Difference between revisions of "Buddhism in Sri Lanka"
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[[File:Sri lanka aukana buddha statue.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Avukana Buddha statue]] from 5th century CE]] | [[File:Sri lanka aukana buddha statue.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Avukana Buddha statue]] from 5th century CE]] | ||
[[File:British Museum Asia 45 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Gilded bronze statue of the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] [[Bodhisattva]], from the [[Anuradhapura]] period (8th century CE)]] | [[File:British Museum Asia 45 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Gilded bronze statue of the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] [[Bodhisattva]], from the [[Anuradhapura]] period (8th century CE)]] | ||
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[[File:Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara-BMA.jpg|thumb|upright|Bronze statue of [[Avalokiteśvara]] [[Bodhisattva]]. [[Sri Lanka]], ca. 750 CE]] | [[File:Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara-BMA.jpg|thumb|upright|Bronze statue of [[Avalokiteśvara]] [[Bodhisattva]]. [[Sri Lanka]], ca. 750 CE]] | ||
| − | + | <poem> | |
[[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]] is the [[religion]] of about 70% of the population of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web | date = | url = | [[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]] is the [[religion]] of about 70% of the population of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web | date = | url = | ||
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ce.html | title = The World Factbook: Sri Lanka | work = CIA World Factbook | accessdate = 2006-08-12 }}.</ref> | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ce.html | title = The World Factbook: Sri Lanka | work = CIA World Factbook | accessdate = 2006-08-12 }}.</ref> | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
===Introduction of [[Buddhism]]=== | ===Introduction of [[Buddhism]]=== | ||
| − | According to [[traditional]] [[Sri Lankan]] chronicles (such as the [[Dipavamsa]]), [[Buddhism]] was introduced into [[Sri Lanka]] in the 3rd century BCE by [[Venerable]] [[Mahinda]], the son of the [[Emperor]] [[Ashoka]], during the reign of Sri Lanka's [[King]] [[Devanampiyatissa|Devanampiya Tissa]]. During this [[time]], a sapling of the [[Bodhi Tree]] was brought to [[Sri Lanka]] and the first [[monasteries]] and [[Buddhist]] monuments were established. Among these, the Isurumuni-vihaara and the Vessagiri-vihaara remain important centers of {{Wiki|worship}}. He is also credited with the construction of the Pathamaka-cetiya, the Jambukola-vihaara and the Hatthaalhaka-vihaara, and the refectory. The [[Pali Canon]], having previously been preserved as an [[oral tradition]], was first committed to [[writing]] in [[Sri Lanka]] around [[30s BCE|30 BCE]]. | + | According to [[traditional]] [[Sri Lankan]] chronicles (such as the [[Dipavamsa]]), [[Buddhism]] was introduced into [[Sri Lanka]] in the 3rd century BCE by [[Venerable]] [[Mahinda]], the son of the [[Emperor]] [[Ashoka]], during the reign of [[Sri Lanka's]] [[King]] [[Devanampiyatissa|Devanampiya Tissa]]. During this [[time]], a sapling of the [[Bodhi Tree]] was brought to [[Sri Lanka]] and the first [[monasteries]] and [[Buddhist]] monuments were established. Among these, the Isurumuni-vihaara and the Vessagiri-vihaara remain important centers of {{Wiki|worship}}. He is also credited with the construction of the [[Pathamaka-cetiya]], the [[Jambukola-vihaara]] and the [[Hatthaalhaka-vihaara]], and the refectory. The [[Pali Canon]], having previously been preserved as an [[oral tradition]], was first committed to [[writing]] in [[Sri Lanka]] around [[30s BCE|30 BCE]]. |
===[[Theravāda]] subdivisions=== | ===[[Theravāda]] subdivisions=== | ||
| − | Over much of the early history of [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka]], three subdivisions of [[Theravāda]] existed in [[Sri Lanka]], consisting of the [[monks]] of the [[Mahavihara|Mahāvihāra]], [[Abhayagiri Vihāra]], and the [[Jetavana]] [[Vihāra]].<ref name="Warder, A.K. 2000. p. 280">Warder, A.K. ''[[Indian Buddhism]]''. 2000. p. 280</ref> The [[Mahāvihāra]] was the first [[tradition]] to be established, while [[Abhayagiri Vihāra]] and [[Jetavana | + | Over much of the early history of [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka]], three subdivisions of [[Theravāda]] existed in [[Sri Lanka]], consisting of the [[monks]] of the [[Mahavihara|Mahāvihāra]], [[Abhayagiri Vihāra]], and the [[Jetavana]] [[Vihāra]].<ref name="Warder, A.K. 2000. p. 280">Warder, A.K. ''[[Indian Buddhism]]''. 2000. p. 280</ref> The [[Mahāvihāra]] was the first [[tradition]] to be established, while [[Abhayagiri Vihāra]] and [[Jetavana Vihāra]] were established by [[monks]] who had broken away from the [[Mahāvihāra]] [[tradition]].<ref name="Warder, A.K. 2000. p. 280"/> According to {{Wiki|A.K. Warder}}, the [[Indian]] [[Mahīśāsaka]] sect also established itself in [[Sri Lanka]] alongside the [[Theravāda]], into which they were later absorbed.<ref name="Warder, A.K. 2000. p. 280"/> Northern regions of [[Sri Lanka]] also seem to have been ceded to sects from [[India]] at certain times.<ref name="Warder, A.K. 2000. p. 280"/> |
In the 7th century, the {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[monk]] [[Xuanzang]] wrote of two major divisions of [[Theravāda]] in [[Sri Lanka]], referring to the [[Abhayagiri]] [[tradition]] as the "[[Mahāyāna]] [[Sthaviras]]," and the [[Mahāvihāra]] [[tradition]] as the "[[Hinayana|Hīnayāna]] [[Sthaviras]]."<ref>Baruah, Bibhuti. ''[[Buddhist]] Sects and {{Wiki|Sectarianism}}.'' 2008. p. 53</ref> [[Abhayagiri Vihara]] appears to have been a center for [[Theravadin]] [[Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayāna]] teachings;<ref>"[[Esoteric Buddhism]] in {{Wiki|Southeast Asia}} in the [[Light]] of Recent {{Wiki|Scholarship}}" by Hiram Woodward. ''Journal of [[Southeast]] {{Wiki|Asian}} Studies'', Vol. 35, No. 2 (Jun., 2004), p. 341</ref> [[Xuanzang]] writes:<ref>Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul. ''A History of [[Indian Buddhism]]: From [[Śākyamuni]] to Early [[Mahāyāna]].'' 2007. p. 121</ref> | In the 7th century, the {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[monk]] [[Xuanzang]] wrote of two major divisions of [[Theravāda]] in [[Sri Lanka]], referring to the [[Abhayagiri]] [[tradition]] as the "[[Mahāyāna]] [[Sthaviras]]," and the [[Mahāvihāra]] [[tradition]] as the "[[Hinayana|Hīnayāna]] [[Sthaviras]]."<ref>Baruah, Bibhuti. ''[[Buddhist]] Sects and {{Wiki|Sectarianism}}.'' 2008. p. 53</ref> [[Abhayagiri Vihara]] appears to have been a center for [[Theravadin]] [[Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayāna]] teachings;<ref>"[[Esoteric Buddhism]] in {{Wiki|Southeast Asia}} in the [[Light]] of Recent {{Wiki|Scholarship}}" by Hiram Woodward. ''Journal of [[Southeast]] {{Wiki|Asian}} Studies'', Vol. 35, No. 2 (Jun., 2004), p. 341</ref> [[Xuanzang]] writes:<ref>Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul. ''A History of [[Indian Buddhism]]: From [[Śākyamuni]] to Early [[Mahāyāna]].'' 2007. p. 121</ref> | ||
| − | {{quote|The Mahāvihāravāsins reject the Mahāyāna and practice the Hīnayāna, while the Abhayagirivihāravāsins study both Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna teachings and propagate the ''[[Tripiṭaka]]''.}} | + | {{quote|The [[Mahāvihāravāsins]] reject the [[Mahāyāna]] and practice the [[Hīnayāna]], while the [[Abhayagirivihāravāsins]] study both [[Hīnayāna]] and [[Mahāyāna]] teachings and propagate the ''[[Tripiṭaka]]''.}} |
In the 8th century CE, it is known that both [[Mahāyāna]] and the [[esoteric]] [[Vajrayāna]] [[form]] of [[Buddhism]] were being practiced in [[Sri Lanka]], and two [[Indian]] [[monks]] responsible for {{Wiki|propagating}} [[Esoteric Buddhism in China]], [[Vajrabodhi]] and [[Amoghavajra]], visited the island during this [[time]].<ref>Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul. ''A History of [[Indian Buddhism]]: From [[Śākyamuni]] to Early [[Mahāyāna]].'' 2007. pp. 125-126</ref> | In the 8th century CE, it is known that both [[Mahāyāna]] and the [[esoteric]] [[Vajrayāna]] [[form]] of [[Buddhism]] were being practiced in [[Sri Lanka]], and two [[Indian]] [[monks]] responsible for {{Wiki|propagating}} [[Esoteric Buddhism in China]], [[Vajrabodhi]] and [[Amoghavajra]], visited the island during this [[time]].<ref>Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul. ''A History of [[Indian Buddhism]]: From [[Śākyamuni]] to Early [[Mahāyāna]].'' 2007. pp. 125-126</ref> | ||
===Accounts of {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[pilgrims]]=== | ===Accounts of {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[pilgrims]]=== | ||
| − | In the 5th century CE, [[Faxian]] visited [[Sri Lanka]] and lived there for two years with the [[monks]]. [[Faxian]] obtained a [[Sanskrit]] copy of the [[Mahīśāsaka | + | In the 5th century CE, [[Faxian]] visited [[Sri Lanka]] and lived there for two years with the [[monks]]. [[Faxian]] obtained a [[Sanskrit]] copy of the [[Mahīśāsaka Vinaya]] at the [[Abhayagiri Vihāra]], c. 406 CE. The [[Mahīśāsaka Vinaya]] was then translated into {{Wiki|Chinese}} in 434 CE by [[Buddhajiva]] and [[Zhu Daosheng]].<ref>[[Hsing Yun]]. ''[[Humanistic Buddhism]].'' 2005. p. 163</ref> This translation of the [[Mahīśāsaka Vinaya]] remains extant in the [[Chinese Buddhist canon]] as [[Taisho Tripitaka|Taishō Tripiṭaka]] 1421.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0895.html|title=The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog (T 1421)}}</ref> |
The 7th century [[pilgrim]] [[Xuanzang]] first learned for several years at [[Nālandā]], and then intended on going to [[Sri Lanka]] to seek out further instruction. However, after meeting [[Sri Lankan]] [[monks]] in [[Chola]] who were refugees, he decided not to visit:<ref>Mookerji, Radhakumud. ''{{Wiki|Ancient Indian}} [[Education]]: [[Brahmanical]] and [[Buddhist]].'' 1989. p. 520</ref> | The 7th century [[pilgrim]] [[Xuanzang]] first learned for several years at [[Nālandā]], and then intended on going to [[Sri Lanka]] to seek out further instruction. However, after meeting [[Sri Lankan]] [[monks]] in [[Chola]] who were refugees, he decided not to visit:<ref>Mookerji, Radhakumud. ''{{Wiki|Ancient Indian}} [[Education]]: [[Brahmanical]] and [[Buddhist]].'' 1989. p. 520</ref> | ||
| − | {{quote|... At the time of Hiuen Tsang's visit the [capital of Chola] was visited by 300 Bhikshus of | + | {{quote|... At the time of Hiuen Tsang's visit the [capital of Chola] was visited by 300 [[Bhikshus]] of [[Ceylo]]n who had left the island in consequence of [[famine]] and [[revolution]] there. On the pilgrim telling them of his intended visit to Ceylon for instruction, they told him that there were no Brethren there superior to them. Then the pilgrim discussed some [[Yogacara|Yoga]] texts with them and found that their explanations could not excel those given to him by [[Śīlabhadra]] at Nālandā.}} |
===Abolition of other [[Theravāda]] [[traditions]]=== | ===Abolition of other [[Theravāda]] [[traditions]]=== | ||
| Line 37: | Line 36: | ||
===[[Mahāyāna]] legacy=== | ===[[Mahāyāna]] legacy=== | ||
| − | Veneration of the [[Avalokiteśvara]] [[Bodhisattva]] has continued to the present day in [[Sri Lanka]], where he is called [[Nātha]].<ref>Baruah, Bibhuti. ''[[Buddhist]] Sects and {{Wiki|Sectarianism}}.'' 2008. p. 137</ref> In more recent times, some western-educated [[Theravādins]] have attempted to identify [[Nātha]] with [[Maitreya]] [[Bodhisattva]]. However, [[traditions]] and basic {{Wiki|iconography}}, including an image of [[Amitābha]] [[Buddha]] on his {{Wiki|crown}}, identify [[Nātha]] as [[Avalokiteśvara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/lanka/matara/we01.html|title=Art & Archaeology - Sri Lanka - Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara}}</ref> Andrew Skilton writes:<ref>Skilton, Andrew. ''A Concise [[History of Buddhism]].'' 2004. p. 151</ref> | + | Veneration of the [[Avalokiteśvara]] [[Bodhisattva]] has continued to the present day in [[Sri Lanka]], where he is called [[Nātha]].<ref>Baruah, Bibhuti. ''[[Buddhist]] Sects and {{Wiki|Sectarianism}}.'' 2008. p. 137</ref> In more recent times, some western-educated [[Theravādins]] have attempted to identify [[Nātha]] with [[Maitreya]] [[Bodhisattva]]. However, [[traditions]] and basic {{Wiki|iconography}}, including an image of [[Amitābha]] [[Buddha]] on his {{Wiki|crown}}, identify [[Nātha]] as [[Avalokiteśvara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/lanka/matara/we01.html|title=Art & Archaeology - [[Sri Lanka]] - [[Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara]]}}</ref> Andrew Skilton writes:<ref>Skilton, Andrew. ''A Concise [[History of Buddhism]].'' 2004. p. 151</ref> |
| − | {{quote|... It is clear from sculptural evidence alone that the Mahāyāna was fairly widespread throughout [Sri Lanka], although the modern account of the history of Buddhism on the island presents an unbroken and pure lineage of Theravāda. (One can only assume that similar trends were transmitted to other parts of Southeast Asia with Sri Lankan ordination lineages.) Relics of an extensive cult of Avalokiteśvara can be seen in the present-day figure of Nātha.}} | + | {{quote|... It is clear from sculptural evidence alone that the [[Mahāyāna]] was fairly widespread throughout [Sri Lanka], although the modern account of the history of Buddhism on the island presents an unbroken and pure lineage of [[Theravāda]]. (One can only assume that similar trends were transmitted to other parts of Southeast Asia with [[Sri Lankan]] ordination lineages.) Relics of an extensive cult of [[Avalokiteśvara]] can be seen in the present-day figure of Nātha.}} |
Early reports by {{Wiki|Europeans}} from the 18th century describe the [[Buddhist]] [[monks]] of [[Sri Lanka]] as being engaged in the recitation of [[mantra]]s, and using [[Buddhist prayer beads|mālā beads]] for counting, as practiced in [[Mahāyāna Buddhism]].<ref>Skilton, Andrew. ''A Concise [[History of Buddhism]].'' 2004. p. 151</ref> | Early reports by {{Wiki|Europeans}} from the 18th century describe the [[Buddhist]] [[monks]] of [[Sri Lanka]] as being engaged in the recitation of [[mantra]]s, and using [[Buddhist prayer beads|mālā beads]] for counting, as practiced in [[Mahāyāna Buddhism]].<ref>Skilton, Andrew. ''A Concise [[History of Buddhism]].'' 2004. p. 151</ref> | ||
===[[Bhikkhuni]] [[ordination]]=== | ===[[Bhikkhuni]] [[ordination]]=== | ||
| − | A few years after the arrival of [[Mahinda]], [[Bhikkhuni]] [[Sanghamitta]], who is also believed to be the daughter of [[Emperor Ashoka]], came to [[Sri Lanka]]. She started the first nun's order in [[Sri Lanka]], but this order of [[nuns]] [[died]] out in [[Sri Lanka]] in the 11th century. | + | A few years after the arrival of [[Mahinda]], [[Bhikkhuni]] [[Sanghamitta]], who is also believed to be the daughter of [[Emperor Ashoka]], came to [[Sri Lanka]]. She started the first [[nun's]] order in [[Sri Lanka]], but this order of [[nuns]] [[died]] out in [[Sri Lanka]] in the 11th century. |
In 1996, 11 selected [[Sri Lankan]] [[nuns]] were [[ordained]] fully as [[bhikkhunis]] by a team of [[Theravāda]] [[monks]] in concert with a team of [[Korean]] [[nuns]] in [[India]]. There is disagreement among [[Theravāda]] [[vinaya]] authorities as to whether such ordinations are valid. In the last few years the head of the [[Dambulla]] chapter of the [[Siyam Nikaya]] in [[Sri Lanka]] has carried out [[ordination]] {{Wiki|ceremonies}} for hundreds of [[nuns]]. | In 1996, 11 selected [[Sri Lankan]] [[nuns]] were [[ordained]] fully as [[bhikkhunis]] by a team of [[Theravāda]] [[monks]] in concert with a team of [[Korean]] [[nuns]] in [[India]]. There is disagreement among [[Theravāda]] [[vinaya]] authorities as to whether such ordinations are valid. In the last few years the head of the [[Dambulla]] chapter of the [[Siyam Nikaya]] in [[Sri Lanka]] has carried out [[ordination]] {{Wiki|ceremonies}} for hundreds of [[nuns]]. | ||
==[[Buddhist]] [[monastic]] groups== | ==[[Buddhist]] [[monastic]] groups== | ||
| − | [[File:Golden temple dambulla.jpg|thumb|A pagoda at [[Dambulla]] golden [[temple]] | + | [[File:Golden temple dambulla.jpg|thumb|A pagoda at [[Dambulla]] golden [[temple]])] |
The different sects of the [[Sri Lankan]] [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|clergy}} are referred to as [[Nikaya]]s, and three main [[Nikayas]] are: | The different sects of the [[Sri Lankan]] [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|clergy}} are referred to as [[Nikaya]]s, and three main [[Nikayas]] are: | ||
| Line 56: | Line 55: | ||
* [[Ramanna Nikaya]], founded in 1864 by [[Ambagahawatte Saranankara]]. | * [[Ramanna Nikaya]], founded in 1864 by [[Ambagahawatte Saranankara]]. | ||
Within these three main divisions there are numerous other divisions, some of which are [[caste]] based. There are no [[doctrinal]] differences among any of them. | Within these three main divisions there are numerous other divisions, some of which are [[caste]] based. There are no [[doctrinal]] differences among any of them. | ||
| + | {{reflist}} | ||
| + | </poem> | ||
| + | {{W}} | ||
| + | [[Category:Sri Lanka]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:54, 3 April 2016
.jpg)
Theravada Buddhism is the religion of about 70% of the population of Sri Lanka.[1]
== History ==
===Introduction of Buddhism===
According to traditional Sri Lankan chronicles (such as the Dipavamsa), Buddhism was introduced into Sri Lanka in the 3rd century BCE by Venerable Mahinda, the son of the Emperor Ashoka, during the reign of Sri Lanka's King Devanampiya Tissa. During this time, a sapling of the Bodhi Tree was brought to Sri Lanka and the first monasteries and Buddhist monuments were established. Among these, the Isurumuni-vihaara and the Vessagiri-vihaara remain important centers of worship. He is also credited with the construction of the Pathamaka-cetiya, the Jambukola-vihaara and the Hatthaalhaka-vihaara, and the refectory. The Pali Canon, having previously been preserved as an oral tradition, was first committed to writing in Sri Lanka around 30 BCE.
===Theravāda subdivisions===
Over much of the early history of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, three subdivisions of Theravāda existed in Sri Lanka, consisting of the monks of the Mahāvihāra, Abhayagiri Vihāra, and the Jetavana Vihāra.[2] The Mahāvihāra was the first tradition to be established, while Abhayagiri Vihāra and Jetavana Vihāra were established by monks who had broken away from the Mahāvihāra tradition.[2] According to A.K. Warder, the Indian Mahīśāsaka sect also established itself in Sri Lanka alongside the Theravāda, into which they were later absorbed.[2] Northern regions of Sri Lanka also seem to have been ceded to sects from India at certain times.[2]
In the 7th century, the Chinese monk Xuanzang wrote of two major divisions of Theravāda in Sri Lanka, referring to the Abhayagiri tradition as the "Mahāyāna Sthaviras," and the Mahāvihāra tradition as the "Hīnayāna Sthaviras."[3] Abhayagiri Vihara appears to have been a center for Theravadin Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna teachings;[4] Xuanzang writes:[5]
Template:Quote
In the 8th century CE, it is known that both Mahāyāna and the esoteric Vajrayāna form of Buddhism were being practiced in Sri Lanka, and two Indian monks responsible for propagating Esoteric Buddhism in China, Vajrabodhi and Amoghavajra, visited the island during this time.[6]
===Accounts of Chinese pilgrims===
In the 5th century CE, Faxian visited Sri Lanka and lived there for two years with the monks. Faxian obtained a Sanskrit copy of the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya at the Abhayagiri Vihāra, c. 406 CE. The Mahīśāsaka Vinaya was then translated into Chinese in 434 CE by Buddhajiva and Zhu Daosheng.[7] This translation of the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya remains extant in the Chinese Buddhist canon as Taishō Tripiṭaka 1421.[8]
The 7th century pilgrim Xuanzang first learned for several years at Nālandā, and then intended on going to Sri Lanka to seek out further instruction. However, after meeting Sri Lankan monks in Chola who were refugees, he decided not to visit:[9]
Template:Quote
===Abolition of other Theravāda traditions===
Before the 12th century CE, more rulers of Sri Lanka gave support and patronage to the Abhayagiri Theravādins, and travelers such as Faxian saw the Abhayagiri Theravādins as the main Buddhist tradition in Sri Lanka.[10][11] The trend of Abhayagiri Vihara being the dominant Theravāda sect changed in the 12th century CE, when the Mahāvihāra gained the political support of King Parakkamabāhu I (1153–1186 CE), and completely abolished the Abhayagiri and Jetavana Theravāda traditions.[12][13] The Theravāda monks of these two traditions were then defrocked and given the choice of either returning to the laity permanently, or attempting re-ordination under the Mahāvihāra tradition as "novices" (sāmaṇera).[13][14] Parakkamabāhu also appointed a saṅgharāja, or "King of the Sangha," a monk who would preside over the Sangha and its ordinations in Sri Lanka, assisted by two deputies.[15]
===Lineage continuity===
Sri Lanka has the longest continuous history of Buddhism of any Buddhist nation, with the Sangha having existed in a largely unbroken lineage since its introduction in the 3rd century BCE. During periods of decline, the Sri Lankan monastic lineage was revived through contact with Myanmar and Thailand.
===Colonialism and Christianity===
From the 16th century onward, Christian missionaries and Portuguese, Dutch and British colonizers of Sri Lanka have attempted to convert the local population to Christianity. In the late 19th century, a national Buddhist movement started, inspired by the American Buddhist Henry Steel Olcott, and empowered by the results of the Panadura debate between a Christian priest and the Buddhist monk Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera.
===Mahāyāna legacy===
Veneration of the Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva has continued to the present day in Sri Lanka, where he is called Nātha.[16] In more recent times, some western-educated Theravādins have attempted to identify Nātha with Maitreya Bodhisattva. However, traditions and basic iconography, including an image of Amitābha Buddha on his crown, identify Nātha as Avalokiteśvara.[17] Andrew Skilton writes:[18]
Template:Quote
Early reports by Europeans from the 18th century describe the Buddhist monks of Sri Lanka as being engaged in the recitation of mantras, and using mālā beads for counting, as practiced in Mahāyāna Buddhism.[19]
===Bhikkhuni ordination===
A few years after the arrival of Mahinda, Bhikkhuni Sanghamitta, who is also believed to be the daughter of Emperor Ashoka, came to Sri Lanka. She started the first nun's order in Sri Lanka, but this order of nuns died out in Sri Lanka in the 11th century.
In 1996, 11 selected Sri Lankan nuns were ordained fully as bhikkhunis by a team of Theravāda monks in concert with a team of Korean nuns in India. There is disagreement among Theravāda vinaya authorities as to whether such ordinations are valid. In the last few years the head of the Dambulla chapter of the Siyam Nikaya in Sri Lanka has carried out ordination ceremonies for hundreds of nuns.
==Buddhist monastic groups==
[[File:Golden temple dambulla.jpg|thumb|A pagoda at Dambulla golden temple)]
The different sects of the Sri Lankan Buddhist clergy are referred to as Nikayas, and three main Nikayas are:
- Siam Nikaya, founded in the 18th century by Ven. Upali Thera, a Siamese monk who was invited by the King Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy, and on the initiative of Ven. Weliwita Saranankara.
- Amarapura Nikaya, founded in 1800 with higher ordination obtained from Myanmar (Burma)
- Ramanna Nikaya, founded in 1864 by Ambagahawatte Saranankara.
Within these three main divisions there are numerous other divisions, some of which are caste based. There are no doctrinal differences among any of them.
Footnotes
- ↑ [
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ce.html "The World Factbook: Sri Lanka"]. CIA World Factbook.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ce.html. Retrieved 2006-08-12.. - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000. p. 280
- ↑ Baruah, Bibhuti. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. 2008. p. 53
- ↑ "Esoteric Buddhism in Southeast Asia in the Light of Recent Scholarship" by Hiram Woodward. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Jun., 2004), p. 341
- ↑ Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul. A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna. 2007. p. 121
- ↑ Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul. A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna. 2007. pp. 125-126
- ↑ Hsing Yun. Humanistic Buddhism. 2005. p. 163
- ↑ Template:Citation
- ↑ Mookerji, Radhakumud. Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist. 1989. p. 520
- ↑ Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul. A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna. 2007. p. 125
- ↑ Sujato, Bhikkhu. Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools. 2006. p. 59
- ↑ Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul. A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna. 2007. p. 126
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Williams, Duncan. Queen, Christopher. American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship. 1999. p. 134
- ↑ Gombrich, Richard. Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History From Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. 1988. p. 159
- ↑ Gombrich, Richard. Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. 1988. p. 159
- ↑ Baruah, Bibhuti. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. 2008. p. 137
- ↑ "Art & Archaeology - Sri Lanka - Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara". http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/lanka/matara/we01.html.
- ↑ Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2004. p. 151
- ↑ Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2004. p. 151
