth. MTTP.

•'BU RU pimple. Yangga's dissert., p. 297.

•'BU SU HANG JD 194. = pi shu ka. YTTM 292.13. = co ga klad sman. YTTM 293.14. SS 462.5. Mdo 308.

•'BUG GZONG concave-bladed engraving tool. See Man LXI no. 102 (p. 83b).

•'BUGS PA TM IV 112.

•'BUNG BDO nan tan. Btsan-lha.

•'BUNG BA 'DON dge sbyor la 'bung ba thon cig. Make an allout effort in the virtuous practices. Zhi-byed Coll. II 439.3. da ni 'bung ba 'don pa'i dus su 'dug go gsung ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 44.1.

•'BUNG GSUM BTON PA sgo gsum gyi 'bad pa byed pa. Btsan-lha. rang dbang yod pa'i dus 'dir 'bung gsum thon cig. Zhi-byed Coll. II 436.4.

•'BUNG GSUM 'DON PA sgo gsum gyis 'bad pa byed pa. Dpe-chos 506.

•'BUD ('bung?) 'bad. Gces 584.6.

•'BUD PA (in argument) to refute.

•'BUN Aris, Discourse 72 n. 97. bu lon. Btsan-lha. Stein. myi ltogs 'bun myi gtang gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 170.1.

•'BUB MED PA = nor 'khrul med pa. BBNP 474. Btsan-lha. thogs pa med pa. Yisun. tshul khrims rnam par dag na 'bub don ci yod. (Here it seems to refer to an 'infraction' of the monastic rules.) Zhi-byed Coll. II 278.5-6.

•'BUBS PA to set up [utilizing an internal structure, as with a tent or an umbrella]. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 371.5.

•'BUM a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'BUM SKOR a ritual circumambulation of the fields. TS7 II 808. It may also be called rten bskor, or yum 'khor.

•'BUM PA OT deriv. of Skt. bimba. = sku gzugs. See also 'bi 'bi. Blaṅ 308.4. = mchod rten. Kuijp (1986) 32.

•'BUM DBYEL Namdak.

•'BUR [1] as a possible variant spelling for hur, see Stein in McKay, History of Tibet I 581 n. 75. [2] It occurs as an 8th-century Tibetan way of transcribing the pronunciation of the Chinese word for 'Buddha,' fo. H.W. Bailey, The Word But in Iranian, BSOAS 6 no 2 (1931) 279-283.

•'BUR 'JOMS overcome protrusions... zhe sdang la sogs pa gnyen pos 'bur 'joms byas pa ni / stong pa gshis la ma lus pa de thabs rten zhes bya'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 152.3.

•'BUR PO (adj.) = 'bur ma.

•'BUR 'TSHANGS u tshugs kyis 'tshangs te yong ba. Btsan-lha.

•'BUR 'TSHAMS rgyu med rkyen med du 'bur te 'tshangs nas yong ba'i don no. BBNP 469.

•'BUR 'DZING 'byis pa rnams phan tshun 'bur 'dzin nam 'dzing res byed pa. Dpe-chos 505.

•'BUL SDUD 'bul ba sdud pa. Nomads 245.

•'BUL BA offering (in special sense when referring to tributes delivered to the authorities on behalf of districts or groups of villages). due, fee. Sources.

•'BUS KYIS DRIL hril gyis dril ba. Btsan-lha.

•'BE a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'BE LOG 'be log, ka mgo'i bre dang gzhu ring gi bar du 'jug pa'i gzhu thung. The shorter 'arrow' between the measuring box which tops the pillar and the 'long arrow' of the capital. Yisun. Alexander, Temples 23, etc.

•'BE SE KOB beskop, a borrowing from English bioscope, an early word for movies. Nowadays Tibetans inside Tibet and in exile use the calque translation from Chinese glog brnyan. See Feb. 10, 2010 blog by Jamyang Norbu.

•'BEN target (for archery, etc.).

•'BEN MDZAD NAS = dper brjod nas, = thugs dgongs gtad nas. BBNP 485. khong nyid la 'ben byas nas 'gro ba spyi khyab la smras pa'o. While he was targetting his remarks at a particular person, he was speaking to beings in general. Zhi-byed Coll. V 180.5. ding ri ba la 'ben byas nas / chos pa ltar snang ba'i gzugs brnyan rnams la spyir gsungs pa yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. V 358.3.

•'BEB PHYOGS lho phyogs. Btsan-lha.

•'BEBS "In Tibetan yoga, a controlled fall that channels the body's subtle energies through the subtle channels to promote higher states of awareness." Chagdud, Lord of the Dance 239.

•'BEBS PA suitable. 'os pa. Dbus-pa no. 246.

•'BEM rdza snod chu bum. Btsan-lha. See bem.

•'BE'U TSE phying ba. Btsan-lha.

•'BER modelling mass (?). Caumanns in NTFC I 73. Also called rmang, this is the resin-covered base on which metalwork is done. BLKC I 410.

•'BER BTANG n. of an unidentified type of firearm mentioned by the Dalai Lama XIII. Venturi in Sperling Festschrift, p. 501.

•'BEL MCHID Stein.

•'BEL GTAM [= 'bel ba'i gtam] OT = yang dag pa'i gtam. OR bka' mchid. Skt. sāṃkathyaṃ. Blaṅ 291.3. legs pa yang dag pa'i gtam. Btsan-lha. = yang dag pa'i gtam. Lcang-skya.

•'BEL BYED NA lam skyel. Dbus-pa no. 746.

•'BEL MDZAD NAS dper mdzad nas sam thugs dgongs gtad nas. Btsan-lha.

•'BO [1] lie. rdzun. Dbus-pa no. 276. [2] a standardized grain measure. See mkhar ru. Goldstein, Taxation 8. Havnevik, Dissertation 305. [3] The wooden vessel with 2 compartments used in New Year celebrations (see under phye mar). Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 64. BLKC I 113.

•'BO KHA persons who measure 'bo. a position. TS7 I 191.

•'BO KHAL a measurement. It is 20 times more than one zo ba. Ramble in Karmay, New Horizons 315.

•'BO DE TSI OT deriv. from Skt. "Bodhi seeds." Blaṅ 308.3. But see explanation in Beyer, CT Lang. 142.

•'BO BA to get spilled. to poor out [foul liquids]. 'dor ba dang gsho ba. Yisun. Stein. bsgrub pa de gsum rang thog tu ma bo ba dang cig. Zhi-byed Coll. II 91.1. dang po blo sbyong gi dus su nus pa'i rtsal gzhan la phyung na bo ba yin. At first during the period of training the mind, if you reveal your trained skills/abilities, they get spilled. Zhi-byed Coll. V 319.3.

•'BO ZAN See rnam snang 'bo zan.

•'BO LE lhod pa. Btsan-lha. See thang shing.

•'BO LO See thang shing.

•'BOG LCAG a symbol of power hung outside the door of the residence of a Dalai Lama or regent. These are cylindrical tiger-design carpets with fringes hanging from top and bottom. See illus. in French, Yoke 181, 263. See Yisun. Illus. in Po-ta-la (1996) 33. Attempting to etymologize, it seems to mean 'rolled up whip[s].' I suggest an analogy (if nothing more) with the Roman fasces, which was a pack of flogging sticks (with an axe bundled in with them), both a power symbol and a method of punishment. See also Essen Catalog 552-553, where it is called both 'bog lcag and stag sgril.

•'BOG TU BSGRIL einrollen (in ein Paket), eine Rolle. Kaschewsky 84.

•'BOG TO = 'bog tho. = 'bogs do. Yellow cap worn by shod drung. Velm I 138.

•'BOG THAG Lobsang Lodup, Prefacing Briefly about the Disciplinarian's 'bog-thag (Hide Rope) of the Glorious Gyuto Tantric Monastery, as Mentioned in the Monastery's Rules, a paper to be given at the 5th International Seminar of Young Tibetologists (St. Petersburg, September 3-7, 2018), abstract only. The terms lcags rgyug & dge dbyug are also discussed.

•'BOG PA [1] OT = brgyal ba. Blaṅ 296.4. Btsan-lha. [2] Example of usage in Lde'u 214.

•'BOGS PA OT = brgal ba. Blaṅ 296.4. = ster ba, = 'jog pa, = brtson pa, = brgal ba. BBNP 473. Btsan-lha. Namdak. Stein. brtson pa. Dbus-pa no. 477. = brtson pa. = brgal. Lcang-skya.

•'BONGS PA thub pa. nus pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BOD GROGS srin po spyi'i ming. Btsan-lha. 'bod grogs ni srin po spyi'i ming dang / 'bod grogs langga ni srin po'i rgyal po langka mgrin bcu pa'i ming ste de ni rgyal po rā ma ṇa'i btsun mo 'phrog pa'i le lan gyis bsad par grags so. Eimer, Dbyangs 57.

•'BOD 'GROGS skad 'don pa'am 'bod pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BOD THONG THONG skad snyan por sgrog pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BOD BRDA KHANG a signalling station for relaying warnings (using fire and mirrors?). BLKC I 51.

•'BON Different spelling for dbon, bride-receiver. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•'BOR LCAGS Evid. a word for 'door knocker.' See illus. in Po-ta-la (1996) 32-3. Also called sgo 'bor.

•'BOR CHEN Nomads 265.

•'BOL bde bar. Gces 584.4. mnyem pa. 'jam pa. bde bar. skyid pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BOL GYIS Samdo A V 2v.2.

•'BOL GDAN padded cushion. Jackson.

•'BOL SMAN BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 18. Lag-len 16.4. TMC 26 (51). BP 161.6.

•'BOL RTSE LOG In a list of types of hats in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 438.

•'BOL LE 'jam me. 367 I 240.4. relaxation. Thondup, BM 365.

•'BOL LO Looks a lot like 'bo lo. See gro lo sa 'dzin.

•'BOS sbas nas mi gsal ba. Btsan-lha.

•'BYANGS SKYEN byang nas goms pa mthar phyin. Btsan-lha.

•'BYANGS PA phyir 'byams pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BYAMS (past of 'byam) spread-out. See also ye 'byams. Skt. prasara (?), progressing, spreading out, streaming. 'byams na ni 'byer na. Gces 589.5. This word seems to have Sino-Tibetan roots with meanings of floating, overflowing; see Coblin, Sinologist's, p. 81.

•'BYAMS PA 'khya ba 'khyam pa. Gces 584.5.

•'BYAMS YAS mtha' yas pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BYAMS YIG circular letter (generally polemical in nature).

•'BYAR CHEN See reg pa bde byed.

•'BYAR CHEN BCO BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. BP 228.4.

•'BYAR BAG CAN See spang rtsi 'byar bag can.

•'BYAR MA See nad ma.

•'BYAL yum mam bza' zla mo. Btsan-lha.

•'BYIG MA a statue standing on bare ground (without lotus stand). Das.

•'BYIN PA to extract, pull out (a thorn...).

•'BYIL BA lhung ba. Btsan-lha.

•'BYUNG 'GYUR [1] secondary qualities of the elements. Thondup, BM 232. [2] [at end of sentence] will happen, will occur.

•'BYUNG 'JUG take out/put in. removing/injecting (always in the sense of putting in what doesn't belong and taking out what does belong). Klong-chen-pa 10.3. ting nge 'dzin la 'byung 'jug med// Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 662.3. Stein.

•'BYUNG PO 'DAB MA RAL PA CAN Simioli, AG 61.

•'BYUNG PO'I GNAS sbrul dang srin bu sogs gnas pa'i shing. Btsan-lha.

•'BYUNG PO'I BYA srin bya ste / bhū ta zhes pa'i gnod byed gdon bgegs kyi bya yin pas na 'byung po'i bya zhes zer ro. Gser Sbram 141. srin bya'i ming du bshad do. Eimer, Dbyangs 55. owl. Jamspal, Treasury 3.

•'BYUNG SPYI See a ru ra.

•'BYUNG BA elements. Germano, Poetic Thought 871.

•'BYUNG BA'I SPYAN Germano, Poetic Thought 883.

•'BYUNG BYA See srin bya.

•'BYUNG RTSIS element calculation (type of astrology). TR XIV no. 10, p. 18. See discussion in Shen-yu Lin, The Tibetan Image of Confucius, Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines 12 (March 2007) 105-129, at p. 120 ff. Lin argues that over time the term nag rtsis gradually took the place of the term 'byung rtsis.

•'BYENGS PA = mdzes pa. = mtshams phyed pa. Lcang-skya.

•'BYED KHRA Dung-dkar 182.

•'BYED PA mdzes pa. mtshams phyed pa. Btsan-lha. Stein.

•'BYED 'DZUM winking.

•'BYER BA OT = 'gro ba. = 'bros. Blaṅ 295.3, 516.6. 'gro ba. 'thor ba. 'dong ba. 'bros pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BYES PA OT = mdzes pa. = mtshams phyed pa. Blaṅ 300.1. Btsan-lha. 'dzes pa. Dbus-pa no. 631.

•'BYO BA bsgyur ba. Btsan-lha. to shift [loads, from a mdzo to an ox], transfer [from one vessel to another].

•'BYOG PA to lick up or slurp. khyi skong gi drag pa 'byog par byed pa de. Zhi-byed Coll. I 430.7.

•'BYONG 367 II 131.1.

•'BYOR LCOGS CHE BA 'byor stobs che ba. Btsan-lha.

•'BYOR 'JIGS CHEN PO 'khor lo bsgyur ba'i rgyal po'am rgyal po spyi'i ming ngam brgya byin. Btsan-lha.

•'BYOR LDAN GRAL RIM RANG MOS CAN DU 'GYUR BA "bourgeois liberalization" (code phrase for notions tending toward freedom and democracy that were purged in 1987). Barnett, Resistance.

•'BYOR BA 'byor / 'gro ba. Dbus-pa no. 421.

•'BYOR BA BCU See dal 'byor lus rten gyi 'byor ba bcu.

•'BYOR 'BYIN g.yo sgyu. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•'BYOR TSHEGS mnyam par gyur cig. Btsan-lha.

•'BYOR LAN certificate of sponsorship. Schrempf in Karmay, New Horizons 331.

•'BYOL NYOG indulgence. Karmay, Treasury. Compare 'jol nyog, jol nyog, chol nyog.

•'BYOL BA Stein. sbrang ma ga phur la 'byol skyugs dri la 'du'. Flies flee (?) camphor but swarm around nauseating smells. Zhi-byed Coll. I 273.3. rba la 'byol ba'i snyan pa (i.e., mnyan pa) bya btang bskyed. The oarsman dipping into [avoiding?] the wave inspires renunciation (?). Ibid. I 295.5. khong yul ngan las 'byol. Ibid. II 321.2. 'dris pa'i sa nas 'byol ba nyams skye bar byed pa'i rgyu yin gsung ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 46.1. to avoid. Jamspal, Treasury 56. Acc. to Bellezza, L&T 46, to escape, to avoid, to step aside.

•'BRA GO A kind of fruit? See Yisun. JD 88. = ma nu rta rkang. YTTM 291.20. = ma nu rta skam, ha re ṇu ka, kṣis khar. DG 251.6. See Clifford, list, under ha ri ṇu ka.

•'BRAG mar snod ko sgro. Btsan-lha.

•'BRANG bod la 'brang tsam na ni bod la yong ba na. Dpe-chos 508. Btsan-lha 542. Defined as "burial procedures" in Bellezza, D&B 26.

•'BRANG RGYAS broad chested. A ritual object that is a 'mountain' of rtsam pa with lots of butter flecks & with a sheep or goat carcass leaning against it. It has a stupa-like structure. One is present at Ladakhi marriage ceremonies. Brauen, Ladakhi Marriage Ritual 111. a kind of sacrificial cake. Karmay, Treasury. TS7 II 805. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 154. See Slob-dpon Bsod-nams-rtse-mo, Writings on the Hevajra & Cakrasamvara 360.3 (i.e., Sa-skya Bka'-'bum version p. 112.3.4). Zhi-byed Coll. V 215.4. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 60, says it is a special cake offering for the first day of the New Year, made in each house; it had a special song called sbrang rgyas kyi glu. This is one of those items used in Tibetan rituals for which Sa-skya Paṇḍita couldn't find any Indian authority. See Rhoton, CD 125, where it is translated 'breast'. The phrase tshe yi 'brang rgyas occurs twice, with some description, in the Rdzogs-pa Rang-byung Chen-po'i Rgyud, ch. 18. "I put forward that 'brang-rgyas literally means something to the effect of 'spacious abode', in cognizance of the ease or facility in which this object can accommodate the spiritual entities of rituals. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 205. See now Cantwell & Mayer in Anthony Aris volume, pp. 107, 110. Tsangnyön Heruka, The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa, a New Translation, tr. by Christopher Stagg, Shambhala (Boulder 2016), p. 256.

•'BRANG GCES PA gal che'i ca lag. Btsan-lha.

•'BRANG 'DEBS PA sgar rgyag pa dang tsha phog rgyag pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BRAD gris 'brad, scraping smooth with a knife. Jackson. clawing (the ground). Yangga's dissert., p. 349.

•'BRAN ma ldad par blo blag tshor re 'di la 'bran kyang myi mchi' gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 296.6.

•'BRAM ZE zas kyi dum bu hral hrul. Btsan-lha.

•'BRAM ZER dum grugs [fallen to pieces]. Dbus-pa no. 750. Lcang-skya.

•'BRAS [1] fruit (of grainstalks or trees). Actually, when 'bras appears alone, it is most likely to mean 'rice,' while 'bras bu is more likely to mean 'fruit' (of trees). As a word for husked rice, 'bras is most clearly related to the Austronesian (used in Malay for uncooked rice kernels) word "beras," with the same meaning (information from L. Sagart of the CNRS, Paris, 2002; Michael Witzel has also mentioned it). At the same time the Tibetan word apparently has nothing whatsoever to do with the many northern and southern Chinese words for 'rice.' However, there is supposed to be a PIE word for barley: bhares (Germanic *bariz). JD 212. SS 529.1. [2] result (of a cause). [3] goal (of the Path). [4] a type of wound. rma zhig gi ming ste, yul skad du <<byi 'bras>> kyang zer. Dag-yig. corns? Text 48. cancer. Yangga's dissert., p. 221.

•'BRAS DKAR The so-called new year's scapegoat (substitute king). TR XV no. 6, p. 11a. For an article which starts to compare Greek, Hittite and Hebrew scapegoat rituals with the Tibetan ritual, see Jan Bremmer, Scapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greece, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. 87 (1983) 299-320. In Gyantse this figure is called the Dpa' bo ro glud. In Lhasa, the Glud 'gong rgyal po. Hugh Richardson, in his Ceremonies of the Lhasa Year, has a very useful study of this, although unlike him I don't think the similarities with the Greek & Middle Eastern scapegoats are merely superficial. (I think we have to understand that calling the resemblances 'superficial' was a way of absolving himself of the need to go into the subject of comparison any further). On the equivalent practice in Labrang, see Nietupski, Labrang (1999), p. 101 (with photo), here called glud rdzong. For a photo see Norbu in TTT 250.

•'BRAS SKYUR See skyer pa.

•'BRAS KYI KHRAG YTTM 292.21.

•'BRAS SNGON See 'jam 'bras.

•'BRAS THUG PO CHE See under 'bras bu.

•'BRAS DRUG six kinds of grain. OZZ 117.

•'BRAS NAG PO See so ma ra dza.

•'BRAS BU [1] fruit, result, goal, advantage. [2] In medical literature frequently refers to testicles. [3] cancer. Yangga's dissert., p. 73. [4] [fully processed] rice. 'bras bu, or, 'bras thug po che, in list of grains, equiv. to Skt. taṇḍula. Mvy. no. 5663. Note that the Javanese word for rice, attested in an inscription dating to 929, is bras (Jan W. Christie, Javanese Markets and the Asian Sea Trade Boom..., Journal of the Economic & Social History of the Orient, vol. 41, no. 3 [1998], p. 371). According to Monier-Williams, taṇḍula means rice that has been threshed and winnowed. See also 'bras.

•'BRAS BU CHE n. of a god, Mahāphala.

•'BRAS BU'I MDZOD See se 'bru.

•'BRAS BU BZHI See Matthew Kapstein, The Tibetan Yulanpen Jing, contained in: Kapstein and Dotson, eds., Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet, Brill (Leiden 2007), forthcoming, where this term occurs. 1. rgyun du zhugs pa'i 'bras bu. 2. lan gcig phyir 'ong gi 'bras bu. 3. phyir mi 'ong ba'i 'bras bu. 4. dgra bcom pa'i 'bras bu. S. Eskildsen, Emergency Death Meditations for Internal Alchemists, T'oung Pao 92 (2006) 378. Discussion in Teiser, RW 59.

•'BRAS BU GSUM 'the three fruits': a 'bras, sra 'bras & 'jam 'bras. See Jinpa, Mind Training 348 (& note).

•'BRAS BU GSUM THANG RR 89.

•'BRAS BU LHUN GRUB KYI MAN NGAG GSUM list in Klong-chen-pa 12.8 comm.

•'BRAS 'BOG brtson 'grus. Dbus-pa no. 471.

•'BRAS RME'U 'bras bzang po. Btsan-lha.

•'BRAS ZAN boiled rice. Skt. bhakta. Mvy. 5752. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 129.

•'BRAS SIL See Dung-dkar 13. Name of a food.

•'BRAS GSUM YTTM 290.12.

•'BRI a clan. Btsan-lha. See g.yag.

•'BRI KU TA lam ni 'bri ku ta nas byung. Rnying Rgyud 1982 XI 342.3. 'bri ku ta'i rtse la zla tshes kyi steng du / rdo rje rtse lnga pa gser gyi 'od can la. Zhi-byed Coll. III 75.6. I suspect this could have Skt. bhṛkuṭi, 'knitted eyebrows,' or something like that, hiding behind it. It could also be a Tibetanization of a Skt. word for 'triangle' (needs further thinking, but trikūṭa in Skt. means a triple-peaked mountain). There is another example of usage in the article by Daniel Schneidegger in RET 12 (2007) 25: rnam shes rlung la zhon nas ni // 'bri ku ta yi sgo phye nas // lam byung stong pa'i ngang du thim.

•'BRI SKAM dry yak-cow. 267 I 233.

•'BRI KHU RATNA KP1 25.4. Spelled 'bri ku ratna in KP3 248.3. KP4 380.5.

•'BRI LCE a medical implement in the class of 'spoons' (thur ma) used for checking 'lymph' (chu ser). JD 278 (item 1). Pictured in JD 277 (item 7).

•'BRI TA A Tibetan way of spelling Skt. amṛta, which occurs in the Tibetan Rāmāyaṇa. See H.W. Bailey, The Rāma Story in Khotanese, JAOS LIX (1939) 467.

•'BRI TA SA 'DZIN JD 206. SS 470.4. KP1 92.1. = rgya sgul ma, rtsi rtsi mo. KP4 432.3. Mdo 311. Spelled Bri rta sa dzin. Fragaria indica. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. Wild strawberry. Fragaria nubicola. TDD 80. I guess to etymologize it, it means something that keeps 'Bri and horses grounded. Or, it's an ambrosia (see 'bri ta) that keeps to the ground (fits nicely if it means strawberry).

•'BRI BA [1] tdp. writing or drawing (even painting), this being the most frequent usage. [2] However, in one example, it means 'marking off'. de nas yongs su 'dzin pa thang ka la mu rdo 'bri ba byung. Then the completely taken over fields became marked with boundary stones. 'Gos, Stong-thun 15.5. [3] tmdp. to dwindle, dry up (especially rivers).

•'BRI MIG = dong ral. JD 164.

•'BRI MOG KP3 247.5. KP4 379.4. = ke sa ra. SS 518.3. A kind of herb, the root of which is used in Tibet as a dye for cakes, etc., giving a purple color to these offerings made to spirits. Das. T&BS I 339. LaRocca, Warriors 45. Laufer, Kleinere Schriften I 473. Onosma hookeri. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26. ZZFC 251 n. 147.

•'BRI SHE 'brog mi gla ba tshos nor bdag las 'bri kha shas blangs te de'i khral du mar dang 'phyu ra sogs nor bdag la lo re bzhin 'bul dgos pa'o. Nomads 283.

•'BRI SE'U Also, se se'u, sbal klad. strawberry. CTEV 29.

•'BRING a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'BRING PO middling. Skt. madhya.

•'BRING MIG PA "a type of sandal or slip-on shoe worn by monks." Pabongka, Liberation I 41.

•'BRING LAS MI THENGS 'bring tsam las mi yong. Btsan-lha.

•'BRID PA [1] bslu ba'am mgo yog pa. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. seducing, beguiling, repeating over and over again [perhaps practicing hypnosis?]. [2] floodgate. Jamspal, Treasury 136. Stein.

•'BRIMS PA 'gyed par byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BRU grain, corn (in a general sense). Generally corresponds to the Sanskrit word dhānya (the latter does include not only grains, but also a number of legumes and other 'seed' crops, such as oil sources, pulse, etc., not generally regarded as cereals).

•'BRU GU smyo byed kyi 'bru gu. Part of a recipe. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 31.1.

•'BRU BRGYAD DAR RTSE A type of porcelain. Gnyos 8.

•'BRU'I CHANG chan dang phye'i btung ba. Btsan-lha.

•'BRU GNYER monastic grainkeeper. Lobsang Gyatso, Memoirs of a Tibetan Lama 204.

•'BRU GTOR Stein.

•'BRU MDANGS granular shading. Jackson.

•'BRU SNA SS 526.6.

•'BRU SNA LNGA There are variant lists. The five grains were bestowed upon Tibetans by Avalokiteśvara as part of their civilization process. A similar account in Chinese has the five grains (Ch. wu ku).

•'BRU'I PHUR MA 'bru'i thum po. Btsan-lha.

•'BRU BA = 'dru. Stein.

•'BRU BUN 'bru bdag las 'bru bu lon du blangs shing lo rjes mar ji tsam glangs pa de dang / de'i skyed du lnga cha gcig 'bul dgos pa'o. Nomads 283.

•'BRU MA a type of Tibetan script. Karmay, Great Perfection 42, 59.

•'BRU MANG PO PA Skt. bahuvrīhi. Type of compound word. Verhagen, HSGL II 9.

•'BRU MAR GYI DBRAG snum blug pa'i rdza snod chen po. Btsan-lha.

•'BRU MOG Nagano in Karmay, New Horizons 596. Plant used as source of red dye.

•'BRU'I TSHWA dge slong gis btung du mi rung ba'i nas chang sogs. Btsan-lha.

•'BRU TSHAD chang gi nying khu. Btsan-lha.

•'BRU TSHUGS [1] direct look. [2] syllable-by-syllable. I think the ru tshugs of Lde'u 322 might be explained as a form of this word.

•'BRUG [1] dragon. See the discussion of words for 'dragon' in Beckwith, OC Loans 181-185. [2] lightning. I imagine this Tibetan word may be a reflex of barak or baraq, a widespread word for lightning or thunder. We even find the form berok, 'lightning,' in Uto-Aztec. [3] a 'secret' way of saying 'six,' used by gamblers. Norbu, Drung 229. [4] The dragon is rather strangely listed in the category of 'bird' in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 439. = sgra brgya pa ('he of an hundred sounds'). JD 260. SS 498.3.

•'BRUG KLAD dragon brain, n. of a mineral. rdo ba 'brug klad. DG 128.2. Rin 109.

•'BRUG RGYAB Chayet in TH&L 31.

•'BRUG SGRA metaphorical usage explained in Zhi-byed Coll. I 418.7.

•'BRUG LCE See ri sho.

•'BRUG MIG longan fruit. CTEV 29.

•'BRUG TSHAGS lychee. CTEV 29.

•'BRUG RUS dragon bone (in fact, modern tests have shown these are just fossilized animal bones in general). Rin 103.

•'BRUG RUS GSUM PA BT 48v.6.

•'BRUG SHING 'khri shing. Btsan-lha. JD 104. DG 214.1.

•'BRUNG 'GYUR 'di'i skad dod la za ma tog tu / bha bi ta dang / ngag sgron du bha gi tam chan bar 'dug [60v1] pa sngon ma dag par sems shing / bha ba dngos po dang yod pa srid pa sogs la 'jug pas rkyen ī ta sbyar bas bha bi ta / zhes ma 'ongs pa 'byung 'gyur gyi don yin pa bzhin ngag sgron bris ma dag pa zhig gi mchan bur skad dod bha bi ta dang ma 'ongs [60v2] 'byung 'gyur gyi don la bshad pas ngag sgron par mar / 'byung 'gyur tshe 'byid 'did pa'i 'byid / ces byung ba'i 'byur zhes pa dpe ma dag par mngon zhing / za ma tog chun po / sum rtags kyi 'grel pa / brda rnying gi 'gro la sogs la [60v3] 'byung ba byur zhes pa med do. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•'BRUM [1] a clan. [2] 'gos nad drag po zhig ste, de la <<'brum bu>> dang <<lha 'brum>> yang zer. Dag-yig. smallpox. Dhongthog. nang [~nad?] 'brum bu me dbal nag po'i nad kyis zin nas ma ga dha'i sa phyogs rnag dris khyab pa dang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) VI 73.3 [see also 188.3]. See discussion in Tan, Theses 116 n. 13. See also lce 'brum.

•'BRUM SKOGS SS 532.1.

•'BRUM NAG In the 12th century Gtsang pa Rgya ras pa came down with this contagious disease (which might be plague). 24 I 406. It also occurs in the Khotan History (Emerick, p. 85, lines 59-60).

•'BRUM RTSI See shug tsher.

•'BRUL BA to drop. ji ltar shing thog 'brul [~lhung] ba ltar. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 404.2.

•'BRUS 'GOGS brtson 'grus. Btsan-lha.

•'BRE a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'BRE BA g.yo ba. Btsan-lha.

•'BRENG See yas 'breng & mas 'breng.

•'BRENG LCAG glang gi ko ba sogs kyi kyang bu las byas pa'i lcag. Dpe-chos 508.

•'BRENG BA strap, thong. T&BS I 349.

•'BRENG BU In a list of small creatures in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 441.

•'BRENG MA CHAD rgyun ma chad pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BRENG ZHAGS a lasso made from leather straps. Yisun. Lde'u 290.

•'BRENGS 'brangs. Gces 587.1. Btsan-lha.

•'BREN 'di za ma myong ba'i zas yin bas de la 'bren myed pa dang 'dra. Zhi-byed Coll. V 397.3.

•'BREM TANG Tan, Theses 153 n. 14.

•'BREL BA [1] business. [2] connection, relation, conjunction, linkage. [3] dependence (often translated interdependence). In philosophic context, it is said there are two types of dependence: 1. bdag gcig tu 'brel ba; metaphysical dependence. 2. de byung 'brel ba; causal dependence. Jonathan Stoltz, Gettier and Factivity in Indo-Tibetan Epistemology, The Philosophical Quarterly, published online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/ on April 2, 2007, p. 16.

•'BREL BA'I GTAM GTAN LA 'BEBS PA finalized a full account. Skt. saṃkathyaviniścaya. Mvy. 7676.

•'BREL MED irrelevant.

•'BRO a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'BRO GA SS 436.4.

•'BRO GOS sman bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•'BRO MA RTSI See dwa ba.

•'BRO 'TSHAL nad pa. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•'BROG MKHOS BGYIS 'brog khul gyi khral bsdus kyi las ka byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BROG DGAR See dmar shad.

•'BROG DGON PA grong las 'dom lnga brgyas thag ring ba'i sa'i ming. Btsan-lha. Gser Sbram 297. Skt. kāntāra. Mvy. 2992.

•'BROG SDE 'brog yul gyi mi sde. Nomads 245.

•'BROG PA Namdak.

•'BROG RTSI SNGON PO See shug tsher.

•'BRONG rig pa las su rung ba 'brong la cha sna tshud pa lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 472.4. See g.yag rgod.

•'BRONG KHRAG BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. BP 152.4.

•'BRONG KHRAG BDUN PA a medicinal preparation. BP 152.3.

•'BRONG GI RNGA TSEB This refers to nomad tradition when someone arrives at the site of butchering before the tail has been cut off they must be given one half of the animal's meat. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 43.

•'BRONG BRTUL name of a horseback riding feat. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 58.

•'BRONG RTSE AR BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 82. Lag-len 58.2. TMC 10 (10).

•'BRONG RU 'brong rwa. Btsan-lha.

•'BRONGS PA OT = nye bar bsten pa. Skt. upalaḍita. Blaṅ 294.1 q.v. Btsan-lha. = nye bar bsten pa. Lcang-skya.

•'BROM a clan. Btsan-lha.

•'BROS MDZAD PA gros mdzad pa. Btsan-lha.

•'BROS SHA KHRA BO DD illus. 30.

•RBA DKAR PO bal dkar po. Btsan-lha.

•RBA 'KHOR A sailing hazard, it evidently means high waves, perhaps rolling waves. Zhi-byed Coll. V 509.7.

•RBA RDO rba rdo bya ba / rba klong la zer. Zhi-byed Coll. I 449.7.

•RBA BYA = byi'u 'og dkar, 'og ma dkar po. A small waterbird, which rides the waves. Its back is bluish, its breast white, with one large black stripe. JD 228. Spelled rba bye in SS 503.5.

•RBA BHA ? Samdo A V 265r.6.

•RBAD ri dwags kyi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•RBAD KHAM CAN Stein.

•RBAD KHAM CHE BA skad cha kha shom che. Btsan-lha.

•RBAD DE adv. completely, totally. C&LT 173.

•RBAD PA skul ba. Btsan-lha.

•RBAD PO a forest dwelling antelope-like creature somewhat larger than the musk deer. nags nang gnas pa'i gla ba las cung che ba'i ri dwags shig. Btsan-lha.

•RBAD RBOD de ltar nad la shes pa bzung gyin rten mi 'dra ba la shes pa rbad rbod du brtubs kyin. Zhi-byed Coll. V 471.7.

•RBAD ZHU In a list of types of hats in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 438.

•RBAD SHAN a design. See Schmied 208.

•RBAB SS 544.1. speaking grammatically, this may be a contraction of rba rlabs, 'wave, tumbling down.' See skya rbab.

•RBAB GRI untimely death in an avalanche or by falling from a steep slope. Yisun.

•RBAB TU SHOR BA ngo ma gzar po la shor ba. Dpe-chos 506. Btsan-lha.

•RBAB RDO Felsbrocken. Kaschewsky2.

•RBAB RBAB PO 'gro 'dug dka' ba'i rnam pa. Btsan-lha. feeble. Lde'u 55.

•RBAB LA BTANG BA ngo thur du bsgril ba. Btsan-lha.

•RBAL evidently a spelling for dbal in Zhi-byed Coll. V 167.1-2.

•RBAL BTAGS phan tshun sbrel nas btags pa. Btsan-lha.

•RBAS LEB See sbas leb.

•RBUD KYIS thams cad dam yongs su rbad kyis. Btsan-lha.

•RBUD RBUD gnas pa'i rgyun skad cig ma la sogs par thung rbud rbud bstungs pas. Zhi-byed Coll. III 155.7, 156.1 bla ma'i zhal nas / bying rgod dus su byung na dga' ba yin / rtog pas shes rab de'i go 'byed pa yin gsung ngo.

•RBO mgrin pa. Btsan-lha.

•RBOD GTONG dmod mo. pho nya gtong ba. Btsan-lha.

•RBOD MA SKYEL mthu byad ma gtong. Btsan-lha.

•LBA BA goiter. See Turner, An Account of an Embassy, p. 407, ff. mi'i ske la byung ba'i sha 'bur te nad rigs shig gi ming. de la <<ske lba>> yang zer. Dag-yig. "On some small islands, people without goitres are thought to be missing limbs." Jamspal, Treasury 45. See Lazcano in RET 7 (2005) 53. The Gling-grags tells a strange version of the story of first Tibetan king Gnya'-khri-btsan-po, in which he is born (one of quadruplets) out of a large goiter on his mother's neck.

•LBA BA RGYUN GCOD rmen bu'i sbyor ba lba ba rgyun gcod. a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 72. Lag-len 48.5.

•LBA TSHA SS 431.6.

•LBA TSHWA a type of mineral salt. Rin 153.

•LBANG KO = lwang ko. T&BS I 210.

•LBU BA bubble, foam, froth. See wu ba.

•LBUGS THUNG BA dbugs thung ba. Btsan-lha.

•LBO Interpreted as 'fur' in OZZ 114, but I think it actually means 'spleen.'

•LBO YANG LBO spos kyang spos. Btsan-lha.

•SBA [1] = sbra. "material woven from yak hair." Kuijp (1986) 37. [2] n. of a clan. Btsan-lha. [3] As a plant name, corresponds to Skt. vetra. Mvy. no. 4217. It may mean the willow or willow cane (rather than, as the Skt. dictionaries say, Calamus). See Helen M. Johnson, Tamāla and Vetra, JAOS 64 (1944) 224.

•SBA DKAR a white staff. TS6 130.

•SBA BKONG dpa' bkong ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBA 'KHAR sba shing las bzos pa'i 'khar ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBA LCAG TSHIGS GSUM (used in ritual). three-jointed willow wand. Zhi-byed Coll. V 215.5. These objects still used today by Tibetan mediums, with the same name. It's interesting that the arrow symbolism connected with Saraha also talks about the symbolism of the 'three jointed' shaft. See Braitstein, Dissertation 25. More on the three joints (perhaps consciously confused with the tshig gsum, 'three words') in Bellezza, L&T 37, 54. Misspelled slightly as spa lcag in Lde'u 345.

•SBA MA scrub juniper. ZZFC 155.

•SBA SMYUG sba shing. Btsan-lha.

•SBA RA Stein.

•SBA LE This is given as the Tibetan term for 'cloud collar' (or dance cape) in the website of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

•SBA LE SHAN Nomads 265, 284.

•SBA SHING KP1 173.2. KP3 308.1. KP4 493.1.

•SBA BSRI MED PA sba ba'am bri ba med pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBAG [1] dominoes. TS7 II 1055. Said to more closely resemble mahjong. Murakami Daisuke, Aspects of the Traditional Gambling Game known as Sho in Modern Lhasa, RET 29 (Apr 2014) 245-270, at p. 246. [2] to saturate, soak, defile. Used for what you do when you salt dry meat in Lde'u 271-272.

•SBAG CHEN a variation on the game of Go, evidently. It is played by Namkhai Norbu, and one of his students wrote a small book about the rules of the game, published by Shang Shung Edizioni.

•SBAG SBOG Samdo A IV 249v.1.

•SBAG MA SBOG MA Samdo A V 3r.3.

•SBAG MO lit., 'masked female.' Witch. Epstein, Dissertation 138.

•SBAGS PA Skt. utpiṇḍa.

•SBAGS BSANG mi gtsang ba bkrus pa. impurity washed away. Btsan-lha.

•SBANG sbang thang bkrams pa ni gos chu la sbang ba thang la bkram pa. Dpe-chos 508.

•SBANG BA mi 'jigs pa. Btsan-lha. = mi 'jigs pa. Lcang-skya.

•SBANG BYED OT = rdo ba. Blaṅ 296.1. rdo. Btsan-lha. Also spelled sbad byed.

•SBANG MA chang gi sbang ma. Beer yeast? SS 532.2.

•SBANG RO Translated as 'drained malt' in Almogi, ed., Tibetan Manuscript & Xylograph Traditions (Hamburg 2016), p. 234. I guess it does mean 'soaked remains,' for the grains left over after the beer has been made with it.

•SBANGS T&BS I 326.

•SBAD (Gtsang) = red. "is." MTTP.

•SBAD KHA kha bshad dam gtam bshad. Btsan-lha.

•SBAD PA gtong ba'am skul ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBAN CHEN Mahjong. Should probably be spelled sbag chen.

•SBAN SBAN PA rgyun rags la shugs che ba. Dpe-chos 515. rgyun rags la shugs che ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBAB SER an unidentified bird. Karmay, Arrow 345.

•SBAM CHE BA gtos che ba. phon che ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBAMS PA sdom pa. bcings pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBAR BA active (tha dad pa) version of 'bar ba. to make to blaze, ignite. In the phrase mang por sbar, it means 'blaze into many' (multiply). Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 319.2.

•SBAR SBUR 'bu srin phra mo'i rigs. Btsan-lha.

•SBAR MO A farm implement. Pitchfork used for manure or straw. Illus. in Yisun. Evidently this can also be spelled spar mo. q.v.

•SBAL dus su ma sbal ni dgos dus su ma btang na. Dpe-chos 514. dong. phyag sbal. See pir. See sbal du. As an OT verb, see Hill in RET 10 (2006) 92.

•SBAL KA frog. Related to similar words in Turkic languages & (perhaps) to Skt. bheka. Chinese words are completely different. See Li Yongsong, On the Origin of Baqa, 'Frog, Toad, Tortoise,' CAJ 41 (1997) 250-269. Guillaume Jacques has told me in an email he thinks the word is truly Tibetan, not a borrowing from Sanskrit or Turkic, since it has cognates in Lolo-Burmese and in Rgyal-rong.

•SBAL MGO chu bo sbal mgo. DD illus. 29. sbubs thur sbal mgo, a medical instrument pictured in JD 277 (item 1). Lit., frog-headed. tshigs thur sbal mgo, a medical instrument pictured in JD 277 (item 5).

•SBAL RGYAB smug po sbal rgyab. a stone. SS 402.2. DG 118.6. hematite. Simioli, AG 56. Evidently the etymological meaning is 'turtle back' (although 'frog back' is possible).

•SBAL RGYAB BZANG NGES PA See hre ya smug 'tsher ga pur dri.

•SBAL SGA saddle. BLKC I 401.

•SBAL LJONG tadpole (or, frogs & tadpoles'?). Samdo A V 121v.1.

•SBAL DU OT = dong du. Blaṅ 300.4. = dod du. Lcang-skya. dong du / btson dong du bskyur sogs. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SBAL DU BCUG PA mngal spyod dam dong 'jug. Btsan-lha.

•SBAL NAG brla'i sbal nag. DD illus. 1, 29.

•SBAL SNABS turtle snot (or frog snot?). another name for chu bal ('water wool,' algae?). DTMM says it is a synonym for Spirogyra varians (Hossall) Kützing (nya lcibs). This is indeed a type of algae, but nya lcibs means shellfish, doesn't it?

•SBAL BA frog. Also spelled sbal pa, sbal ka, etc. = ha ri, wa ra skad chen, lce med, 'phar 'gro. JD 252. bung ba nags nas padmar 'ong 'gyur gyi // sbal pa lhan cig gnas kyang de lta min. 'Although the bee flies all the way from the forest to find the lotus, the frog living next to the lotus does not do like that.' Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 150.

•SBAL BA MJUG MA CAN See chu sbur.

•SBAL BA NAG PO SS 539.5.

•SBAL MIG ? A part, or a stage in the growth of, a plant, the etymology would be 'frog eye.' Skt. jālaka. Seen in Krishna Del Toso, "A Note on 'Jug-stobs-can," draft placed on academia.edu (October 2016), in 12 pages. The thi'u, q.v., of a flower. Yisun. A slightly opened bud?

•SBAL TSHANG sbal pa rma can gcig gis sbal tshang 'phung. One wounded frog destroys the [whole] nest[ful]. Yisun.

•SBAL SA dong du. Dbus-pa no. 641.

•SBAS a clan. Btsan-lha. 'pregnant,' acc. to Wayman.

•SBAS SKUNGS 367 I 236.

•SBAS LEB = rbas leb. = leb leb. "beer pitcher." Schmied 171.

•SBI NYON Nishida, TTDD 145.

•SBIB sha skam pa dngos ngan. Btsan-lha.

•SBIR BA to be shaken or confused. bgum (i.e. rgun) 'grum chang gis sbir ba'i stobs ldan lam myi 'dzud. Zhi-byed Coll. I 284.7.

•SBU GU [1] a hollow stem of any kind. straw or pipe (for drinking nectar). Sometimes spelled spu gu. [2] sleeves (not allowed for monastics). Rhoton, CD 71. [3] name for a short, straight horn (the musical instrument).

•SBU BU small hole, aperture. bu ga chung ba. Btsan-lha. sbu gu. Dbus-pa no. 539. = sbu gu. Lcang-skya.

•SBU LA KHA A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 293. sable. LW 497.

•SBU HAG Also spelled sbugs hag, sbu phag, bu phag. A special form of the long trumpet used in particular by the 'Brug pa Bka' brgyud school. Essen Catalog, p. 616, note 5. See comments in Alice Egyed, The Meaningless Fill-in Syllables in Tibetan Buddhist Chant, in Kara Festschrift (2005) 240 n. 22, which says the original name of the sbu ha was ma he, 'water buffalo', and that it is played only in the darkest parts of fierce rituals. RY suggests this can mean bagpipe.

•SBUG spyan sbug gi gra, the inner corner of the eye, distinguished from spyan mjug gi gra, the outer corner. Christoph Cüppers, et al., Handbook of Tibetan Iconometry: A Guide to the Arts of the 17th Century, Brill (Leiden 2012) 36.

•SBUG TSHAL water spinach. CTEV 25.

•SBUG GZONG Arch. of TB 127.

•SBUGS RE sbubs cha tshang re. Btsan-lha.

•SBUNG Namdak.

•SBUNG MI BZOD dpyad mi bzod. Btsan-lha.

•SBUNGS stobs. brtson pa. dam bca' dang lus mi zhan pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBUNGS BSKYED dam bca' brtan pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBUNGS CHE BA bongs che ba'am stobs che ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBUNGS CHER GYIS SHIG brtson pa cher gyis shig. Btsan-lha.

•SBUD bskul ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBUD BRGYAB 'phul rdeg btang ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBUD NAS bskul nas sam bsgyur nas. Btsan-lha.

•SBUD PA pair of bellows. Schmied 149. Namdak. Metaphorical usage, see Hahn, TSD 65.

•SBUD RU shan mchu'am sbud mchu. Btsan-lha.

•SBUD LING sbud ling gis 'gro ba ni bud thum gyis 'gro. BBNP 482. Btsan-lha.

•SBUD SHAN In a list of small creatures in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 441.

•SBUN SKOGS tha snyad tshig gi sbun skogs yin pas nyams kyi gdams pa zhus. Zhi-byed Coll. III 25.6.

•SBUN PA grain husk. nas thon zin pa'i sbun pa la dbyug pa brgyab pa la dgos pa myi gda' gsung nas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 140.4. las dang po pa sbun ba'i rnal 'byord bya ba yin pas. Ibid. V 135.4. = bsres pa. = rdzun pa. Lcang-skya.

•SBUN PA 'DRU BA 'bru'i shun pa rko ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBUN MA rdzun ma. don med. phub ma. shun pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBUB DKRIS a flat piece of iron grooved on the narrow edges, used as a tool, evidently for smoothing off castings by hand. Schmied 147.

•SBUB DKRIS SRANG Schmied 149.

•SBUB GOR gser dngul gyis dkyil 'bur mthon po'i ngos su ri mo sna tshogs bkod pa'o. Nomads 284.

•SBUB CHOL cymbal. See refs. in Velm I 90.

•SBUB THO ball-headed hammer. Schmied 145.

•SBUB MO hollow. khog stong. ser shubs. Dbus-pa no. 333. = bor shugs. Lcang-skya.

•SBUBS Thondup, BM 65, 79. sheath. Germano in JIABS 17 no. 2 (1994) 278. bug pa. bu ga. na bza'. Btsan-lha. Achard, L'Essence 160-1.

•SBUBS CAN hollow cyllindrical instrument used for inspecting anus and vagina and in cutting hemmorhoids. (Not on me, you don't.) JD 273 (item 2 ff.). See sna rngub pa'i sbubs can.

•SBUBS MO a ritual pipe or conduit with 'eyes'. Bellezza, D&B 141.

•SBUBS THUR a special sort of hollow-pointed lancet. Three types pictured in JD 277 (items 1-3).

•SBUBS BSHANGS bshang ba dor ba. Btsan-lha. brda rnying bshad pa dor pa'i ming. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•SBUR Lde'u 234.

•SBUR GOG A type of insect, perhaps to judge from context a termite or similar wood-burrowing creature, mentioned in the polemic of Lha Bla-ma Ye-shes-'od.

•SBUR NAG A kind of insect, a black beetle? If you got one in your mouth you would probably want to spit it out immediately. Samdo A IV 259r.3. Dung beetle. Discussion in ATPP 67.

•SBUR PA general class of beetles. lha'i zhal mthong ba dang sbur pa mthong ba la khyad myed gsung / sbur pa dang ngam bus kyang mthong ste / lha'i zhal ma mthong zhus pas... Zhi-byed Coll. II 228.3. sbur pa chen po ra zing zing ba zhig byung nas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) X 52.4.

•SBUR MA husk[s], chaff. sbur ma bzhin du. Like husks [to the wind; a renunciation metaphor].

•SBUR LEN amber. Also called spos shel. Rin 48.

•SBUR LONG spos shel. Btsan-lha. In Jātakamālā, chap. 14 (Skt. puṣparāga, here translated as topaz, although it may be amber?). grogs po 'di na nor bu lo legs pas // yid bzhin nor khyod rdor gyur nor ma byed // sbur long rgyan gyi dam par byed 'gyur ba // da ni 'di 'dra'i nor bu 'jig rten 'phung. My friend, in these days jewels are common, so you who are a wish-granting jewel, don't make the mistake of turning into stone! Rising chaff becomes the most esteemed ornament, and this kind of jewel will be the ruin of the world. (My translation. There may be a jewel that is believed to magnetize and attract the chaff to itself...) Translated 'amber,' but with a discussion of other meanings of this and sbur len, in Hahn, TSD 5-6, 69. Hahn finds the Skt. equiv. to be tṛṇagrahaṇa, 'straw grabber.'

•SBUL BAB rung ba. Lcang-skya.

•SBE KA From Skt. bheka. [1] = sbal pa, 'frog.' frog. LW 454. [2] For: mi gcer bur 'dzings ba. Blaṅ 308.6. mi gnyis gcer bur 'dzings pa. Btsan-lha. Also spelled sbe ga, sbe kha. A borrowing from Skt. bheka. A style of wrestling, evidently. See Dungkar Rinpoche's dictionary, p. 1577. Actually, the early Mongolian word for 'wrestler' is böke, so this is the most likely origin of the Tibetan word.

•SBE SLOD Nishida, TTDD 145.

•SBEG PA rid pa. dngos ngan. Btsan-lha.

•SBEG SBYOR nyes pa. 'khrul nas rtse ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBEG SHED tshad pa'am dbyug res byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBEGS PA emaciated, lean. Skt. durbala, kṛśa. Hahn, VG 403.

•SBENGS PA a spelling for sbangs pa, 'soaked.' Samdo A V 24r.1. See dbeng.

•SBED N. of a bird?? TJ 26 no. 2 (Summer 2001) 93.

•SBED PA See: gnas ni sbed pa. Blaṅ 306.5.

•SBED PA TSUG sbed pa 'dra mo. Btsan-lha.

•SBED BYED rtsig mkhan nam rdo bzo ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBEN TA ZHA yang dag pa min pa. Btsan-lha. Also spelled sben zha ta.

•SBAN ZHA TA yang dag min. Lcang-skya.

•SBEBS PA nyen pa. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 665. Lcang-skya.

•SBER Stein.

•SBEL KHA From Mong. belge — ensign or emblem. Frequently in form of a rock-crystal seal. TS5. It is an official document-of-appointment. See Kuijp in Lungta 14 (2001) 61.

•SBO shing sdong sogs kyi lto ba. Btsan-lha. mi phyugs kyi pho ba dang rgyu ma'i nang gi dbugs 'phel nas je cher song ba'i don te: pho ba sbo 'khrog byed lta bu. [sbos] ni 'das pa ste: pho ba sbos nas na lta bu. Dag-yig.

•SBO KHA SBUB inverted funnel, trapezoidal shape. Pasang Wangdu, The Slebs ri Tombs and the Mchims Clan, contained in: Hildegard Diemberger and Karma Phuntsho, eds., Ancient Treasures, New Discoveries, IITBS (Saale 2009) 73-96, at p. 76.

•SBO LDENG TM IV 112. bloated belly. Yangga's dissert., p. 364.

•SBO GZHOGS shing gi sbo ste lto ba gzhogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBO LUG [1] going with chuba unsashed (not a good thing, kind of like going naked). I guess it more-or-less means flapping in the breeze. JS. Goldstein has sbo lug ma with this meaning. [2] Goldstein has sbo lug pa, meaning 'wrecked, ruined, in disarray.' RY says it means 'destroyed.' [3] a pastry made of peeled and softened wheat mixed with sugar and milk, then baked with butter, and finally smeared with honey and sugar. Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs 148.

•SBOGS evidently a red dye from a leaf. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 130.1.

•SBOD SGA See (sman) sga.

•SBOD PA gtong ba. skul ba. Btsan-lha. to set [a dog on a person]. Dotson, D&L 13.

•SBON za ba. Lcang-skya. za ba. pha'i spun mched khu bo'i bu. ming po'i bu dbon. grandson. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•SBON PA OT = za ba. Blaṅ 295.3. Dbus-pa no. 417. = gtong ba. Lcang-skya.

SBOM PO [1] a swelling. [2] gross transgression. Beyer 405.

•SBOM ME gsal po. Gces 589.5. Btsan-lha.

•SBOMS PA sdod pa. sdud pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBOR SHING See 'om bu.

•SBOS GRIR Problematic phrase used in Sba bzhed, discussed in Kapstein, Assimilation 234 n. 13. It looks like it means an untimely death by swelling up, caused by a boulder that wouldn't allow travelers to pass.

•SBYAG lto 'grangs pa. sha skam pa'am rid pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBYAG PA rid pa. rjud pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBYAG TSHE ling tse. dra mig. sha sogs skem pa'am rid pa'i tshe. Btsan-lha.

•SBYANG a place for storing grass and grains that has neither door nor window. rtswa dang 'bru la sogs pa 'jog pa'i gnas te sgo dang skar khung med pa / yang bang ba'am rdzang yang zhes pa sbyan (?). See Samtani in Mishra, ABS 471.

•SBYANG DKA' Skt. sudurjaya. difficult to cultivate. Sa paṇ suggests it may be better to translate as thub dka', 'difficult to overcome.'

•SBYANG 'DRA BA bang ba 'dra ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBYANGS PA zhi ba. Btsan-lha.

•SBYANGS PA'I YON TAN Skt. dhūtaguṇā. Definition in Roberts, King.

•SBYANGS PA'I YON TAN BCU GNYIS zas kyi dbang du byas pa gsum / gos kyi dbang du byas pa gsum / gnas mal gyi dbang du byas pa drug yod pa'i phyir / dang po gsum yod de / bsod snyoms pa dang / stan gcig pa dang / zas phyis mi len pa rnams de yin pa'i phyir / dang po la rnyed pas chog pa'i bsod snyoms pa dang / mthar gyis slong ba'i bsod snyoms pa gnyis su phye nas sbyangs pa'i yon tan bcu gsum du byed pa yang yod do // gos kyi dbang du byas pa gsum yod de / chos gos gsum pa dang / phying ba ba dang / phyag dar khrod pa gsum de yin pa'i phyir / gnas mal gyi dbang du byas pa drug yod de / dgon pa ba dang / shing drung ba dang / bla gab med pa dang / dur khrod pa dang / cog bu ba dang / gzhi ji bzhin pa rnams de yin pa'i phyir / kha cig phyi ma gnyis spyod lam gyi dbang du byas par mdzad nas gnas mal gyi dbang du byas pa bzhi yin zhes zer / de dag so so'i ngo bo yod de /... For the whole lengthy discussion, see 600 159-170. Pabongka, Liberation I 146. For a list of the 13 according to the Visuddhimagga, see Wayman, BI 55. Listed with Sanskrit and English in Roberts, King.

•SBYAM nam mkha' gos su gon / zhes pa sbyam gdung gi bla de'i 'og tu ma tshud pa ste. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 119.2.

•SBYAM GYIS 'byam. Gces 587.6. 'byams. Btsan-lha.

•SBYAM PA sgrog pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBYAR DUG SRZT 131.

•SBYAR PA poplar tree. Populus alba. TDD 146.

•SBYAR SPYAD MA prostitute (smad 'tshong ma). Btsan-lha.

•SBYAR BA Skt. puṭa. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•SBYAR MA a term of abuse, like the word 'prostitute' (smad 'tshong ma dang 'dra ba'i smad tshig cig). Btsan-lha.

•SBYAR RTSI a medicine that restores sexual potency (ro tsa gso ba'i sman). Btsan-lha.

•SBYIG CAN chags can. Btsan-lha.

•SBYIG PA gos kyis mnan pa. 'dred pa dang 'byid pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•SBYIG MO dbyibs 'jongs pa. bud med gcer bu. Btsan-lha.

•SBYIN BDAG 'sponsor.' Dargyay, TVC 29. For a usage by Asaṅga (both sbyin pa po & sbyin bdag), see Wayman, BI 44. For patronage of art in Tibet, see Heather Stoddard in Tibet. Klöster öffnen ihre Schatzkammern, Kulturstiftung Ruhr Essen (Villa Hügel 2006), pp. 96-104.

•SBYIN PA Like mchod pa, it means 'offerings,' but offerings for lower entities, like pretas and hell beings, acc. to Tucci, Religions 116.

•SBYIN PA RNAM PA BZHI zang zing gi sbyin pa / chos kyi sbyin pa / mi 'jigs pa'i sbyin pa / byams pa'i sbyin pa'o. 600 41.

•SBYIN BSREG sbyin sreg gi brda rnying. Btsan-lha.

•SBYIB ZZ = myid pa. 'oesophagus.' Bru II 291.5.

•SBYIBS LEGS PA dbyibs legs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBYONG BRDAR practice.

•SBYONG SPYOD dka' ngal chen pos 'gro ba'am skyod pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBYON PA OT = 'bod pa'i brda tshur shog ces pa lta bu. Blaṅ 293.6-294.1.

•SBYOMS mi sbyoms ni mi ngoms. Gces 582.2.

•SBYOR KLOG preparatory reading [exercise]. A style of reading for children where each word is spelled outloud. Puchung has explained it as reading things as they are spelled, while more advanced student will do it 'combined reading' (bsdus klog) style.

•SBYOR GYI LAS acts which bind one to sangsara.

•SBYOR SGROL nus pa thob nas sbyor sgrol la stsogs pa / brlabs chen po'i spyod pas shes bya'i sgrib pa spong bar 'dod pas. Zhi-byed Coll. I 206.2.

•SBYOR BA [1] Skt. yoga. [2] in med. preparation, recipe. [3] Skt. prayoga. probative argument or statement of truth. Dreyfus, Rationality 46. [4] May have a specialized psychological meaning, as a synonym or rather 'state' of the kleśas, with the sense of making connections, or a 'conjunction' of 2 or more mental states working 'in concert'?? Mvy. no. 2143.

•SBYOR BA PHUN SUM TSHOGS PA Skt. pūrvayogasampanna. No. 5 of the 10 bhūmis in the Avataṃsaka (lecture by Jan Nattier).

•SBYOR BA YAN LAG DRUG dus 'khor gyi rdzogs rim sbyor ba yan lag drug ni / sor sdud / bsam gtan / srog rtsol / 'dzin pa / rjes dran / ting nge 'dzin no. 600 84.

•SBYOR MI BZOD PA bgrod mi nus pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBYOR BZHI Stein. Gser Sbram 362.

•SBYOR LAM BZHI drod dang / rtse mo / bzod pa / chos mchog go. 600 43.

•SBRA a clan. Btsan-lha.

•SBRA GUR yak-hair tent, usually black (see sbra nag), used by nomads. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 44.

•SBRA CHEN The yak hair (re ba) tents typical of Tibetan nomad. Norbu, Drung 6.

•SBRA DAG SBRI DAG Stein.

•SBRA NAG Angela Manderscheid, The Black Tent in Its Easternmost Distribution: The Case of the Tibetan Plateau, Mountain Research & Development 21 no 2 (May 2001) 154-160. Here the sbra nag is distinguished from the rtse sbra. She says that gur derives from Mong. gér. The terms sbra thag and sbra shing are mentioned for the ropes and poles.

•SBRA SBRU EN CIG BYAS PA = sa rdo brad brud cung zad byas pa. BBNP 484. Btsan-lha.

•SBRA TSHIL sbrang snyigs. Btsan-lha. sbra tshil gyis kha bcad la. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 244.3. JD 130. = si hla. SS 531.3. Apparently the wax of the honeycomb, or some other sediments found in honey, that might be used to seal an opening. On wax casting, see BLKC I 427. Translated propolis in Lobsang Yongdan, "The Introduction of Edward Jenner's Smallpox Vaccination to Tibet in the Early 19th Century," Archiv Orientalni, vol. 84 (2016), pp. 577-593, at p. 584.

•SBRA RU sbra mang po lhan du phub pa. Nomads 248.

•SBRAG KHANG postoffice. In Indic English, this is the "Dak Bungalow (see the entry "Dawk" in Hobson-Jobson). The syllable sbrag oddly resembles the Greek word sphragis that means an 'imprint' [of a seal]. But I guess the word has Sanskitic roots, after all. I couldn't find any early usage of the term, so it is doubtful the Mongol-period postal system has anything to do with it.

•SBRAG PA postmen. Goldstein, Taxation 19.

•SBRAG PHUL Term used to describe a Tibetan-language syllable of the most complex type (including prefix, superscript, subscript and suffix letters).

•SBRAGS [1] ...dang sbrags means 'along with...'. [2] piled. Hill in NTFC II 251.

•SBRAGS MA ldom bu ba las brags ma zhes bya ste. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 436.7.

•SBRANG a clan. Btsan-lha.

•SBRANG SKYABS nyal gur. Btsan-lha.

•SBRANG RGUN sbrang rgun ni sprang bu zhes dbus par la snang ngo. Dpe-chos 511.

•SBRANG BU winged insect, or the general class of flies. kho la dgra ru sbrang bu la[s] gnad pa [~gnod pa] myed pa la / kho sbrang bu myed na myi dga' bar 'dug gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 152.5.

•SBRANG 'BU compound of sbrang bu and 'bu, together meaning the larger class of winged insects and bugs/worms. As close as you can come to a general word for insect.

•SBRANG MA [1] bee. See discussion in Beckwith, OC Loans 185-188. [2] When referring to a broader class of insects, it definitely may refer to winged insects in general. But more properly speaking, the general class should be called bung ba, while nectar-collectors (bees in particular) should be called sbrang ma. For background on the Indic bee — Skt. bhramara — its symbolism and sounds, see Studholme, Origins 32. Lama Kazi Dawa Samdup translated a text called "The Bee." See Bodleian Catalogue, p. 123.

•SBRANG SMYON crazy honey. Discussion in Jacoby in BSOAS 80 (2017) 330.

•SBRANG RTSI honey. JD 129. sbrang in SS 527.6.

•SBRANG RTSI CAN GYI SMYUG MA a plant growing in Arabia. Yongdan, TCW 111.

•SBRANG RTSI 'DZIN 1. padma. 2. bung ba. Blaṅ 530. Gser Sbram 298.

•SBRANG RTSI'I THIGS PA drop of honey. First there was a drop of honey, and later on the whole country was destroyed... Hahn, TSD 42.

•SBRANG RTSI'I BU 1. bung ba. 2. khyab 'jug. Blaṅ 530.

•SBRAN [1] to urge, encourage, explain, make to understand, give an order, issue a command. bskul ba. bshad pa. go bar byed pa. bsgo ba. Btsan-lha. Namdak. [2] impf. of sbron pa. to summon, to call upon, to report to. bdud la 'od zer gyis sbran nas... Zhi-byed Coll. V 385.4 (also, 385.5). de nas rgyal bus yab la sbran te. Then the prince paid his father a call. bdag gis sbran kyang ma sad do. I just report the facts, don't kill me. Lde'u 61.

•SBRAB PA sub pa. Dbus-pa no. 392.

•SBRAM brling ba. rgya che ba. Btsan-lha. Mistake for ṭam, meaning a 'coin.'

•SBRAM PO sbram po [~brling ba] tshig gcig smras pas kyang // rig pa'i gnas lnga sbyangs pa yis. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 594.1.

•SBRAM BI sbram si? A very large fruit in India. Aris, Discourse 31.

•SBRAM BYU A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 299.

•SBRI possibly misspelled for spri? tshig cig gi sbri mnan nam / bcas bcos byas pa myed de. Zhi-byed Coll. I 118.6. spri mnan med pa'i dbang bskur. Zhi-byed Coll. I 142.3.

•SBRID [1] to sneeze. Skt. kṣuta. Mvy. 4058. Cabezón, Rog 71. [2] to feel numb.

•SBRID CHIL Kollmar-Paulenz, Schmuck 143. lus po sbrid chil gyi 'gro nas ci byas mi tshor ba yong. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 489.2.

•SBRID CHI LE BA going into shock. Gyatso, Apparitions 223.

•SBRID PA [1] Skt. cikkā, chikkā. sneezing. Mvy. 4057. What happens when dust or smoke or the scent of pepper enters your nostrils. Yisun. [2] 'going to sleep' meaning that the limbs get numb. Yisun.

•SBRIBS PA OT = ltogs pa. Blaṅ 288.1. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•SBRIL GYIS myi rtog par sbril gyis song na rtsa ba zin pa zer ba yin gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 323.3. skad cig ma ngos bzung la nges pa der thob par bya / sna tshogs kyi rjes la sbril sbril bslab par bya'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 24.4.

•SBRUG PA zad pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBRUM PA mngal chags pa. Eimer, Dbyangs 56.

•SBRUL = lto 'gro, mche dug can, mig thos, zhe sdang, klu'i sha, 'khyog 'gro, rlung zan, khung nyal. JD 253. SS 499.2. Snake skin, see Clifford, list. For snake-charming lore, see the entry "Ahi-vijjā" in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. The rope-snake confusion is a popular metaphor with the early Yogacaryas as well as the Vedantist philosophers. It may at times go together with the silver-mother of pearl confusion metaphor. People often ask if there are snakes in Tibet, and the answer is, 'Yes, but very few.' The only species known to live on the high plateau is Thermophis baileyi, which is limited to the areas of hot springs, in particular Gter-sgrom, near 'Bri-gung. This snake, when it first became known to cosmopolitan science, was called Tropidonotus (=Natrix) baileyi, but was later reassigned to its own unique genus, also called Thermophis. See Edmond V. Malnate, The Taxonomic Status of the Tibetan Colubrid Snake Natrix baileyi, Copeia, issue no. 2 for the year 1953 (May 29, 1953), pp. 92-96. But a recent study seems to indicate still more problems in its classification. See Miao He, et al., The Phylogenetic Position of Thermophis (Serpentes: Colubridae), an Endemic Snake from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Journal of Natural History, vol. 43, nos. 7-8 (February 2009), pp. 479-488. There is a photograph of this snake at Daniel Winkler's webpage.

•SBRUL SKOGS sbrul lpags. Btsan-lha.

•SBRUL KHAS BSDIGS PA sbrul bzung ste gzhan la 'jigs pa skyed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBRUL MGO rmen bu sbrul mgo. DD illus. 31. A type of woodslip used as a legal document. Lde'u 262

•SBRUL SGONG See 'jam 'bras.

•SBRUL NYID GYUR PA sbrul rong nge yong ba. Dpe-chos 506.

•SBRUL DUG See gla rtsi. See rtsad. SRZT 138.

•SBRUL NAG used as a simile in philosophical argument by Rong-zom-pa. Almogi, MA thesis 185.

•SBRUL GYI NOR BU See sar ba ma ṇi.

•SBRUL SPAL KHA RGYAN See chu rug pa.

•SBRUL MIG [1] brtag dpyad sbrul mig, lit. snake-eye, a kind of surgical probe. JD 272 (item 7). [2] a part of the stomach. Yangga's dissert., p. 362.

•SBRUL ZHAGS =gu gu sa 'dzin. Dodder. Cuscuta chinensis. TDD 61.

•SBRUL ZHAGS BCO BRGYAD a medicinal preparation. BP 270.1.

•SBRUL ZU = shu ti. YTTM 292.8.

•SBRUL LA = ri hi. YTTM 292.8.

•SBRUL SHA snake flesh. TM IV 95.

•SBRE [1] Sometimes seems to be equiv. to sbra, 'felt tent.' bya thang la sbre dkar phub nas. Samdo A VI 165r.6. [2] a kind of small fox. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 44. srog chags rang mthong can zhig. Btsan-lha. 'brog yul gyi sems can wa lta bu zhig. Nomads 248.

•SBRE CHUNG 'jag snod [vessel made of 'jag ma grass?]. Dbus-pa no. 540.

•SBRE MONG ne'u le. sre mong. Btsan-lha.

•SBREG PA OT = rid pa (q.v.). sha skam pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBRENGS mos gus kyi rgyud sbrengs. string the bowstring of veneration. Zhi-byed Coll. II 433.7. Actually, I think this means to pluck [a string] or strum so it makes a sound, whether it be the string of a bow or of a musical instrument. There are still other possible meanings.

•SBREBS PA OT = skem pa. = grang ba. Blaṅ 285.5, 516.4. 'khyags pa. skem pa. ltogs pa. Btsan-lha. = skem pa. Lcang-skya. Apparently it may alternate with the spelling sgrebs pa. Apparently it can mean, to get cold, hungry or thirsty.

•SBREMS PA skems pa. Dbus-pa no. 029.

•SBRE'U phye ma. Btsan-lha.

•SBREL DKAR unknown term. Kuijp, KPTB 34.

•SBREL BA join together, string together.

•SBREL ZHI 'phred. Dbus-pa no. 142. Looks suspiciously like snrel zhi, q.v., which is defined with 'phrad!

•SBRES PA bkres pa'am 'khyags pa. Btsan-lha.

•SBRON PA [1] (rjes gcod gtong ba / dper na ra mda' sbron) 'to chase after, for example [of its usage], pursue helpers.' LZ 177 ("pursue robbers"). [2] ('gug pa, ’bod pa) call, summon, invite. LZ 178. Yisun. Example of usage in Lde'u 166. [3] (rogs byed pa) to do something to help. LZ 178.


*MA*

•MA [1] For words with ma as suffix, see Laufer, Bird Divination 48. He says that it is usually used with words denoting space or time, but this doesn't really work if you ask me! [2] Used as a negative marker immediately preceding past or imperative tense verbs. Bhattacharya, LW 355, no. 45, suggests it is a loan from Skt. mā.

•MA KI TA ma ki ta yi sman bzhin du // gang la reg pa sman du 'gyur. Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 666.6. de dang ma ki ta myi bskyod par sbyar te zhag bdun du mnan la. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 244.1. dri'i rnal 'byor ni du ru ka dang ma ki ta'i ri lu. Ibid. III 76.7. Perhaps this is just a spelling for ma gi ta, q.v. Ex. of usage in 'Bri gung bka' brgyud chos mdzod chen mo, vol. 34, p. 261.

•MA KU TA A variant form of the Skt. word matkuṇa, meaning 'bug.' In the context means 'flea.' Roesler in Facets 170.

•MA KLAS PA the tshom za ba dang ma gus pa'am khyad gsod. Btsan-lha. ma klas / khyad bsad. Dbus-pa no. 688.

•MA RKANG [1] gro ga dang zhing ras la bya rog dang 'ug pa'i dang ru dang / ma rkang gi snyug gus dug khrag gis ling ka bris pa'i tshe. Zhi-byed Coll. V 142.7. Elsewhere, it seems to mean something like 'capital,' but here it must mean a bird bodypart that could serve for a pen. [2] stock, share. Goldstein.

•MA MKHAS In rare Bon contexts, it seems to just mean 'ignorance.' In one context, we find it translated 'overrated.' ZZFC 257.

•MA 'KHYUR 'bral mi phod pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA GWA See lcang ma.

•MA GA DHI See pi pi ling.

•MĀ GAṂ See zha nye.

•MA GAL JD 121. SS 507.5. KP1 111.5. KP3 280.5. KP4 447.2. DG 240.4. Mdo 314.

•MA GI [1] a short form of ma gi ta. nyon mongs rtog pa'i dug ro de // bslab gsum ma gi'i sbyor ba yis // dug chen rtsad nas ma byang zhing... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 34.1. Spelled maghī by Chashab in Rocznik Orientalistyczny 68 (2015) 58. [2] gsham phyogs (lower parts, direction, downward). Yisun. [3] It seems that ya gi and ma gi are mainly used in geographical descriptions. skal ldan smon lam dag pa'i mi dbus ma gi na / gdams ngag btab pa mang du yod gsung gin gda'. Zhi-byed Coll. II 139.4.

•MA GI TA dug lnga sel ba'i ma gi ta // btsal bas rnyed par mi 'gyur te. Samdo A VI 164r.2. Yisun has ma ghi ta, and says it means gla rtsi ghi ham sogs kyi ming (name for musk or bezoar, etc.). See gla rtsi. N. of a herb and a medicine made with detoxified mercury and musk. DTMM 175.

sngo MA GI TA See bya rgod spos. KP1 11.4. KP3 240.5.

•MA GOD PA ma nyams pa'am ma zad pa. Btsan-lha. phyogs lhung med pa, ris su ma chad pa. not taking sides, impartial. zad mtha' med pa. inexhaustible. See LZ 178. I believe this is based on two passages in Mdzod.

•MA GOR myur mgyogs. Rtse-le VIII 429.

•MA GRANGS GROL BA yid g.yengs shing spyad lam ma bsdams pa.

•MA GLAS khyad bsad. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•MA BGAG MA BRGAL ma bkag ma rgol. Btsan-lha.

•MA MGAL With var. sp. man kal, man gal. lower jaw. Bellezza, L&T 49.

•MA MGAL RUS PA DD illus. 9.

•MA 'GAB ma rung ba'am mi chog pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA 'GYUR a pledge which is retained by the authorities if a promise remains 'unfulfilled' (ma 'gyur). Sources.

•MA RGYUD RIGS DRUG rdor sems kyi rgyud / rnam snang gi rgyud / he ru ka'i rgyud / rdo rje nyi ma'i rgyud / padma gar dbang gi rgyud / rdo rje nyi ma'i rgyud / padma gar dbang gi rgyud / rta mchog gi rgyud rnams so. 600 83.

•MA SGRA Discussed in Ian Collinge, Developments in Musicology in Tibet, Asian Music, vol. 28, no. 1 (Autumn 1996-Winter 1997), pp. 87-114, p. 104.

•MA SGRUNGS grung po'am spyang po ma yin pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA NGE MO Compare Yisun's mang ge mo. 'one who.' Similar to che ge mo. Samdo A V 255r.1. la las ni che ge mo dang mang ge mo yin zer ba la sogs pa... 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 100.2.

•MA CANG mah-jong. TS7 II 1055.

•MA CIG DPAL LHA (Dbus) = Dpal ldan Lha mo, the goddess Remati. MTTP.

•MA BCOS PA BZHI Listed in Tsering Thar, Bonpo Tantrics in Kokonor Area, Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, vol. 15 (November 2008) [Tibetan Studies in Honor of Samten Karmay], pp. 533-552, at p. 545. 1. skra ma bcos pa lcang lo (natural hair like that of a weeping willow), 2. snod ma bcos pa thod pa (a natural container skullcup), 3. gos ma bcos pa dkar po (a natural white cloth), 4. a natural mind like innate mind (he doesn't supply Tibetan for this one).

•MA LCIGS PA ma theg pa'am ma chud pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA LCOGS ma khom pa'am ma thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA CHAG PAR without fail.

•MA CHAGS not skipping, not missing (opportunity to do something).

•MA MCHIS med. Btsan-lha.

•MA 'CHUN PA ma theg pa'am ma khyag pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA JO translated as 'nun' in BA 181, etc. It might be a shortened formed of a ma jo mo?? It could possibly mean 'abbess' (see Zhang G.yu-brag-pa's autobiography), or a nun who teaches other nuns. In the Zhi-byed Coll. it seems to be a title for females (not only or even necessarily nuns) that corresponds to bla ma for males. Notice the comment in Schaeffer, Crystal Orbs, p. 41.

•MA NYES PA gros mthun pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA TA PA LA See po so cha.

•MA TA PAR ṆI See ba sha ka.

•MA TA LI elephant driver. glang po'i kha lo pa'i ming ni ma ta li zhes bya'o. Snye-thang Blo-gros-brtan-pa's Abhidhāna text.

•MA ṬAM A Bhutanese monetary unit and coin. It's name is explained as a taṃka which contains the syllable 'ma' (in early Cooch Behar coins, the only letter that seemed recognizable to Tibetan-readers was what looked like a letter 'ma'). See Rhodes, Coinage in Bhutan.

•MA TU LUNG KA Also, ba lung kha lung, ba lung, kha lung. Skt. mātūluṅga, mātuluṅga. Common citron or sweet lime (Cirus medica). Mvy. 5810.

•MA GTUGS PA ma zad pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA BTUB PA ma rung ba'am ma thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA RTABS PA mi rings pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA RTOL ma slebs pa'am ma thon pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA LTE A part of a door. See Dag-yig 167.

•MA LTES ma legs. Dbus-pa no. 377.

•MA STES ma legs pa dang nyes pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA STES PA = ma legs pa. Lcang-skya.

•MA BRTAGS NYAMS DGA' BA an expression that refers to conventional ways of knowing things, accepting their existence without critical enquiry. See Karma Phuntsho's book Mipham's Dialectic, p. 263, notes 245-246.

•MA THA last. Karmay, Treasury. See under ya tha. mas nas. Btsan-lha. ma tha yang yi ge drug pa 'grang myi shes pa ga na 'ong. Zhi-byed Coll. II 317.5. ma tha yang 'tsho ba sla ba cig gi sar myi bzhugs par zer bas. Ibid. II 150.7. Samdo A I 81r.6. It seems to me that ma tha yang and ma tha na yang mean 'in the lower extreme,' or 'in the very least,' 'at the low end of the scale' (for confirmation, see Jaeschke under tha na).

•MA THA YANG at the very least. Lde'u 77.

•MA THANG nang. Lcang-skya.

•MA THANG 'CHING BU See zangs rtsi ba.

•MA THANG 'OG NAS SO TSHIGS BYED mar mnan pa'i 'og nas so 'thams 'thams byed. Btsan-lha.

•MA THAN = ma zhum. Lcang-skya.

•MA THAN PA ma khum pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA THINGS PA gdeng tshod med pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA THUN lte ba. Btsan-lha.

•MA THENGS ma phyin nam ma skyel. Btsan-lha.

•MA THEM A part of a door. The threshold. See Dag-yig 167. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 4.

•MA THO BA ma thon pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA MTHA' literally means 'low end,' but used adverbially to mean 'at least,' or sometimes in clause initial position to mean 'even....' This seems to be similar or identical to this form: ma tha, q.v.

•MA MTHO DGU MTHO (coll.) tremendously tall or high. MTTP.

•MA DA NA a Sanskritism. wine. shes rab rgyal po ma da na // thabs kyi rgyal po maṃ sa ste. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 306.1.

•MA DAG SA GSUM dang po rab tu dga' ba / gnyis pa dri ma med pa / gsum pa 'od byed pa / bzhi pa 'od 'phro ba / lnga pa sbyangs dka' ba / drug pa mngon du gyur pa / bdun pa ring du song ba'o. 600 92.

•MA DAR SA verbotene Stelle. Kaschewsky2.

•MA DU KA See dur byid.

•MA DRANGS mi srun pa dang ma dul ba'am ma rung ba sogs. Btsan-lha. ma dul. mi srun Dbus-pa nos. 506, 683. = ma dul. = mi bsrun. Lcang-skya.

•MA DRANGS DROL BA rtsed mos g.yengs shing bag med dang rgod bag can. Btsan-lha.

•MA DHU YAṢṬI See shing mngar.

•MĀ DHU RA See se 'bru.

•MA DHU RA SA See rgun 'brum.

•MA 'DAL a 'Tibetanizing' spelling for maṇḍal.

•MA 'DOMS NA zlos skyon med na. Btsan-lha.

•MA 'DRES PA BCO BRGYAD Pabongka, Liberation I 151. See Encyclopedia of Buddhism under "āveṇika dharma."

•MA RDAL tshad las ma brgal. Btsan-lha.

•MA NA OT = tshod. = dus. Blaṅ 302.4.

•MA NA HO Varieties: dkar po, dmar po. DG 99.3. Generally it means a type of precious or semi-precions stone, usually identified with rta klad, q.v. Both it and rta'i klad can be used as burnishing stones. BLKC I 248.

•MA NANGS = ma langs. Lcang-skya. ma nangs / nom pa'am srid / nom pa chas dngos thob pa'i don sogs dang srid pa 'khor ba dang long pa sogs la grags. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•MA NANGS PA ma langs pa. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 636.

•MA ṆI STONG RA I believe this is the correct form behind the term heard by travelers (especially in Ladakh) "mani-dung," and "mendong" as a term for the Mani Walls. A. Francke, on p. 109 of his Antiquities of Indian Tibet, gives what he sees as the 'correct' Tibetan spelling for mendong as man thang. This expression occurs in a dedication inscription for a Mani Wall: pha ma gtsos byas mkha' mnyam sems can byang chub thob phyir du mi 'gyur rdo la ma ni stong ra can* bzhengs. See Tropper in J. Bray & E. de Rossi Filibeck, eds., Mountains, Monasteries and Mosques (Pisa 2009) 93. "Man gdang" is the spelling used in Puchung's dissertation (Oslo 2011), in a footnote in his section 5.5.6.

•MA NI PA kind of monastic rent collector. Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 109.

•MA ṆI BRI KṢA See ba li ka.

•MA NI TSHA See ldong ros.

•MA NING neuter (neither male nor female). Pabongka, Liberation II 76. See (ma ning) lcam pa, (ma ning) dres ma. See J. Gyatso in History of Religions 43 (2003). BHBW 324 ff.

•MA NING KO ṬHA Iris. Iris nepalensis. TDD 97.

•MA NING LCAM PA See lcam pa.

•MA NU lit., 'mother's nipple'? brtson 'grus pho ma nur song. Zhi-byed Coll. II 275.7. KP1 164.6. Varieties: sur dkar, shu zur, rta skom nu ma, bse ma nu. KP3 304.4. KP4 486.2. Varieties listed in DG 249.2. Elecampane. Clifford, list. Inula racemosa. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25. Discussion in ATPP 65.

•MA NU KHRAG CAN See go byi la.

•MA NU BCU GSUM a medicinal preparation. BT has a recipe on the added page following p. 28.

•MA NU RTA RKANG = 'bra go. YTTM 291.20.

•MA NU RTA SKAM See 'bra go.

•MA NU DRUG PA a medicinal preparation. TM IV 61.

•MA NU PA TRA = yid 'ong bzang po, (me tog) sna tshogs bcud. JD 133. SS 437.1. = pa tra. YTTM 291.22. TM IV 61. DG 249.5.

•MA NU BZHI THANG RR 89. TMC 28 (57). BT 4v.6, 6v.6, 7r.5. BP 170.2.

•MA NU RU RTA See ru rta.

•MA NU SHU ZUN See (sman) sga.

•MA NU BSE SHING See go byi la. SS 438.1.

•MA NE chin. See Dag-yig. See 'ol gong.

•MA NO HO Evid. a word for agate, as used in Po-ta-la (1996) 188.

•MA PANG something offered in funerary rite. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 369. Tan, Theses 108, 119 n. 33.

•MA DPE 'mother example.' A way of speaking of the 'original' on which a copy is based. The copy is called 'child example' (bu dpe), and it is also possible to speak of a 'grandchild copy' (tsha dpe). The terms ma phyi, bu bshus and tsha bshus are used in Rabsal 177. See also phyi mo.

•MA SPYOMS PA gzhan la mi ngom pa'am bdag nyid mi sgrog pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA PHER ma nus. Dpe-chos 515.

•MA PHYAR a word of unknown meaning used several times in Lde'u 374, where from context it may seem to mean something like 'joined forces, made agreement.'

•MA PHYAL mi 'dres pa (unmixed? unique?). Btsan-lha.

•MA PHYI phyi mo. ma'i ma. Btsan-lha. See ma dpe.

•MA PHYID ma btang. Gces 586.4. ma 'dang ba. Btsan-lha.

•MA PHYED PA mistaken tr. for Skt. prasāda. Blaṅ 311.6.

•MA 'PHYUGS PA ma nor ba. ma 'chug pa. Btsan-lha. Compare 'phyug med, 'unerring' in CFMS 87.

•MA BAS ma zad. Btsan-lha.

•MA BI ma gi. Btsan-lha.

•MA BU mother and child. Bellezza, D&B 102.

•MA BLA CHUD Norbu, Drung 103.

•MA 'BREL BA unconnected (to the context), irrelevant.

•MA MA nurse. See Alex Wayman, Is It a Crow (P. dhaṃka) or a Nurse (S. dhātrī)? JRAS 102 (1982) 515-516.

•MA MA SGO LCAGS Foxtail, green bristlegrass. Setaria viridis. TDD 177. Czaja in NTFC I 98.

•MA MA MIG See smag.

•MA MA TSHAN TSHAN rnal 'byor dbang phyug ri khrod pa // ma ma tshan tshan ma mdzad pa. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 485.3.

•MA MUR See (me) mar mur.

•MA MO = phyi mo, = gzhi, = rtsa ba, = mngon pa'i sde snod. BBNP 472. Btsan-lha. CFMS 79. gzung 'dzin ni rnam rtog gi ma mo. Zhi-byed Coll. V 215.1. Skt. mātṛka. EoB VI 656-657.

•MA MO CHEN MO bsgom ma mo chen mo. Samdo A VI 180r.6. Also in the title of one of Zhang's works.

•MA MO 'DZIN PA Skt. mātṛkadhara. Mvy no. 5143.

•MA SMAD bstod par 'os pa. ma bu gnyis. Btsan-lha. Mother and daughters. It's curious that there is a parallel expression for 'father and sons,' pha spad.

•MA SMAS MA SNAD phyi'i gnod pa med par ma smas dang / nang gi gnod pa med par ma snad. Btsan-lha.

•MA SMYUNG TSAM ma ltogs tsam. Btsan-lha.

•MA ZHU = ma zhu ba. Mkhyen-rab/11 no. 16. Kong-sprul/1 30 ff: General symptoms: Flatulence is obstructed or occurs at irregular intervals, causing distension. After a time, it sometimes produces massive diarrhea. Heaviness of the body, loss of appetite, nausea at meal time, belching, headaches. Specific symptoms: Undigested residues (stickiness in the mouth giving off a bad smell). 'Crowding' of the stomach with eructations & vomitting. Eyes, face and the tops of the feet swell up. Undigested chyme (dwangs ma) stagnates and stops the appetite. Belching, leanness, heart pains, pains in the side of the rib cage. The causes and conditions producing ma zhu are easily known by questioning the patient. Old people & others who suffer a decline in their digestive heat get such 'cold' symptoms as distention and eructation as soon as they begin to eat. In cases of occasional ma zhu, the pulse is full and thick. In chronic ma zhu, there is little physical strength and the pulse is thin. If you closely examine the urine, you will find that it smells slightly of whatever food was not digested. When the ma zhu is a result of overeating, it is important to abstain from food. If one eats 'on top of' indigestion then it will be difficult to benefit from medicine. When it is a result of a decline in digestive heat, a warmth-producing medicine is very important.

•MA ZHU BA'I NAD SRZT 30. Text 12 et passim. Lag-len 275.2.

•MA GZHI (coll.) generally. MTTP.

•MA GZHIG ma bsam pa'am ma byed. Btsan-lha.

•MA GZHE MIN PA (Gtsang) = ma gtogs. not belonging to. MTTP.

•MA BZLUGS PA ma zhus pa'am ma dris pa. Btsan-lha.

•MA YAR ma'i tshab. Btsan-lha.

•MA YAR MO mother-in-law. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•MA YIG may refer to the main line of the text, as distinguished from the added '[foot]notes' (mchan bu).

•MA YIN MA 'THUS PA'I NAG CAN evil criminal. Sources.

•MA YŪ RAṂ GI a kind of turquoise. DG 80.1.

•MA G.YOS PA unmoved, unmovedness, uncompromised.

•MA RA KA TI See mar gad.

•MA RĪ TSE See na le sham.

•MA RIG PA ignorance, unawareness. The root of the root poisons (including gti mug), it obscures the nature of 'things.' 91 I 581.5. lhan cig skyes pa'i ma rig pa & kun tu brtags pa'i ma rig pa. Zhi-byed Coll. V 367.7 ff.

•MA RIG PA GSUM Thondup, BM 54.

•MA RU sa gzhis dang sran ma zhig. Chödag.

•MA RU MGO NAG See mda' rgyus.

•MA RU RTSE JD 90. = srin bu dmar leb. a tree. SS 428.5. Spelled me ru rtse in KP3 336.4. KP4 554.3. = gunydza. DG 198.2. Butea buteiformis. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24.

•MA RUNG BA ma rung bar 'gyur pa, 'unfortunate circumstances,' 'calamity' etc. (Skt. āpada).

•MA RUNGS PA Skt. krūra. Mvy. 2950.

•MA RED PA ma byung ba. Gces 585.5. ma byung ba'am ma grub pa. Btsan-lha. ma grub pa. Dbus-pa no. 229. Lcang-skya.

•MA LA [1] down under. = mar la nach unten, dort unten. Kaschewsky 84. [2] Oh, my! Oh my goodness! Wow! OT = kye ma. = kyi 'ud. Blaṅ 298.1. kye ma. kye hud. ngo mtshar ba. Btsan-lha. [3] from the foundations, from the roots, from the foot. gzhi nas sam rtsa ba nas dang rkang nas. Btsan-lha. [4] mdo la. Dbus-pa no. 547. = mod la (!). Lcang-skya.

•MA LA YA ri'i ming dang / go shirsha bsgyur nas mchog gam ba lang mgo dang / ha ri ni 'dir spal ba ste / de'i dbyibs can gyi ri bo zhig la skyes pa ha ri tsan dan zhes bya la / tsan dan ni tshim byed ces pa yin no. Eimer, Dbyangs 55.

•MA LA YA DZA See tsan dan.

•MA LA YAR SKYES See tsandan.

•MA LAG mother monastery and affiliates. Lde'u 392.

•MA LI GA me tog dkar po yin par bshad do. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. ma lli ka. jasmine flower. Jamspal, Treasury 47.

•MĀ LŪ RA See bil ba.

•MA LE Yisun says it's a regionalism for ol sko, oesophagus.

•MA LEM garland. Loan from Skt. mālā, mālyam. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 41.

•MA LONGS PA [1] a problematic phrase used by Rong-zom-pa in Almogi, MA thesis 213 n. 453. [2] an undersupply, short by [a particular amount].

•MA LOM ma 'dang ba. Btsan-lha.

•MA SHA = mon sran dre'u. JD 215. pea. LW 470.

•MA SHA KA Das says it is a small red seed-bean of Nepal, used for measurements of gold & silver. 383 275. Mvy. no. 9376 says it is Skt. māṣaka ('bean'), a small coin worth twenty cowries. Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 134 (a monk cannot take five or more beans without it first being given to him). Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo I 561, says it is worth 80 cowries.

•MA GSHA' mi 'ong. Btsan-lha.

•MA SA KA Simioli, AG 56.

•MA SANG a class of spirits or proto-historical humanoids. Norbu, Drung 14 ff. See Smith, Remarks 12 notes 7-9 for a discussion of its use as spirit name, place name, etc.

•MA SIB See rgun 'brum.

•MA HU RA See se 'bru.

•MA HE water buffalo. OT deriv. from Skt. mahīrśa. = sar nyal ('sleeping on the ground'). Blaṅ 309.2. JD 235.

•MA HE MCHOD PA An observance held every 12 years, on a Hare year, at Zhwa-lu Monastery. Puchung Tsering's dissertation, chapter 4. The two main persons presiding over it were called the Ma he skad gtong ba and the Bam.

•MA HE SANGS RGYAS See Decleer in Lungta, vol. 13 (Summer 2000), p. 53.

•MAG PA a matrilocal groom. Dargyay, TVC. See go mag.

•MAG MUG RE = mang nyung re. BBNP 484. Btsan-lha.

•MAG MOG bskyed rims mi gsal mag mog 'di. 'non-clarity'? Samdo A V 230r.2.

•MANG a clan. Btsan-lha.

•MANG GA BUR JD 73.

•MANG NGE MO similar to che ge mo. 476 IV 366.2. See ma nge mo.

•MANG THUN ZZ = sha. 'flesh' Bru II 290.2.

•MANG DU H.H. always explained it as a adjective compound of mang po and du ma, with the meaning 'quite a few.' Others commonly translate it as 'several.' Nathan Hill has explained it as a subordinate verb (coming immediately before the main verb in this case). I think when it does occur immedately before a verb, it would best be understood as an adverbial and as such could be translated 'much' or 'muchly.' I'm not so sure of this, and it needs more thought.

•MANG NUG = mang lhug. = mang nog. brocade identical to rgyan bzhi. Velm I 138, 141.

•MANG BER ZZ = skyang ldem (rkyang ldem?). Bru II 291.3.

•MANG SBYOR CHEN MO dug sman mang sbyor chen mo. a medicinal preparation. BP 278.1.

•MANG TSAM quite a few.

•MANG GTSO See under dmangs gtso.

•MANG YUL STON dbus par la mang yul ldon zhes 'byung bas ci dgu 'byor zhes pa'o. Dpe-chos 513.

•MANYDZA PHA LA See 'jam 'bras.

•MANYDZI KA See btsod.

•MANYDZI RA JD 47. = man dzi ra. LW 465. DG 126.2. Rin 99 identifies as ophiceras. A kind of fossilized snail or ammonite.

•MATYA shell pink from vermillion with rocky yellow and chalk. Anyetsang in TSB 15 (1980) 6.

•MAD (hon.) truth. bden pa'i zhe sa. Btsan-lha.

•MAD PA truth. OT = bden pa. Blaṅ 299.1. Lcang-skya. de lta shin tu mad. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (1991) I 112.1. bden pa. Dbus-pa no. 591.

•MAN tshod. dus. Btsan-lha. 24 I 43.1. = tshong. = dus. Lcang-skya.

•MAN GU RA a kind of fish. Well known in Bengal where it is called māgur; Skt. madgura, Prakrit maṅgura. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 42.

•MAN NGAG spiritual instruction (indicating secrets). In medical contexts: practical guidance, directions. See tham lag. Blaṅ 298.5. This word is etymologized in 166 527. Explanation in Las-chen, Chos-'byung I 32-33: spyir gdams ngag kyang man ngag yin te / jo bo'i zhal nas / u pa de sha cir sgyur gsung pas / ston pas man ngag tu sgyur zhes zhus pas / man ngag gi don ci la 'dod gsung / gsang ba ston pa la 'dod zhus pas / de yang yin te / man ngag gi don [33] gnod pa spong zhing gces pa sgrub pa cig la zer ba yin zhes gsung zhing / u pa de sha sgra sor bzhag tu bsgyur na / nye bar bstan pa zhes bya bar 'gyur la / de yang myur du rtogs par byed pa'i don yin pa'i phyir ro // de ltar yin mod kyi jo bo mya ngan las 'da' khar dge bshes ston pa la zhal chems byon pa na / gtso bo sprul pa'i sku mched gsum po la / gzhung dang man ngag gsum byin la / zhes phu chung pa la man ngag gtong par gsung pa'i man ngag ni / jo bo yab sras kyi gsang chos bka' gdams glegs bam du grags pa de yin no... Milarepa tells Gampopa that Bka'-gdams-pa have gdams ngag, but not man ngag. It is usually the case that man ngag refer to the more specific 'shop talk' of meditation instruction, while gdams pa and gdams ngag can mean 'advice' more broadly. BA 455. Discussion in Shen, Yogic Practices 196 (mentions Chinese equivalent yao men, which literally mean 'essential gate').

•MAN NGAG THUB PA gsang rgya da tsa po byed thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•MAN NGAG BDUN See rgyu 'bras man ngag bdun.

•MAN NGAG BSIL SBYOR a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 11. Lag-len 12.2. TMC 22 (41). BP 136.3, 324.1. BT 30r.3, 31r.4.

•MAN NGES srid dang 'byor pa. Btsan-lha.

•MAN CAD man chad. Btsan-lha.

•MAN TOG Tan, Theses 108.

•MAN THANG Mani walls. Havnevik, Dissertation 293.

•MAN 'DU RA See lcags brag.

•MAN PA = min pa. "is not." Kuijp (1986) 35. In Zhi-byed Coll. often spelled men, but never man.

•MAN RTSA KA man rtsa ka'i me tog. Zhi-byed Coll. I 147.5.

•MAN BRTSAL kha zas.

•MAN DZI a raised seat. Said to be a loan from Skt. mañca. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 43.

•MAN DZI RA rdo sman zhig. Btsan-lha.

•MAN SHEL me shel. Btsan-lha. lam rtags dang 'grogs pa man shel la 'od 'phro ba lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 477.1. Achard, L'Essence 164 n. 26. crystal, glass. Loan from Skt. manaḥśilā. Bhattacharya, LW 354, no. 44.

•MAR [1] butter. For cultural use of butter, putting small pats on the mouths of beer vessels, etc., see Das, JTL&CT 24. [2] downward. Opposite of yar. [3] In Zhang-zhung, mar means 'gold.' This could have to do with Greek marmairein, 'to gleam, glisten, sparkle,' source of the word marble. See under mar me.

•MAR KHUG butter bag (made of leather). Pabongka, Liberation I 97. TVS 60.

•MAR KHRAL butter tax. Sources.

•MARGA TA JD 32. = mar gad, ma rgad. emerald. LW 465. DG 84.3, 92.5.

•MAR GAD smaragd. emerald. See Meisezahl's article in Ural-Altaischer Jahrbücher XXXV (1963). The Tibetan, English (emerald), Greek (smaragd), Latin, Sanskrit (marakata), & Hebrew (izmargad) are all related. See G. Wojtilla, Contributions to the Cultural History of the Emerald in Early India, AOH 65 (2012) 463-478, where nearly 20 names for emerald in Sanskrit are listed and discussed, although marakata is the basic one. Many epithets relate emerald to the Garuḍa, as a story is told that it is a part of the nāga that the garuḍa spits out in its flight, perhaps the bile of the nāga. Etymologically all the related names probably go back to the same Egyptian emerald mine at Mt. Zabara (Mt. Zumrud) on the Dead Sea (p. 474). Acc. to Rin 21, the emerald, with alternative names ma ra ka ti, rdo'i snying po, khung skyes, mkha' lding gshog pa & nor bu ljang gu.

•MAR GYI NYING KHU Skt. sarpirmaṇḍa. Mvy. 5683. What is skimmed off in the making of ghee.

•MAR SGAM Butter box. Illus. in Yisun.

•MAR RNYING old butter. Clifford, list.

•MAR TANG a measure used for butter. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 29.

•MAR NAG This might seem to mean 'black butter,' but Das has it meaning 'dark oil,' which would probably mean mustard or sesame oil. Lde'u 271. Arch. of TB 100.

MAR ME Usually interpreted as 'butter fire,' although I believe the mar element is related to 'bar.

[ME] MAR MUR glowing coals. Skt. kukūla. See Velm I 66-67.

•MAR RTSI capsicum. LW 514.

•MAR TSHOD "butter-fried delicacies." Jinpa, Mind Training 284 (& note).

•MAR DZI KA = snye nag mo. JD 190.

•MAR RDZA RI See gla rtsi.

•MAR ZHI gser. Btsan-lha. Apparently, we are to understand that this is a Zhang-zhung word.

•MAR GSAR or mar sar. Skt. sarpi. Fresh butter, clarified butter, ghee. Mvy. 5835. The Skt. would appear to mean clarified butter.

•MAL a clan. Btsan-lha. In Zhi-byed Coll. one often finds the expression bde mal, 'comfortable bed,' to mean 'a good place to be.' Example: Simply having extricated oneself from desiring thoughts is a good place to be, since the ultimate result of ulterior desire is suffering. 'dod blo cig pu thongs pas / des bde mal 'chos pa yin te / zhe 'dod kyi mtha' sdug bsngal yin pa'i phyir ro. Zhi-byed Coll. V 174.7.

•MAL GYI THA MA the death bed. Zhi-byed Coll. V 171.4.

•MAL LI KA LW 470.

•MAS KYI untere. Kaschewsky 84.

•MAS BTANG 'jam rtsi. Btsan-lha.

•MAS LDOG Karmay, Great Perfection 190.

•MAS DBEN GYI SRING MO ma mi gcig pa'i sring mo. Btsan-lha.

•MAS 'BRENG A part of a loom. See Dag-yig 325.

•MAS MA LDOGS PA dma' la ma log pa. Gces 583.6.

•MAS 'DZEGS climbing upwards, climbing up starting from below [rather than alighting from above]. Karmay, Great Perfection 190 n. 76, 198-9. dge slong de mas 'dzeg gi rigs yin pas zab mo'i don bstan na sngang skrag skye. Zhi-byed Coll. II 319.7. bya khwa ltar yas kyis 'babs pa dang / spre ltar mas kyis 'dzeg pa'i 'dzong gi ni mang kyang. Zhi-byed Coll. V 227.5.

•MI SS 498.2.

•MI BKUR BA khas mi len pa. Lcang-skya.

•MI BKYIG PA mi 'gyangs pa'am myur ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI SKYIN gta' mar bzhag pa'i mi. Btsan-lha. Dotson, D&L 42, 70 (myi skyin).

•MI BSKYUD PA mi brjed pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI SKYER BA ma skyes pa. Dbus-pa no. 038.

•MI KHA gossip. As a type of pollution, see Epstein, Dissertation 91.

•MI KHOM PA'I GNAS BRGYAD dmyal ba / yi dwags / dud 'gro / lha tshe ring po / yul mtha' 'khob tu skyes pa / dbang po ma tshang ba / rgyal ba'i bka' med pa'i yul du skyes pa / log lta can rnams so. 600 101. These are known in Nāgārjuna's 'Friendly Epistle.' See Wayman, BI 295. They are also known in the Rāṣṭrapālaparipṛcchā. See EoB VII 513.

•MI KHYIM habitation, household. Sources.

•MI 'KHUB mi 'gul ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI 'KHOBS CHE BA = mi blo rgya che ba. BBNP 485. Btsan-lha.

•MI GU mi zhum pa. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 379. = mi zhum. Lcang-skya.

•MI GYU BA mi zhum pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI GRUNG BA mi legs pa'am bcud chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI DGE BA BCU srog gcod pa / 'dod pas log par g.yem pa / ma byin par len pa ste lus kyi las gsum / rdzun / phra ma / tshig rtsub / ngag 'khyal te ngag gi las bzhi / brnab sems / gnod sems / log lta ste yid kyi las gsum mo. 600 135-136.

•MI 'GAR PO mi khengs pa che ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI 'GO leader. Sources.

•MI 'GONG mi zhum. Lcang-skya.

•MI 'GONG BA mi zhum pa'am mi skrag pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI 'GOD PA mi skrag pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI 'GON mi zhum. Dbus-pa no. 373.

•MI 'GYUR untransformable. unchanging. The nature of scripture is the akṣara? Cabezón, Rog 93.

•MI 'GRO YAS STAGS Norbu, Drung 260, n. 17.

•MI RGOD wild men (sometimes believed to mean 'abominable snowmen,' who are not really Homo sapiens at all, and are believed not to really exist by those who believe themselves to be more rational beings than a lot of us). Chag 57. Stories of 'abominable snowmen' told to McGovern (To Lhasa in Disguise 119 ff.) on the pass between Sikkim & Tibet. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 51 (phyugs rgod are also mentioned). JD 238.

•MI SGRUNG PA mi srun pa'am ma dul ba dang ma rungs pa sogs. Btsan-lha. Example of usage, with a discussion, in Hahn, TSD 31.

•MI NGAS human disease, famine. mi nad dang mu ge. Btsan-lha. mi nad. Dbus-pa no. 682. = mi nad. = rims nad. Lcang-skya. Example of usage in Gregory Schopen, A Well Sanitized Shroud: Asceticism and Institutional Values in the Middle Period of Buddhist Monasticism, contained in: Patrick Olivelle, ed., Between The Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE, Oxford University Press (Oxford 2006), pp. 315-347, at p. 330. Examples of usage in a work of Sa-pan: HS XLVII 180-181.

•MI MNGAGS bang chen. Nomads 246.

•MI CUNG BA mi chung ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI BCU BZHI rkang thang / rta ba / glang chen pa / shing rta ba ste rgyal rigs bzhi / nags na gnas pa / khyim na gnas pa / dka' thub pa ste bram ze'i rigs gsum / yig mkhan / tshong ba / sman pa ste rje rigs gsum / sa gzhi rmo ba / ba lang skyong ba / 'jim las pa / khyim gnas byed pa ste dmangs rigs bzhi rnams so. 600 181-182.

•MI BCED mi mjed. Btsan-lha.

•MI LCOGS mi nus pa. Btsan-lha. Eimer, Dbyangs 57.

•MI CHA BA mi shes pa. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 269. Lcang-skya.

•MI CHE RI is supposed to mean a kind of strong iron, probably steel. Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo 640.

•MI CHOG (Amdo,Khams) = mi 'thus. is not permissible. with. MTTP. mi phod. Btsan-lha. = mi phod. Lcang-skya.

•MI CHOS Generally I believe this term refers to human customs as a basis for law, or to secular affairs in a more general way. However, NTSP section NGA 139v.6 has a curious usage: de'i dus su dge bshes ston pas mi chos la gser slong du byon mi chos rnams dge bshes ston pa la mjal du 'ong bar chas pa dang phrad. Bu-ston procures quite generous offerings from these people referred to as mi chos.

•MI CHOS BCU DRUG Referred to in letter by Dpal-dbyangs to Khri-srong-lde'u-btsan. See Dietz, BBI 413.

•MI'I CHOS BLA MA Skt. uttaramanuṣyadharma. something beyond the power of ordinary humans. EoB VIII 462-465.

•MI MCHI DGU MCHI mi lab dgu lab. Btsan-lha.

•MI MCHOG mi phod. Dbus-pa no. 632. Evidently an old or alternative spelling for mi chog, q.v.

•MI 'CHAGS PA mi bshags pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI 'CHAB PA mi mngon par mi byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI 'CHUG PA mi 'khrul ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI 'CHUM PA dbang du mi 'du ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI MJED bzod pa'am sran thug pa sogs. Btsan-lha. = bzod pa. Lcang-skya. Explained in SBKK I 179.

•MI MJED KYI 'JIG RTEN GYI KHAMS Skt. sahālokadhātu. Mvy. 3066. There seems some ambiguity in the translation, but I suggest 'realm of the hardly endurable world.'

•MI 'JAB PA OT = rtsub pa. Blaṅ 287.1. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•MI 'JAM rtsub pa. Dbus-pa no. 095.

•MI 'JIGS PA Skt. viśārada. fearlessness, self-confidence, intrepidity. EoB VIII 540-541.

•MI 'JIGS PA BZHI Germano, Poetic Thought 888. Pabongka, Liberation I 151. Gser Sbram 160.

•MI BRJES human exchange. The official transferal of a person from one estate to another. G. Childs in History of the Family 8 (2003) 432.

•MI BSNYENGS PA mi 'jigs pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI BTUB PA mi rung ba'am mi thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI RTO BA mi 'gran pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI RTON PA BZHI gang zag la mi rton pa / tshig la mi rton pa / drang don la mi rton pa / rnam shes la mi rton pa'o. 600 31-32.

•MI LTOGS [1] hungry man. mi ltogs rgyal khams yin par rgyal bas lung yang bstan. The Buddha has even prophesied about [Tibet] as being a kingdom of hungry men. In the 1989 edition of the Bka' chems ka khol ma, p. 138. [2] not hungry.

•MI STES PA ma legs pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI STO BA being harmless, faultless. mi 'gran pa. Gces 586.2. mi sto ni mi gnod. Dpe-chos 510. mi skyon nam mi gnod pa. Btsan-lha. Namdak. Lde'u 160 (misspelled mi lto). See sto ba.

•MI STONGS PA mi phan pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI THANG mi dgos. Btsan-lha.

•MI THABS gnyen skyong thabs. Btsan-lha.

•MI THIG mi 'dzul. Btsan-lha.

•MI THUB PA See shu dag dkar po.

•MI THE BA mi gtogs pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI THENG PO mi nyes can zhes pa'am / yang na mi ngo ma zhes pa'i yul skad yin par sems. Dpe-chos 504.

•MI THENGS mi phyin nam mi skyel. Btsan-lha.

•MI THENGS PO mi nyes can nam mi ngo ma. Btsan-lha.

•MI THOG human generation.

•MI MTHUN PHYOGS DRUG pha rol tu phyin pa'i mi mthun phyogs drug ni / ser sna / tshul 'chal / zhe sdang / le lo / rnam g.yang / shes 'chal rnams so. 600 75.

•MI MTHONG BA'I RGYU BRGYAD eight reasons for not seeing things. ha cang ring ba / ha cang nye ba / dbang po nyams pa / yid dbang nyams pa / cha phra ba / sgrib byed dang bcas pa / zil gyis mnan pa / yul 'dres pa rnams so. 600 115.

•MI 'THAN PA mi zhum pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI DAR mi dar chu ru brug ni chu ru brub ces pa ste chu rgyas pa ltar mi rgyud dar ba'i don. Dpe-chos 510.

•MI DO PO mi ngo ma de. Btsan-lha.

•MI DRA MA mi kha stabs can nam kha bsod can. Dpe-chos 514. mi kha stobs can nam mi kha bsod can. Btsan-lha.

•MI GDA' mi 'dug. Btsan-lha.

•MI BDAG DGA' BYED See a ka ru.

•MI BDEN PA'I 'DU SHES Sinitic vocab. for rnam par rtog pa. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 162.

•MI BDEN PA'I SEMS Sinitic vocab. for bsams sgyu ma. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 162.

•MI 'DRE Bellezza, Divine Dyads 307.

•MI LDUS PA mi lus pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI BRDOG mi bdog Btsan-lha.

•MI SDUG PA revulsion. Skt. bibhatsa. See nyams brgyad.

•MI SDUG PA BSGOM PA foulness meditations (on corpses in various stages of decomposition). Generally there are 9 or 10 (see Banerjee, Sarvāstivāda Literature 137). Mvy. 1155 ff. See also Almogi, Materiality 242.

•MI SDUB mi rung ba.

•MI SDE (secular) community (distinguished from lha sde, community under authority of a monastery). Sources. a government-owned manor. Tucci, Deb-ther Dmar-po 194. Noble Mountaineer 276.

•MI NA hinunter. ZAS VII 474.

•MI NAG PA khyim pa'am skya bo'i mi. Btsan-lha.

•MI MNANG mngon chung ba'am mi snang ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI SNA envoy. Sources.

•MI DPANG human witness to an oath. (see lha dpang). Sources.

•MI DPON overlord, headman (of village or district). Sources.

•MI SPOBS mi phod. Btsan-lha.

•MI SPYANG LA GNAD MED mi rig pa spyang la klad med. Dpe-chos 517.

•MI SPYOMS PA mi ngom pa dang mi bstod pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI PHER mi thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI PHYED PA mkhregs pa'am sra ba'am brtan pa dang ma chod pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI 'PHRUGS PA mi nor ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI BAS PA mi zad pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI BOGS 'human lease.' A dud chung holding mi bogs could lease freedom of movement from his lord. They were the only type of serf with territorial mobility. Goldstein, Taxation 5. Dargyay, TVC 19.

•MI BRA BA mi nus pa'am mi phod pa dang mi thub pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI DBYI Enumerated among aquatic creatures in Pha-dam-pa dang Ma-cig (PRC 1992) 439.

•MI 'BYED mi mjed ces pa'i 'bri tshul gzhan zhig. Btsan-lha. Sa paṇ suggests that this would be a correct way to translate Skt. kṣānti (even if bzod pa is the usual way). Rhoton, CD 172.

•MI SBYIN SKYES 1. lha spyi. 2. dri za. Blaṅ 530.

•MI MIN MI 'DRA not human but similar to human. Name for a class of animals. Langelaar, Chasing 20 (and notice, on p. 27, mi min mi'i cha byad can).

•MI MO a relatively unusual word for 'woman.' In Aśvaghoṣa, Buddhacarita, chap. 3, verse 12, it translates Skt. nārī.

•MI RME mi 'phel ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI RMO mi smra. Btsan-lha.

•MI TSI RA See pho ba ri.

•MI GTSANG BA'I RDZAS SO DRUG The 36 unclean substances that make up the body, listed in Dpe-chos 510. See discussion in Almogi, Materiality 241 ff. Ancient Egyptian medicine believed "that there were thirty six gods of the atmosphere and thirty-six 'demons', and the human body was conceptually divided into as many parts." B.V. Subbarayappa, The Roots of Ancient Medicine: An Historical Outline, J. Biosci., vol. 26, no. 2 (June 2001), pp. 135-144 at p. 135. In Egypt, this corresponded to the 36 'decans' of the celestial orb (360 degrees divided by 10), and to a set of 36 nomes or provinces of Egypt (although generally there are supposed to be 42 of these nomes).

•MI GTSANG BA'I RLIBS mi gtsang bas gang ba'i 'obs [a moat full of filth]. Btsan-lha.

•MI GTSIGS mi gces pa dang lugs dang mi mthun pa dang mi 'os pa dang mi rigs pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI RTSA CAN mi tshod med ham pa can. Dpe-chos 512. rtsa can tshig gi lo ma nyab pa'i mi rigs de tha snyad la rga bas (dga' bas) / de la myong ba rgyud la mi skye. Zhi-byed Coll. V 443.3.

•MI TSHAL mi tshab. Dbus-pa no. 655.

•MI TSHE PHYID PA mi tshe yol ba dang 'phul ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI 'TSHAL = mi tsha ba. Lcang-skya.

•MI 'TSHAL BA mi shes pa dang mi za ba sogs. Btsan-lha.

•MI 'TSHE BA non-harm. Skt. ahiṃsā. Mvy. 1943.

•MI 'TSHENG mi dga' ba. Btsan-lha.

•MI 'TSHER BA ji mi snyam pa. Gces 586.6.

•MI BRDZI mi thub pa dang mi gnod pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•MI ZAD PA In grammatical contexts, indeclinable. TS7 II 1018. gser dngul sogs. Btsan-lha. Verhagen, HSGL II 24-25. As a 'permanent' endowment, one 'not consumed,' see Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun 90.

•MI ZAS MI 'JU BA'I TSHAD LNGA btsan dug la longs spyod pa dang / gnang ba la longs spyod pa dang / 'dag me la longs spyod pa dang / bu lon la longs spyod pa dang / me lce 'bar ba la longs spyod pa dang lnga'o. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 40r.4.

•MI BZAD chen po. Lcang-skya.

•MI BZAD PA OT = drag po. = drag shul. = mi sdug pa. Blaṅ 295.4. bzod dka' ba. drag po dang drag shul dang mi sdug pa dang tshabs chen dang rtsub drag pa sogs. 'jigs su rung ba. Btsan-lha. excruciating. Gser Sbram 236. mi bzad / chen po. Dbus-pa no. 431. An example of usage in Hahn, TSD 29. khro gtum che ba. Ferocious, furious. LZ 183. rgya che ba, mtha' yas pa. Extensive, limitless. LZ 182.

•MI BZAD GZE drag cing rno. Btsan-lha.

•MI'AM CI On possible classification of kinnaras as humans or as animals, see Mimaki in Karmay, New Horizons 101.

•MI'U [1] midget, dwarf. [2] miniature human, doll. Dhongthog. [3] pupil [of the eye]. This could be a hidden borrowing from the Chinese word for eye pupil that was pronounced *myeu. Beyer, CT Lang. 139. See Chödag under mig gi mi'u. See Siglinde Dietz, Sanskrit Fragments of the Abhidharmaśāstra Kāraṇaprajñāpti, contained in: Heinz Bechert, et al., eds., Untersuchungen zur buddhistischen Literatur II, Vandehoeck and Ruprecht (Göttingen 1997), pp. 95‑120, at pp. 111-113. Apparently in ancient India, a tiny human figure was painted in the middle of the target (the 'bullseye'), which may help explain the midget in the eye (?); in Skt. rādhā. Note also mig gi skyes bu as a term for the pupil of the eye. H. Jackson, Kore Kosmou: Isis, Pupil of the Eye of the World, Chronique d'Egypte, vol. 61 (1986) 116-135. Actually, many languages, including Hebrew ishón, have similar words meaning 'little man' or the like for the pupil.

•MI'U GDUNG DRUG 'bri gung skyu ra'i gdung / stag lung ga zi'i gdung / sa skya 'khon gyi gdung / chos rgyal bya'i gdung / 'od gsal lha'i gdung / sne'u gdong gong ma lha'i gdung dang drug go. 600 79.

•MI'U RIGS BZHI bod kyi mi rgyud thog mar spra nas mched pa'i bod kyi rtsa ba'i rus rgyud bzhi. Btsan-lha.

•MI YI YUL lit., world of men, but used to mean foreign land. Used in Ding-ri Brgya-rtsa.

•MI YI SENG GE 1. sangs rgyas. 2. khyab 'jug. Blaṅ 530.

•MI YUL SKYI MTHING Or, myi yul skyi mthing. Said to refer to the entirety of the human realm. See Bellezza, L&T 59.

•MI YOG PA OT = mi khebs pa. Blaṅ 288.5. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 174.

•MI YOGS PA mi khebs pa. Lcang-skya.

•MI G.YANG mi'i tshe bsod kyi g.yang. Nomads 246.

•MI G.YO BA unbudging, unmoving, uncompromising, doesn't get away (from). 1. sa. 2. ri. 3. khro bcu'i bye brag zhig. Blaṅ 530.

•MI RI BA mi sleb pa'am mi 'thob pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI RIGS PA DRUG btsun po dang rtogs pa can 'dod kyang 'khor ba las blo ma log pa mi rigs / dge slong bstan pa la ma zhugs pa 'di yang mi rigs / shes rab can chos ma go ba 'di yang mi rigs / pandi ta las rgyu 'bras la mi 'dzem pa 'di yang mi rigs / dad pa can sdig la 'bag pa 'di yang mi rigs / dge ba can ngan song dmyal bar 'gro ba 'di yang mi rigs so. Bka'-gdams Glegs-bam 40v.3.

•MI RIN bride price. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 68.

•MI RE (ich) versichere, schwöre. Kaschewsky2.

•MI RENG mi rkyang ngam mi hreng. Btsan-lha.

•MI LA a clan. Btsan-lha.

•MI SHA [1] flesh (color). Jackson. [2] Also spelled: myi sha. The deer of the humans. ZZFC 205. [3] retaliation for an unjust death that might involve taking another person's life... Mentioned in the Nel-pa history (PRC version, p. 8).

•MI SHA GLAN PA mi bsad pa'i sha 'khon len pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI SHIG PA'I THIG LE The nature of mind, the Clear Light, Void from the very beginning forms the subtle body, speech & mind. The part which is depended on (substantial) is the veins. The moving parts are the spiritus and the qualitative aspects are the 'thoughtdrops.' The rnam shes comes from the portion that causes (meditative) appearances (char sgo). The totality of these is also called mi shig pa'i thig le. There is a medieval medical concept that a black grain at the heart is the place where the arteries originate, and this grain is in close contact with the spiritus that keeps body and soul together. See Boyd H. Hill, Hr., The Grain & the Spirit in Mediaeval Anatomy, Speculum, vol. 40, no. 1 (Jan. 1965) 63-73.

•MI GSHA' BA mi rigs pa'am mi 'os pa. Btsan-lha.

•MI SER 'subject.' There are three types, with various levels corresponding to their relative lackings in personal freedom of movement. See Dargyay, TVC 17. See masters thesis of William M. Coleman.

•MI SRUN mischievous. Hahn, TSD 8, 31. unruly, upset (mind).

•MI SLON mi zlog pa. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 360. = mi bzlog. Lcang-skya.

•MI GSAL preceded by la. is absent [from], is not found [in].

•MI BSRUN PA Skt. khala. Mvy. 2486. Khala could mean a granary or a rogue acc. to Edgerton. Sometimes explained to mean impudent, rude or irritating people. I find an example where it translates durjana, 'bad person.' Hahn, VG 388.

•MI HRING mi rkyang. Btsan-lha.

•MIG DKAR A word for 'foreigner' acc. to David-Neel, My Journey to Lhasa 268.

•MIG DKYUS YANGS PA mig gi mthong rgya che ba. Btsan-lha.

•MIG KHUNG eye socket. Hill, Aspirated 485.

•MIG KHYIM RUS PA DD illus. 9.

•MIG GANG STE mig yul du 'thad pa'am yid dga' ba. Btsan-lha.

•MIG GI SKYES BU Skt. akṣipuruṣa. See Mvy. 2815.

•MIG GI RGYAL MO iris. DD illus. 28.

•MIG GI RNGU MA mig gi skyo ma'am dri ma. Btsan-lha. = mig gi dri ma'am skyo ma. Lcang-skya.

•MIG BRGYA PA khang pa mig brgya pa ni khang pa rgya chen po skar khung mang po yod pa. Dpe-chos 511.

•MIG GCIG PA one-eyed one. Skt. ekākṣa. Mvy. 8839.

•MIG GCIG PU the only one for the eyes (i.e., the only example for others). Puchung.

•MIG BCAR BA mig bton pa. Btsan-lha. Example of usage in

•MIG CHUNG GNYIS Germano, Poetic Thought 883.

•MIG RTEN BYED kha mig yar lta ba'i yul byed. Btsan-lha.

•MIG STONG LDAN Epithet either of Indra or of Avalokiteśvara, story told in Gser Sbram 360-361.

•MIG THUR medical implements for removing cataracts. Three kinds pictured in JD 277 (items 6-8).

•MIG THOS who hears with the eyes. See sbrul.

•MIG MTHONG (Sherpa) "mindung," a kind of diviner. TS5 717. The distance a flying arrow may be seen with the eye. White Crystal 25.

•MIG NAG black dot. A woodslip for announcing a judicial decision. A 'red dot' (mig mar) woodslip is also mentioned. Dotson, D&L 36.

•MIG NAD SRZT 70. Text 27 ff. Lag-len 284.5.

•MIG GI RNAM SHES RGYU BA'I BU GA DD illus. 20.

•MIG SPRIN lit., eye-cloud, the white of the eye. In JD 277.7 it seems to mean cataracts. DD illus. 27.

•MIG PHYIR GLAN PA mig phab pa. Btsan-lha.

•MIG BU long khrid byed mkhan. Btsan-lha. See dmigs bu.

•MIG 'BOR RUS PA DD illus. 9.

•MIG 'BRAS or, mig gi 'bras bu. Lit. the fruit of the eye, used to refer to the eyeball.

•MIG MANGS a game. Samdo A V 137r.4. Usually this game is identified as a kind of chess or checkers. However, it is more likely that it is the game of go (or possibly in some places a kind of 'Chinese checkers'). Chess proper might be referred to as rgyal spyi'i mig mangs ('foreign go'), or mchong 'grig mig mangs (which should rather be 'checkers'). An ancient stone "go" board was found recently; see Hazod in TS9 I 42. With spelling dmyigs mangs, see 2008 article by Uebach & Ziesler, p. 321. On the discovery of a game board from imperial period site, see Hazod in Tropper, Epigraphic 62.

•MIG MANGS RIS Achard, L'Essence 134.

•MIG MI 'DZUM non-squinter. 1. spyan ras gzigs. 2. nya. 3. lha spyi. Blaṅ 530. See W. Norman Brown, The Name of the Goddess Mīnākṣī, 'Fish-Eye', JAOS 67 (1947) 209-214, where there is a discussion of the non-blinking or non-winker (Skt. animiṣa, animeṣa) of fish and gods. See nya.

•MIG MI BZANG 1. dbang phyug. 2. nub phyogs rgyal po chen po. Blaṅ 530.

•MIG DMA' ngo tsha. Btsan-lha.

•MIG DMAR 1. srin po. 2. res gza'. Blaṅ 530. See snying rtsa mig dmar. DD illus. 3. A type of pulse felt at the thigh (at the femoral artery). See Zhen Yan in Schrempf, Soundings 331.

•MIG SMAN lit., 'eye medicine,' or collyrium, the substance used to blacken eyes, for either cosmetic or magical purposes. Skt. añjana. Hahn, STD 24-25.

•MIG SMAN SKYER KAṆḌA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 28. Lag-len 23.2.

•MIG SMAN MDOG CAN See dom.

•MIG SMAN SANGS RGYAS ?

•MIG RTSA DD illus. 4.

•MIG RTSA DMAR Flick, Carrying Enemies 78.

•MIG TSHAGS Achard, L'Essence 143.

•MIG TSHUGS SU LTA BA mig chen pos drag tu lta ba. Btsan-lha.

•MIG GZONG concave bladed engraving tool. See Man LXI no. 102 (p. 83b).

•MIG YOR Skt. pratibhāsa. Mvy. 2841.

•MIG G.YENG BAG mig g.yeng che ba. Btsan-lha.

•MIG G.YOR smig rgyu chur snang dang zla ba gnyis snang sogs. Btsan-lha.

•MIG RA Eye protectors, web-like goggles against snow blindness. Illus. in Yisun. Huber, Pure Crystal 68. Example in a thangka depicted in C. Luczanits in Ingrid Kreide-Damani, ed., Dating Tibetan Art, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag (Wiesbaden 2003), p. 46. I believe this is what is depicted on the head of the Karma Kagyü master Go shri Dpal 'byor don grub, as depicted in Jackson, Patron, pp. 200-201, and not a 'distinctive black-lobed headdress' as described.

•MIG RA'I KHRID YIG SBTD I 301.

•MIG RAS BTSA' BA mig gis bya ra byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•MIG RUS MNAN khong khro ba'am zhe sdang ba. Btsan-lha.

•MIG RLUNG Lag-len 285.5.

•MIG LA KHYUNG MIG See bya rog.

•MIG LAR ? kun gyi mig lar 'doms pa gcod nges. See Dung-dkar 74.

•MIG LAM CHAD PA sa rub pa. Btsan-lha.

•MIG SER chags pas bslangs pa'i khong khro. Btsan-lha. jaundice? Das, Dhongthog. jealousy. Goldstein. Text 5, 6, 21, 70.

•MING BKRA LEGS PA ming bzang zhing pha ma gson por yod pa'i gang zag dbang po tshang ba zhig go. Nomads 285.

•MING CAN JD 176. Said to be two varieties of this plant, identified as Pulicaria insignis Simioli, AG 60. One variant is called sbrul gyi mig gi ming can.

•MING CAN NAG PO = lug mig nag po. YTTM 292.7.

•MING CAN SER CHUNG See a byag ser po. Mdo 325.

•MING CAN SER PO SS 514.1. Inula grandiflora. Wangchuk, Bioactive 25.

•MING CHEN NAG PO TR XIV no. 4, p. 16. Cavea tanguensis. Wangchuk, Bioactive 24.

•MING BDUN SRING GCIG seven brothers one sister. See brag skya ha bo.

•MING BYANG name slip, as in the drawing of lots. Lde'u 22.

•MING MED srin lag. "In every one of the ten Turanian languages—from Finland in the west to Manchuria... the ring-finger is known as the finger without a name." Quote from Prof. Hunfalvy by J.F. Fleet in Indian Antiquary (March 1875) 85.

•MING RUS =mying rus. See under mkhan.

•MID PA esophagus. kha nang nas pho bar zas 'gro sa'i lam sbu gu lta bu de'i ming ste, yul skad du <<myid thag> zer. Dag-yig.

•MID PA GNYIS PA LA SGREGS khog par zas zos pa slar bzlog pa. Btsan-lha.

•MIN PA BZHI sdig la mi 'dzem na chos pa min / 'dul khrims med na btsun pa min / dam tshig med na sngags pa min / 'dzin pa mi gtong na dam pa min no. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 38v.1.

•MIN LOG See Yisun. Lde'u 271. Dotson, Dissert. 351.

•MIR CHAGS lit. formation into human. As word for 'fetus' see Rhoton, CD 64.

•MU kha. 'gram. Btsan-lha.

•MU KU LA me tog cung zad bye ba. Btsan-lha.

•MU BSKRUNGS mthar phyin par ring du 'dor ba. Btsan-lha.

•MU KHA gdong. g.yar. Btsan-lha. Of course, this is a borrowing from Sanskrit mukha without much doubt.

•MU KHEN See under mu men.

•MU KHYUD encircling rims. The rim, or the part of the rim that receives the ends of the spokes. (The proper word for this is felly.) Skt. nemi. Mvy. 3583. Germano, Poetic Thought 874. outer wall or railing.

•MU KHYER rdzun tshig. Dbus-pa no. 226.

•MU RGYUNG 'jig rten gyi khams. Btsan-lha.

•MU COR OT = kha zer ba. = kha drag. Blaṅ 290.1. = kha zer ba. = kha drag. Lcang-skya. rdzun. kha drag pa. Btsan-lha. rtogs tshad kyi nyams mu cor smras na yal 'gro. Zhi-byed Coll. II 143.6.

•MU COR = rdzun. Lcang-skya.

•MU COR TSHA skad cor che ba. Btsan-lha.

•MU LJANG DG 144.2.

•MU NYUNG SER PO (sp?) KP4 545.3.

•MU TA KA See rgya sran.

•MU TIG pearl. OT loan of Skt. mukti-ka (moti in modern Hindi?). Blaṅ 308.5. Tibetans made sense of the Indic word by understanding it in a Tibetan way to mean 'shore drop.' = muk ti ka, chu'i rus pa. JD 38. SS 400.1. = nya phyis. YTTM 291.11. LW 454. DG 94.3. For Middle Eastern cosmogonic pearl symbolism, see Garnik Asatrian & Victoria Arakelova, Malak-Tâwûs: The Peacock Angel of the Yezidis, Iran & the Caucasus 7 nos 1-2 (2003) 1-36, at p. 15. In Tibetan book titles, the word 'pearls' is often used poetically to mean the words in vocabulary lists, etc., since like pearls they come in strings... Occasionally mu tig is used for other interesting concretions found in animals, like bezoar as well as the so-called 'elephant pearl' (Hindi: gaja moti) alluded to in Nāgārjuna's Prajñādaṇḍa, verse 148. Minoru Hara, The Pearl in Sanskrit Literature, Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko 57 (1999) 155-174. For more on pearl symbolism, see Matthew Kapstein's book The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism, p. 40. Alternative names given in Rin 37 as: mukta ka, maukṭi kaṃ, grol ba can, mukta pha la, pa ni pha la, mu thi li, nya phyis sa bon, nya phyis skyes.

•MU TIG GOS CAN See gangs sbal.

•MU TIG DMAR PO Pabongka, Liberation I 173. Skt. lohitamuktikā. Mvy. no. 5953. It's been translated ruby, red pearl (its literal meaning) and red coral.

•MU LTO BA I think this can be etymologized as "famine stomach guy." It could be, and is, translated as pauper.

•MU STEGS mu stegs zhes pa'i sgra don ni 'og nas 'byung. 295 195.4. See etymological discussion in Cozort & Preston, p. 95. Note the related term 'bab stegs, q.v.

•MU THUG mu tshigs. Dbus-pa no. 381. I think generally this ought to be regarded as equiv. to mur thug.

•MU THUG PA apportionment, allotment, each with a part to play. (rnying) bgo bsha' bya ba. Yisun. As a rough equivalent to tīrthika, I translate it in the context of Lde'u 115 as wrecked horizonist.

•MU THUG BRE BA bgo bsha' bya ba. Btsan-lha.

•MU MTHA' DANG BRAL BA undelineated, uncircumscribed. The Realm of Dharmas is undelineated and without center or circumference (mtha' dbus med pa). Klong-chen-pa 6.7 comm.

•MU MTHUD DU continuously, perpetually, constantly. I believe this word may be limited to the modern language (but see the verb brtud pa, which does exist in O.T.). mu mthud kyis has the same meaning.

•MU MTHUM wrapping cloth. Namgyal in TJ 23 no. 4 (1998) 13.

•MU RDO boundary stone. 'Gos, Stong-thun 15.5. Lde'u 268. See chu'i bre'u.

•MU NAS rgyun mthud pa. Btsan-lha.

•MU SBYOR brdzun. Btsan-lha.

•MU MED mtha' 'dir thug dang mu 'dir thug med pa. Btsan-lha.

•MU MEN Also, mu gyen, mu khen. [1] A type of horse. TS7 II 614. [2] = bai ra ṭa (vairāṭa), seng lding be con. JD 37. SS 401.4. = rā dza war ta, rgyal po 'khyil ba, rā dza paṭ ṭa, rgyal po'i cod pan, bi rā ṭa dza, rnam gsal skyes, ra bi tri. DG 91.6. [3] lapis lazuli, acc. to Stearns, SR 33. There seems to be a Mongol word for lapis, nomen, which could be a 'Mongolianizing' borrowing of Tib. mu men, or the Tibetan was borrowed from Mongolian (or Turkic?). Identified in Rin 33, as Laguritum, with alternative names: bai ra ṭa, rā dza warta, rgyal po 'khyil ba, rā dza paṭṭa, rgyal po'i cod pan, bi rā ṭa dza, rnam gsal skyes.

•MU BZHI Skt. catuṣkoṭi. See discussion by Verhagen in TS9 II 150. In logic, 'intersection' (or possible ways of relating) between two categories. Dreyfus, Sound 223. Wayman, BI 226-250. See EoB under "Four-fold Alternatives."

•MU ZI sulphur. =dri can, dri ngan, rma bya'i gtsug phud, stobs ldan zhabs, tsha ba'i dbugs can, sa bcud, gser ldan, sa'i khro chu, za byed, btsun mo dmar cha, ra tsa me 'bar. Rin 141-142. Gces 589.1. JD 62. = sa'i me tog, sa bcud dangs ma. YTTM 293.22. SS 411.4. DG 118.4, 143.4. sulphur, brimstone. Das. Dhongthog. Rhoton, CD 96 (sulfur must be taken before taking the quicksilver). Cüppers' contribution to JNRC 12 (2001) 40. Discussion in ATPP 68. See glang mu zi.

•MU ZI NAG PO = sa'u ta ri. YTTM 291.22. DG 144.4.

•MU ZI SER PO = pa hal hri. YTTM 291.22.

•MU RAN Beyer 265, 268.

•MU LA phongs su'am phyogs su. Btsan-lha.

•MU LA KA See la phug.

•MU LA RAṂ GA RAKTA DG 82.5.

•MU SHA See srin bu.

•MU SANGS nam mkha'. Btsan-lha.

•MU SU ? OZZ 111.

•MU SU BA mu to ba'am sprang grong pa ba. Gces 582.4. Btsan-lha.

•MU SRANG DU TSHUD PA = srang bar du chud pa. BBNP 475. Btsan-lha.

•MU GSUM In logic, the 'inclusion' of one category within another. Dreyfus, Sound 223.

•MU HRA mchod rten mu hras btab / mchod rten phyag rgyas btab pa'i don. 506A 339.

•MUK TI KA See mu tig.

•MUG A type of ritually purifiable pollution that occurs when a child is born just after the death of its father. Karmay in JA (1995) 166. According to T.N., denotes the birth of an illegitimate child (mug phrug) that can cause misfortune or disasters. Norbu, Drung 259, n. 6. An impurity derived from the birth of bastards. TS6 131.

•MUG SKYO GYU NAM g.yo zol lam g.yo sgyu. Btsan-lha. Jinpa, Mind Training 595 (n. 249).

•MUG CHE mu ge che ba. Btsan-lha.

•MUG LTO BA See under mul lto ba.

•MUG BU pha shi ba'i bu dang nal bu. Btsan-lha.

•MUG SHI mu ges shi ba. Nomads 246.

•MUN CAN DU YOD PA mu mthud du yod pa'am rgyun ma chad par yod pa. Btsan-lha.

•MUN NAG 'GRENG BA mun gnag khebs pa'am 'thibs pa. Btsan-lha.

•MUN NAG 'DOM 'JAL taking a shot in the dark (lit., measuring the darkness in armspans). Discussion in Tibeto-logic blog entry for August 10, 2017.

•MUN NAG MO widow (? See Norbu, Drung 263, n. 80).

•MUN NAG LAG NOM groping in the dark. Lin, Tibetan Image 127. Translated the same in Thuken 334.

•MUN SNAM A stripe of darkness as part of the design of the entryway to a maṇḍala. See Doboom, Buddh. Path to Enlightenment, p. 62. There seems to be a difference of opinion whether this 'dark snam bu' should be included or not. Paṇ-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 370.4.

•MUN PA [1] darkness. [2] benighted one. blun pa. Dbus-pa no. 275. [3] translation of Skt. tamas, one of the three guṇas. Mvy. no.

•MUN PA BZHI Acc. to Bdal 'bum (Bon Kanjur, 192-vol. version, CXXXI 206r5): mun pa bzhi ni / ri grib dpag med dang / dbang po'i sgo dang / ma rig pa dang / 'khor ba mun pa. The Four Darknesses are the limitless mountain shadow, the doors of the senses, non-awareness, and samsaric darkness.

•MUN SPRUL rmongs mun gyi sprul pa ste rang bzo. blun gtam smra ba. Btsan-lha. Foolish talk. mun sprul / mun zhes pa snang ba dang mun pa gnyis su phye ba'i gzugs can nag pa la [59v6] 'jug pa dang / skabs 'gar nyon mongs pa la yang mun pa zhes bshad pa yod / sprul zhes pa bkye ba'i don yin nges na nyon mongs sam mun pa lta bu'i mi gsal ba'i dbang gis byung ba'i log par smras pa'i ngag la mun sprul zhes [60r1] bshad pa mang ngo. Dalai Lama VII, Yig. Kramer, Rngog 85 n. 33.

•MUN MAG soldier or conscripted soldier. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•MUN DMAG gsang dmag. mi mngon pa'i dmag so pa lta bu. mi rabs chad pa sogs. Btsan-lha. Dotson, D&L 55, 70.

•MUN MTSHAMS Achard, L'Essence 10, 252.

•MUN DZA Skt. muñja. A type of grass. It is dangerous to walk through it because you may be cut by the blades. EoB VII 253. Desire is compared to it. See Mvy. 5392 (evidently man dzu is another spelling for it?).

•MUN RLUNG dark energy. See Matthew Kapstein, “The Strange Death of Pema the Demon Tamer,” in M.K., ed., The Presence of Light (Chicago 2004), pp. 119-156, at p. 125.

•MUR KHYAB nam mkha'. Btsan-lha.

•MUR GONG DD illus. 29. the temples (of the face).

•MUR GONG 'PHAR RTSA an artery. DD illus. 3, 4. See Snellgrove review of Meyer.

•MUR GONG RUS PA DD illus. 9.

•MUR JA rgya mo'i mur ja. Eimer, NG 217. HS V 459.7.

•MUR TI A place in the valley of Khyung lung (and used as place name in a number of places in Gu ge), it's name has been said to have the Tib. equiv. chu mig, 'spring.' ZZFC 150.

•MUR DUG Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 79, p. 361.5.

•MUR THUG OT = mthar thug. Blaṅ 291.4. Dbus-pa no. 266. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. Karmay, Great Perfection 152-3, 162-3, 169. See Negi for the Skt., where koṭīgata and naiṣṭhika are given. See under mu thug & mur 'dug.

•MUR THOM ME mi gsal bar gyur pa. Btsan-lha.

•MUR 'DUG OT = mu stegs. Blaṅ 288.6. Lcang-skya. Also, mur dug, mu 'jug. Sinitic vocab. for mu stegs, mu stegs can. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163, 187. mu stegs pa. Btsan-lha. mu stegs. Dbus-pa no. 181. Discussion in Matthew Kapstein, The Tibetan Yulanpen Jing, contained in: Kapstein and Dotson, eds., Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet, Brill (Leiden) 230.

•MUR RDO a type of gem that can prevent rain from falling; a male foal who opens his mouth to the sky and cries out again and again is said to have one in his mouth. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 43.

•MUR BA = li kham bu. YTTM 292.11.

•MUR SANG a type of tea. Gnyos 8.

•MUL LTO BA slong mo ba. Btsan-lha. Appears as mug lto ba: khyod kyi zas gos tsam cig mug lto bas kyang phyid nas 'ong. Zhi-byed Coll. II 402.7.

•MUS (gramm. Partikel des Beginns, Vorbereitens einer Handlung) im Begriff sein.

•MUS BYUNG BA sems skyo ba. Btsan-lha.

•ME [1] fire. Sino-Tibetan linguists have the mistaken idea that O.T. has a word for 'fire' smye, but in fact mye is the usual spelling for 'fire', while smye when it occurs in O.T. means stain. See Nathan Hill's article "Old Chinese *sm- and the Old Tibetan Word for 'Fire'." [2] a clan. Btsan-lha.

•ME BKRA (Amdo, Khams) the brightness created by a mass of flowers (in a meadow).

•ME BSKOR chung ma len pa'i cho ga. Btsan-lha. Obviously here the fire circling refers to the act as performed in Indian marriage rites.

•ME KHA GSO BA lighting or tending a fire.

•ME KHYER firefly. See srin bu me khyer.

•ME 'KHOR 'fire-wheel,' a barbaric N. Nepalese (Men-zhang) custom of burning people alive. BA 643-4. Combe 52.

•ME GE NA See under gna' tsan me ge na.

•ME GHA ZIN magazine.

•ME GHE me ghe me ghe zer ba'i tshe. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 314.4.

•ME DGA' See spos dkar.

•ME SGYOGS Example of Bon usage in Gzi-brjid XI 173, with chu sgyogs listed immediately after.

•ME LCAGS the firesteel. the iron used to strike the flint to make sparks that light the tinder. Used as a practical metaphor for emptiness by Pha-dam-pa, who mentions that "In our India we haven't such a thing." Zhi-byed Coll. II 294.1.

•ME LCE 'KHOR LO SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BT 44v.2.

•ME NYOR BTSOS PA me ma mur gyi nang du bsregs pa. Btsan-lha.

•ME MNYAM CHEN PO bye ring me mnyam chen po. a medicinal preparation. BP 155.6.

•ME TOG [1] flower. The first syllable should not be interpreted as 'fire' since old documents and more archaic languages of the west suggest pronunciations of men tog (mendok, etc.). If so, it could be a stretch, but perhaps the original word, prior to its being written down, would have been something like sman tog, 'tip of the herb.' [2] rather idiosyncratically used to refer to collected grain offerings. Ramble in Karmay, New Horizons 301. Rice and other grains, especially barley, do often stand in place of flowers in Tibetan rituals of various kinds.

•ME TOG DKAR PO'I RTSA BA See puṣka ra mū la.

•ME TOG GLANG SNA See glang sna.

•ME TOG GLANG MA JD 181. KP1 48.3. SS 531.5.

•ME TOG RGYAS PA'I 'KHRI SHING G.YO BA Skt. kusumitalatāvellitā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•ME TOG BRGYA PA See 'u su.

•ME TOG CAN 1. bung ba. 2. bud med zla mtshan can. Blaṅ 530. N. of Pāṭaliputra (presentday Patna).

•ME TOG CHAR 'BEBS rain of flowers. A phenomenon that frequently accompanies auspicious occasions, and/or the blessings of a Rinpoche. Showers of celestial flowers are also known to Taoism. See Livia Kohn, The Subtle Body Ecstasy of Daoist Inner Alchemy, AOH 59 (2006) 335.

•ME TOG NYI SHU a medicinal preparation. BP 196.3.

•ME TOG TOG CAN Skt. puṣpaketu. Name of Kāma.

•ME TOG DRUG BP 187.1.

•ME TOG LDAN 1. dpyid ka. 2. nyi zla gza' yis bzung ba. Blaṅ 530.

•ME TOG SNA TSHOGS BCUD See ma nu pa tra.

•ME TOG PHRENG BA See rta lpags. YTTM 292.3. Even the thread (skud pa) that holds the flower garland together gets to be placed on the head [raised to a higher status]. Hahn, TSD 62.

•ME TOG PHRENG BA GSAR PA LDAN PA Skt. navamālinī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•ME TOG LE BRGAN RTSI French marigold. Tagetes patula. TDD 182.

•ME TOG SHWA SHWA ngan pa. Gces 585.3. Btsan-lha.

•ME TOG SER CHEN = byang chub me tog. JD 180. SS 473.1 Mdo 328. marigold.

•ME TOG SER PO KP4 503.3.

•ME TOG GSUM PA BP 187.2.

•ME STAG spark (of a fire).

•ME STOBS See tsi tra ka.

•ME MDAG glowing embers. ri dwags me mdag mi za zhing. The wild deer doesn't eat glowing coals. OR: The wild animal eats the fire of glowing embers (??). This is a line in Kambala's Ālokamālā, but there are problems with the reading; C. Lindtner's edition reads: ri dwags mes dag me za zhing, "the deer purified by fire eats fire." The Skt. has agniśauca.

•ME MDA' gun, rifle. Literal meaning is 'fire arrow.' See Karmay, Feast of the Morning Light, p. 26, for ref. to use of firearms by Tibetans in 1731 CE. The earliest use of a firearm in Asia was not so much to kill targets as to set things on fire. Incendiary projectile is probably a more correct reading of the two syllables of me mda'. The first such device known is depicted in a 950 CE painting of Buddha's temptation from Dunhuang. See Stephen G. Haw, "The Mongol Empire: The First 'Gunpowder Empire'?" JRAS 23 no 3 (Jul 2013) 441-469. For statement that firearms were introduced into Tibet during the 17th century, see Toni Huber, The Changing Role of Hunting and Wildlife in Pastoral Communities of Northern Tibet. IN: Pastoral Practices in High Asia (2012) 195-216, at p. 200.

•ME MDEL firearm (for a firearms permit in early 20th-century Lhasa, see Norbu in TTT, p. 247, where we read me mdel lag 'khyer).

•ME 'DRA See tsi tra ka.

•ME 'DRA'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 146.4.

•ME RDO flint. Jamspal, Treasury 181. For a photo of a marvelous flint pouch, see P. Pal., ed., Tibet: Tradition & Change, p. 188. See me lcags.

•ME LDE me bsro ba. Btsan-lha.

•ME PHER BA me 'bar ba. Dpe-chos 515.

•ME PHOR brazier. 'fire pot' illus. in Po-ta-la (1996) 191.

•ME BUM 'fire vessel,' used in moxa. Pictured in JD 282 (item 4).

•ME DBAL a disease. Skt. vaisarpa. Mvy. 9509. erysipelas. Yangga's dissert., pp. 108, 222. Skt. visarpa. 'brum bu me dbal, identified as St. Anthony's Fire or ignis sacer, in its worst form to be identified with necrotizing fasciitis, when the skin and flesh blacken and die leading quickly to death. Roberts, King.

•ME 'BUR He said to me, "A fire protuberance is not suppressed by wood. A water protuberance is not suppressed by earth." nga rang la me 'bur shing gis ma non / chu 'bur sas ma non par byung gsung. 24 I 409.5.

•ME MA fire channel. The name for the part of the rasanā below the navel. Stearns, TRP 633 n. 24.

•ME MA MUR me mdag gam me'i dong. Btsan-lha. Subject of a blog by Dorje Wangchuk, at Philologica Tibetica, July 5, 2018.

•ME MAR = mar me, sgron me, snang gsal. "butter lamp, oil lamp, lamp." Kuijp (1986) 35. grub thob nyams kyi man ngag me mar cig nas cig tu rgyud pa lta bu gal che. Zhi-byed Coll. V 443.2. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 79, p. 366.1.

•ME BUM cupping glass. A tinder of some kind is burned to create the suction inside them. See E.M. Craik, Hippocratic Bodily 'Channels' and Oriental Parallels, Medical History 53 (2009) 105-116, esp. p. 112.

•ME MUR 'GAM dmyal ba'i me mur kha la btab. Gces 586.6.

•ME MUR GYI 'OBS Pit of Hot Embers, a hell. Skt. kukūla. Cuevas, Travels 38.

•ME ME Ladakhi term of respect. B in L 20.

•ME MO sgye'u'am snod chung ngu. Btsan-lha.

•ME BTSA' moxabustion, moxibustion point, in both medical treatment and geomancy. From Chinese. = me tsa, = sa gnad che ba. an appropriate site for erecting stūpas or temples. This term was originally used in medicine where vegetable tinder is burned on the part where the pain is located in the belief that it will relieve it. Karmay, Treasury. Goldstein defines as spark, ember, cauterization. Metaphorical usage in Zhi-byed Coll. II 234.5. See Yontan Gyatso in TJ XXVIII no. 3 (2003) 102. The Hippocratic term for cauterization is kaiein. See E.M. Craik, Hippocratic Bodily 'Channels' and Oriental Parallels,' Medical History 53 (2009) 105-116, esp. p. 112. Rolf Stein's The World in Miniature, p. 197. Moxibustion was known to Indian medicine; on this see Yangga's dissert., p. 258. Elisabeth Finckh, "Practice of Tibetan Medicine: Notes on Moxibustion (me btsa')," Tibetan Studies, Naritasan Shinshoji (Narita 1992), pp. 443-450.

•ME TSHANG Zündstoff, ölgetränkter Stoffballen. ZAS VII 474. Beyer 265.

•ME TSHAL DKAR PO also, chur tshal. cauliflower. CTEV 25.

•ME TSHAL LJANG GU broccoli. CTEV 25.

•ME RDZAS gunpowder, also called sman nag, q.v.

•ME YOL stone. Beyer 266.

•ME RA TSA LI See mon char.

•ME RAG See ra gan.

•ME RI Also called, 'od zer gyi 'phreng ba. This is the outer circle of multicolored flames of the maṇḍala. Doboom, Buddh. Path to Enlightenment, p. 60.

•ME RIS flame design. Jackson.

•ME RU'IS BYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BP 239.4.

•ME RU RTSE See ma ru rtse.

•ME RO embers.

•ME LA LDE BA me la bsro ba. Btsan-lha.

•ME LAM CHU LAM a punishment cutting off access to fuel and water (as a kind of ostracism).

•ME LONG [1] mirror. Bellezza, Divine Dyads 102, 126, for use of mirror in iconography & for mirror divination. [2] in architecture, a mirror-like metal disk used to decorate the upper part of external walls. Alexander, Temples 320.

•ME LONG BRTUL N. of a horseback riding feat. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 58.

•ME SHING See dbyi mong.

•ME SHEL 'burning lens,' as discussed by Laufer in Sino-Tibetan Studies I 563, etc. Skt. sūryakānta. Combe. me shel 'od ni ras kyi bal la tsha. Zhi-byed Coll. I 272.2. me shel drang mo (grang mo) me nyid yin. Ibid. I 306.2. JD 34. DG 87.4. = sūrya kanti. magnifying glass, acc. to Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet." Metaphorical usage in Āryadeva's work (see Varghese edition, p. 250, verses 91-92). For Pliny's mention of using crystals and sunshine to make fire, see Samia Al Azharia Jahn, From Clarifying Pearls and Gems to Water Coagulation with Alum, Anthropos 94 (1999) 419-430, at p. 421. Rin 28 gives its other names as sū rdza kanti, sūrya kanti, arka, nyi 'od, da ha no, ba la & sreg byed.

•ME GSHE 'gun ranch.' N. for a tax, started in 1918, when guns were supplied to nomads, in return for which they were expected to pay the produce of a single 'bri. Tsarong in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 28.

•ME BSHUR gang zhig dngos ma tshig par spu shun tsam tshig bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•ME HA RA See zangs.

•ME LHA See tsi tra ka.

•MEG MEG mchu meg meg mdzad nas. 24 I 404.7.

•MED DGAG absolute negation (exclusion negation). Skt. prasajyapratiṣedha (defined in Monier-Williams as 'the negative form of an applicable [positive] statement'). Non-affirming negation. Thurman.

•MED THABS MED PA impossible to do without, indispensible. Example of a mistranslation "not unexperienced," in Uray, Narrative 58.

•MED NA OT = mthu. Blaṅ 293.5.

•MED PA BCU Anspal, Space 128.

•MED PA LTA med dam. Btsan-lha.

•MEN ras sam gos chen gyi bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•MEN TOG me tog. Btsan-lha.

•MEN TRI O.T. a type of silk traded in bolts. Also spelled men dri, men 'dri, men thri, man 'dri, & man tri. Helga Uebach, "Two Indian Loanwords in Old Tibetan: Men-tri and Phra-men," contained in: Charles Ramble & Hanna Havnevik, eds., From Bhakti to Bon: Festschrift for Per Kvaerne, Novus Forlag (Oslo 2015) 543-549.

•MEN PA = min pa. "is not." Kuijp (1986) 35.

•ME'U BOGS me dug. Btsan-lha.

•MER Haarh, Yar-luṅ 256, where it is taken to mean the red yolk of the egg (doubtful!). As it occurs in Lde'u 243, I tentatively take it to mean brim.

•MER GYIS adv. '[full] to the brim.' Samdo A IV 10v.5.

•MER MER mnyam pa las langs na'ang mnyam bzhag gi nyams bde stong gsal la mi rtog pa mer mer 'ong na brten pa'i rtags so. Zhi-byed Coll. II 356.1.

•MER MER PO a stage of embryonic development ('aquatic creative'). Thondup, BM 252. thig le dwangs snyigs kyang chu khams mer mer po. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 423.5.

•MEL TSE Also spelled mel tshe. mtshan mo'i thun mtshams. bya ra byed pa'am so btsugs pa. Btsan-lha. ma yengs dran pa'i mel rtse yis / yengs myed rgyun tu nyams su blangs. Zhi-byed Coll. III 57.7. Spelled mel 'tshe ba in Lde'u 57.

•MES a clan. Btsan-lha.

•MES GO (Gtsang) = byi phrug. illegitimate baby. MTTP.

•MES PO grandfather. pha'i pha. Dpe-chos 517.

•MES DBON RNAM GSUM See chos rgyal mes dbon rnam gsum.

•MES BTSAN 367 I 233.

•MO'AM mo pa sho btab pa. Gces 588.6.

•MO DKAR softer variety of ka rag. = mo rag. Jackson.

•MO RGU BDE SHIL Not a proper name, even if it looks like one, but a Tibetan transcription of a Khotanese religious title mārgaupadeśaka, derived from Skt. mārgopadeśaka. Defined in Tibetan as lam ston pa, 'way shower.' See discussion in Jan Nattier, Once Upon a Future Time, p. 199.

•MO RGOD MA chos la 'gro ba mo rgod ma yin. Zhi-byed Coll. II 444.2.

•MO LCAM = rgya lcam. JD 141. DG 263.6. See lcam pa.

•MO TA See tshon mo ta.

•MO THAL mo bab. Dpe-chos 505. mo la bab pa. mo lung. Btsan-lha.

•MO RDE'U JD 53. DG 135.3.

•MO LDUM See lcags kyu.

•MO NAD SRZT 122 ff.

•MO NAD DPA' BO See byang pa.

•MO NAD SEL SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BT 45r.4.

•MO NAS divinatory barley. (One might inspect the barley for foreign objects that would signify something. One might leave a pot of barley in a cave for a year before inspecting it...)

•MO NOG GO = 'dug mi 'dug. "are or are there not?" Kuijp (1986) 35.

•MO PA 'diviner.' Epstein, Dissertation 224.

•MO BON Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 173. As a possible explanation of this phrase, which is used in (roughly) 12th-century Chos works as well as in some Dunhuang documents, see the citation from OT texts in Stein's article on Zhang-zhung at p. 239: mo ngan bzlog phyir bon gcig byed, "doing a bon in order to reverse the unfavorable prognostic." There are references to mo bon, and to mo bon rtsis, as ineffectual funerary rites, a few pages into the Bu-chos (Bka'-gdams Glegs-bam) text entitled Bka'-rgya / Khu-chos gnyis... (thanks to Mike Walter for this ref.). It occurs in Zhi-byed Coll. V 168.3: 'chi nad la mo bon sman la sogs pa'i... It is possible it would be a rather straight translation from Chinese mo tao, 'way of devils' (used to refer to pre-Buddhist Chinese practices), on which see Strickmann, CPP 67. One instance of the term discussed in Geshe Lhundub Sopa (with Michael Sweet and Leonard Zwilling), Peacock in the Poison Grove: Two Buddhist Texts on Training the Mind, Wisdom (Boston 2001), p. 10 and note. Jinpa, Mind Training 59 (and note 107).

•MO MA diviner, & very probably, but not necessarily, female diviner. Sources. Samdo A V 50v.4. Desgodins mentions mouma as a name for shamans (see Stéphane Gros, Ritual and Politics: Missionary Encounters with Local Culture in Northwest Yunnan, available online, p. 12).

•MO SMAN bud med kyi rigs. Nomads 246.

•MO RTSI 'BYUNG GNAS fallopian tube?? DD illus. 22.

•MO MTSHAN most properly the vulva, and not the womb.

•MO ZOM MTHIL GNYIS MA A type of boot illus. in Yisun.

•MO RANG gzhan shi nas mo khu ra lus pa la mo rang zer te mo rkyang gi ming ngo. Dpe-chos 505.

•MO RANG MO mo rkyang. Btsan-lha.

•MO SHA Although this seems to mean literally 'female flesh,' it is used for a situation in which a bride leaves her husband and goes home to her parents. Nomads allow this after three days of marriage, but a payment must be made to the abandoned husband as compensation. Dotson, D&L 41.

•MO SHING 'female tree.' willow tree. Nagano in Karmay, New Horizons 576.

•MO BSHAM MO barren woman.

•MO HRANG (sp.?) N. for lower class. Dargyay, TVC 28, etc.

•MO LHA See mol ba.

•MOG DKAR white fungus (for eating). CTEV 26.

•MOG DRO spu mdog gi bye brag mog ro. Btsan-lha.

•MOG MOG Tibetan momo dumplings. It appears that similar such dumplings spread through Eurasia during Mongol times. The Turkish word manti everyone believes was borrowed from Chinese. In Mongolia today they are commonly known as buuz.

•MOG MOG PAR BYA BA Skt. dhyāmīkaraṇa, 'blackening, burning, consuming.' Mvy. 6624. Interpreted as 'pale' in Gerke, PT 8.

•MOG MOG PO faded, lacklustre (?). 'od dang gzi mdangs med pa. Btsan-lha. A line from Abhisamayālaṃkāra: 'od kyis mog mog por byed la sogs pa (cited in Dreyfus, Sound 96).

•MONG A syllable that occurs in she mong & thun mong. thod pa de la rdzi brno rtul dang mong rags mi rags kyi brjod pa dang bral ba'o. Zhi-byed Coll. V 425.1.

•MONG CHUD khong du chud pa. Btsan-lha.

•MONG BRTUL OT = blun po. Skt. jada (?). Lcang-skya. Blaṅ 295.1. Dbus-pa no. 402. Btsan-lha. mong rtul ba bud med kyi blo de mno ngar can du 'gyur ba'o. Zhi-byed Coll. V 257.5. rdzi la ma phyar na mong rtul ba dang 'dra bar dran pa so la bzhag na rtog pa'i 'phan mi ldang. Zhi-byed Coll. V 425.2.

•MONG DU CHUD PA khong du chud pa. Dbus-pa no. 231. Lcang-skya.

•MONG DU CHUB khong du chud pa. Btsan-lha.

•MONG GNA' = 'ong ba min. "I will not come." Kuijp (1986) 35.

•MONG TSE byi la'i bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•MONG LO Said to be an OT equiv. of 'phang lo, meaning spindle wheel. Bellezza, L&T 55.

•MONGS BKOL blun po. Btsan-lha.

•MONGS SU CHUD khong du chud pa. Btsan-lha.

•MOD As verbal suffix: it may be that, while it may be so... No sooner did he... than he.... C&LT 173.

•MOD DU CHUD PA OT = khong du chud pa. Blaṅ 290.2.

•MOD PA = med pa, ma mchis. "not to be." Kuijp (1986) 35. Silk, Dissert. 372.

•MOD PHA Hon. for bden pa. Blaṅ 312.2.

•MOD MI DMA' BA OT = dpangs mtho ba. = phra mo ma yin pa. Blaṅ 298.2-.3. Btsan-lha. dpangs ni mtho ba. Dbus-pa no. 560. = dpang ni [~mi?] mtho ba. Lcang-skya.

•MOD LA 'phral du'am de ma thag pa'i dus su. Btsan-lha.

•MOD LA BKUM PA gsar du bsad pa'am shi ba. Btsan-lha.

•MON KHA Pale mauve.

•MON SNGON bluish mauve. Jackson.

•MON CA RA See shal ma li.

•MON LCAM = chu sman. JD 141. See lcam pa.

•MON CHAG Nowadays the usual name for millet.

•MON CHAR = (shing) pe nag, be do nag po. JD 127. SS 448.4. = shal ma li, bha re ram, me ra tsa li, 'gram gcod, 'khru gcod. DG 244.5. Spelled mon cha ra (by mistake, I think). Common oak. Querqus incana. TDD 152.

•MON DAR srin bal. rtswa shun las byas pa'i gos. Btsan-lha.

•MON DUG See gla sgang.

•MON BU DKAR PO sgang rtsi thog ces pa sa mthor skyes pa'i me tog gi rtsa ba ste / de la'ang dkar po dang dmar po bcas rigs mi 'dra ba gnyis yod 'dug pa las / dkar po ni ro mngar bas mi'i bza' rgyur byed pa dang / dmar po ni ro shin tu kha ba zhig ste / li ga dur zhes pa mkhris tshad kyi sman du bed spyod byed pa'o. Nomads 19, 286.

•MON RU Horn of the wild goat. T&BS II 279.

•MON LUG See gla sgang. YTTM 292.26.

•MON SRAN JD 215. Mon sran is evidently often used to specify that a bean or pea-like crop is native only to regions south of Tibet.

•MON SRAN DKAR PO Variants: mon sran dkar ru, mon sran dkar bu. Skt. rājamāṣa. A sort of kidney bean, or large white bean. Mvy. no. 5647. See Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 168 (no. 6).

•MON SRAN DKAR LEB Short form: sran leb. pod peas. CTEV 26.

•MON SRAN GRE'U sran chen. Btsan-lha. Mvy. no. 5650, says it is Skt. māṣa, a kind of kidney bean. For a text that peculiarly suggests keeping 108 beans (māṣa) in one's mouth while reciting the dhāraṇī, see English, Vajrayoginī 478.

•MON SRAN DRE'U See ma sha.

•MON SRAN SDE'U sran chung. Btsan-lha. Variants: mon sran rde'u, mon sran dre'u, mon sran sde rde'u. Skt. mudga. Mvy. 4658. See Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 168 (no. 5). It may mean the mung bean.

•MON SRAN NAG GU Variant: mon sran gan gu. Skt. makuṣṭa. A sort of kidney bean. Mvy. no. 5651. This probably corresponds to mayuṣṭhaka (mayaṣṭhaka) in Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 169 (no. 12).

•MON SRAN TSHA NA Skt. caṇa, caṇaka. Chickpea. Mvy. no. 5654. See Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 169 (no. 8). This is often known as gram (derived from a Portuguese word for grain).

•MO'I RIGS BYED ? kun la myi ston pa bram ze mo'i rigs byed lta bu. Zhi-byed Coll. II 477.2. Apparently this means 'women's Veda'! Obviously, if there had ever been such a thing, it would have to have been very secret!

•MOL gtam. Dbus-pa no. 191.

•MOL CEN gros gleng chen po'am tshogs 'du chen mo. Btsan-lha. Dotson, Note 80. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•MOL BA 'Speech.' Jackson, Mollas. gtam mam gros. Btsan-lha. gros. Dbus-pa no. 759. = gtam. = gros. Lcang-skya.

•MOL SA OT = gtam. = gros. Blaṅ 289.1.

•MOS PA [1] Visualize. [2] Trust, believe.

•MYA NGAM desert, [hot] wasteland. dgun dung ngam chu med dben sa. Btsan-lha.

•MYAG so btab pa. Gces 588.5.

•MYAG PHRAN Arrow. OT = mda'. Blaṅ 289.2. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha.

•MYAGS PA rul ba. zhan pa'am nyam thag pa. Btsan-lha. T&BS I 354.

•MYANG A clan. Btsan-lha.

•MYANG SGOM ? myang sgom zhwa phud dang. Zhi-byed Coll. V 310.4 (also, 310.2).

•MYANG RTSI SPRAS = pho ldum, hong len ser po, ser po khrag rkang. JD 207. SS 474.4. KP3 335.6. KP4 552.5. = ser po brag rkang. YTTM 292.3. Also, myang rtsi 'bras, myang rtsi sbras. In Skt. valomoḍa, valomoḍha. A gummy or viscous plant. Mvy. 5824.

•MYANGS May be pf. of myong ba.

•MYAD PA mad pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYAN nye gtam pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYI mi. Btsan-lha.

•MYI GU myu gu. Btsan-lha.

•MYI MNGA' BA med pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYI CHIG mi zhig. Btsan-lha.

•MYI 'JEN mi len pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYI 'JO mi 'grub. Btsan-lha.

•MYI 'THUN mi mthun pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYI 'THOL mi bshad pa'am ngos len mi byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYI DPEN mi phal pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYI DMYIS PA mi dmigs pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYI SMAN mi phan. Btsan-lha.

•MYI 'O CHOG mi yod tshad dam tshang ma. Btsan-lha.

•MYI ZLUG PA mi dri ba'am mi rmed pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYI RAB RU CHO Bellezza, L&T 60.

•MYIG mig. Btsan-lha.

•MYIG MANGS re'u mig la brten nas rtse ba'i rtsed mo'i bye brag cig. Btsan-lha.

•MYING ming. Btsan-lha.

•MYID mid pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYIN min. Btsan-lha.

•MYU GU Coral, sprout. Suggested loan from Bengali or Hindi muṅgā, comparing Persian mirjān. Bhattacharya, LW 355, no. 46. (Does myu gu ever really mean 'coral'? I very much doubt this.)

•MYU GU'I TSHOGS rtsi shing lo thog tshogs kyi myu gu. Rtse-le VIII 423.

•MYU GU SHING See yu gu shing. = 'go phang lang pa (q.v.). YTTM 293.16.

•MYU BA phyugs kyi lci ba rlon pa. Nomads 246.

•MYUG yud tsam mam rib tsam. Btsan-lha. See nyug.

•MYUG PA 'phag 'phag 'gro mi nas pa lta bu dang me tog gi snye ma rlung gis mgo myug myug bskyod pa lta bu mgo phyir 'thon pa la'ang.

•MYUG MA = gnyug ma (?). Rnying Rgyud 1982 I 686.7-687.1.

•MYUG MA MKHAN rigs ngan gyi ming. Btsan-lha.

•MYUG MYUG myug myug gang myugs / me tog chun por / myug myug dmyags kyang mi than pa'i / dmyal bar dme bo nges par 'gro / zhes pa'i myug myug ces pa ni mgo rib tsam la mgo myug myug dang / yun ring ma bsdad par rib tsam 'ong ba la [60v5] myug tsam zhes zer dmyugs zhes pa mdo sde tshangs pa'i dra bar nya rgyas nya steng du bton pa'i don la dmyugs zhes bshad pa sogs mang du yod pas bton pa'i ming yin. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•MYUG TSAM Alternative spelling for nyug tsam.

•MYUGS NAS bcug nas. Btsan-lha.

•MYUNG BU snyung bu'am 'bug. Btsan-lha.

•MYUR MGYOGS PHO NYA See dur byid.

•MYUR RTA See dur byid.

•MYUR BA DD illus. 3.

•MYUR BA DANG BUL BA Skt. drutavilambita. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•MYE me. Btsan-lha.

•MYE NGAN Sinitic vocab. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163. This is now discussed in some detail by Joanna Bialek.

•MYE TOG me tog. Btsan-lha.

•MYE BTSA' me btsa'. Btsan-lha.

•MYE 'I ZHAG 'DZAG PA me lce mched pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYE LONG me long. Btsan-lha.

•MYED med. Btsan-lha.

•MYES mes po. Btsan-lha.

•MYOG byis pa. Btsan-lha.

•MYOGS rang shed tsha po. Btsan-lha.

•MYONG Experience, personal knowledge. Gyatso, Apparitions 190. Skt. anubhava. Candrakīrti is supposed to criticize anubhava in a brief passage (see Ruegg in JIABS, vol. 27, no. 1 (2004), p. 58).

•MYONG KHRID Teaching method in which an instructor begins with his/her own practical experiences, in order to develop experiential knowledge in the students. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 16.

•MYON 'AM CAN yon tan med cing sems dpangs mtho ba. Btsan-lha.

•MYOS PA Namdak. Skt. mattā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•MYOS PA'I GLANG CHEN It seems ambivalent whether this means a drunken or a rutting elephant. Hahn, TSD 54.

•MYOS BUM nu ma. glang po sogs kyi spyi bo'i rus pa 'bur po. Btsan-lha.

•MYOS BYED 1. 'dod lha. 2. sprin. 3. chang. 4. nag zla. Blaṅ 530.

•MRI GA MA See gla rtsi.

•MRI RDHI KA See rgun 'brum.

•DMAG For cognates, see Beckwith in TS7 II 1051.

•DMAG KHRAL Soldier tax. Each village required to supply central government with a fixed number of soldiers. Goldstein, Taxation 14.

•DMAG GI BRANG dmag mi sdod gnas sam dmag sgar. Btsan-lha.

•DMAG GI BZHED dmag dpung gi bkod sgrig gam dmag sgar. Btsan-lha.

•DMAG GRAL Battle line. Sources.

•DMAG STONGS dmag rogs. Btsan-lha.

•DMAG DUM detachment of the army. Sources.

•DMAG DPON army chief, military commander. Sources. Some automatically translate as 'general,' although it isn't clear that such a high rank is intended. dmag dpon gyi las thabs ni / dgra 'thab dang / rno 'gyogs kyis dgra gnon pa dang / rang yul rgyal bar byed pa lags. Lde'u 256.

•DMAG DMANGS Popular forces. Sources.

•DMAG TSHO Militia (composed of ordinary taxpayers whose common obligation is to take up arms during time of war). Sources.

•DMAG G.YABS PA dmag mi bsdu 'gugs byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•DMAG RUM mun pas thibs pa. Btsan-lha.

•DMANGS The populace (royal subjects). A king must not lead the life of [JS: behave like] the populace. rgyal pos dmangs kyi spyod pa myi bya gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 170.1. commoners. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•DMANGS GTSO Democracy ('people's rule,' lit., the broad masses of people are chief). Sometime in the mid-90's, Samdhong Rinpoche among others insisted that the word was a Chinese creation, and the correct spelling ought to be instead mang gtso, 'rule of the many.' See discussion in Jamyang Norbu, "Newspeak & New Tibet." Note that Karma Monlam dictionary (Dharamsala 2000), gives both possibilities for spelling the word, but gives priority to dmangs gtso. For still more discussion about the spelling controversy, see Ann Frechette, Democracy and Democratization among Tibetans in Exile. J. of Asian Studies 66 no 1 (Feb 2007) 97-127, at p. 115.

•DMAD smad pa'am phab pa. Btsan-lha.

•DMAN 'GRO mi'u thung. Btsan-lha.

•DMAN PA blun pa'am blo rig mi gsal ba. Btsan-lha.

•DMAN PA SA BRGYAD rigs kyi sa / brgyad pa'i sa / mthong ba'i sa / srabs pa'i sa / 'dod chags dang bral ba'i sa / byas pa rtogs pa'i sa / nyan thos kyi sa / rang rgyal gyi sa rnams so. 600 112.

•DMAN YANG MNAN Skt. mandākrāntā. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•DMA' CHAGS Lower, depress.

•DMA' MI DBAB dma' mi 'bebs. Btsan-lha. grong skad du mi mang sar dmag mi dbab / bya mang sar spu mi 'thog ces pa lta bu ste dbab brda rnying dang brda gsar [64r4] la 'beb yin pas dma' mi 'bebs zhes so. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•DMA' RU = dmar po. "Red." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DMAR [1] Of course this usually simply means 'red.' Discussion of martial symbolism of the color red in Todd Gibson's dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 134 note 13. [2] But in combination with other terms it seems to indicate rawness and directness, a kind of sacrificial disection exposing the raw guts, blood & flesh (also in a literary sense). [3] Sometimes it simply seems to correspond with Zhang-zhung mar, which means 'good.'

•DMAR SKYA Pink. Jackson.

•DMAR KHRID Teaching method in which the subject is explained using practical examples and diagrams. Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 16. See BA 927. Used on analogy with a physician who cuts open a cadaver and points directly to the various internal organs. A kind of metaphorical 'dissection.' don de gsal rjen du khrid pa. Dagyab. gsal bar khrid zin pa'i don. Chödag. 27 98. BHBW 193-195 ("vivid demonstration"). Compare nag khrid.

•DMAR RGYANGS KYIS = dmar lam gyis. BBNP 484. Btsan-lha.

•DMAR RGYAN Meat offering (lit.: red ornament, offering to Mahākala), used euphemistically for execution. Sources.

•DMAR CHUNG SKOR GSUM ku ru kulle gser gyi snying thag can / nor rgyun ma dmar mo / lha mo ti nu ma'o. 600 19-20.

•DMAR CHEN SKOR GSUM ku ru kulle / tshogs bdag / 'dod rgyal lo. 600 19.

•DMAR CHEN BCU GSUM THANG BT 7v.3.

•DMAR CHEN RIL BU BP 201.3.

•DMAR MCHOD Red offering, blood sacrifice. TS7 I 143.

•DMAR THAG BCAD PA See 192-vol. 2nd ed. of Bon Kanjur LIX 201.5: gang zhig rig pa'i rtsa[l] ldan gyi // don du dmar thag bcad pa ni // don ni sems nyid ma bcos pa // dmar thag byung tshor dran pa'i rgyu // bcad pa ngo bo stong pa nges...

[NYI MA] DMAR THAG CHOD PA DANG Sobald die rote Sonne untergegangen war. Kretsch.

•DMAR THANG BCU GCIG A medicinal preparation. BT 16r.2 (also, the added p. following p. 28).

•DMAR THANG BCU GNYIS SBYOR rgya lugs dmar thang bcu gnyis sbyor. a medicinal preparation. BT 15v.5.

•DMAR THAB me thog tu khrag dang sha khu sogs shor ba. There are also terms for ovens with water spilled on them, nag thab, and milk products, dkar thab. Btsan-lha. Part of a set of kosher kitchen tips.

•DMAR GDUNG Mummy. On mummification, "a practice that seems to have been a Chinese innovation on traditional Buddhist mortuary practices," see Kieschnick, Impact, 35, et passim. There is an article by Helga Uebach and two articles by Mark Owen on the Tibetan practice.

DMAR PO DRI LDAN See ldong ros.

•DMAR PO SRIN SKYES See a ka ru.

•DMAR DPE ? Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 23.

•DMAR BYANG dmar byang bya ba ni sngan chad yi ger ma thegs pa la zer ba yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. II 134.1. A red register is what something that hadn't previously been elevated into letters is called. Perhaps a 'red register' of orality is opposed to a 'black register' of book writing. The color 'red' implies a flesh-and-blood source of information.

•DMAR MO SPYI 'JOMS BSHAL SBYOR BP 236.1.

•DMAR TSHAG redness (of the eyes). Text 27.

•DMAR TSHAN A water with various other substances added to make it red. It is supposed to contain blood of 3 animals. See Karmay in JA (1995) 173, etc.

•DMAR RDZAS Depiction of sacrifices. Jackson.

•DMAR ZAL dmar khra. Btsan-lha.

•DMAR RU ('village dialect') = dmar po. BBNP 466.

•DMAR RU LA BRIS dmar por bris pa'i ming dang skabs 'gar dmar ru la bris zhes pa blo la bzung ba la go dgos pa yod de. Btsan-lha.

•DMAR LAM utter redness (?). dmyig gi rtsa ma 'khrugs na snang ba dmar lam myi mchi'. If the eye veins are not disturbed you won't have the red path (?) appearance. Zhi-byed Coll. II 343.5. snang ba thams cad dmar lam gyis song nas / phyi rol gyi thams cad mi mdzes pa dang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) V 489.3.

•DMAR LAS sha khrag gi las ka. Nomads 246.

•DMAR LEB an insect (srin bu). See ma ru rtse.

•DMAR SHAD = smyag shad, smag shad. JD 109. SS 524.1. = 'brog dgar, smya ga. DG 220.4. Spiraea. Spiraea arcuata. TDD 180.

•DMAR SRANG A currency unit, perhaps equivalent to a certain measure of copper. In OT document, a woman was sold for several of these. See Takeuchi, Old Tibetan Contracts.

•DMAR GSUM Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 172.

•DMAR GSUM LDE GU a medicinal preparation. RR 80.

•DMAR GSOD execution. Sources.

•DMAR BSAD niedermetzeln. Kaschewsky2.

•DMAS PA nyams pa. Dbus-pa no. 512.

•DMIG [1] ZZ = mig. Bru II 290.6. = mig. "eye." Kuijp (1986) 34. A spelling for mig, 'eye,' in Zhi-byed Coll. IV 287.7, for examples. [2] hole. bu ga. Btsan-lha. [3] variant spelling for rmig, q.v.

•DMIG DMAG chess. TS7 II 1055.

•DMIG RIL = mig 'bras. "eyeball." Kuijp (1986) 34.

•DMIGS GTAD mental object (in meditation or otherwise. In meditation, the focussed-on object or visualization). Klong-chen-pa 8.9.

•DMIGS RNAM (a compound) focal object and its (pure or impure) aspects.

•DMIGS PA [1] directing one's thoughts to the benefit of a particular person or object, to give someone one's attention, to perform special prayers. A translation that works in most of its contexts is 'focal object' (suggested by Pempa Dorje, Sarnath). [2] visualize (also in negative, unvisualize, mi dmigs pa).

•DMIGS PA BZHI zhi gnas kyi dmigs pa bzhi ni / khyab pa'i dmigs pa / dpyad pa rnam sbyong gi dmigs pa / mkhas pa'i dmigs pa / nyon mongs rnam sbyong gi dmigs pa'o. 600 28. khyab pa'i dmigs pa bzhi ni / rnam par rtog pa dang bcas pa'i gzugs brnyan / rnam rtog med pa'i gzugs brnyan / dngos po'i mtha' / dgos pa yongs grub bo. 600 28-29.

•DMIG BU [1] hole. [2] 'bu skya leb. Yisun. The 'worm' skya leb, name for a mountain lizard (Agama himalayana sacra Smith). Yisun Eng.

•DMIGS BU guide for the blind. OT = long khrid. Blaṅ 298.2. Dbus-pa no. 557. long ba 'khrid mkhan. Btsan-lha. = khrid byed. Lcang-skya.

•DMIGS YUL object of meditation, object of attention.

•DMIGS GSAL Short version of dmigs kyis gsal ba. Skt. apavāda, which means to reject a false imputation (like the imputation of snakehood in a rope). Mvy. 6885.

•DMU gdon bgegs sam 'byung po'i bye brag cig. a clan. Btsan-lha. Discussed in Karmay, Arrow 252 ff. ma rung ba'i sems. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) I 91.3.

•DMU SKAS Karmay, Treasury. nam mkhar yar mar 'gro sa'i skas ka. Btsan-lha.

•DMU GI A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 301.

•DMU RGOD mi bsrun pa dang 'dul dka' sogs du ma. Btsan-lha.

•DMU CHU lus skrangs pa'i nad cig gi ming ste, yul skad du <<chu skrangs>> zer. Dag-yig. SRZT 38. Text 36, 65. Lag-len 276.4. Kong-sprul/1 38 ff.: An advanced stage of 'water swelling' disease in which the swelling becomes obvious externally. (The earlier stages are called skya rbab and 'or nad.) This disease can accompany other diseases in which case it is difficult to diagnose and cure. It can come at the end of colds, flu and 'bam, so it is necessary to keep a close watch on the pulse and urine. When not accompanied by another disease, it is easily recognized and treated. The several types of dmu chu are subsumed under the categories of hot (tsha chu) and cold (grangs chu), q.v. In colloquial language, it is called literally 'water swelling' (chu skrangs, this according to Dag-yig). Donden 104: "Protrusion of the stomach due to an accumulation of water there. This and other ailments involving an accumulation of water occur as a result of poor digestive heat."

•DMU THAG A hanging rope for traveling into the sky. nam mkhar 'gro sa'i dpyang thag. Btsan-lha. Karmay, Treasury vocab. In context of la btsas construction it means the woolen rope that binds the arrows together. Noble Mountaineer 271. For translation of a significant passage from the Ka chems ka khol ma, see Matthew Kapstein, The Strange Death of Pema the Demon Tamer, in M.K., ed., The Presence of Light (Chicago 2004), pp. 119-156, at p. 137 (here spelled smu thag, and translated 'daemon cord'). For old Middle Eastern ideas about sky-ropes (and sky-ladders!), see especially Kevin van Bladel, Heavenly Cords and Prophetic Authority in the Quran and Its Late Antique Context, BSOAS 70 no 2 (2007) 223-246. Rolf Stein's The World in Miniature, p. 203. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 212, with further refs., & with idea that even common people have the dmu thag connection with the sky.

•DMU TSHA sword (?). Generally meaning 'nephew of dmu'. Karmay, Treasury.

•DMU RDZING char chu bsags pa'i rdzing bu (a cistern?). Dpe-chos 514. Btsan-lha.

•DMU ZHAG g.yang dang bcud. Btsan-lha. See http://www.lotsawaschool.org/2013/04/dmu-zhags.html.

•DMU 'OR ascites. Simioli, AG 44.

•DMU YAD [1] = dngos grub. Generally means bdud rtsi: nectar, ambrosia. Karmay, Treasury. Btsan-lha. See in the Zhang-zhung dictionary (this word also occurs in Dunhuang Tibetan texts). Namdak. Rolf Stein's Tibetica Antiqua 154. Simply translated chang (i.e. beer) in Daniel Berounsky, "Tibetan Myths on 'Good Fortune' (phya) and 'Well-Being' (g.yang)," p. 56 etc. [2] a material used for cushions. Lopon Tenzin Namdak, Snga rabs bod kyi byung ba brjod pa'i 'bel gtam lung gi snying po — A Study of Early History of Tibet According to Bon Tradition (New Delhi 1997), p. 51: dar dkar gyi yol ba bres/ dmu yad kyi gdan bting/ gser gur gyi nang du bcug nas.... Here in this passage about Gnya' khri btsan po, the dmu yad appears to be some kind of material used as a cushion (ref. thanks to Kalsang N. Gurung).

•DMU YAB skyid lang shor ba'i spyod ngan rgyags che ba. Btsan-lha.

•DMU LUM zu lum Gces 590.1. gzu lum. Btsan-lha.

•DMU GSHEN Karmay, Treasury vocab.

•DMUN PA OT = blun pa. Blaṅ 291.6. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•DMUR DMUR BA kha ldad rgyag tshul. Btsan-lha.

•DMUS PA OT = tshi tshad pa. Blaṅ 305.1. yang yang nyams nyes byung ba. smon pa. Btsan-lha. smon pa. Dbus-pa no. 107.

•DMUS BYUNG OT = tshi chad. = yi chad. Blaṅ 285.3. = tshi chad dam yi chad. Lcang-skya. spro ba shi ba'am sun byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•DMUS LONG blind from birth, congenital blindness. mngal nas long ba. Btsan-lha. skyes dus nas mig med pa la 'ga' zhig tu bshad. Eimer, Dbyangs 56. I think spellings like smu long and rmun long (Lde'u 85) have the same meaning.

•DME (sometimes spelled rme) 'impurity' to be ritually cleansed away, usually this is a 'blight' caused by murder, especially the murder of a member of the same clan or family. See Karmay in JA (1995) 164. This 'blight' is ritual purified through fumigation, while mnol is ritually purified through lustrations. See under nang dme. 'a type of impure condition brought about by murders, violent quarrels, etc., among members of the same family or the same religious confraternity.' Norbu, Drung 259, n. 6. TS6 131. Btsan-lha. Berounsky, Lapsed 184, translates the 'disastrous' apocalyptic triad of dme, nal and mna' as killing, incest and not observing oaths. ZZFC 232, lists the triad of dme, thab and mnol. Dotson, OTA glossary, says "incest, fratricide, problem between confrères." I think the technically correct term is parricide (I doubt that incest is implicated much in the concept, although people keep mentioning it).

•DME BA dbre ba'am btsog pa. Btsan-lha.

•DME BO rus gcig pa gsod mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•DME MA = btsog ma. BBNP 481. Btsan-lha. See bra ma.

•DME MO murduress. mi gsod pa'i bud med. Btsan-lha.

•DME' BYUNG phan tshun gsod res byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•DME RAG MO a woman who has murdered her husband, or some equivalent crime (see Norbu, Drung 263, n. 81.

•DMER BRTSI KHRIMS Law of fratricide. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•DMOD PA BOR gzhan la log smon 'debs pa. Btsan-lha.

•DMOD PA ZUG PA mthu dang byad ka zug pa. Btsan-lha.

•DMOD MI DMA' BA dpangs mtho ba. Btsan-lha.

•DMOD MO bden pa bdar ba. Btsan-lha.

•DMOD BTSUGS bden tshig gi dmod bcol ba. dam bdar ba. Btsan-lha.

•DMYAL RNGA hell drum. Buffetrille, PMK 210.

•DMYAL BA [1] hell. tsha ba'i dmyal ba brgyad ni / yang sos / thig nag / bsdus 'joms / ngu 'bod / ngu 'bod chen po / tsha ba / rab tu tsha ba / mnar med rnams so. 600 100-101. grang ba'i dmyal ba brgyad ni / chu bur can / chu bur rdol ba / a chu zer ba / kye hud zer ba / so tham tham pa / utpal ltar gas pa / padma ltar gas pa / padma ltar cher gas pa rnams so. 600 101. [2] other meanings: leb leb mor byed pa. Btsan-lha. bstan pa. Dbus-pa no. 035 [teaching is hell?].

•DMYIG mig. Btsan-lha.

•DMYIG RTUL BA mig rnon po med pa'am mig mi gsal ba. Btsan-lha.

•DMYIG ZI ZI PO mig rab rib. Btsan-lha.

•DMYIG LI GONG LDONG PO mig ril la skyon yod pa. Btsan-lha.

•DMYIGS PA dmigs pa'am bsam yul. Btsan-lha.

•DMYIGS PHYE dbye ba phye ba. Btsan-lha.

•DMYUGS PA phyir bton pa. Btsan-lha.

•DMYE gnyen tshan nang gsod byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•RM- In other Tibeto-Burman initial rm- may appear in the form of initial mr-. See W. South Coblin, An Early Tibetan Word for 'Horse,' JAOS 94 (1974) 124-5. Hence, Tib. rmang may have been preceded by a form mrang.

•RMA [1] name of a country. yul ming. Dpe-chos 517. [2] dri ba dang rtsad gcod pa. bshad pa. nyams pa'am skyon. rus ming zhig. Btsan-lha. [3] wound, and possibly scar. On wounds resulting from weapons (mtshon rma), see SRZT 126. Bhattacharya, LW 355, no. 48 suggests it is a loan from Skt. īrma.

•RMA KHA KHOG KHOG PO rma shun chags pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMA GA CHAD yang dag pa. phal po che'am snyan gyi gong rgyan. rmag chad. Btsan-lha. yang dag pa. Dbus-pa no. 060. = yang dag. Lcang-skya. Schaik, Prayer 205, where it is one of the names of the Avatamsaka.

•RMA 'DANG Also spelled rman dang. I'm inclined to think this means showers of stones from avalanches. See rman 'dang. rman dang sa las g.yos. Bellezza, L&T 75 (the footnotes gives several references). See Bellezza, D&B 70 ('conflagrations').

•RMA NAS SHU BA 'THOG PA rma'i steng gi shu thor 'thog pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMA PHABS sma 'bebs sam ngan smras byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMA PHYUNG gnod pa'am sdug bsngal ba. Btsan-lha.

•RMA BA dri ba. Btsan-lha.

•RMA BYA Beyer, CT Lang. 145, takes it to be part borrowing from Skt. = mdong mtha' can (having a face-tail), gtsug phud can, lag 'gro za, dug zan. JD 223. SS 499.3. LW 464. Clifford, list. I think it's also possible the rma is just a Tibeto-Burman root meaning 'tail' (article by Kamal P. Malla). Sylvain Lévi, Autour du Bāveru-Jātaka, contained in: Mémorial Sylvain Lévi, Motilal Banarsidass (Delhi 1996), p. 291. For its typical ability to eat poison & thereby make its feathers more colorful, see 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 269.1. Zwilling & Sweet have argued that the idea of the peacock becoming more beautiful by eating poison is unknown in India. However, it appears in the story of Gser du snang ba, the Peacock King in the Śrīgupta Sūtra. "Peacocks' well-being lies in the forest of poisonous trees." Jinpa, Mind Training 34. For a peacock that comes out of a painting to eat jewels, see Hahn, TSD 17. Nowadays the peacock feather is used by hypnotists in India as part of their method of trance induction (stare into the eye of the peacock... you are getting sleepy!), according to Lee Siegel, and there seems to be historical background for this practice.

•RMA BYA'I MGRIN 'DRA See sā na. Rin 26, with photo.

•RMA BYA'I 'GROS Skt. mayūrasāriṇī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 37.

•RMA BYA'I MDONGS Karmay, Arrow 348, where it is name for a plant.

•RMA BYA'I MDONGS BDUN a medicinal preparation. BP 279.4.

•RMA BYA MYOS drunken peacock. Skt. mattamayūra. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 38.

•RMA DBAB PA ngo dma' ru gtong ba'i sma 'bebs. Btsan-lha.

•RMA 'BYIN PA bsam ngan sbyor rtsub kyis gzhan la gnod 'tshe gtong ba. Btsan-lha.

•RMA 'BRAS SRZT 107.

•RMA MED PA skyon med par 'thus tshang byung ba. Btsan-lha.

•RMA SHING wound tree. Skt. pattaṅga. Red sanders, a sort of wood for dyeing red; Caesalpinaia sappan. Mvy. no. 5918. This is perhaps the 'rosewood' (dragon blood tree) of Edward Schafer, Rosewood, Dragon's Blood, and Lac, JAOS 77 no 2 (Apr 1957) 129-136.

•RMA GSUM Some vinaya writers prefer to speak of the 'three wounds, rather than the 'three paths,' lam gsum, q.v.

•RMAG CHAD OT = yang dag pa. = phal po che. = snyan gyi gong rgyan. Blaṅ 286.1. Btsan-lha.

•RMANG [1] Rare OT for rta, 'horse.' This accords closely with the general Tibeto-Burman evidence, unlike the usual C.T. word rta. Note ZZ hrang. Beyer, CT Lang. 7. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 222. W. South Coblin, An Early Tibetan Word for 'Horse,' JAOS 94 (1974) 124-5. Hill, Review 181. [2] 'gram. rtsa ba. 'og gzhi. Tan, Theses 153 n. 15

•RMANG BDUD demon of infertility. Langelaar, Chasing 22.

•RMANG PA rkyang pa'am gcig pu. Btsan-lha.

•RMANG PO being without children. Norbu, Drung 103. bu med pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMANG PHRAG am phrag gam rum. Btsan-lha.

•RMANG BA "Refers to someone who is childless or to a woman who has difficulty bearing children." Distinguished from 'phan pa (one with prolific progeny). Norbu, Drung 243, n. 19. gcig pu'm rkyang pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMANG MED PA nor ba med pa'am dri ma med pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMANG GZER (hon.) pinchers (for nose hair).

•RMANG ROGS horse attendant. W. South Coblin, An Early Tibetan Word for 'Horse,' JAOS 94 (1974) 124-5.

•RMANG LAM OT = rmi lam. Blaṅ 294.5. Btsan-lha. It may help explain the first syllable if we see that Byangsi has a word mang meaning 'dream.'

•RMANGS There is one instance at least where this spelling is used while intending dmangs, with the meaning of the 'masses, crowds' of people (or it could be the more archaic spelling). Lde'u 238.

•RMANGS KYIS RME BA dmangs kyis smras pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMANGS PA shes pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMANGS MA dmangs ma'am mi dmangs. Btsan-lha.

•RMANGS TSHER sna spu 'thog spyad. Btsan-lha.

•RMAD GOS dge slong gi gos bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•RMAD CHAD snyan gyi gong rgyan dang yang dag phal cher. Btsan-lha. The Dergé Kanjur has this word in its version of the title of the Gaṇḍavyūha.

•RMAD 'JAL a fine for fornication. Sources.

•RMAD BTANG Namdak.

•RMAD 'DOR skyo glu len pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMAD PA dris pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMAD BYUNG marvel, amazement. Skt. adbhuta. See nyams brgyad.

•RMAD 'OG dge slong gi gos bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•RMAD SHAM 'dul ba'i na bza' sham thabs. Btsan-lha.

•RMAN 'DANG Stein in McKay, History of Tibet I 558. See rma 'dang.

•RMAN MA CAN ri dwags rman ma can ni ri dwags mtshon gyis rmas pa'i rma can zer ba. Dpe-chos 511. See under sman ma.

•RMAN RMEN rman rmen la dung nge nor bsag gsog la yid dung nge zhes pa yin snyan. Dpe-chos 507. Btsan-lha.

•RMAN ZAN sman rin . Btsan-lha.

•RMAM ham spu. Btsan-lha.

•RMAS dri ba. smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•RMAS PA OT = dris pa. = nyams pa. Blaṅ 287.1, 293.4. Btsan-lha. = nyams pa. = dris pa. Lcang-skya.

•RMI LTAS BCU See khri khri'i rmi ltas bcu.

•RMI LAM dream. I wonder if it may have to do with Mesopotamian mythology and the Sumerian word melam or melammu. In any case it seems sure that rmi lam is probably a genuine bisyllabic, and has no internally Tibetan etymology ('path of rmi'?).

•RMIG GCIG MA Animals that, unlike horses, have no divided hoof. Yisun.

•RMIG SNA CAN sna brdzes can. Btsan-lha.

•RMIG PA = bye stag. YTTM 293.12. rmigs pa. SS 503.6.

•RMIG MA MKHAN bye sbrul gsod mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•RMIG BZHI rta drel gyi rmig pa. Nomads 246.

•RMIGS BU = bye chug, bye ma myu gu, g.yang nga yang chung. JD 251.

•RMING GZHI rmang gzhi. Btsan-lha.

•RMU gnam. Btsan-lha.

•RMU SKAS Sources.

•RMU THAG gnam gyi dpyang thag. Btsan-lha.

•RMUG PA bite, sting.

•RMUG RTSI n. of a deep red substance extracted from a root called cho lo used for coloring gtor ma. Havnevik, Dissertation 319.

•RMUGS GAB Vernebelung, Verfinsterung. Kaschewsky2.

•RMUGS PA bying ba'am gti mug gi char gtogs pa'i sems las su mi rung ba. khyi sogs kyis so 'debs pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMUN PO OT = blun po. Blaṅ 296.3. Btsan-lha.

•RMUN BU See nad ma. See bhi sha grom.

•RMUR BA sos bcag nas bldad pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMUS sun pa'am yi chad pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMUS 'GROS 'khyog 'gro. Btsan-lha.

•RMUS CHUNG BA mi mthong ba'am mun par 'gyur ba. Btsan-lha.

•RMUS PA mun pa dang sun pa dang skyo ba dang yi chad pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•RMUS BYUNG BA yid sun pa'am yi chad pa. Btsan-lha.

•RME btsog pa. Btsan-lha.

•RME 'KHRUG dme 'khrug dang 'dra ste rus gcig pa rnams phan tshun 'khrug pa la zer. Gser Sbram 23.

•RME NGAN ltas ngan. Btsan-lha.

•RME BA OT = smra ba. Blaṅ 296.3. Dbus-pa no. 463. May occur as a spelling for dme ba or sme ba. zad dka' ba. smra ba. btsog pa. Btsan-lha. = smra ba. Lcang-skya.

•RME'U nas kyi brda rnying. 'bras rdog sogs. Btsan-lha.

•RME MO JD 261. = nyan yus.

•RME'U TSHANG a clan. Btsan-lha.

•RME'U ZAN = nas kyi zan. rme'u is obsolete for nas ('barley'). BBNP 475. Btsan-lha.

•RME SHA CAN rigs ngan shan pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMEG NGAN ltas ngan. Btsan-lha.

•RMEG TU BTA' rmeg med du btang ba. Btsan-lha.

•RMEG BTA' brlag pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMEG MED OT = gtan med. Blaṅ 292.3. Dbus-pa no. 292 (gtan nga?). = gtan med. Lcang-skya. rmeg med par byas kyang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 280.2.

•RMENG rmang gzhi. Btsan-lha.

•RMENGS MED rtsa ba nas med pa'am gtan nas med pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMED [1] smad. Gces 583.4. [2] Crupper (tail part of horse harness), illus. in Yisun. This is in fact very close to the reconstructed Proto-TB forms *r-mey & k-r-mei, meaning 'tail' (abstract of article Kamal P. Malla, A Tale of the Tail). [3] smros. Gces 586.1. See under rmed pa.

•RMED NGAN ltas ngan. Btsan-lha.

•RMED DU OT = gsol du. Blaṅ 299.6. Dbus-pa no. 622. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•RMED DU' BSNAN thog tu bsnan pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMED PA [1] to ask a question, enquire (about health etc.). Used about the questioning of a high status person by a low status person, evidently (bka' rmed pa is the hon. form). Examples in Lde'u 187 ff. in the phrase snyun rmed (q.v.), 'enquiry about health.' OT = gsol ba. Blaṅ 292.4. Dbus-pa no. 295. Lcang-skya. dri ba'am smra ba. gsol ba. [2] to plow. rmo ba. Btsan-lha.

•RMED MED gtan med. Btsan-lha.

•RMEN NGAN OT = ltas ngan. Blaṅ 297.4. Dbus-pa no. 514. Lcang-skya.

•RMEN BU scrofulous swellings. Goldstein. Actually, I believe it just means 'gland.' See also gsher rmen. DD 441. DD illus. 31. lymphadenopathy. Yangga's dissert., pp. 108, 223.

•RMEN BU DKAR PO DD illus. 31.

•RMEN BU'I SBYOR BA LBA BA RGYUN GCOD a medicinal preparation, evidently against goiter. Prescriptions 72. Lag-len 48.5. TMC 35 (74). BP 363.6.

•RMEN BU SMUG PO DD illus. 31.

•RMEL BA bal sogs gsed pa dang 'khal ba. Btsan-lha. 'khal ba. Dbus-pa no. 240.

•RMES NGAN ltas ngan. Btsan-lha.

•RMOG PHOR rmog zhwa. Btsan-lha.

•RMOG RIL A MCHOG CAN Hat illus. in Yisun.

•RMONG RTUL blun po. Btsan-lha.

•RMONG SPU pubic hair. DD illus. 5, 22.

•RMONG BU 'jab rtse. 'doms kyi spu. Btsan-lha. tweezers. pelvic hair.

•RMONGS RGAN See Yisun.

•RMONGS BRTUL blun po. Btsan-lha.

•RMONGS TSHE cat. Skorupski TA.

•RMOD PA Namdak.

•RMON DOR See under rmos dor.

•RMON PA plow oxen. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 122, tells origins of plowing.

•RMON MDZO'I RWA RGYAN Horn decorations for the mdzo used for plowing. Illus. in Yisun.

•RMON LAM smon lam. Btsan-lha.

•RMOS DOR rmon dor te rmon glang lta bu sogs cha sbrel byed pa la zer. Gser Sbram 92.

•RMOS PA smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•RMYA BA OT = nyams pa. Blaṅ 305.3. Lcang-skya. khams nyog pa'am dran pa nyams pa dang thang chad pa sogs. Btsan-lha.

•RMYANG BYED sgeg chos. Btsan-lha.

•RMYI mi yi brda rnying. Btsan-lha.

•RMYI LAM rmi lam. Btsan-lha.

•RMYIG RJES rmig rjes. Btsan-lha.

•RMYIG PA rmig pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMYE BA zhan pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMYO nyams pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMRAS PA smras pa. Btsan-lha.

•RMHA ZZ = ma mchu. 'lower lip' Bru II 290.

•SMA mi gtsang ba. dma' ba. Btsan-lha.

•SMA PHAB sma 'bebs byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMA PHRAG am ba. Gces 586.4. am phrag. am pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMA SME btsog pa. btsog grib. Btsan-lha.

•SMA RA May be a 'hidden' (naturalized) borrowing from Skt. śmaśru, 'beard, moustache, the hairs of the beard' (Lithuanian smakrà). Monier-Williams. Spelled smang ra; Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 167.

•SMA SHA NA 4 146v.3, 150r.5, 168v.4.

•SMAG [1] darkness. OT = mun pa. Blaṅ 294.1. Dbus-pa no. 362. Btsan-lha. [2] a medicinal substance. = ma ma mig, spal ba'i sgo nga. JD 118. SS 448.3. DG 199.5.

•SMAG CHAD ma rig pa'i mun pa med pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMAG TU mun nag nang du.

•SMAG SHAD See dmar shad. Mdo 331.

•SMANG MA taken as meaning snang me, 'lantern.' Tan, Theses 104.

•SMANG TSER sna spu 'thog spyad. nasal tweezers. Btsan-lha. See rmang tsher.

•SMAD LNGA Sinitic vocab. for yan lag lnga. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 163. Stein in McKay, History of Tibet I 565. Refers to full prostration (pañcamaṇḍala).

•SMAD CHAD ma smad pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMAD 'CHAL brla rlung nad kyis nyams pas 'gros 'chal ba. Btsan-lha.

•SMAD PA [1] Skt. nigharṣanīya (Pāli nissaya). In Vinaya, a formal act of condemning a saṅgha member. Mvy. 8643. [2] disgracing.

•SMAN (eher: dman). Frau, Mädchen. Kaschewsky2. dgra lha sman zhes pa'i sman ni mo'i ming la 'jug go. Dpe-chos 505. Occurs in a list of spirits that reside in the wilderness. Samdo A V 52v.4. phan pa. For sman living in a lake with klu, see Bellezza, Divine Dyads 98.

•SMAN SKYES YAG schönes Mädchen, Weib. Kaschewsky2.

•SMAN RGYAL See a ru ra.

•SMAN CHU also, rgya nag sman chu. A type of divination. Stein, Trente-trois 297-8.

•SMAN CHUNG small lady, girl. MTTP.

•SMAN CHEN See bong nag.

•SMAN MCHOG DRUG PA BT 32v.1.

•SMAN MCHOG TSANDA BCO BRGYAD Prescriptions 59. Lag-len 41.4.

•SMAN BTAGS PA OT = phan btags pa. Blaṅ 305.6. Btsan-lha.

•SMAN RTA See also under rta. lit., medicine horse.' The medicinal base with which the active ingredients are administered. Some common examples are beer, honey, sugar, molasses etc. Sometimes simply called 'horse' (rta). Mkhyen-rab/11 11 (no. 16). Text 8 et passim.

•SMAN THUR medicine spoon illus. in JD 284.

•SMAN DRUG THANG a medicinal preparation. BT 5r.1.

•SMAN NAG See pi pi ling. gunpowder? T&BS I 347 n. 163. BP 185.4 ff.

•SMAN NAG CHU SMAN a medicinal preparation. BP 163.5.

•SMAN NAG CHEN PO'I SBYOR BA a medicinal preparation. BT 30v.2. BP 181.6.

•SMAN NAG 'BRING PO a medicinal preparation. BP 341.3.

•SMAN PA phan pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMAN PHYE a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 124. Lag-len 105.3.

•SMAN GYI BU MO

•SMAN BYI DRANG SRONG See pha wang long bu.

•SMAN BLA BDE GSHEGS BRGYAD See bde gshegs brgyad.

•SMAN MA ri dags sman mas g.yeng ba spangs. Zhi-byed Coll. I 308.5. nags tshal khrod na ri dags sman ma gnas pa ltos. Zhi-byed Coll. I 314.1. See under ri dwags dman ma. ri dags sman ma bzhin du cig pur sdod. Zhi-byed Coll. V 278.6 (here also spelled dman ma).

•Jo mo SMAN MO (1248-1283) Togden 254 n. 126.

•SMAN RTSAB sman khu skyur po. Btsan-lha.

•SMAN RTSE a yellow silk cloth with printed floral pattern (damask?). Sources. Cüppers, Remarks, where it is spelled sman tse, and said to be some unspecified type of precious cloth.

•SMAN BZHI zhag bdun pa'i sman / ji srid 'tsho bcang gi sman / dus rung gi sman / thun tshod kyi sman no. 600 33-34.

•SMAN RING rgya nag sman ring. See (rgya) tsha.

•SMAN LE ? used in ritual. Zhi-byed Coll. V 215.4.

•SMAN SER RGYAL PO TMC 57 (127).

•SMAN SER CHEN MO stod lugs sman ser chen mo. Prescriptions 70. Lag-len 48.2. TMC 31 (64).

•SMAR gser dngul. zhang zhung smar. nor spus dag pa. bzang po. Btsan-lha.

•SMAR KHRID For dmar khrid?

•SMAR PO an item of currency or exchange. rin smar po mang pos nyos nas kyang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 290.2.

•SMAR ZHUS PA initial proofreader. Arch. of TB 126.

•SMAS PA nyams pa. rmas pa. zhe sdang. Btsan-lha. nyams pa. Dbus-pa no. 343. smras pa. Dbus-pa no. 313.

•SMAS PA LEN brnyas chos byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMIG RKANG also, smyig rkang. Skt. vaṃṣarocanā (bamboo pith, bamboo manna). Mvy. 5790.

•SMIG RGYU Skt. marīci. a gleaming speck, a mirage. Westerhoff, Twelve 56 ff.

•SMIG PA OT = 'khos ka kha cig tu rtsa ba. = lhag ma. = nyams. Blaṅ 305.1.

•SMIG MA smyug ma. Btsan-lha.

•SMIN DKYUS smin ma'i dkyus ring ba. Btsan-lha.

•SMIN DRUG Pleiades. Skt. kṛttikā. lus gser du btang nas skar ma smyin drug gi phyogs su skyal stong rdeb kyi 'dug gsung. Zhi-byed Coll. II 216.7. Roy Andrew Miller, Pleiades Perceived: MUL.MUL to Subaru, JAOS 108 no 1 (Jan 1988) 1-25. Zeisler in Anthony Aris volume translates, as 'six siblings,' and discusses the Pleiades. Yisun gives synonyms: karti ka, ma drug bu, mang po skyes.

•SMIN PA BRGYAD See Jinpa, Mind Training 322 (& note).

•SMIN PHRAG = smin dbus, = smin mtshams. BBNP 484. The space between the eyebrows, the brow.

•SMIN DBRAG DD illus. 1.

•SMIN MA eyebrow. Haarh, Yar-luṅ 208. Early vinayas disagree on whether the eyebrows ought to be shaved. See Rhoton, CD 64.

•SMIN MTSHAMS smin ma / smin phrag / mdzod spu dang smin dbrag.

•SMU a clan. Btsan-lha.

•SMU GU = smug pa. fog, mist. MTTP.

•SMU THAG gnam gyi thag pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMU TSHA SGA a clan. Btsan-lha. Also spelled dmu tsha sga.

•SMU LONG Spelling for dmus long. Zhi-byed Coll. II 74.1.

•SMUG CHUNG N. for 'drel. See Dagyab.

•SMUG CHUNG MDEN YON = (?) pa yag. JD 205. smug chung mdan yon in SS 460.2.

•SMUG STAG = (?) bse smug, (?) gu pu. JD 234.

•SMUG NAG PADMA RĀ GA purple ruby. Also called puṣhpe rakta. Rin 17.

•SMUG PA'I BU MO 'daughter of the fog,' recorded as a name for the snail (Lonely Planet Phrasebook).

•SMUG PO [1] dark maroon, dark brown. Jackson. [2] In medicine, means catarrh. TM IV 59, 113. Text 10, 11, 13, 15, 51, 53, 66, 82. Lag-len 257.5. [3] gastrointestinal disease. ATPP 48.

•SMUG PO KHRAG RKYEN SRZT 22.

•SMUG PO GRANG RKYEN SRZT 23.

•SMUG PO CHIG THUB Goethitum. = smug po mdung rtse, mdung rtse smug po, lig bu mig, sau ti dze na, si sarbhe ra. Rin 87.

•SMUG PO'I GNYEN PO BDUN SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BP 143.3.

•SMUG PO'I BU See (rdo) dreg.

•SMUG PO SBAL RGYAB lit., dark frog/turtle back. Hematite. Rin 83-84 (male and female varieties, pho sbal with crystalline formations and mo sbal without them). See under sbal rgyab.

•SMUG PO G.YUL RGYAL a medicinal preparation. = smug po g.yul las rnam rgyal. Prescriptions 13. Lag-len 14.1. TMC 23 (43). BP 137.4.

•SMUG TSHA a clan. Btsan-lha.

•SMUGS MAR SHUN MKHREGS See smyug tshi.

•SMUN PO blun po. Dbus-pa no. 464. = blun po. Lcang-skya.

•SME sdug bsngal. btsog pa. Btsan-lha. Noble Mountaineer 268.

•SME GAB gsang gnas 'gebs pa'i gos. Btsan-lha.

•SME SNGAGS sdug bsngal ba'i tshig. Btsan-lha.

SME BA With OT spelling smye ba, translated as 'freckles.' Simioli, AG 43.

•SME BAR BYAS PA btsog par byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•SME RTSOG btsog pa. Btsan-lha.

•SME'U ZAN See under sne zan.

•SME SHA grwa ser dang bud med kyis bsad pa'i sha. pha ma bu gsum gcig sha gcig gis za ba. Btsan-lha.

•SME SHA CAN rigs ngan bshan pa. sdig pa rwa tsa [scorpion]. Btsan-lha. Seems to mean 'one with tainted flesh' (or one having tainted meat? it corresponds to Skt. śvapāka, 'dog cooker'). Roesler in Facets 166.

•SMEG PA nyams dang 'khos ka. skabs 'gar rtsa ba'am lhag ma la'ang 'jug par snang ste. Btsan-lha.

•SMENG TSHIG gsang tshig. smra ba tsam. Btsan-lha.

•SMED PA 'dri ba. Btsan-lha. Compare rmed.

•SMEN sdug bsngal gyi tshig. Btsan-lha.

•SME'U ZAN nas kyi zan. Btsan-lha.

•SMER ? mde can tsho chos 'dod pa'i phyir smer tir rgun cig bzhugs dang. Zhi-byed Coll. III 309.5.

•SMER BA mda' gzhu smer nas; Pfeil und Bogen zum Schuss anlegen. Kaschewsky 84.

•SMEL BA 'phel ba. Btsan-lha.

•SMOG nyams dang 'khos ka. Btsan-lha.

•SMONGS 'doms kyi spu. Btsan-lha.

•SMON a clan. Btsan-lha.

•SMON KHRAG sna khrag. Btsan-lha.

•SMON DOR rmom pa rgyag byed mdzo sogs cha sbrel ba. Btsan-lha.

•SMON 'DRIN OT = grogs po. Blaṅ 301.3. Dbus-pa no. 678. See also smron 'dren. 'dris che ba'i grogs po. Btsan-lha.

•SMON NAS MKHYEN PA knowledge by resolve. Pabongka, Liberation II 302.

•SMON NE smon pa'am smon lam. Btsan-lha. This form seems to be quite rare, but it may be a misspelling of smon gnas, q.v.

•SMON GNAS Skt. pranidhi. Mvy. no. 1126 has translation 'place of prayer', which is entirely possible, but pranidhi may also refer to a 'closed deposit' (its content not known to the receiver of the deposit).

•SMON LAM Bellezza, D&B 35-36.

•SMON LAM LNGA dge ldan pa'i smon lam lnga ni / bzang spyod / byams smon / thogs mtha' bar / bde smon / spyod 'jug smon lam rnams so // 'ga' zhig phyi ma dor nas de'i tshab tu gsang 'dus smon lam bgrang ngo. 600 66.

•SMOS "ladies" as in pho smos (q.v.).

•SMOS CI DGOS it goes without saying.

•SMOS 'DRIN a close friend, one with which you are quite familiar. 'dris che ba'i grogs po. Btsan-lha. = grogs po. Lcang-skya. Hahn, IE 135, with the spelling smos 'dris attested.

•SMYA GA See dmar shad.

•SMYA BA nyams pa'am gdungs pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMYA SE SMYO SE crazily. Soundings 26.

•SMYAG See rin chen smyag.

•SMYAG BCAR thang chad pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMYAG SHAD sman shing bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•SMYAG SHAD See dmar shad.

•SMYAGS BCAD DE BROS PA thang chad chad bar du bros pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMYANG BA to stretch out. OT = brkyang ba. Blaṅ 285.6. Dbus-pa no. 047. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha.

•SMYAN bu dang bu mo'i bar gnyen sgrig gi gros byed pa. Btsan-lha. In more recent times, smyan byed mkhan might mean a pimp, and not just a go-between.

•SMYAN KA trouble. OT = gnyen ka. Blaṅ 291.6. Lcang-skya. gnyen ka'am gnyen sgrig. Btsan-lha. smyan / gnyen kha. Dbus-pa no. 273.

•SMYAN KA BYED PA bag ma gtong len gyi thabs byed pa. bu dang bu mo'i kha lo byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMYAN BYED PA bu dang bu mo'i bar gyi phrin byed pa. Btsan-lha. Skt. sañcaritra. Mvy. no. 8373.

•SMYI GU See smyig. smyu gu'am yi ge 'bri byed. smyug chung ngam smyug phran. Btsan-lha. For Skt. equiv. kalama, see JoBS IV (2006)n 68.

•SMYIG an old spelling for smyug, 'bamboo,' or perhaps a word for very small bamboo. smyig tshul in Dgongs-gcig (1990) 143.1. For a metaphor for the fruit of the bamboo: Flick, Carrying Enemies 78.

•SMYIG MA smyug ma. Btsan-lha. See chu gang.

•SMYIGS MA MKHAN ma rabs. Btsan-lha.

•SMYIN PA smin pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMYIN MA smin ma. Btsan-lha.

•SMYU GU pen. Some bamboo pens and cases illus. in Precious Deposits V 27-31. BLKC I 251 ff.

•SMYU GU KHA lit., quill-headed. sbubs thur myu gu kha, a medical instrument pictured in JD 277 (item 2).

•SMYU GU CAN bare or naked (rjen pa'am gcer bu). Btsan-lha.

•SMYUG KROG pencase. It might be used as a handy weapon. Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964) 134.

•SMYUG GRI mgo rma'i smyug gi brang can. JD 276 (item 6).

•SMYUG SNGON Timber bamboo. Phyllostachys bambsoides. TDD 130.

•SMYUG MCHU BLKC I 38.

•SMYUG DONG the hollow of the bamboo. gsang sngags kyi lam 'di sbrul smyug dong du bcug pa dang 'dra. NTSP section NGA 153.6.

•SMYUG NAS OT = bcug nas. Blaṅ 298.1. Dbus-pa no. 544.

•SMYUG MA SS 514.1. = smyug. DG 242.4.

•SMYUG RTSA bamboo shoot. CTEV 24.

•SMYUG RTSI NYER LNGA BP 254.6.

•SMYUG RTSI DRUG THANG BP 254.6.

•SMYUG TSHI = smyug rtsi, smyugs mar shun mkhregs, tshigs mang, sa bon gyis 'chi, spubs ldan. JD 125.

•SMYUGS NAS bcug nas. Btsan-lha.

•SMYUGS PA OT = bcug pa. Blaṅ 306.3. Lcang-skya.

•SMYUNG NAS = bcug nas. Lcang-skya.

•SMYUNG GNAS Fasting rite. Not sure what the Sanskrit should be, either upavāsa or upoṣadha (?).

•SMYUNG BA ring po'am dbyibs 'jong mo. ltogs pa dang skom pa dang zas bcad pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMYUN MA btsun pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMYUR TE quickly. OT = myur du. Blaṅ 296.1. = myur du. Lcang-skya. Btsan-lha. Hahn in Archiv Orientalni LXXXI (2003) 526. earnestly. bsnyur te is an alternative spelling. Hahn, TSD 51.

•SMYE GAB bud med kyi gsang gnas 'gebs byed kyi gos. Btsan-lha.

•SMYE BA weak, debilitated. OT = zhan pa. Blaṅ 297.5. Dbus-pa no. 529. Lcang-skya. nyams pa'am zhan pa. sme ba. Btsan-lha.

•SMYE BO gnye bo'am pho nya. Btsan-lha.

•SMYENG mi mngon par gtam bshad pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMYENG TSHIG gsang tshig. Btsan-lha.

•SMYEN bu dang bu mo'i kha lo byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMYO NAD SRZT 125.

•SMYO 'BOG SMRA BA smyo gtam bshad pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMYO 'BOG LANG klad nad kyi rkyen gyis smyos te brgyal ba'am 'gyel ba. Btsan-lha.

•SMYON CHU ka ma ru na smyon chu yod pa de ru sus kyang 'thung par myi nus la. Zhi-byed Coll. I 431.1.

•SMYON PA See discussion in Epstein, Dissertation 143. mngon sum la smyon par byed pa yin; 'it is made to defy (fly in the face of) the evidence of direct experience.'

•SMYOS PA myos pa'am bzi ba. crazed or intoxicated. Btsan-lha.

•SMRA mi'am ci. Btsan-lha.

•SMRA KHAM GANG CHE smra ba'i snying stobs gang che. Btsan-lha.

•SMRA MCHU kha mchu. Btsan-lha.

•SMRA 'DON someone conversant in the Vedas. In Skt., śrotriya.

•SMRA BA See Beyer, CT Lang 86. Sometimes this has more specialized meaning of 'reciting'.

•SMRA BA BRGYA zhal brgya ba'am rdzun du smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•SMRA ZHAL Tan, Theses 105. Bellezza, D&B 26.

•SMRA ZHI HRANGS zhang skad de / rta zhes pa'i don. 506A 338.

•SMRAG mun nag. Btsan-lha.

•SMRANG ritual narrative. TS6 130. rig byed dam ngag. Btsan-lha. Perhaps the modern academic use of Latin historiola would work well for it; see Brian Sowers, “Historiolae: Narrative Charms in Magical Texts and Literature in Late Antiquity,” History of Religions (2017). Discussed in Karmay, Arrow 246. lung. Dbus-pa no. 361. Tan, Theses 92. Discussion in Sam van Schaik & Kazushi Iwao, Fragments of the Testament of Ba from Dunhuang, JAOS 128 no 3 (2008) 477-487, at p. 483. Discussion in Bellezza, L&T 68.

•SMRANG BRJOD byung khung dang lo rgyus bshad pa. Namdak.

•SMRANG DAR Tan, Theses 115 n. 7. a story cloth, "cloth with a narrative of origin." Bialek, SM 395.

•SMRANG 'DON lung 'don pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMRANG BA smra ba'am gsang ba. Btsan-lha.

•SMRANG SBYOR BA smra dang gsang tshig gi sbyor ba. Btsan-lha.

•SMRANG TSHIG gsang tshig dang smra ba. Btsan-lha. gsang tshig. Dbus-pa no. 094.

•SMRANG RA sma ra. Btsan-lha.

•SMRAL Hoernle, Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature found in Eastern Turkestan, p. 403.

•SMRIG OT = gos tshos ma. Blaṅ 305.2. Btsan-lha.

•SMRIG RGYU smig rgyu. Btsan-lha.

•SMRIGS BU nya'i rigs shig. Btsan-lha. See Bellezza, D&B 95.

•SMRE sdug bsngal. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•SMRE NGAG sdug bsngal ba'i tshig. Btsan-lha.

•SMRE SNGAGS OT = smre ba, q.v. ngan smra'i tshig. Btsan-lha.

•SMRE MCHU ngan par smra ba'i kha mchu lta bu Gser Sbram 92.

•SMRE BDUN Big Dipper. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 197. Of course sme bdun is the best attested spelling.

•SMRE BA (OR, smre sngags) OT = ngan par smra ba. Blaṅ 287.1. = ngan par smra ba. Lcang-skya. ngan par smra ba. zhan pa. skyon brjod pa. mi mngon pa. Btsan-lha.

•SMRE TSHIG gsang tshig. Btsan-lha.

•SMRE ZHES PA (?) OT = sdug bsngal. Blaṅ 305.3.

•SMRENG mi mngon par smra ba. Btsan-lha.

•SMRENG BA OT = smra ba. Blaṅ 287.1. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•SMRENG TSHIG OT = gsang tshig. = smra ba tsam. Blaṅ 286.6. gsang ba'i tshig dang gtam bshad pa. Btsan-lha. = gsang tshig. Lcang-skya.

•SMROG PA nyams sad 'khos ka'am rtsa ba dang lhag ma sogs. Btsan-lha.

•SMRON 'DREN grogs. (see smon 'drin). Blaṅ 516.2.

•SMROS See smra ba.


*TSA*

•TSA This may be a simple translation/transcription of Skt. ca, 'and,' as asserted in Dge-'dun-chos-'phel-gyi Gsung-rtsom (1990) I 264: dang gi tshab tu tsa sogs rgya yig nyams chag mang po bsres nas bris so.

•TSWA dud 'gro'i kha zas rtswa. a clan. Btsan-lha.

•TSA KA LI a miniature flash-card picture, often employed in rituals as substitution for ritual necessities. They are often inscribed on the back and/or numbered to facilitate their ritual usage. For a tsa ka li of the Mahābodhi Temple of Bodhgaya, given by Pha-dam-pa to Gtsang-pa Rin-po-che, see BA 294. Rock, Nāga Cult I 63. sku tsha ka li la bzung ba. Zhi-byed Coll. III 77.3. The spelling tsag li also occurs, and although it seems sure that it derives from an Indic word, that word has not yet been identified.

•TSA KO RA partridge. Skt. cakora. Das. skabs 'ga' rer ri dwags la 'jug pa yod kyang skabs 'dir ni 'ug pa [in some cases it's used for a wild game animal, but in this case it means owl]. Rtse-le VIII 422. bya gong mo dang sreg pa. Also spelled tsa go ra, which may refer to the khu byug. Btsan-lha. See Dagyab. May be spelled tsa ku ra. See Hobson-Jobson under chickore (in Macdonald dictionary, the Skt. is cakra or cakora; it is a kind of partridge, said to feed on moonbeams, hence in poetry this 'partridge' is the eye that gazes on a face of moonlike beauty, 'drinking' it its rays; its eye is said to turn red at the sight of poisoned food).

•TSA DKAR An OT spelling for cakra, noted in Dge-'dun-chos-'phel-gyi Gsung-rtsom (1990) I 263.

•TSA TA RA KP1 199.3. = srub ma. KP3 317.7. Spelled tsa tra ra in KP4 513.3.

•TSA DAR shawl. LW 478.

•TSA NA a postposition forming expressions of time. byis pa tsa na ni byis pa'i dus na. (regionalism) BBNP 466. skabs su'am tshe na. Btsan-lha.

•TSA NA KA chickpea. Das.

•TSA PA LA See pi pi ling.

•TSA BA Weird spelling for rtsa ba? tsa ba phrin [zin?] pa'i rang nyams. tsa ba dang 'grogs pa'i nyams len. Zhi-byed Coll. III 74.1, 74.7.

•TSA BYĀ See dbyi mong. See spyi mong.

•TSA MO nya. Btsan-lha. This may actually be ZZ.

•TSA MED ZZ = bu mo. Bru II 290.5.

•TSA RA retribution, reprisal. See Sources.

•TSA RA KHUNG the hollow at the bottom of the throat (between the two collar bones, at the place where they meet). Yisun. It ought to be identified as the sternal notch.

•TSA RU A ritual item. See Tucci, Tibetan Folk Songs, fig. 6. 'khris su'am gong du. Btsan-lha. lamb skin. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 50.

•TSA RU'I BZA' BA zhal zas. rab gnas cho ga'i skabs kyi za ba zhig. Btsan-lha.

•TSA RE TSI RE dbyangs tsa re tsi re len na yang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum IV 481.3.

•TSA LAG The name for the small flag that may be added to the letter ca (or cha or ja) in order to form the letter tsa (or tsha or dza). It is also spelled tsa lhag, and may be also called rtsa rtags. In some old writings it may be found on the wa, zha, za and 'a as well. According to Dorji Wangchuk, Dge-'dun-chos-'phel explains the letter wa as a combination of ba, 'a and this hook.

•TSA LUM MA orange. Dhongthog.

•TSA SHA Jim Valby's dictionary says this is the name of the Indian jay, Coracias indica. This seems to be lacking in other dictionaries. I've noticed an example of usage in the Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra (Derge) 87.2: bya tsa sha dang / ri dags dag gis kyang byang chub sems dpa' la skor ba byed do.

•TSA LHAG See tsa lag.

•TSAG TSAG Samdo A I 79v.3; V 208v.5. Probably means a sort of crackling or popping sound (like a match, or tsag sgra, when it is lit).

•TSAG PA snying rje sha tsag pa ni snying rje sha la na zug langs pa lta bu'o. Dpe-chos 513.

•TSAG TSAG pricking. T&BS I 208-9.

•TSAG YUG RNAM See gser.

•TSANG SHU phab med pa'i 'bras khu. Btsan-lha. T&BS I 209.

•TSANGS KYIS 'ONG BA rang dbang med par 'ong ba. Btsan-lha.

•TSAT TA KA See (snying) zho sha.

•TSAṆḌA See lca ba.

•TSANDA DGU BP 172.6.

•TSANDA BRGYAD PA Prescriptions 98. Lag-len 71.4. RR 76. TMC 38 (81) BT 19r.4. BP 172.5.

•TSANDA BCU a medicinal preparation. BP 172.3.

•TSANDA BCO BRGYAD sman mchog tsanda bco brgyad. a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 59. Lag-len 41.4. TMC 24 (45). BP 124.2, 204.3, 259.3, 316.6. BT 18r.1.

•TSAN DAN ma la ya'i tsan dan ni / tsan dan spyi'i ming dang / go shirsha dang / ba lang mgo dang / ha ri tsan dan dang / tsan dan sa mchog rnams tsan dan dkar po'i ming du mngon brjod mkhas pa'i rna rgyan du bshad. Eimer, Dbyangs 55. SS 404.2. Varieties: dkar po, dmar po. LW 470. Clifford, list. = gan dha sā ra, dri'i snying po, ma la ya dza, ma la yar skyes, bha dra shrī, dpal bzang po, pa ti kaṃ, gos can. DG 221.2. There is a negative symbolism, in which there are snakes at its roots, and other potentially harmful creatures in every other part of the sandalwood tree... Hahn, TSD 55.

•TSAN DAN DKAR PO JD 110. = til dmar 'dab can, shing bcud, tai la parṇi ka, shrī khaṇḍa, dpal gyi dum bu, pi ṣṭa sau ra bhaṃ, dri zhim rtags, pī ta sā ra, snying po ser po, sa mchog, ha ri tsan dan, sa 'dan ha sar, go shir ṣa. DG 221.2. BLKC I 117.

•TSAN DAN BCO LNGA a medicinal preparation. BP 214.3.

•TSAN DAN DMAR PO JD 110. = 'dab ma'i lus can, rakta tsan dan, pa tang ga, ranytsa naṃ, 'tsho byed, ku tsan dan. DG 226.1.

•TSAN DAN SA MCHOG tsan dan dkar po. Btsan-lha.

•TSAN DAN SER PO See a ka ru.

•TSAN DRA KAN TI See chu shel.

•TSANDRA RE KHA See so ma ra dza.

•TSAN NE yongs rdzogs sam thams cad. Btsan-lha.

•TSAB KROL CAN ngan pa'am ma rung pa. Btsan-lha.

•TSAB TA TSOB TA brtag dpyad ma byas par 'tshab 'tshub ngang bya ba grub pa.

•TSAB TSUB Samdo A III 231v.1-2; V 118v.4, 119r.5. in a hurry and not being careful. Das. See tshab tshub. Zhi-byed Coll. II 434.2. bslab gsum gces pa'i tsab tsub kyis // rang byung gshis las ma g.yos sam. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 281.4.

•TSAB RU a kind of rhinoceros (bse ru). Zhi-byed Coll. I 441.6.

•TSAB LING NGE stabs shog can. Gces 587.1. rtab shor ba'am brel tshub langs pa. Btsan-lha.

•TSAB HRAL tsab tsub bam stabs myur. Gces 584.2. chags pas kun nas bslangs te ca co 'don pa. tsab tsub bam stabs myur. Btsan-lha.

•TSABS RU TSHWA a type of mineral salt. =so warṇa, rgyu tsa ka, rtsab ru tshwa. Rin 164.

•TSAM DU This is an adverbial, which may be translated 'almost, practically, virtually, nearly.' For more adverbial usages of tsam, see C&LT 173.

•TSAM PA KA Skt. campaka (Michelia campaka). JD 173. = gra thog pa. YTTM 291.26. DG 215.4. Oroxylum indicum. TDD 122 (with a great photo of the living plant). Magnolia campaca. Roberts, King.

•TSAM 'BE'U a word similar to ber zlam (?). BBNP 480. ber zla gam lta bu zhig. Btsan-lha.

•TSAM TSUM Samdo A III 191r.6.

•TSAM TSOM tsham tshom mam the tshom. Btsan-lha.

•TSAM SE = phyam tshe. "'half-moon' shaped overcoat." Kuijp (1986) 38.

•TSAMS KYIS ga le 'jog. Gces 588.5. Btsan-lha.

•TSAR GYIS Samdo A IV 11v.6.

•TSI'U See pri yang ku.

•TSI KITSA BIDYĀ Skt. cikitsavidyā. = gso ba rig pa, gso rig. KB 24.2.

•TSI GI A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 301.

•TSI TA seating cushion. 'og gdan. Dbus-pa no. 714.

•TSI TA DMAR PO Simioli, AG 56.

•TSI TI MO byi'u'i bye brag cig. Btsan-lha. dag yig gnyis la ci ko ra dang [62v5] tsi ti mo zhes 'dab chags kyi sder bshad pas tsi ti mo bye'u'i bye brag la 'jug. Dalai Lama VII, Yig.

•TSI TI DZWA LA Roberts, Rechungpa 108.

•TSI TRA KA JD 115. a tree. SS 425.5. = me stobs, sreg byed tsi ta, me lha. TM I 50. Clifford, list. KP3 559.2. KP4 559.2. = tru drug tres. YTTM 291.17. = ag na ba le, ba hni re, tsha ba, da ha na, pa tsa ka, mched pa, a na la, me 'dra, tsha dpal, dzhyo, glog, thang shing ngar pa. DG 231.4. Simioli, AG 62.

•TSI DIR Acc. to oral information from H.H., this word appears in Ge-sar epic as an acoustic term, 'screaming, howling.'

•TSI DRAG PO reg bya rtsub pa'i rdzas. Btsan-lha.

•TSI MA For a mandal set made of shing rtsi ma (lacquer?), see Po-ta-la (1996) 185.

•TSI MEN CUNG zimingzhong. chiming clock. Thuken 335.

•TSI TSA CHI See se yab.

•TSI TSI A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 301. See byi ba. See bya pho tsi tsi. Bhattacharya, LW 355, no. 49, suggests it is an Indic loan.

•TSI TSI DZWA LA 4 46v.1 See Namdak.

•TSI TSIS 'DZIN See gro ma. Note tsi tsi sa 'dzin, in Mdo 334.

•TSI TSI SA 'DZIN SS 511.1.

•TSI TSE = ci tse, ci tshe, tshi tshe. millet. LW 501-2. A sort of millet. Skt. aṇukala, anukala, aṇuphala. Mvy. nos. 5657, 5670 (Skt. kodrava, Paspalum scrobiculatum, kodo millet). Said to be a sort of millet. See Helen Johnson, Grains in Mediaeval India, JAOS 61 (1941) 169, where there is an entry for a grain named aṇava (aṇu?). It is said to be poisonous if grown under too damp conditions. It may be sorghum.

•TSI RI shin tu skyo skye 'gro ba la // tsi ri sgra 'don pa la bzhin // bdag dang bdag gi med pa dang // ming tsam 'ba' zhig kho na'o. Here tsi ri sgra 'don pa is translated as "raising as it were the cry of a cricket." A verse in Kambala's Ālokamālā (Lindtner's verse 238, where the spelling is rtsi ri sgra, corresponding to Skt. cīrīrāvam).

•TSIG GE BA = cung zad tsam. BBNP 466. Btsan-lha.

•TSIG TSIG byi ba tsig tsig zer na zhes pa ni / tsi gu'am byi ba tsig tsig ces skad byung na zhes pa. 367 II 128.6.

•TSIG MA tshigs ma. Btsan-lha.

•TSITTA Also, tsi ta. In some mysterious way this Sanskrit word citta, mind and 'thought' (in a more general or abstract sense) came to be in Tibetan, particularly in Dzogchen texts, a word for the corporeal heart, a meaning it apparently never had in Sanskrit. Zhangzhung evidently understood its loanword tsi ta to mean 'heart' (snying).

•TSITTA PHA LA KARHA sems bzang po bzung ba. Gces 582.2.

•TSID BU ra'i phru gu re'u lo gnyis ma. Btsan-lha.

•TSIN TA MA ṆI See yid bzhin nor bu.

•TSU TA Borrowed from Skt. cūta, 'mango tree.' Kapstein in Pollock, Forms 359. It can also be a place name.

•TSU TA MA ṆI = tsu ra ma ṇi. DG 85.6.

•TSU MO TI See tsher bzung.

•TSUG See ston pa tsug. Gces 582.5. 'di tsug ma byas ni 'di ltar ma byas. BBNP 465. 'dra ba. Btsan-lha. The Zhi-byed Coll. frequently has tsug where one would expect to see ci tsug.

•TSUG BYED ji ltar byed. Btsan-lha.

•TSUG TSUG making a clicking sound on the palate (when tasting something not good), or in order to 'tut tut' someone's bad deed. Lde'u 360 (but the real reading was probably cug cug). The Skt. ought to be cuccu (Mvy. 8577). Disapproving clicks.

•TSUG YIN gang yin nam ci yin. Btsan-lha.

•TSUN CAD tshun chad. Btsan-lha.

•TSUM ? something you have to do 5 times. Samdo A IV 171v.2.

•TSUM PA kiss. 'o byed. Dbus-pa no. 642. = 'o byed pa. Lcang-skya.

•TSUM PA NA 'o byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•TSE [1] peak, point. rtse mo. Gces 583.6. [2] basket (perhaps a loanword). Hill, Aspirated 475. [3] OT. time, generation. tshe. Hill, Aspirated 478.

•TSE GU Or, tshe bu. a small tube. Nathan Hill's article "Old Chinese *sm- and the Old Tibetan Word for 'Fire'," p. 68.

•TSE TE I believe it is here a weird spelling for Skt. caitya. sangs rgyas kyi tse te dang / gzugs la'ang phyag 'tshal du mi btub. Stog Palace Kanjur vol. 79, p. 371.5.

•TSE NE cog ge'i sdod stangs. thams cad. rtse mo.

•TSE BA sems 'dzin skor tse bar myi sgom. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 264.7.

•TSE TSE Also, tse tse ra (a synonym compound?). A word for goat. Stein's article on Zhang-zhung, at p. 248.

•TSE RE skad tser tser. Btsan-lha.

•TSE LU slob phrug gam dge tshul. Btsan-lha. disciple. A loan from Hindi celā (Skt. ceṭaka, Prakrit ceḍaa). Bhattacharya, LW 355, no. 50.

•TSE'U SI 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 190.3.

•TSEN GYIS entirely (?). Samdo A III 175v.6; V 10r.v; VI 256A.6. See btsen gyis. mma 'dzin par tsen gyis zhog cig ang. Zhi-byed Coll. III 71.3.

•TSEN NE [1] instantness. Thondup, BM 364. [2] still, quiet, upright. = tsog ge. BBNP 474. tsog ge. Btsan-lha. yang rig pa 'bru tshugs su tsen ne gzhag. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 266.7. [3] all. = thams cad. Lcang-skya.

•TSER TSER neighing [of horse]. Berounsky, Lapsed 217. Yisun defines it as a type of sound, like moaning [or groaning?] from pain. The crying of a newborn infant. RET XXXIX 129, with tr. on p. 102.

•TSER RE RE sgra'i bye brag glu skad snyan pa. Btsan-lha.

•TSO RJES ba glang sogs kyi grod pa'i nang gi rtswa'i snyigs ma. Btsan-lha. ser po tso rjes byi po la // glo gtad snying gzhan spang nas kyang. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 369.2.

•TSO NE thams cad. Dbus-pa no. 434.

•TSO TSA shing tog ku shu. Btsan-lha.

•TSO RA rkun ma'i ming. Dagyab. This seems to be derived from Indic word for 'thief.'

•TSO RIL 'date' (the fruit). Norbu in TH&L 384.

•TSOG PA variant reading for gcog pa. BBNP 478.

•TSOG PU crouching or squatting posture. Also spelled tsog mo. A special (not obligatory, but voluntarily taken) monastic vow. It evidently consists in sitting upright, even during sleep. Lo-ras-pa, Gsung-'bum I 43.2, 44.2.

•TSOG TSOG POR 'DUG a vow to sit constantly and never lie down. Blue Annals 674. Skt. utkuṭukāsana. Mvy. 6709.

•TSONG RIL onion. CTEV 26.

•TSOM GYIS SGOM PA = tshom med gang du'ang mi bzung bar sgom pa. BBNP 480. Btsan-lha.

•TSOM 'JOG sems la gang yang ngos bzung med par 'jog pa. Btsan-lha.

•TSOS As a form of the plural marker tshos, see Dpe-chos 505.

•GTSAG KHAB acupuncture needle. Goldstein.

•GTSAG MDANGS granular dry shading. Jackson.

•GTSAG PAR stencil, tracing. Jackson. Evidently source of the modern word for 'newspaper' (lithograph?). See Lo Bue in Skorupski, ed., Indo-Tibetan Studies (Tring 1990), p. 194.

•GTSAG BU also, btsag bu. khrag 'thon par byed pa'i lag cha. Karmay, Treasury. razor or lancet? thabs la mkhas pa'i sman pas / gser gyi gtsags bus ran par dras te / dman gyi thigs pas dmyig phye nas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 60.3.

•GTSAGS SKU See under gos sku.

•GTSAGS BU = gtsag bu. a class of medical implements that includes scalpels, lancets and razors. lancets. Goldstein. Various sorts pictured in JD 276.

•GTSANG shing phra sbom ran pa 'dom do ba sogs mang po bstar bsgrigs su bskor ba'i shing gi ra ba. a clan. Btsan-lha.

•GTSANG DKAR dag sel byed mkhan nam dkar 'don byed mkhan. Btsan-lha. Jurors. Dotson, D&L 10, 70.

•GTSANG KHANG shrine room. Sba 3.

•GTSANG RGYUN (poet.) river. MTTP.

•GTSANG CHAB RDE'U DG 135.4.

•GTSANG CHEN sngar btsan po'i rgyal rabs skabs kyi go gnas che gras shig. Btsan-lha. Dotson, Note 82. A class of commoners (ranked just below the aristocracy). Dotson, D&L 9, 70. Takata Tokio, A Note on the Lijiang Tibetan Inscription, Asia Major 19 nos 1-2 (2006) 161-170, at p. 165. Rank in the ministerial hierarchy just below ministerial aristocracy (zhang lon). Dotson, OTA glossary. Seventh and last of the official insignia of rank. Iwao Kazushi, Dbus mtha': Centre & Periphery in the Old Tibetan Empire, CAJ 61 no 1 (2018) 49-60 at pp. 51-52.

•GTSANG GDANG BA gsal zhing dwangs pa. Btsan-lha. gtong bzhi ba. Dbus-pa no. 468.

•GTSANG SPANG GTSANG MTHING a type of paint valued more highly than gold. BLKC I 157.

•GTSANG SPRA preserving purity, avoiding contamination (like brahmins). Skt. śuci.

•GTSANG SBRA CAN bram ze gtsang sbra can. Skt. śrotriya. Mvy. misspells Gtsang smra can. A brahmin sub-caste to which Pha dam pa belonged (here misspelled gtsang sgra can). Other subcastes are named as rgyan gyi dra ba can, ka ro sham ba, and sha rna can (perhaps split ears?). While the Tibetan name suggests bathing and careful hygiene, the Sanskrit emphasizes being learned and versed in the Vedas.

•GTSANG NAN btung ba. Dbus-pa no. 633.

•GTSANG BA BDUN RGYUD rje rin po che'i gdan sa 'dzin pa 'jam dbyangs gtsang ba bdun rgyud ni / rgyal tshab dar ma rin chen / mkhas grub dge legs dpal bzang / zhwa lu ba legs pa rgyal mtshan / ba so chos kyi rgyal mtshan / g.yag sde blo gros chos skyong / rje blo gros brtan pa / 'jam dbyangs smon lam dpal ba rnams so. 600 97.

•GTSANG BYED 1. me. 2. rtswa rigs ku sha. Blaṅ 530.

•GTSANG BUM cleaning vase (for toiletries). Gold Ms. I 22v.4.

•GTSANG SBYOR zas kyi zhal ta ba. Btsan-lha.

•GTSANG RME gtsang btsog. Btsan-lha.

•GTSANG GTSUG gtsang ma gtsug phud dam dge tshul. Btsan-lha. A Bon term abbreviated from gtsang ma gtsug phud, 'novice monk.'

•GTSANG BZHES hon.: to drink all. MTTP.

•GTSANG YA MED gang zag bzang. 367 II 132.2. gang bzang bzang. Btsan-lha.

•GTSI BA brtsi mthong che ba'am dga' ba'am gces pa. Btsan-lha. de ni rang gis rang la rdzun gtang bar tsi ba yin. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 54.4 (later on the same page spelled rtsi ba).

•GTSIGS edict, decree, honour, privilege. Karmay, Treasury. Used in sense of privilege in Lde'u 149. gal 'gangs che ba dang dam bca' ba. Btsan-lha. to bare (tusks or fangs). Something used to close or seal something? gtsigs dang rgya mdud kyi bka' rgya can gyi chos 'di. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 366.2.

•GTSIGS BCAS PA mna' yig bzhag pa'i zhe sa. Btsan-lha.

•GTSIGS CHE BA rtsa ba chen po'am gal gnad che ba. Btsan-lha.

•GTSIGS GDAB mna' yig bdag gnyer ba. Btsan-lha.

•GTSIGS PA BZUNG BA rtsis ka blangs pa'am zhal bzhes zhus pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTSIGS BYIN che rtags byin pa. Btsan-lha. edict, decree, honour, privilege. Karmay, Treasury, vocab.

•GTSIGS BZHAG dam la bzhag pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTSIGS BZUNG dam bcas pa. gces pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTSIGS GSUM PHUL gtsigs ni rtsa ba che ba'i don yin no. 506A 338. Ānanda was offered three privileges (gsum gtsigs) if he were to become the pupil of Buddha: He would not eat leftover food, would not wear leftover clothing, and any question he wanted to ask would be answered. Lde'u 149.

•GTSUG rtse mo. gtan nas sam rtsa ba nas. Btsan-lha. Discussed in Karmay, Arrow 253.

•GTSUG MKHAN gtsug lag mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•GTSUG CHE dbu 'phang mtho ba. Btsan-lha.

•GTSUG TOR 'KHOR LOS SGYUR BA One of the wrath kings in Guhyasamāja system. Pan-chen I, Gsung-'bum II 334.1.

•GTSUG TOR SDE LNGA gtsug tor gdugs dkar / gtsug tor dri med / gtsug tor rnam rgyal / gtsug tor 'bar ba / gtsug tor phur bu rnams so. 600 65.

•GTSUG THUNG The more ordinary (yet formal) type of book cursive script. Contrasted with gtsug ring, q.v., in being more compacted vertically speaking.

•GTSUG GI NOR BU gtsug gi nor bu dang / zhabs kyi padma zhes pa rnams spyi gtsug nor bu dang / zhabs padma'i gzugs su bkod pa'i gzugs rgyan yin gyi / nor bu dang padma dngos ma yin no. Eimer, Dbyangs 54-55. Indian literature is familiar with the jewel in the crest of the cobra, while the medieval Christians knew of a snake jewel. See for example E.R. Truitt's book Medieval Robots, p. 31: "In medieval lore, the carbuncle, in this text found on one of the towers of Narbone, is a red gemstone that grows on or inside the head of a serpent or dragon and gives off a glowing light. Known sometimes as the 'oriental ruby,' it was in the Latin West considered extremely precious and magically powerful." Here is also a ref. to Leo Henkin, The Carbuncle in the Adder's Head, Modern Language Notes, vol. 58 (1943), pp. 34-39.

•GTSUG PHUD CAN 1. rma bya. 2. khron pa. 3. me lce. 4. drang srong bye brag pa. Blaṅ 530. See rma bya.

•GTSUG GTSUGS pho brang. Btsan-lha.

•GTSUG RING The name for cursive script that is 'tall headed,' meaning with drawn-out upper part, tall and narrow. This is more used in official documents. Contrasted to gtsug thung.

•GTSUG LAG OT = sde snod. Skt. ārṣa, vihāra, śāstra. Blaṅ 292.5. sde snod. Dbus-pa no. 302. = sde snod. = gsung rab. Lcang-skya. 488 8.3. "cultural tradition." Coblin in JAOS 111, pp. 317-8. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 169. Stein in McKay, History of Tibet I 564-566. In some contexts obviously referring to astro-sciences in particular. See Btsan-lha. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 165-6. Hahn in Facets of Indian Culture 458-9. I think it means 'the ancient lore' (which might include predictive techniques, such as astrology, divination, etc.). In Jātakamālā, chap. 14, it translates śāstra. The phrase chos bzang gtsug lag che translated as 'good [religious] customs and great art of government' in Dotson, D&L 5. Bellezza in RET 29 (2014) 213.

•GTSUG LAG KUN GYI MA MO dbyangs gsal gnyis. Btsan-lha. Referring to two main astrological systems?

•GTSUG LAG KHANG SKYONG Guardian of the Vihāra, a monastic office in India, distinct from the gtsug lag khang gi bdag po. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 175.

•GTSUG LAG KHANG GI BDAG PO Owner of the Vihāra. A person, normally a lay person, who owns the monastic property. Prayers in their honor were said daily in Indian monasteries. Separate prayers were said for donors. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 175.

•GTSUG LAG MKHAN ju zhag rtsis rgyag mkhan gyi mkhan po. Btsan-lha.

•GTSUG LAG GI TSHIGS SU BCAD PA verse of the Sage. Recited on specific occasions like at rest stops and after eating, and over the water used to wash the bowls of the monks before given as a curative agent to lay persons, and before stepping on the shadow of an image or stūpa. See Schopen in Sūryacandrāya (1998) 166.

•GTSUG LAG RTSIS Text in 212 X.

•GTSUGS MYED 'khon med pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTSUB STAN me 'byin pa'i shing gi sbyor ba. Btsan-lha.

•GTSUB SHING yun ring brdar nas me len pa'i shing. Btsan-lha.

•GTSE DU See skyi ba'i 'bras bu.

•GTSEGS PA shin tu sems pa'am gzir ba. sems shin tu dkrugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•GTSES PA In a context with var. reading brtsegs pa. Hahn in Facets of Indian Culture 462, believes it means 'tormented.' infested (with snakes). Jamspal, Treasury 95. corrode, harm, get worn away. Jamspal, Treasury 97.

•GTSO See under gtsod.

•GTSO RGAN (village or district) headman. (used in E. Bhutan). Sources.

•GTSO BRGYAD BCU GNYIS a medicinal preparation. BP 177.2.

•GTSO BRGYAD G.YU RAL MA a medicinal preparation. BP 174.5.

•GTSO PHUR I think this means a phur pa that represents the gtso bo, the main deity of the Phur pa cycle. According to note by Sir Charles Bell, the "Tso-pur, which has three heads, is kept on the altar, and not used as a ritual implement for slaying." See Emma Martin, The Tibetan Collection at World Museum Liverpool, Orientations 36 no 3 (Sept 2005) 95.

•GTSO BO dkyil 'khor gyi gtso bo. Dung-dkar 148.

•GTSO BO'I KHYAD CHOS DRUG six special features of prakrti according to Samkhya thought.

•GTSO BO BRGYAD PA Prescriptions 93. Lag-len 37.4. = rje'u gtso bo brgyad pa'i sbyor ba. Lag-len 66.4. TMC 29 (59). BP 173.4.

•GTSO BO LNGA lta ba'i gtso bo las rgyu 'bras la yid ches pa / dge sbyor gyi gtso bo sems can la mi gnod pa / sgrub pa'i gtso bo srung sdom ma nyams pa / dam bca'i gtso bo thub pa / spyod pa'i gtso bo kha snyen sgrub pa'o. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 39v.3.

•GTSO BO NYER LNGA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 94. Lag-len 37.4. = rje'u gtso bo nyer lnga. Lag-len 67.3. TMC 37 (79).

•GTSO 'BRUM See skyi ba'i 'bras bu.

•GTSO MO GSUM term for the three main veins, also called srog shing in the sources used in Almogi, Materiality 248.

•GTSO LAS chief councillors. Sources.

•GTSOG GU In a list of 5 seating postures. Zhi-byed Coll. I 164.7.

•GTSOGS CHE blo rig rgod pa'am pho rgod. Btsan-lha.

•GTSOD A mammal. See Sandberg, Tibet 298. Also called gtso & gcig ru. Norbu, Drung 123. Panthopolops hodgsoni. TS6 135 n. 29. Hodgson's antelope. Topgyal in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998) 42. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 51. JD 232. These small antelopes are greatly endangered because it takes 5 to 7 hides to make the wool called Shahtoosh for one Pashmina shawl.

•GTSOS chiefly.

•GTSOS TO Bellezza, D&B 38.

•BTSANGS PA brdzangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAD PO dpon po. Gces 587.5. btsan po'am rgyal po. dpon po. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAG red soil. sa dmar po. Gces 589.2. Also, btsag rdo. JD 52. Lo Bue in Tibet. Klöster öffnen ihre Schatzkammern, Kulturstiftung Ruhr Essen (Villa Hügel 2006), p. 91, identifies it as "roter Ocker," red ochre, a dye substance derived from clay. See also ZZFC 159. ochre. Simioli, AG 57. Laberitum (?). Rin 121, where it is said to be good for giving red color to walls.

•BTSAG RDO JD 52. = drug mar ljang. YTTM 291.12. DG 133.3. = gai ri ka, tu yi (?). SS 409.2.

•BTSAN [1] firm, impenetrable, impregnable, invincible (see btsan po). [2] Todd Gibson's dissertation (1991) is entirely devoted to the btsan spirits, but see especially 209 ff. for iconography and for comparisons with the Iranian fravashi, etc.

•BTSAN KHANG Alexander, Temples 173. In Lhasa used as a general term for oracle chapels. They mean something else in Todd Gibson's dissertation (1991), p. 175.

•BTSAN CHAS (= btsan cha). defences, embattlements. Sources. Articles associated with the Btsan spirits that are also worn by their mediums. Nebesky 413.

•BTSAN 'CHANG brtan brtan. Gces 588.6.

•BTSAN DUG SRZT 136.

•BTSAN CHOD settling things through forceful methods. btsan thabs kyis thag gcod byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAN 'JING brtan grogs. Gces 588.6.

•BTSAN THABS Generally means 'radical method[s]' or 'forceful methods' as distinguished from 'gentle' ('jam).

•BTSAN THABS RNAL 'BYOR Acc. to BA 476, this is identical to hatha yoga. Like the word haṭha also, it means 'forceful, intense' yoga.

•BTSAN THABS SU BYAS PA dbang shed kyis sam nus pa ji yod kyis byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAN THOD glo bur ba. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAN MDOS GLING BZHI A ritual that invoked the Btsan spirits against the enemies of the Tibetan state. Todd Gibson's dissertation (1991), p. 172.

•BTSAN 'DRAN BDA' btsan shed kyis 'gran bsdur byed bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAN PO Emperor. Discussion in Kapstein, Assimilation 54. Important discussion, too, in Elliot Sperling, "A Captivity in Ninth Century Tibet," Tibet Journal, vol. 4, no. 4 (Winter 1979), pp. 17-69, at p. 29, supplying reasons why this word in Old Tibetan period must never be translated as simply 'king.' For Beckwith's arguments why, in OT this definitely meant 'emperor', and not 'king', see the review in JAOS 99 (1979) 394, as well as The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia (1987) 14-15 and note 10. Btsan po is explicitly glossed by Chinese tianzi, 'Son of Heaven.' See Kuijp in JAOS 111, p. 100, but note also more recently Kuijp in JIP 34 (2006) 175. "The title of the emperor of Tibet, btsanpo, was explained in contemporary Chinese glossaries as meaning T'ien-tzu, 'Son of Heaven'." Denis Twitchett “Tibet in Tang’s Strategy.” In Hans van de Ven, ed., Warfare in Chinese History, Brill (Leiden 2000) 124. Unlike the word for 'king', the title btsan po is used with no further qualifications (you would never add an adjective like 'great' to it). Bialek, SM 405.

•BTSAN PHUL stobs kyis sam dbang yod kyis phar phul ba'am bor gtong ba. 367 I 243.1.

•BTSAN PHO btsan po. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAN MO btsun mo. Btsan-lha. It has been surmised that this is title, meaning 'empress,' was acquired by the royal consort only when she actually took over rule in absence of the emperor. It can be and is confused with btsun mo, which actually just means a venerable woman (probably venerable for religious reasons, not political).

•BTSAN BTSUN 'PHAN DAR BA btsan po dang btsun po dang / 'phan zhes pa dbus par la med pas phan chad zer ba'i yul skad yin nam / yang na brda rnying la 'phan pa ni chag pa dang nyams pa la 'jug pas na ba dang rgas pas nyams pa dang dar ma rnams kyang zhes pa la 'jug / dar ba ni dar ma. Dpe-chos 507.

•BTSAN 'DZING gtan grogs sam brtan grogs. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAN RDZONG Wylie 128, n. 120.

•BTSAN ZHWA a type of helmet or hat worn by oracles possessed by Btsan spirits. Todd Gibson's dissertation (Bloomington 1991) 169. Nebesky 413 (with description).

•BTSAN RA n. for liberated goat. Holler in TS9 II 208.

•BTSAN SA stronghold, fastness. Sources. Germano, Poetic Thought 850.

•BTSAB PA cutting out. See Man LXI no. 102 (p. 84b).

•BTSAB SRANG oval-design embossing tool. Schmied 148.

•BTSABS PA brdungs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAMS PA brnyas bcos byed pa. Btsan-lha. dominate, belittle.

•BTSA' mildew. Tucci, Religions 204. btsa' / 'dir gri dngo la go na bde'am brtag. Gser Sbram 11. T&BS I 209.

•BTSA' BA [1] to keep a watch over, watch out for, care for. srung zhing 'tshol ba. Btsan-lha. Lde'u 269. [2] to start, to give rise to, to be born. skye ba. bstar ba. Btsan-lha.

•BTSA' BU gur. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAL pushing, seeking, pushiness (past & fut.). Usually translated: striving, exertion. and used often with bsgrub pa. = rtsol (?). Discussion by Janet Gyatso in Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, vol. 14 (October 2008), pp. 81-98, at p. 88.

•BTSAS bdas pa'am rlon pa byas pa. Gces 585.4. rngan pa. bdas pa'am rlon pa byas pa. Btsan-lha. Karmay in Karmay, New Horizons 390, argues that rtsas is an old form of btsas, and that it meant a 'fee.' spyan rgyang gis btsas [~gces srung] pas. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 99.3.

•BTSAS PA See gru btsas pa. Blaṅ 304.3. skyes pa. skyag pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAS 'PHROG PA btsas zos pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAS MA BRNGAS PA ston thog brnga ba. Btsan-lha.

•BTSAS MA'I DUS harvest time.

•BTSUG PA pho btsog. Btsan-lha.

•BTSUG GTSUGS 'dir btsugs pa'i brtsigs thog khang la zer. Gser Sbram 11.

•BTSUGS LEG btsugs leg ste / btsugs legs te zhes pa'i don. Gser Sbram 11.

•BTSUN Probably derived from or cognate with Ch. tsun, with same meaning, 'revered, reverend.'

•BTSUN KHRAL monk tax. Goldstein, Taxation 20. obligation incurred by families having 3 or more children to join the state mon. located in the Rdzong. Sources. It might be the middle son that would be required for this. Khenrap in TJ 25 no. 4 (2000) 41.

•BTSUN PA ME TOG See rgya men.

•BTSUN PAR BYA BA See brjed pa. Blaṅ 304.5. bkur sti dang mchod pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTSUN PO rje bo. Btsan-lha.

•BTSUN SPU spyod pa. Dbus-pa no. 355.

•BTSUN MO'I 'KHOR Skt. antaḥpura. circle of [royal] women, harem.

•BTSUN MO'I MCHIL MA JD 60. See sindhu ra.

•BTSUN MO GNANG CHEN btsun mo ngos sam btsun mo rgan pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTSUN MO'I MCHIL MA empress spit. JD 60.

•BTSUN MO YID 'ONG See thar nu.

•BTSUN MO RE RAL See brag skya ha bo. KP1 72.2.

•BTSUM PA pf. of 'dzum pa. to close [or squint or wink] the mouth [or eyes].

•BTSE RGOD 'khor g.yog. Btsan-lha.

•BTSEN GYIS See tsen gyis. Samdo A IV 56r.2, 56r.3.

•BTSES gnod pa skyel ba. Btsan-lha.

•BTSO [1] a spelling for dzwa, the magical 'bomb.' Karmay, Treasury vocab. [2] one of a set of three red substances. Simioli, AG 63.

•BTSO THAL purified mercury, used in medicine in the form of an ash. Gerke, SLT. Gerke, BKT.

•BTSO BLAG MKHAN khrus mkhan. tshos rgyag mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•BTSO LAG MKHAN = khrus mkhan. BBNP 473. What is the meaning of the philosophical school btso brlag mi sha can in Rog-ban's Grub mtha' text?

•BTSOG impudicité. Karmay in JA (1995) 166.

•BTSOG NAL rus rgyud gcig pa'i bza' zla. Btsan-lha.

•BTSOG PO OT = pho btsog. Blaṅ 296.1. pho rgod dam pho btsog. rdo. Btsan-lha.

•BTSOGS PA brdungs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTSONG onion. JD 218. = la na rga kun dong. SS 528.4. Allium cepa. TDD 9.

•BTSOD [1] madder. Skt. mañjiṣṭhā (Rubia cordifolia). Used for a red dye. Mvy. no. 5917. See Edward Schafer, Rosewood, Dragon's Blood, and Lac, JAOS 77 no 2 (Apr 1957) 129-136. See Lo Bue in TS7 II 578. See Chödag. JD 164. = dhi de. YTTM 292.3. SS 479.5, 497.5. = manydzi ka, rak ta, rā smra, ha sna, bzlog bsgyur. DG 237.4. Mdo 337. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 134.5. Emmerick, On Ravigupta's Gaṇas, BSOAS 34 no. 2 (1971) 374. Rubia cordifolia. Wangchuk, Bioactive 27 (here spelled brtsod). TDD 164. [2] As a mistake for rtsod, see Lde'u 3, which reads rtsod, while the facsimile edition reads btsod.

•BTSOD BZHI'I SBYOR a medicinal preparation. BT 39r.2.

•BTSON GNYER Gefängnisleiter. Kaschewsky 85.

•BTSON BU [1] brtson 'grus can. Btsan-lha. [2] prisoner. grub pa dong nang gi btson bus thob pa mthong. Zhi-byed Coll. II 168.1.

•BTSOS KHENGS btsos pa grang du bcug pa. Btsan-lha.

•BTSOS HRUG sha dum bur bzos te btsos pa. Nomads 247.

•RTSA [1] twenty. Sometimes occurs alone, as an abbreviated form of "nyi shu rtsa." [2] Generally in medicine it refers to blood vessels. White ones (rtsa dkar) are, however, what we know as nerves. This differs from yogic physiology. There is a significant definition in the Rgyud-bzhi, saying that since it forms the root (rtsa ba) for the movements of wind and blood, it is called 'channel' (rtsa); see Yontan Gyatso in TJ XXVIII no. 3 (2003) 103. A Greek medical concept corresponding to the Tibetan rtsa channels would be poroi (πóρoι), and their blockage or obstruction (what Tibetans would call ma zhu ba, or in Greek emphraxis) is considered basic to very many disorders. See I.M. Lonie, Medical Theory in Heraclides of Pontus, Mnemosyne, 4th series 18 no 2 (1965) 126-143. However, apparently in the Hippocratic Corpus, there are three main classes of channels: phlebes meaning mainly the blood vessels, neura, the ligaments & nerves, and poroi for the irregular openings that drain an excess of fluids. See E.M. Craik, Hippocratic Bodily 'Channels' and Oriental Parallels,' Medical History 53 (2009) 105-116, esp. p. 107. [3] feces. See for example Goldstein for this last meaning.

•RTSWA grass, herbs.

•RTSA DKAR Norbu, Drung 103. See shing mngar. SRZT 103. sman dper <<klad pa las byung rtsa dkar thur du zug, nang rtsa don snod phyi rtsa yan lag 'brel>> zhes bshad pa ltar lus kyi myong tshor gyi dbang po'i rten yin. de la <<dbang rtsa>> yang zer. Dag-yig. Lag-len 267.1.

•RTSA DKAR NAD sman dper <<rna rgyab 'jing ba skrangs shing zhe rengs dang, lag pa'i mtheb srin sbrid cing glo chung lu, kha sna g.yo zhing lus 'gul bskyod mi thub, dri chu rlugs sam sdom dang dran nyams lkugs, de sogs ngo mtshar nad rtags du ma ston>> zhes bshad pa ltar gyi nad rigs shig gi ming. Dag-yig. Text 44, 45, 57, 79, 84.

•RTSA DKAR BSAM 'PHEL BRGYAD PA a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 110. Lag-len 80.1.

•RTSWA KHA coll., = bzas kha. grazing ground. MTTP.

•RTSA KHA GNYIS YTTM 291.1.

•RTSA KHAB gtar kha byed pa'i khab. Btsan-lha.

•RTSA KHU BYUG = ku sha sa lu. JD 197. SS 507.6. = ldum bu byang chub, 'ja' tshon myu gu, khu byug rtsa ljang. Called khu byug pa, in Mdo 55. Called khu byug rtsa ljang, and identified as horsetail (Equisetum arvense). TDD 74.

•RTSWA KHRAL grass tax (the obligation to provide fodder for government horses. Sources.

•RTSA MKHRIS JD 179. = khur chung. YTTM 293.9. SS 478.2. Mdo 342. Skt. ciratikta. A kind of gentian [gentiana chirayta], Agathotes cirayta. Mvy. 5816. Ciratikta, acc. to MW, means Agathotes chirayta, L., or with feminine ending, a species of wild cucumber. Sow thistle. Cicerbita macrorhiza. TDD 47

•RTSA MKHRIS NAD MA See (rtsa mkhris) nad ma.

•RTSA MKHRIS BA MO KHA Mdo 345.

•RTSA 'KHRIS NAD MA KP1 115.2.

•RTSA GUR GUM See under gur gum.

•RTSA 'GAGS disappearance. Karmay, Treasury.

•RTSA RGYUS ligaments. Text 54.

•RTSA SGO See discussion in H. Eimer, Die Gar Log-Episode bei Padma dkar po und ihre Quellen, Orientalia Suecana, vol. 23-4 (1974-5) 184 note 3; but note, too, that according to Yisun it means 'anus' (gshang lam), and Goldstein. Thus, it would appear from the context of the story, as told in the Rgyal-rabs Gsal-ba'i Me-long, that Ye-shes-'od was tortured by the application of moxibustion to his anus. Here I believe the syllable rtsa does not mean 'vein,' but rather 'feces', and the whole expression means 'fecal gateway.'

•RTSA GCIG SDONG DGU See thang phrom nag po.

•RTSA CHAD stopped bowels. Text 59.

•RTSA CHU This is ambiguous, but depending on context may mean 'pulse and urine' or 'stool and urine.' See for example Goldstein. I've noticed a discussion of this by Sarah Harding (in her Niguma book).

•RTSA CHEN PO very holy.

•RTSWA MJING gnyen nye 'brel. Btsan-lha.

•RTSA 'JING gnyen nam rtsa lag. Btsan-lha.

•RTSWA LTAR Metaphorical usages of "grass" or straw, which is a worthless thing. Look upon as [nothing more than] straw. Toss aside like straw. Kramer, rNgog 93.

•RTSA STONG M.T. annihilation, complete destruction.

•RTSA THAG BCU DRUG a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 74. Lag-len 51.1. TMC 48 (104). BP 374.6. BP 226.5.

•RTSA THAG BCU SMAN a medicinal preparation. BP 226.4.

•RTSA THABS ? mar me'i 'od la rtsa thabs legs su gyis. Zhi-byed Coll. I 296.4.

•RTSWA THUN rtswa 'thu mkhan. Btsan-lha.

•RTSWA THOG rtsi tog. Btsan-lha.

•RTSA BDAG the medium's guide spirit, who regulates contacts with other spirits. Diemberger in Steinkellner Festschrift 88.

•RTSA BDUN or, ngo mtshar rtsa bdun. The seven nerves for pulse taking (or seven amazing things one may discover by taking pulse!). TM-BH 23.

•RTSA MDUD place where 2 or 3 blood channels branch off. DD.

•RTSA 'DAB Germano, Poetic Thought 850.

•RTSA 'DRUL Text 59.

•RTSA LDUM 'BRAS BU See ka ko la.

•RTSA SDOM A red blessing cord tied to the right arm. Melvyn Goldstein, A Study of the Ldab ldob, CAJ 1 no 2 (1964) 132.

•RTSA SDOM SHUGS CHEN See dom mkhris.

•RTSA NAG Norbu, Drung 103.

•RTSWA SPYIL rtswa dang lo ma sogs las byas pa'i spyil po'am khang chung. Btsan-lha.

•RTSA BA basic (text, on which commentary is based), fundamental (teacher, in a lineage; personal teacher identified with the same).

•RTSA BA BRGYA PA See nye shing.

•RTSA BA CHUNG See chu ma rtsi.

•RTSA BA'I GNAS principal habitat.

•RTSA BA'I MA real-life mother. Jinpa, Mind Training 248 (& note).

•RTSA BA MANG PO See nye shing.

•RTSA BA BZHI chang bud med la dga' na nyes pa'i rtsa ba / las dang bya ba la dga' na g.yeng ba'i rtsa ba / nor rdzas la 'dzin pa che na 'ching ba'i rtsa ba / kha drag la 'byor lcogs che na sdig pa'i rtsa ba'o. Bka'-gdams Thor-bu 38v.2.

•RTSA BA GSUM rnying ma pa'i lugs kyi rtsa ba gsum ni / bla ma / yi dam / mkha' 'gro'o. 600 23.

•RTSA BA'I MDOG basic color. Jackson.

•RTSA BU some kind of awl or needle. glang po che 'dul ba na rna la gser gyi rtsa bu rgyab nas 'dul bas. Zhi-byed Coll. I 426.6. gser gyi rtsa bu mkha' la phyar ba 'di la glang po snyon ba 'bros. Zhi-byed Coll. I 220.5. See under gtsag bu.

•RTSA BO CHE DD illus. 3. a vessel in the leg. DD illus. 24.

•RTSWA BYIN PO rtswa mang ma'am rtswa byings. Btsan-lha.

•RTSA BYUG a medicinal preparation. Prescriptions 45. Lag-len 32.1. = rtsa byugs. TMC 55 (21).

•RTSWA 'BRAS See sra 'bras.

•RTSA SBUBS glo ba'i rtsa sbubs. DD illus. 19.

•RTSWA RMA MDONGS Rock fern, maidenhair. Adiantum capillus-veneris. TDD 7. Drynaria quercifolia (asterisked as not being verified). TDD 68.

•RTSA SMYO 'vein madness.' a mental disorder. Epstein, Dissertation 140.

•RTSA 'DZIN Vitali, Tho-ling 5.

•RTSA BZHI TM IV 113.

•RTSA RA [1] ZZ = lag ngar. Bru II 291.4. [2] = tsa ra, q.v., meaning 'retribution,' perhaps a slight misspelling.

•RTSWA RA KA rtswa ra ka rtegs nas kyi kha byed. Zhi-byed Coll. II 454.5.

•RTSWA RIS depiction of grass. Jackson.

•RTSA RLUNG Germano, Poetic Thought 850. Hanson 138. Willis, Diamond 100. 145 V 377. lus kyi rtsa dang dbugs sam nus pa. Nomads 247. It stands to reason that some Tibetan rtsa rlung practices may have been somewhat influenced by Chinese practices associated with qi (breath), jing (vital essence) and shen (spirit). Of course the Chinese practices, too, were probably highly influenced by Indian ideas.

•RTSA LAG Should not be confused with the similar word tsa lag. [1] OT = gnyen. kinsman. Blaṅ 285.2. Dbus-pa no. 010. Skt. bandhu, 'kindred.' = gnyen. Lcang-skya. [2] supporter, friend. [3] Root & branches, signifying a totality acc. to Sørensen in Lungta 16 (2003) 91. In the case of the lotus, I believe it means rhizome.

•RTSA LAG TU GYUR PA'I BUD MED a woman who has become a friend, or a kindred (with whom, therefore, one should not have sexual relations according to Kāma Sūtra).

•RTSA LAG PA See rgyal po re ral.

•RTSA LAM fecal pathway, i.e., rectum.

•RTSA GSUM rtsa gsum zhes pa ni dbang gi rtsa ba bla ma / byin rlabs kyi rtsa ba yi dam / dngos grub kyi rtsa ba mkha' 'gro'o. Nomads 282.

•RTSA LHONGS BYED PA to transfer a tax estate, to settle it upon someone else. Sources.

•RTSWA A WA Lloydia serotina. TDD 111.

•RTSANG rgya'am rnyi. sa gnas gtsang ngam gzhis ka rtse. shing tog sogs kyi ra ba. Btsan-lha.

•RTSANG NAN OT = btung ba. Blaṅ 300.2. bod chang ngam nas chang. Btsan-lha. Compare rtsangs nan & rtsab. = btung ba. Lcang-skya.

•RTSANG NAS nas chan [cooked barley together with the liquid]. Btsan-lha. nas [barley]. Dbus-pa no. 702.

•RTSANG PO chu klung chen po gtsang po. OT spelling. Btsan-lha.

•RTSANG BA gsang ba. Btsan-lha.

•RTSANG BOD gtsang khul gyi bod mi. Btsan-lha.

•RTSANG SME rtsang ni dri ma med pa'am gtsang ma dang / sme ni dri ma can nam btsog pa gnyis kyi bsdus ming. Btsan-lha.

•RTSANGS KYIS SLEBS shar se slebs pa. slebs pa'am shar re slebs. Btsan-lha. 367 I 234.

•RTSANGS NAN rab byung gi btung ba zhig. Btsan-lha.

•RTSANGS PA lizard. = skyin gor can, brag nyal, mgo 'dar, bar gyi sder chags. JD 251. SS 500.3.

•RTSANGS PA ME LHA fire-god lizard. The English-Tibetan dictionary from Dharamsala (2000), at p. 657, says this is the Tibetan name of the salamander. I wonder if it has to do with the agniśauca that Peter Szantos studied, a kind of miraculous garment that gets clean but is not itself burned when put in fire (asbestos?). For the molten metal born worm mentioned by Vasubandhu, which could be the salamander, see Kachru in JAOS 137 (2017) 673, which concerns the Vasubandhu statement: 'di ltar lcags kyi thu lum 'bar ba gshegs [~gshig] nas de'i nang nas byung ba'i srin bu dmigs so zhes grag go.

•RTSANGS PA RAL GRI lizard sword. See rgyal po re ral.

•RTSANGS BTSUGS PA shing 'dom do yod pa khor yug tu btsugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSAD = sbrul dug, snyag, rgu thub dman pa. JD 144. SS 457.5. DG 267.1. Pleurospermum amabile. Wangchuk, Bioactive 26.

•RTSAD GCOD investigation, search.

•RTSAD NAS PHYUNG BA rtsa ba nas bton pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSAD NAS 'DZAD gtan nas zad pa'am rtsa ba nas zad pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSAD MA CHOD indeterminable [number], infathomable [amount]. Something that one could never get to the root of... (?)

•RTSAN SA btsan sa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSAB btung ba'i bye brag cig. ru ma. A drink especially for monks. Compare rtsang nan. A list of synonyms is given: sla mo, lcum sdong rtsa ba, zan chang, sbang ma, dar ba, rlung tog. Btsan-lha. See Dagyab.

•RTSAB MO See ra skyur. See shing mngar. See Mémorial Sylvain Lévi (Delhi 1996), p. 408. Skt. kāñjika, kāñcika, lañjikā. acidic rice water. = rab byung gi btung ba'i khyad par. Lcang-skya.

•RTSAB RTSUB 'phral gyi rtsab rtsub de 'dra bas phan pa men zer bas. Zhi-byed Coll. II 298.7. See tsab be tsub be in Yisun. 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, Bka'-'bum (2001) IV 423.5.

•RTSAB RU TSHA JD 65.

•RTSAB SHING KP3 373.5n. See shing mngar. See lcum rtsa.

•RTSAB HRAL 'dod chags kyis kun nas bslangs pa'i spyod pa rtsing po. btung ba mi zhim pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSABS ru ma. Btsan-lha. SS 524.6.

•RTSABS PA gtubs pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSABS MO 'bras dang khre sogs btsos nas rtsi med par bsnyal ba'i khu ba skyur po zhig. Btsan-lha.

•RTSABS RU TSHA sman bye brag pa zhig. Btsan-lha.

•RTSAM LONG DD illus. 2, 17. A section of the large intestine in the middle. Yangga's dissert., p. 290.

•RTSAM SHING See lcum rtsa.

•RTSAR RGYUG See shing mngar.

•RTSAL special power (of abstract things), special skill (of people). In terms of Three Bodies, it is identified with the Complete Assets Body (Sambhogakāya). See also rol pa. "potency." Norbu, Cycle. Energy manifested on the "subjects"'s side as distinguished from rol pa, which is energy manifested on the "object"'s side. Norbu, Dzog Chen and Zen 27. Germano, Poetic Thought 866, translates 'dynamism, dynamics, creative efflorescence.' rtogs pa la nyams kyi rtsal myi 'tshar myi srid gsung (he said, 'It hardly possible that the special powers of meditative experience would not abound during realizations.'). Zhi-byed Coll. II 330.4.

•RTSAL KA gzhi'i rtsal ka phyogs myed du shar ba la dgongs pa phyogs myed du grol. Zhi-byed Coll. II 348.7. rtsal ka cir yang 'char bas chad pa'i mtha' dang bral zhes pa. Zhi-byed Coll. V 45.7.

•RTSAL DU BTON PA nan tan sgos dmigs su bkar nas bton pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSAL LDAN geschicklich. Kaschewsky2.

•RTSAL LDAN RGYAL PO See dur byid.

•RTSAL SNA DGU pho rtsal sna dgu ni / mtheb kyis sha non pa / rkyal gyis chu tshod pa / yang rtsal bya 'dra ba ste lus kyi rtsal gsum dang / lo rgyus kyis dge thon pa / gtam gyis bzhad gad thon pa / shags kyis pha rol gnon pa ste ngag gi rtsal gsum dang / mdzangs la blo 'gyu ba / dpa' la bsran tshugs pa / kha gsal la gting mi dpog pa ste yid kyi rtsal gsum rnams so. 600 120-121. yang rtsal, as in Goldstein, probably means acrobatics. These are explained somewhat in Dungkar Rinpoche's dictionary, pp. 264-265.

•RTSAL PO CHE See dung.

•RTSAL BA 'byin pa. Dbus-pa no. 565. = byin pa. Lcang-skya.

•RTSAL BA'I YO BYAD sgyu rtsal slob pa'i yo byad. Btsan-lha.

•RTSAL SBYONG training program (in analogy with physical education). Klong-chen-pa 11.2.

•RTSAL GSUM ZZ = srin lag. Bru II 291.3.

•RTSAS See under btsas.

•RTSI phan pa. rlung. Btsan-lha. veneer (of the liver). Yangga's dissert., p. 356.

•RTSI KA gnad 'gag. Btsan-lha.

•RTSI KA TRA'I RTSA BA See ra sna mu la.

•RTSI SKYA grey reeds. Jamspal, Treasury 48.

•RTSI RKYANG phyag ma byed rgyu'i rtsi tho rkyang pa zhes pa'o. Eimer, Dbyangs 56.

•RTSI 'KHOR N. for wind wheel. Btsan-lha 705.

•RTSI GU =rtsig gu. kernel (of a fruit).

•RTSI'I RGYAL PO See gla rtsi.

•RTSI 'JAM See cu gang.

•RTSI GNYIS See shing kun.

•RTSI STAG MO See chu ma rtsi.

•RTSI'I DRI CHEN See pri yang ku. YTTM 292.9.

•RTSI LDAN See gla ba.

•RTSI PO CHE See shing kun.

•RTSI BU THUNG rtsib ma thung ngu. Btsan-lha.

•RTSI MA GHI Discussed in 367 II 124.3 ff.

•RTSI DMAR KP1 84.5. rtsi mar rkang cig. KP4 426.2. = pho ron rkang pa. YTTM 293.9. See re skon.

•RTSI RTSI MO See 'bri ta sa 'dzin.

•RTSI ZHIB winziges Staubkorn, feinster Staub. Kaschewsky 85.

•RTSI BZHI DANGS MA LNGA BP 283.3.

•RTSI SHING aromatic shrubs. Karmay, Treasury.

•RTSIG GU [1] wall. OT = rtsig pa. Blaṅ 297.6. Btsan-lha. rtsigs pa. Dbus-pa no. 534. Lcang-skya. [2] mistake for tshig gu, q.c. This definitely connects with Chinese words for 'masonry.' See pp. 385 ff. of Alexander Lubotsky, "Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building" (PDF from internet), where a Tokharian origin for both the Chinese and Tibetan is posited.

•RTSIG PA wall. For a weird use of it to translate skt. vīthi, meaning 'road,' see Hahn in JoBS 4 (2008) 67.

•RTSIG ZUR corner of a building. MTTP.

•RTSIGS = khas blang, = dam bca', = gal bzung, = chad byas, = rtsigs byas. = gtsigs (?). BBNP 468.

•RTSIGS BYAS khas blangs pa dang dam bca' ba sogs. Btsan-lha.

•RTSIGS MA snyigs ma.

•RTSIGS MED gces spras mi byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSING BA ku dog po. Gces 583.1. gu dog po. Btsan-lha.

•RTSINGS translated as 'clumsy' in See Yeshi & Dalton in RET 43 (Jan. 2018) 256-273, at pp. 265-266. In general it seems to just mean 'rough' or 'crude,' and it may also mean 'a constriction' (gu dog po) so I'm not sure of it.

•RTSID PA the long hairs of the yak used in making felt. Or for making cords, as we find in Dotson in JIABR 1 (2013) 213, n. 19.

•RTSID BU ra'i phru gu re'u lo gnyis ma. Btsan-lha. 367 I 232.

•RTSID RTSID mchi ma rtsid rtsid ni mig chu bcir bcir. BBNP 474.

•RTSID RE rtsid pa'i re ba nag po. Nomads 247.

•RTSIB THUNG DD illus. 7.

•RTSIB MA rib. DD illus. 7.

•RTSIB MA'I GO BAR DD illus. 7.

•RTSIBS glo ma rtsibs. DD illus. 19. a posterior pulmonary lobe of the lungs. Yangga's dissert., p. 286.

•RTSIR GYIS sems rtsis. Gces 589.2.

•RTSIS account, record. Dotson, OTA glossary.

•RTSIS 'KHRI articles given on loan. TS7 I 191.

•RTSIS MGO "main accounting, statute, code, canon." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 319. Dotson, D&L 7. manual, protocol. Dotson, OTA glossary. Note "head count" translation in Martin Mills' article on the Khotanese monks (p. 234). "Enumerated headings" or topics [in the legal code] may be closer to the meaning.

•RTSIS MGO BGYI BA zhib bsher byas pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSIS MGO LNGA [1] five topics according to Vasubandhu. See Peter Skilling's article Vasubandhu and the Vyākhyāyukti Literature, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 23 (2000), pp. 297-350 at p. 318. [2] five topics according to Candarakīrti. zla ba grags pa'i sgron gsal las gsungs pa'i bstan bcos kyi rtsis mgo lnga ni / rtsom pa po gang gis mdzad pa / khungs gang las btus pa / phyogs gang du gtogs pa / dgos ched gang yin la / dbu zhabs kyi don no. 1. the identity of the compiler. 2. the sources it draws upon. 3. to which party it belongs. 4. for what purpose it was intended. 5. the significance of the text as a whole. 600 67. See Sog-bzlog-pa, Collected Works II 218.

•RTSIS RGYA I was thinking to translate it as 'ledger' in Lde'u 327. I've noted that others have translated it as inventory (of books). Actually, ledger might be better saved as a translation of kha byang, so I think I will go with 'inventory' (here, too, it appears to be a listing of texts, and the word kha byang is used alongside it).

•RTSIS RTA a horse handed over to the charge (rtsis sprod) of a government official for his use (see gso rta). Sources.

•RTSIS BDAG charge, responsibility, control. Sources.

•RTSIS 'BUL überprüfen. Kaschewsky2.

•RTSIS LEN taking census. On the early Mongol censuses, see TPS. See the comments in Roerich's Biography of Dharmasvāmin, p. 105.

•RTSUB 'GYUR rough going (impassible).

•RTSUB PA bsdu ba. Dbus-pa no. 510.

•RTSUB SPYOD rough treatment (as a good thing). Jamspal, Treasury 178.

•RTSUB SHING brdar nas me 'don byed kyi shing. Btsan-lha.

•RTSE'U See pri yang ku.

•RTSE KYOGS PA brtag dpyad rtse kyogs pa, a type of surgical probe. JD 272 (item 4).

•RTSE KHRA shing byang chung ngu'i steng du mar gyis nyi zla nor bu'i dkar rgyan btags pa'o. See illus. in Nomads 286.

•RTSE GUG PA brtag dpyad rtse gug pa. a type of surgical probe. JD 171 (item 5).

•RTSE DGA'I BLA MA party guru. Epithet of Kāmadeva.

•RTSE RGOD OT = lha 'bangs. Blaṅ 303.3. Dbus-pa no. 753. 'proper slave' Skt. kapyāri. Schopen in JIABS 17 (1994) 158, 165. lha 'bangs dang g.yog po. Btsan-lha. Monastic slave? = 'khor g.yog. = lha 'bangs. Lcang-skya.

•RTSE RGYAL the end of the hair of a holy person. Karmay, Treasury. See dkar mo rtse rgyal.

•RTSE SGRO Federspitze. Kaschewsky 85.

•RTSE CHUNG 'jing ba dang 'jing ba'i g.yas g.yon gnyis kyi rtsa'i ming. Gser Sbram 45. DD illus. 2, 4.

•RTSE 'JO Alternative spelling of rtsed 'jo.

•RTSE RJE town prefect. Coblin in TH&L 76. Dotson, OTA glossary. Stein, Tibetica Antiqua I 164, 208. HP,PE 16. blon po'am rdzong dpon lta bu'i dpon rigs. Btsan-lha.

•RTSE DRUNG title of ecclesiastical functionary in government headed by yig tshang. Essais 129.

•RTSE 'DRA DD illus. 4.

•RTSE NAG DD illus. 3, 4. Yangga's dissert., p. 294.

•RTSE NE thams cad. Btsan-lha.

•RTSE SPROD touching heads as a greeting. Lde'u 315 (perhaps the rtse mjal on the same page means something similar).

•RTSE PHYAG short form of rtse phyag mdzod, the state treasury, subject of article in TJ 23 no. 3 (1998).

•RTSE BER thul ba'am zla gam. Btsan-lha.

•RTSE'U BRANG ? Dotson, Princess 72.

•RTSE 'BRO CHAG doing dancing (for fun). Sba 2.

•RTSE MO LDAN PA Skt. śikhariṇī. N. of a metre. Hahn, JV 39.

•RTSE MONG mdun ma rtse mong la song ngo snying dga' bar soms cig gsung ngo. Zhi-byed Coll. II 201.5 (also, V 434.6). de yang mthong ba lam gyi gnas skabs su rtse mong 'phel ba dang bcas pa / ldung ra'i skrun shing lta bu'o. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 298.4.

•RTSE ZHWA Stoddard, Early 47.

•RTSE GZHIL mgo gnon pa'am nus pa nyams par byed pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSE ZLA playmate. Sba 5.

•RTSE'U CHUNG = rtswa phran nyi mar gzhis. BBNP 482. Germano, Poetic Thought 902.

•RTSE'U CHUNG NYI LDE BYED PA rtswa phran nyi mar bzhag pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSE YIG TSHANG ecclesiastical office in the Potala. French, Yoke 306 ff.

•RTSEG LOG OT = phran tshegs. = srid zhen che ba. Blaṅ 289.5. Btsan-lha. = phran tshegs. = sred zhen che. Lcang-skya.

•RTSEGS PA 'phel ba. Btsan-lha.

•RTSENGS PA mthon por rdze ba. Btsan-lha.

•RTSED SNA DGU "The nine different men's sports." pho rtsed sna dgu ni / gtam yig rtsis gsum / mda' rdo mchong gsum / bang rkyal sbe gsum rnams so. 600 121. The last three are footracing, swimming and wrestling.

•RTSEN PA playing. OT = rtse ba. = rol pa. Blaṅ 301.1. Btsan-lha. = rtse ba. Lcang-skya.

•RTSEN MA lhag pa'i byin brlabs rtsen mar zhu ba nyams skye bar byed pa'i rgyu yin. Zhi-byed Coll. IV 45.7.

•RTSER CHIBS mthar phyin gting lon. Btsan-lha.

•RTSER DPYIS mthar phyin pa. Btsan-lha.

•RTSER PHYIBS OT = mthar phyin. Blaṅ 289.6. Dbus-pa no. 220. Lcang-skya.

•RTSEL PO sle bo. Btsan-lha.

•RTSEL BA sel ba. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 092.

•RTSOG GI MOG pha shi ba'i lor skyes pa'i bu. Btsan-lha.

•RTSOG RDO btsabs rdo'am rbab rdo. Btsan-lha.

•RTSOG RTSOG tsog tsog. Btsan-lha.

•RTSOGS ma rtsogs na ni ma rgyab na. Dpe-chos 511.

•RTSOD In Bon, taken to mean Bhagavan. Namdak, History of Tibet 22.1.

•RTSOD LDAN as the 4th of the 4 eons, I recommend translating this as the Contentious eon.

•RTSOD PA Skt. adhikaraṇa. dispute. See Encyclopedia of Buddhism under "adhikaraṇa."

•RTSOD PA SMRA BA argument, disputation. Skt. vivāda. Mvy. 7597. EoB VIII 718-720.

•RTSOD PUR Nishida, TTDD 145.

•RTSON RGYUGS Composition test (thesis). Dungkar in TJ 8 no. 4 (Winter 1993) 40.

•RTSOL pushing, pushiness, seeking.

•RTSOL SGRUB Karmay, Great Perfection 52, 114 n. 40.

•RTSOS RU ? rtsos ru cig la sngags btab nas gser du bsgyur. Zhi-byed Coll. II 151.4. rtsos ru cig phyag tu bzhes nas. Ibid. II 155.7. Perhaps a weird spelling for the horn of a gtsod (antelope).

•STSWA GZHI sa gzhi. Btsan-lha.

•STSANG 'bru rigs kyi bang mdzod. Btsan-lha.

•STSANG MNGAN 'bru gnyer. Btsan-lha.

•STSANG GNANGS sang nyin gnangs nyin. Btsan-lha.

•STSANG SHA nyin sha ste de ring bshas nas de ring za ba'i sha. Btsan-lha.

•STSI DOG rtsi thog. Btsan-lha.

•STSEL BA sel ba'i brda rnying. Btsan-lha. = sel ba. Lcang-skya.

•STSOGS PA sogs pa'i brda rnying. Btsan-lha.

•STSOL BA OT = sel ba. (see bstsal ba). Blaṅ 286.6.

•BTSANGS PA OT = bsangs pa. Blaṅ 283.2.

•STSANG "grain." Coblin in JAOS 111, p. 321.

•BRTSAG PA fur coat. CC, List 83, 85.

•BRTSAGS PA bsdigs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTSANG BA bsang ba. Btsan-lha. Dbus-pa no. 310. Lcang-skya.

•BRTSANGS PA bsangs pa. sbyin pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTSAN PO btsan po. Btsan-lha. Not exactly correct, since this exact spelling only occurs in the OT texts as part of the larger phrase dbu rmog brtsan po. Schaik, Prayer 183. The spelling brtsan is the regular OT spelling for the syllable when it occurs as part of an imperial name. So brtsan and btsan are not identical in their usage.

•BRTSAM PA MED bsre ba med pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTSAMS PA 'du ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRTSAL BA bsal ba. skyugs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTSAS rngan pa. bdas pa'am rlon pa byas pa.

•BRTSU BA bsu ba. Btsan-lha. Lcang-skya.

•BRTSE BA bu sems la gang brtse' ba de 'ching ba'i rgyu yin no. Zhi-byed Coll. II 194.6.

•BRTSEGS PHUL Word used to describe a Tibetan-language syllable with a prefix-letter and a superscript-letter (but no subscript-letter).

•BRTSENGS PA gos sogs rdze ba'am thung ngur gyon pa. Btsan-lha.

•BRTSEN PA rtse ba'am rol ba. Btsan-lha. rtse ba. Dbus-pa no. 673.

•BRTSER brten pa. Dbus-pa no. 738.

•BRTSEL BA sel ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRTSOG PA btsog pa'am mi gtsang ba. Btsan-lha.

•BRTSON 'GRUS Skt. vīrya. devoted effort, perseverence. EoB VIII 691-695.

•BRTSON RA btson ra. Btsan-lha.

•BSTSAGS PA bsags pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSTSANG BA bsang ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSTSANGS PA bsangs pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSTSAN PHO btsan po. Btsan-lha.

•BSTSAL BA OT = bsal ba. Blaṅ 283.2. Btsan-lha.

•BSTSU BA bsu ba'i brda rnying. Btsan-lha.

•BSTSUR BA bsu ba. Dbus-pa no. 105.

•BSTSE BA brtse ba. Btsan-lha.

•BSTSOG SDIG GIS btsog cing 'jigs dgos pa. Btsan-lha.

•BSTSOG PA btsog pa. Btsan-lha.


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