Difference between revisions of "Kūkai"
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− | [[Kūkai]] ([[空海]]), also known posthumously as [[Kōbō-Daishi]] ([[弘法大師]] The Grand [[Master]] Who Propagated the [[Buddhist]] [[Teaching]]?), 774–835, was a {{Wiki|Japanese}} [[monk]], civil servant, [[scholar]], poet, and artist, founder of the [[Shingon]] or "[[True Word school]] of [[Buddhism]]. [[Shingon]] followers usually refer to him by the honorific titles of [[O-Daishi-sama]] ([[お大師様]]?) and [[Henjō-Kongō]] ([[遍照金剛]]?). | + | |
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+ | [[Kūkai]] ([[空海]]), also known posthumously as [[Kōbō-Daishi]] ([[弘法大師]] The Grand [[Master]] Who Propagated the [[Buddhist]] [[Teaching]]?), 774–835, was | ||
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+ | a {{Wiki|Japanese}} [[monk]], civil servant, [[scholar]], poet, and artist, founder of the [[Shingon]] or "[[True Word school]] of [[Buddhism]]. [[Shingon]] | ||
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+ | followers usually refer to him by the honorific titles of [[O-Daishi-sama]] ([[お大師様]]?) and [[Henjō-Kongō]] ([[遍照金剛]]?). | ||
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+ | The Founder of the [[Shingon]] (q.v.) School of [[Japanese Buddhism]]. | ||
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+ | A [[religious]] genius an {{Wiki|social}} reformer, an engineer and artist. He was instrumental, with [[Dengyō Daishi]] (q.v.) in establishing the union of [[Shintō]] with [[Buddhism]] known as [[Ryōbu Shintō]] (q.v.). He [[died]] at the [[monastery]] founded by him 011 [[Mount Kōya]] ([[Kōyasan]], q.v.), still the headquarters of [[Shingon]]. (See [[Japan]], [[Shingon]].) | ||
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[[File:Kukai2.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Kukai2.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | [[Kūkai]] is famous as a {{Wiki|calligrapher}} (see {{Wiki|Japanese}} {{Wiki|calligraphy}}) and engineer. Among the many achievements attributed to him is the invention of the {{Wiki|kana}}, the syllabary with which, in combination with {{Wiki|Chinese}} characters ([[kanji]]), the {{Wiki|Japanese}} [[language]] is written to this day. Also according to [[tradition]], the {{Wiki|Iroha}}, which uses every phonetic {{Wiki|kana}} {{Wiki|syllable}} just once and is one of the most famous poems in {{Wiki|Japanese}}, is attributed to him but again, this is popular [[belief]] and nowhere attested to. His [[religious]] writings, some fifty works, expound the [[tantric]] [[Buddhist]] [[Shingon]] [[doctrine]]. The major ones have been translated into English by {{Wiki|Yoshito Hakeda}} | + | [[Kūkai]] is famous as a {{Wiki|calligrapher}} (see {{Wiki|Japanese}} {{Wiki|calligraphy}}) and engineer. Among the many achievements attributed to him is the invention of the {{Wiki|kana}}, the [[syllabary]] with which, in combination with {{Wiki|Chinese}} characters ([[kanji]]), the {{Wiki|Japanese}} [[language]] |
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+ | is written to this day. Also according to [[tradition]], the {{Wiki|Iroha}}, which uses every phonetic {{Wiki|kana}} {{Wiki|syllable}} just once and is one of | ||
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+ | the most famous [[poems]] in {{Wiki|Japanese}}, is attributed to him but again, this is popular [[belief]] and nowhere attested to. His [[religious]] writings, some fifty works, expound the [[tantric]] [[Buddhist]] [[Shingon]] [[doctrine]]. The major ones have been translated into English by {{Wiki|Yoshito Hakeda}} | ||
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=={{Wiki|Biography}}== | =={{Wiki|Biography}}== | ||
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[[File:Kobo_Daishi.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Kobo_Daishi.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | [[Kūkai]] was born in 774 in the present-day {{Wiki|Zentsū-ji}} precincts in the {{Wiki|province of Sanuki}} on the island of {{Wiki|Shikoku}}. His family were members of the {{Wiki|aristocratic}} Saeki family, a branch of the {{Wiki|ancient}} [[Ōtomo]] {{Wiki|clan}}. There is some [[doubt]] as to his [[birth]] [[name]]: Tōtomono ([[precious]] one) is recorded in one source, while Mao (True {{Wiki|Fish}}) is recorded elsewhere. Mao is generally used in {{Wiki|modern}} studies. [[Kūkai]] was born in a period of important {{Wiki|political}} changes with {{Wiki|Emperor Kanmu}} (alt. Kammu, r. 781–806) seeking to consolidate his [[power]] and to extend his [[realm]], taking measures which included moving the capital of {{Wiki|Japan}} from {{Wiki|Nara}} ultimately to {{Wiki|Heian}} (modern-day {{Wiki|Kyoto}}). | + | [[Kūkai]] was born in 774 in the present-day {{Wiki|Zentsū-ji}} precincts in the {{Wiki|province of Sanuki}} on the [[island]] of {{Wiki|Shikoku}}. His [[family]] were members of the {{Wiki|aristocratic}} Saeki [[family]], a branch of the {{Wiki|ancient}} [[Ōtomo]] {{Wiki|clan}}. There is some [[doubt]] as to |
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+ | his [[birth]] [[name]]: Tōtomono ([[precious]] one) is recorded in one source, while Mao (True {{Wiki|Fish}}) is recorded elsewhere. Mao is generally used in {{Wiki|modern}} studies. [[Kūkai]] was born in a period of important {{Wiki|political}} changes with {{Wiki|Emperor Kanmu}} (alt. Kammu, r. 781–806) seeking to | ||
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+ | consolidate his [[power]] and to extend his [[realm]], taking measures which included moving the capital of {{Wiki|Japan}} from {{Wiki|Nara}} ultimately to {{Wiki|Heian}} (modern-day {{Wiki|Kyoto}}). | ||
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+ | Little more is known about [[Kūkai]]'s childhood. At the age of fifteen, he began to receive instruction in the {{Wiki|Chinese Classics}} under the guidance of his maternal uncle. During this [[time]], the [[Saeki-Ōtomo]] {{Wiki|clan}} [[suffered]] government persecution due to allegations that the {{Wiki|clan}} | ||
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+ | chief, [[Ōtomo Yakamochi]], was responsible for the assassination of his rival [[Fujiwara]] Tanetsugu. The [[family]] fortunes had fallen by 791 when [[Kūkai]] | ||
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+ | journeyed to {{Wiki|Nara}}, the capital at the [[time]], to study at the government {{Wiki|university}}, the [[Daigakuryō]] ([[大学寮]]). Graduates were | ||
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+ | typically chosen for prestigious positions as bureaucrats. {{Wiki|Biographies}} of [[Kūkai]] suggest that he became disillusioned with his {{Wiki|Confucian}} studies, but developed a strong [[interest]] in [[Buddhist studies]] instead. | ||
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+ | Around the age of 22, [[Kūkai]] was introduced to [[Buddhist]] practice involving [[chanting]] the [[mantra]] of the [[Bodhisattva]] [[Ākasagarbha]] ([[Kokuzō]]). During this period [[Kūkai]] frequently sought out isolated mountain regions where he chanted the [[Ākasagarbha]] [[mantra]] relentlessly. At age | ||
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+ | 24 he published his first major {{Wiki|literary}} work, [[Sangō]] Shiiki, in which he quotes from an extensive list of sources, [[including]] the classics of {{Wiki|Confucianism}}, {{Wiki|Taoism}}, and [[Buddhism]]. The Nara [[temples]], with their extensive libraries, possessed these texts. | ||
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+ | During this period in {{Wiki|Japanese}} history, the central government closely regulated [[Buddhism]] through the [[Sōgō]] ([[僧綱]], [[Office of Priestly | ||
− | + | Affairs]]) and enforced its policies, based on the [[Ritsuryō system]]. [[Ascetics]] and {{Wiki|independent}} [[monks]], like [[Kūkai]], were frequently banned and lived outside the law, but still wandered the countryside or from [[temple]] to [[temple]]. | |
− | + | During this period of private [[Buddhist]] practice, [[Kūkai]] had a [[dream]], in which a man appeared and told [[Kūkai]] that the [[Mahavairocana Sutra]] is the [[scripture]] which contained the [[doctrine]] [[Kūkai]] was seeking. Though [[Kūkai]] soon managed to obtain a copy of this [[sūtra]] which had only | |
− | + | recently become available in {{Wiki|Japan}}, he immediately encountered difficulty. Much of the [[sūtra]] was in untranslated [[Sanskrit]] written in the | |
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+ | {{Wiki|Siddham}} [[script]]. [[Kūkai]] found the translated portion of the [[sūtra]] was very cryptic. Because [[Kūkai]] could find no one who could elucidate | ||
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+ | the text for him, he resolved to go to [[China]] to study the text there. {{Wiki|Professor}} Abe suggests that the [[Mahavairocana Tantra]] bridged the gap between his [[interest]] in the practice of [[religious]] exercises and the [[doctrinal]] [[knowledge]] acquired through his studies. | ||
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'''Travel and study in [[China]]''' | '''Travel and study in [[China]]''' | ||
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[[File:Saishi_gyokuza_yumei.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Saishi_gyokuza_yumei.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
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− | The expedition included four ships, with [[Kūkai]] on the first ship, while another famous [[monk]], {{Wiki|Saichō}} was on the second ship. During a storm, the third ship turned back, while the fourth ship was lost at sea. [[Kūkai's]] ship arrived weeks later in the province of {{Wiki|Fujian}} and its passengers were initially denied entry to the port while the ship was impounded. [[Kūkai]], [[being]] fluent in {{Wiki|Chinese}}, wrote a [[letter]] to the governor of the province explaining their situation. The governor allowed the ship to dock, and the party was asked to proceed to the capital of {{Wiki|Chang'an}} ({{Wiki|present}} day {{Wiki|Xi'an}}), the seat of [[power]] of the {{Wiki|Tang Dynasty}}. | + | In 804 [[Kūkai]] took part in a government-sponsored expedition to [[China]] in [[order]] to learn more about the [[Mahavairocana Sutra]]. [[Scholars]] are unsure why [[Kūkai]] was selected to take part in an official [[mission]] to [[China]], given his background as a private, not state-sponsored, [[monk]]. |
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+ | Theories include [[family]] connections within the [[Saeki-Ōtomo]] {{Wiki|clan}}, or connections through fellow {{Wiki|clergy}} or a member of the {{Wiki|Fujiwara clan}}. | ||
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+ | The expedition included four ships, with [[Kūkai]] on the first ship, while another famous [[monk]], {{Wiki|Saichō}} was on the second ship. During a storm, the third ship turned back, while [[the fourth]] ship was lost at sea. [[Kūkai's]] ship arrived weeks later in the province of {{Wiki|Fujian}} and its | ||
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+ | passengers were initially denied entry to the port while the ship was impounded. [[Kūkai]], [[being]] fluent in {{Wiki|Chinese}}, wrote a [[letter]] to the | ||
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+ | governor of the province explaining their situation. The governor allowed the ship to dock, and the party was asked to proceed to the capital of {{Wiki|Chang'an}} ({{Wiki|present}} day {{Wiki|Xi'an}}), the seat of [[power]] of the {{Wiki|Tang Dynasty}}. | ||
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After further delays, the Tang court granted [[Kūkai]] a place in the Ximingsi [[temple]] where his study of [[Chinese Buddhism]] began in earnest as well as studies of [[Sanskrit]] with the{{Wiki| Gandharan}} [[pandit]] {{Wiki|Prajñā}} (734-810?) who had been educated at the [[Indian]] [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|university}} at [[Nalanda]]. | After further delays, the Tang court granted [[Kūkai]] a place in the Ximingsi [[temple]] where his study of [[Chinese Buddhism]] began in earnest as well as studies of [[Sanskrit]] with the{{Wiki| Gandharan}} [[pandit]] {{Wiki|Prajñā}} (734-810?) who had been educated at the [[Indian]] [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|university}} at [[Nalanda]]. | ||
− | It was in 805 that [[Kūkai]] finally met [[Master]] {{Wiki|Hui-kuo}} (746 – 805) the man who would initiate him into the [[esoteric]] [[Buddhism]] [[tradition]] at Chang'an's [[Qinglong Monastery]] ([[青龍寺]]). [[Huiguo]] came from an illustrious [[lineage]] of [[Buddhist]] [[masters]], famed especially for translating [[Sanskrit]] texts into {{Wiki|Chinese}}, including the [[Mahavairocana Sutra]]. [[Kūkai]] describes their first meeting: | + | It was in 805 that [[Kūkai]] finally met [[Master]] {{Wiki|Hui-kuo}} (746 – 805) the man who would [[initiate]] him into the [[esoteric]] [[Buddhism]] |
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+ | [[tradition]] at Chang'an's [[Qinglong Monastery]] ([[青龍寺]]). [[Huiguo]] came from an illustrious [[lineage]] of [[Buddhist]] [[masters]], famed especially for translating [[Sanskrit]] texts into {{Wiki|Chinese}}, [[including]] the [[Mahavairocana Sutra]]. [[Kūkai]] describes their first meeting: | ||
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+ | :::Accompanied by [[Jiming, Tansheng]], and several other [[Dharma]] [[masters]] from the [[Ximing monastery]], I went to visit him ([[Huiguo]]) and was granted an audience. As soon as he saw me, the [[abbot]] smiled, and said with [[delight]], "since {{Wiki|learning}} of your arrival, I have waited anxiously. | ||
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+ | How {{Wiki|excellent}}, how {{Wiki|excellent}} that we have met today at last! My [[life]] is ending soon, and yet I have no more [[disciples]] to whom to transmit the [[Dharma]]. Prepare without delay the [[offerings]] of [[incense]] and [[flowers]] for your entry into the [[abhisheka]] [[mandala]]". | ||
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+ | [[Huiguo]] immediately bestowed upon [[Kūkai]] the first level [[Abhisheka]] or [[esoteric]] [[initiation]]. Whereas [[Kūkai]] had expected to spend 20 years studying in [[China]], in a few short months he was to receive the final [[initiation]], and become a [[master]] of the [[esoteric]] [[lineage]]. [[Huiguo]] | ||
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+ | was said to have described [[teaching]] [[Kūkai]] as like "pouring [[water]] from one [[vase]] into another". [[Huiguo]] [[died]] shortly afterwards, but not | ||
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+ | before instructing [[Kūkai]] to return to {{Wiki|Japan}} and spread the [[esoteric]] teachings there, assuring him that other [[disciples]] would carry on his work in [[China]]. | ||
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+ | [[Kūkai]] arrived back in {{Wiki|Japan}} in 806 as the eighth [[Patriarch]] of [[Esoteric]] [[Buddhism]], having learnt [[Sanskrit]] and its [[Siddham]] [[script]], studied [[Indian Buddhism]], as well as having studied the [[arts]] of {{Wiki|Chinese}} {{Wiki|calligraphy}} and [[poetry]], all with | ||
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+ | [[recognized]] [[masters]]. He also arrived with a large number of texts, many of which were new to {{Wiki|Japan}} and were [[esoteric]] in [[character]], as well as several texts on the [[Sanskrit]] [[language]] and the [[Siddham]] [[script]]. | ||
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+ | However in [[Kūkai's]] absence {{Wiki|Emperor Kammu}} had [[died]] and was replaced by {{Wiki|Emperor Heizei}} who exhibited no great [[enthusiasm]] for [[Buddhism]]. [[Kukai]]'s return from [[China]] was eclipsed by [[Saichō]], the founder of the [[Tendai school]], who found favor with the court during this | ||
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+ | [[time]]. [[Saichō]] had already had [[esoteric]] [[rites]] officially recognised by the court as an integral part of [[Tendai]], and had already performed the | ||
− | + | [[abhisheka]], or {{Wiki|initiatory}} [[ritual]], for the court by the [[time]] [[Kūkai]] returned to {{Wiki|Japan}}. Later, with [[Emperor]] Kammu's [[death]], [[Saichō's]] fortunes began to wane. | |
− | [[ | + | [[Saichō]] requested, in 812, that [[Kūkai]] give him the introductory [[initiation]], which [[Kūkai]] agreed to do. He also granted a second-level [[initiation]] upon [[Saichō]], but refused to bestow the final [[initiation]] (which would have qualified [[Saichō]] as a [[master]] of [[esoteric]] |
− | + | [[Buddhism]]) because [[Saichō]] had not completed the required studies, leading to a falling out between the two that was not resolved; this feud later extended to the [[Shingon]] and [[Tendai]] sects. | |
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− | + | Little is known about [[Kūkai]]'s movements until 809 when the court finally responded to [[Kūkai's]] report on his studies, which also contained an inventory of the texts and other [[objects]] he had brought with him, and a petition for [[state]] support to establish the new [[esoteric]] [[Buddhism in Japan]]. That | |
− | + | document, the Catalogue of Imported Items, is the first attempt by [[Kūkai]] to distinguish the new [[form]] of [[Buddhism]] from that already practiced in {{Wiki|Japan}}. The court's response was an [[order]] to reside in the [[Takaosan]] (later [[Jingo-ji Temple]] in the suburbs of [[Kyoto]]. This was to be | |
− | [[Emerging]] from obscurity | + | [[Kūkai's]] headquarters for the next 14 years. The year 809 also saw the retirement of [[Heizei]] due to {{Wiki|illness}} and the succession of the {{Wiki|Emperor Saga}}, who supported [[Kūkai]] and exchanged [[poems]] and other gifts. |
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+ | [[Emerging]] from {{Wiki|obscurity}} | ||
[[File:Huushincho_1.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Huushincho_1.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
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In 810 [[Kūkai]] emerged as a public figure when he was appointed administrative head of [[Tōdai-ji]], the central [[temple]] in {{Wiki|Nara}}, and head of the [[Sōgō]] ([[僧綱]], [[Office of Priestly Affairs]]). | In 810 [[Kūkai]] emerged as a public figure when he was appointed administrative head of [[Tōdai-ji]], the central [[temple]] in {{Wiki|Nara}}, and head of the [[Sōgō]] ([[僧綱]], [[Office of Priestly Affairs]]). | ||
− | Shortly after his enthronement Saga became seriously ill, and while he was recovering, [[Heizei]] fomented a rebellion, which had to be put down by force. [[Kūkai]] petitioned the [[Emperor]] to allow him to carry out certain [[esoteric]] [[rituals]] which were said to "enable a [[king]] to vanquish the seven {{Wiki|calamities}}, to maintain the four seasons in [[harmony]], to {{Wiki|protect}} the {{Wiki|nation}} and family, and to give {{Wiki|comfort}} to himself and others". The petition was granted. Prior to this, the government relied on the [[monks]] from the [[traditional]] schools in {{Wiki|Nara}} to perform [[rituals]], such as [[chanting]] the [[Golden Light Sutra]] to bolster the government, but this event marked a new reliance on the [[esoteric]] [[tradition]] to fulfill this role. | + | Shortly after his enthronement [[Saga]] became seriously ill, and while he was recovering, [[Heizei]] fomented a rebellion, which had to be put down by force. |
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+ | [[Kūkai]] petitioned the [[Emperor]] to allow him to carry out certain [[esoteric]] [[rituals]] which were said to "enable a [[king]] to vanquish the seven {{Wiki|calamities}}, to maintain the four seasons in [[harmony]], to {{Wiki|protect}} the {{Wiki|nation}} and [[family]], and to give {{Wiki|comfort}} to | ||
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+ | himself and others". The petition was granted. Prior to this, the government relied on the [[monks]] from the [[traditional]] schools in {{Wiki|Nara}} to | ||
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+ | perform [[rituals]], such as [[chanting]] the [[Golden Light Sutra]] to bolster the government, but this event marked a new reliance on the [[esoteric]] [[tradition]] to fulfill this role. | ||
− | With the public [[initiation]] {{Wiki|ceremonies}} for [[Saichō]] and others at [[Takaosan]] in 812, [[Kūkai]] became the [[acknowledged]] [[master of esoteric]] [[Buddhism in Japan]]. He set about organizing his [[disciples]] into an [[order]] - making them responsible for administration, maintenance and construction at the [[temple]], as well as for [[monastic]] [[discipline]]. In 813 [[Kūkai]] outlined his aims and practices in the document called The admonishments of [[Wikipedia:Kōnin (era)|Konin]]. It was also during this period at Takaosan that he completed many of the seminal works of the [[Shingon School]]: | + | |
+ | With the public [[initiation]] {{Wiki|ceremonies}} for [[Saichō]] and others at [[Takaosan]] in 812, [[Kūkai]] became the [[acknowledged]] [[master of esoteric]] [[Buddhism in Japan]]. He set about organizing his [[disciples]] into an [[order]] - making them responsible for administration, maintenance and | ||
+ | |||
+ | construction at the [[temple]], as well as for [[monastic]] [[discipline]]. In 813 [[Kūkai]] outlined his aims and practices in the document called The admonishments of [[Wikipedia:Kōnin (era)|Konin]]. It was also during this period at [[Takaosan]] that he completed many of the seminal works of the [[Shingon School]]: | ||
::*[[Attaining]] [[Enlightenment]] in This Very [[Existence]] | ::*[[Attaining]] [[Enlightenment]] in This Very [[Existence]] | ||
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::*Meanings of the [[Word]] [[Hūm]] | ::*Meanings of the [[Word]] [[Hūm]] | ||
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− | Meanwhile, [[Kukai's]] new [[esoteric]] teachings and {{Wiki|literature}} drew scrutiny from a noted [[scholar]]-[[monk]] of the [[time]] named {{Wiki|Tokuitsu}}, who traded letters back and forth in 815 asking for clarification. The dialogue between them proved constructive and helped to give [[Kūkai]] more credibility, while the [[Nara Schools]] took greater [[interest]] in [[esoteric]] practice. | + | All of these were written in 817. Records show that [[Kūkai]] was also busy [[writing]] [[poetry]], conducting [[rituals]], and [[writing]] epitaphs and memorials on request. His [[popularity]] at the court only increased, and spread. |
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+ | Meanwhile, [[Kukai's]] new [[esoteric]] teachings and {{Wiki|literature}} drew {{Wiki|scrutiny}} from a noted [[scholar]]-[[monk]] of the [[time]] named | ||
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+ | {{Wiki|Tokuitsu}}, who traded letters back and forth in 815 asking for clarification. The {{Wiki|dialogue}} between them proved constructive and helped to give [[Kūkai]] more credibility, while the [[Nara Schools]] took greater [[interest]] in [[esoteric]] practice. | ||
{{Wiki|Mount Kōya}} | {{Wiki|Mount Kōya}} | ||
− | In 816, {{Wiki|Emperor Saga}} accepted [[Kūkai's]] request to establish a mountain [[retreat]] at [[Mount Kōya]] as a [[retreat]] from [[worldly]] affairs. The ground was officially [[consecrated]] in the middle of 819 with [[rituals]] lasting seven days. He could not stay, however, as he had received an {{Wiki|imperial}} [[order]] to act as advisor to the secretary of state, and he therefore entrusted the project to a senior [[disciple]]. As many surviving letters to patrons attest, fund-raising for the project now began to take up much of [[Kūkai's]] [[time]], and financial difficulties were a persistent [[concern]]; indeed, the project was not fully realised until after [[Kūkai's]] [[death]] in 835. | + | In 816, {{Wiki|Emperor Saga}} accepted [[Kūkai's]] request to establish a mountain [[retreat]] at [[Mount Kōya]] as a [[retreat]] from [[worldly]] affairs. The ground was officially [[consecrated]] in the middle of 819 with [[rituals]] lasting seven days. He could not stay, however, as he had received an |
+ | |||
+ | {{Wiki|imperial}} [[order]] to act as advisor to the secretary of [[state]], and he therefore entrusted the project to a senior [[disciple]]. As many surviving | ||
+ | |||
+ | letters to patrons attest, fund-raising for the project now began to take up much of [[Kūkai's]] [[time]], and financial difficulties were a persistent [[concern]]; indeed, the project was not fully realised until after [[Kūkai's]] [[death]] in 835. | ||
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+ | [[Kūkai's]] [[vision]] was that [[Mt. Kōya]] was to become a [[representation]] of the two [[mandalas]] that [[form]] the basis of [[Shingon]] [[Buddhism]]: the central plateau as the [[Womb Realm mandala]], with the peaks surrounding the area as petals of a [[lotus]]; and located in the centre of this would be the | ||
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+ | [[Diamond Realm]] [[mandala]] in the [[form]] of a [[temple]] which he named{{Wiki| Kongōbu-ji}} — the [[Diamond Peak]] [[Temple]]. At the center of the [[temple]] complex sits an enormous statue of [[Mahavairocana]] [[Buddha]] who is the {{Wiki|personification}} of [[Ultimate Reality]]. | ||
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Public Works | Public Works | ||
− | In 821 [[Kūkai]] took on a civil {{Wiki|engineering}} task, that of restoring Manno Reservoir, which is still the largest irrigation reservoir in {{Wiki|Japan}}. His [[leadership]] enabled the previously floundering project to be completed smoothly, and is now the source of some of the many legendary stories which surround his figure. In 822 [[Kūkai]] performed an [[initiation]] {{Wiki|ceremony}} for the ex-emperor [[Wikipedia:Emperor Heizei |Heizei]]. In the same year [[Saichō]] [[died]]. | + | |
+ | In 821 [[Kūkai]] took on a civil {{Wiki|engineering}} task, that of restoring Manno Reservoir, which is still the largest irrigation reservoir in {{Wiki|Japan}}. His [[leadership]] enabled the previously floundering project to be completed smoothly, and is now the source of some of the many legendary | ||
+ | |||
+ | stories which surround his figure. In 822 [[Kūkai]] performed an [[initiation]] {{Wiki|ceremony}} for the ex-emperor [[Wikipedia:Emperor Heizei |Heizei]]. In the same year [[Saichō]] [[died]]. | ||
+ | |||
[[Tō-ji]] Period | [[Tō-ji]] Period | ||
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− | The new [[emperor]], {{Wiki|Emperor Junna}} (r. 823-833) was also well disposed towards [[Kūkai]]. In response to a request from the [[emperor]], [[Kūkai]], along with other {{Wiki|Japanese}} [[Buddhist]] leaders, submitted a document which set out the [[beliefs]], practices and important texts of his [[form]] of [[Buddhism]]. In his {{Wiki|imperial}} decree granting approval of [[Kūkai's]] outline of [[esoteric]] [[Buddhism]], [[Wikipedia:Emperor Junna|Junna]] uses the term [[Shingon-shū]] ([[真言宗]] [[True Word School]]) for the first [[time]]. An {{Wiki|imperial}} decree gave [[Kūkai]] exclusive use of [[Tō-ji]] for the [[Shingon School]], which set a new precedent in an environment where previously [[temples]] had been open to all [[forms]] of [[Buddhism]]. It also allowed him to retain 50 [[monks]] at the [[temple]] and train them in [[Shingon]]. This was the final step in establishing [[Shingon]] as an independent [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|movement}}, with a solid institutional basis with state authorization. [[Shingon]] had become legitimate. | + | When {{Wiki|Emperor Kammu}} had moved the capital in 784, he had not permitted the powerful [[Buddhists]] from the [[temples]] of Nara to follow him. He did commission two new [[temples]]: [[Tō-ji]] (Eastern [[Temple]]) and [[Sai-ji]] ({{Wiki|Western}} [[Temple]]) which flanked the road at southern entrance to the |
+ | |||
+ | city, protecting the capital from [[evil]] [[influences]]. However, after nearly thirty years the [[temples]] were still not completed. In 823 the soon-to-retire {{Wiki|Emperor Saga}} asked [[Kūkai]], [[experienced]] in public works projects, to take over [[Tō-ji]] and finish the building project. [[Saga]] gave | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Kūkai]] free rein, enabling him to make [[Tō-ji]] the first [[Esoteric]] [[Buddhist]] centre in [[Kyoto]], and also giving him a base much closer to the court, and its [[power]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The new [[emperor]], {{Wiki|Emperor Junna}} (r. 823-833) was also well disposed towards [[Kūkai]]. In response to a request from the [[emperor]], [[Kūkai]], | ||
+ | |||
+ | along with other {{Wiki|Japanese}} [[Buddhist]] leaders, submitted a document which set out the [[beliefs]], practices and important texts of his [[form]] of [[Buddhism]]. In his {{Wiki|imperial}} decree granting approval of [[Kūkai's]] outline of [[esoteric]] [[Buddhism]], [[Wikipedia:Emperor Junna|Junna]] uses the | ||
+ | |||
+ | term [[Shingon-shū]] ([[真言宗]] [[True Word School]]) for the first [[time]]. An {{Wiki|imperial}} decree gave [[Kūkai]] exclusive use of [[Tō-ji]] for the [[Shingon School]], which set a new precedent in an {{Wiki|environment}} where previously [[temples]] had been open to all [[forms]] of [[Buddhism]]. It also | ||
+ | |||
+ | allowed him to retain 50 [[monks]] at the [[temple]] and train them in [[Shingon]]. This was the final step in establishing [[Shingon]] as an {{Wiki|independent}} [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|movement}}, with a solid institutional basis with [[state]] authorization. [[Shingon]] had become legitimate. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | In 824 [[Kūkai]] was officially appointed to the [[temple]] construction project. In that year he founded{{Wiki| Zenpuku-ji}}, the second oldest [[temple]] of the [[Edo]] ({{Wiki|Tokyo}}) region. In 824 he was also appointed to the [[Office of Priestly Affairs]]. The Office consisted of four positions, with the Supreme [[Priest]] [[being]] an {{Wiki|honorary}} position which was often vacant. The effective head of the [[Sōgō]] was the [[Daisōzu]] ([[大僧都]] [[Senior | ||
+ | |||
+ | Director]]). [[Kūkai's]] appointment was to the position of [[Shōsōzu]] ([[小僧都]] [[Junior Director]]). In addition there was a [[Risshi]] ([[律師]] [[Vinaya Master]]) who was responsible for the [[monastic]] code of [[discipline]]. At [[Tō-ji]], in addition to the main hall ([[kondō]]) and some minor buildings on | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | the site, [[Kūkai]] added the lecture hall in 825 which was specifically designed along [[Shingon]] [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|principles}}, which included the making of 14 [[Buddha]] images. Also in 825, [[Kūkai]] was invited to become tutor to the {{Wiki|crown}} {{Wiki|prince}}. Then in 826 he [[initiated]] the | ||
+ | |||
+ | construction of a large [[pagoda]] at [[Tō-ji]] which was not completed in his [[lifetime]] (the {{Wiki|present}} [[pagoda]] was built in 1644 by the third{{Wiki| Tokugawa Shogun}}, Iemitsu). In 827 [[Kūkai]] was promoted to be [[Daisōzu]] in which capacity he presided over [[state]] [[rituals]], the [[emperor]] and the {{Wiki|imperial}} [[family]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The year 828 saw [[Kūkai]] open his School of [[Arts]] and {{Wiki|Sciences}} ([[Shugei shuchi-in]]). The school was a private institution open to all regardless of {{Wiki|social}} rank. This was in contrast to the only other school in the capital which was only open to members of the {{Wiki|aristocracy}}. | ||
− | + | The school [[taught]] {{Wiki|Taoism}} and {{Wiki|Confucianism}}, in addition to [[Buddhism]], and provided free meals to the pupils. The [[latter]] was [[essential]] because the poor could not afford to [[live]] and attend the school without it. The school closed ten years after [[Kūkai's]] [[death]], when it was sold in [[order]] to purchase some {{Wiki|rice}} fields for supporting [[monastic]] affairs. | |
− | |||
Final years | Final years | ||
− | |||
− | With the end approaching, he stopped taking [[food]] and [[water]], and spent much of his [[time]] absorbed in [[meditation]]. At midnight on the 21st day of the third month (835) he [[died]] at the age of 62. {{Wiki|Emperor Ninmyō}} (r. 833-50) sent a message of condolence to [[Mount Kōya]], expressing his [[regret]] that he could not attend the [[cremation]] due to the [[time]] lag in {{Wiki|communication}} [[caused]] by [[Mount Kōya's]] isolation. However, [[Kūkai]] was not given the [[traditional]] [[cremation]], but instead, in accordance with his will, was entombed on the eastern peak of [[Mount Kōya]]. It was discovered that his [[body]] did not [[decay]] several years after his [[death]]. | + | [[Kūkai]] completed his [[Wikipedia:Masterpiece|magnum opus]], The [[Jūjūshinron]] ([[十住心論]] Treatise on The [[Ten Stages of the Development of Mind]]?) in 830. Because of its great length, it has yet to have been fully translated into any [[language]]. A simplified summary, [[Hizō Hōyaku]] ([[秘蔵宝鑰]] The |
+ | |||
+ | [[Precious Key to the Secret Treasury]]) followed soon after. The first [[signs]] of the {{Wiki|illness}} that would eventually lead to [[Kūkai's]] [[death]] appeared in 831. He sought to retire, but the [[emperor]] would not accept his resignation and instead gave him sick leave. Toward the end of 832 [[Kūkai]] was back on [[Mt. Kōya]] and spent most of his remaining [[life]] there. In 834 he petitioned the court to establish a [[Shingon]] chapel in the palace for the | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Wiki|purpose}} of conducting [[rituals]] that would ensure the [[health]] of the [[state]]. This request was granted and [[Shingon]] [[ritual]] became incorporated into the official court [[calendar]] of events. In 835, just two months before his [[death]], [[Kūkai]] was finally granted permission to annually | ||
+ | |||
+ | ordain three [[Shingon]] [[monks]] at [[Mt. Kōya]] — the number of new ordainees [[being]] still strictly controlled by the [[state]]. This meant that Kōya had gone from [[being]] a private institution to a state-sponsored one. | ||
+ | |||
+ | With the end approaching, he stopped taking [[food]] and [[water]], and spent much of his [[time]] absorbed in [[meditation]]. At midnight on the 21st day of the third month (835) he [[died]] at the age of 62. {{Wiki|Emperor Ninmyō}} (r. 833-50) sent a message of condolence to [[Mount Kōya]], expressing his | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[regret]] that he could not attend the [[cremation]] due to the [[time]] lag in {{Wiki|communication}} [[caused]] by [[Mount Kōya's]] isolation. However, | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Kūkai]] was not given the [[traditional]] [[cremation]], but instead, in accordance with his will, was entombed on the eastern peak of [[Mount Kōya]]. It was discovered that his [[body]] did not [[decay]] several years after his [[death]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Legend has it that [[Kūkai]] has not [[died]] but entered into an [[eternal]] [[samadhi]] and is still alive on [[Mount Kōya]], awaiting the [[appearance]] of | ||
+ | |||
+ | the next [[Buddha]] [[Maitreya]]. Other {{Wiki|legends}} [[state]] that he was [[reborn]] in the [[Tushita Heaven]] to wait upon [[Maitreya]] [[Bodhisattva]]; hence the [[mantra]] of [[Maitreya]] as well as his [[Siddham]] [[seed syllable]] often is shown alongside the image of [[Kūkai]]. | ||
+ | |||
− | |||
{{W}} | {{W}} | ||
[[Category:Kukai]] | [[Category:Kukai]] |
Latest revision as of 10:30, 23 November 2020
Kūkai (空海), also known posthumously as Kōbō-Daishi (弘法大師 The Grand Master Who Propagated the Buddhist Teaching?), 774–835, was
a Japanese monk, civil servant, scholar, poet, and artist, founder of the Shingon or "True Word school of Buddhism. Shingon
followers usually refer to him by the honorific titles of O-Daishi-sama (お大師様?) and Henjō-Kongō (遍照金剛?).
The Founder of the Shingon (q.v.) School of Japanese Buddhism.
A religious genius an social reformer, an engineer and artist. He was instrumental, with Dengyō Daishi (q.v.) in establishing the union of Shintō with Buddhism known as Ryōbu Shintō (q.v.). He died at the monastery founded by him 011 Mount Kōya (Kōyasan, q.v.), still the headquarters of Shingon. (See Japan, Shingon.)
Kūkai is famous as a calligrapher (see Japanese calligraphy) and engineer. Among the many achievements attributed to him is the invention of the kana, the syllabary with which, in combination with Chinese characters (kanji), the Japanese language
is written to this day. Also according to tradition, the Iroha, which uses every phonetic kana syllable just once and is one of
the most famous poems in Japanese, is attributed to him but again, this is popular belief and nowhere attested to. His religious writings, some fifty works, expound the tantric Buddhist Shingon doctrine. The major ones have been translated into English by Yoshito Hakeda
Biography
Early years
Kūkai was born in 774 in the present-day Zentsū-ji precincts in the province of Sanuki on the island of Shikoku. His family were members of the aristocratic Saeki family, a branch of the ancient Ōtomo clan. There is some doubt as to
his birth name: Tōtomono (precious one) is recorded in one source, while Mao (True Fish) is recorded elsewhere. Mao is generally used in modern studies. Kūkai was born in a period of important political changes with Emperor Kanmu (alt. Kammu, r. 781–806) seeking to
consolidate his power and to extend his realm, taking measures which included moving the capital of Japan from Nara ultimately to Heian (modern-day Kyoto).
Little more is known about Kūkai's childhood. At the age of fifteen, he began to receive instruction in the Chinese Classics under the guidance of his maternal uncle. During this time, the Saeki-Ōtomo clan suffered government persecution due to allegations that the clan
chief, Ōtomo Yakamochi, was responsible for the assassination of his rival Fujiwara Tanetsugu. The family fortunes had fallen by 791 when Kūkai
journeyed to Nara, the capital at the time, to study at the government university, the Daigakuryō (大学寮). Graduates were
typically chosen for prestigious positions as bureaucrats. Biographies of Kūkai suggest that he became disillusioned with his Confucian studies, but developed a strong interest in Buddhist studies instead.
Around the age of 22, Kūkai was introduced to Buddhist practice involving chanting the mantra of the Bodhisattva Ākasagarbha (Kokuzō). During this period Kūkai frequently sought out isolated mountain regions where he chanted the Ākasagarbha mantra relentlessly. At age
24 he published his first major literary work, Sangō Shiiki, in which he quotes from an extensive list of sources, including the classics of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The Nara temples, with their extensive libraries, possessed these texts.
During this period in Japanese history, the central government closely regulated Buddhism through the Sōgō (僧綱, [[Office of Priestly
Affairs]]) and enforced its policies, based on the Ritsuryō system. Ascetics and independent monks, like Kūkai, were frequently banned and lived outside the law, but still wandered the countryside or from temple to temple.
During this period of private Buddhist practice, Kūkai had a dream, in which a man appeared and told Kūkai that the Mahavairocana Sutra is the scripture which contained the doctrine Kūkai was seeking. Though Kūkai soon managed to obtain a copy of this sūtra which had only
recently become available in Japan, he immediately encountered difficulty. Much of the sūtra was in untranslated Sanskrit written in the
Siddham script. Kūkai found the translated portion of the sūtra was very cryptic. Because Kūkai could find no one who could elucidate
the text for him, he resolved to go to China to study the text there. Professor Abe suggests that the Mahavairocana Tantra bridged the gap between his interest in the practice of religious exercises and the doctrinal knowledge acquired through his studies.
Travel and study in China
In 804 Kūkai took part in a government-sponsored expedition to China in order to learn more about the Mahavairocana Sutra. Scholars are unsure why Kūkai was selected to take part in an official mission to China, given his background as a private, not state-sponsored, monk.
Theories include family connections within the Saeki-Ōtomo clan, or connections through fellow clergy or a member of the Fujiwara clan.
The expedition included four ships, with Kūkai on the first ship, while another famous monk, Saichō was on the second ship. During a storm, the third ship turned back, while the fourth ship was lost at sea. Kūkai's ship arrived weeks later in the province of Fujian and its
passengers were initially denied entry to the port while the ship was impounded. Kūkai, being fluent in Chinese, wrote a letter to the
governor of the province explaining their situation. The governor allowed the ship to dock, and the party was asked to proceed to the capital of Chang'an (present day Xi'an), the seat of power of the Tang Dynasty.
After further delays, the Tang court granted Kūkai a place in the Ximingsi temple where his study of Chinese Buddhism began in earnest as well as studies of Sanskrit with the Gandharan pandit Prajñā (734-810?) who had been educated at the Indian Buddhist university at Nalanda.
It was in 805 that Kūkai finally met Master Hui-kuo (746 – 805) the man who would initiate him into the esoteric Buddhism
tradition at Chang'an's Qinglong Monastery (青龍寺). Huiguo came from an illustrious lineage of Buddhist masters, famed especially for translating Sanskrit texts into Chinese, including the Mahavairocana Sutra. Kūkai describes their first meeting:
- Accompanied by Jiming, Tansheng, and several other Dharma masters from the Ximing monastery, I went to visit him (Huiguo) and was granted an audience. As soon as he saw me, the abbot smiled, and said with delight, "since learning of your arrival, I have waited anxiously.
How excellent, how excellent that we have met today at last! My life is ending soon, and yet I have no more disciples to whom to transmit the Dharma. Prepare without delay the offerings of incense and flowers for your entry into the abhisheka mandala".
Huiguo immediately bestowed upon Kūkai the first level Abhisheka or esoteric initiation. Whereas Kūkai had expected to spend 20 years studying in China, in a few short months he was to receive the final initiation, and become a master of the esoteric lineage. Huiguo
was said to have described teaching Kūkai as like "pouring water from one vase into another". Huiguo died shortly afterwards, but not
before instructing Kūkai to return to Japan and spread the esoteric teachings there, assuring him that other disciples would carry on his work in China.
Kūkai arrived back in Japan in 806 as the eighth Patriarch of Esoteric Buddhism, having learnt Sanskrit and its Siddham script, studied Indian Buddhism, as well as having studied the arts of Chinese calligraphy and poetry, all with
recognized masters. He also arrived with a large number of texts, many of which were new to Japan and were esoteric in character, as well as several texts on the Sanskrit language and the Siddham script.
However in Kūkai's absence Emperor Kammu had died and was replaced by Emperor Heizei who exhibited no great enthusiasm for Buddhism. Kukai's return from China was eclipsed by Saichō, the founder of the Tendai school, who found favor with the court during this
time. Saichō had already had esoteric rites officially recognised by the court as an integral part of Tendai, and had already performed the
abhisheka, or initiatory ritual, for the court by the time Kūkai returned to Japan. Later, with Emperor Kammu's death, Saichō's fortunes began to wane.
Saichō requested, in 812, that Kūkai give him the introductory initiation, which Kūkai agreed to do. He also granted a second-level initiation upon Saichō, but refused to bestow the final initiation (which would have qualified Saichō as a master of esoteric
Buddhism) because Saichō had not completed the required studies, leading to a falling out between the two that was not resolved; this feud later extended to the Shingon and Tendai sects.
Little is known about Kūkai's movements until 809 when the court finally responded to Kūkai's report on his studies, which also contained an inventory of the texts and other objects he had brought with him, and a petition for state support to establish the new esoteric Buddhism in Japan. That
document, the Catalogue of Imported Items, is the first attempt by Kūkai to distinguish the new form of Buddhism from that already practiced in Japan. The court's response was an order to reside in the Takaosan (later Jingo-ji Temple in the suburbs of Kyoto. This was to be
Kūkai's headquarters for the next 14 years. The year 809 also saw the retirement of Heizei due to illness and the succession of the Emperor Saga, who supported Kūkai and exchanged poems and other gifts.
In 810 Kūkai emerged as a public figure when he was appointed administrative head of Tōdai-ji, the central temple in Nara, and head of the Sōgō (僧綱, Office of Priestly Affairs).
Shortly after his enthronement Saga became seriously ill, and while he was recovering, Heizei fomented a rebellion, which had to be put down by force.
Kūkai petitioned the Emperor to allow him to carry out certain esoteric rituals which were said to "enable a king to vanquish the seven calamities, to maintain the four seasons in harmony, to protect the nation and family, and to give comfort to
himself and others". The petition was granted. Prior to this, the government relied on the monks from the traditional schools in Nara to
perform rituals, such as chanting the Golden Light Sutra to bolster the government, but this event marked a new reliance on the esoteric tradition to fulfill this role.
With the public initiation ceremonies for Saichō and others at Takaosan in 812, Kūkai became the acknowledged master of esoteric Buddhism in Japan. He set about organizing his disciples into an order - making them responsible for administration, maintenance and
construction at the temple, as well as for monastic discipline. In 813 Kūkai outlined his aims and practices in the document called The admonishments of Konin. It was also during this period at Takaosan that he completed many of the seminal works of the Shingon School:
- Attaining Enlightenment in This Very Existence
All of these were written in 817. Records show that Kūkai was also busy writing poetry, conducting rituals, and writing epitaphs and memorials on request. His popularity at the court only increased, and spread.
Meanwhile, Kukai's new esoteric teachings and literature drew scrutiny from a noted scholar-monk of the time named
Tokuitsu, who traded letters back and forth in 815 asking for clarification. The dialogue between them proved constructive and helped to give Kūkai more credibility, while the Nara Schools took greater interest in esoteric practice.
In 816, Emperor Saga accepted Kūkai's request to establish a mountain retreat at Mount Kōya as a retreat from worldly affairs. The ground was officially consecrated in the middle of 819 with rituals lasting seven days. He could not stay, however, as he had received an
imperial order to act as advisor to the secretary of state, and he therefore entrusted the project to a senior disciple. As many surviving
letters to patrons attest, fund-raising for the project now began to take up much of Kūkai's time, and financial difficulties were a persistent concern; indeed, the project was not fully realised until after Kūkai's death in 835.
Kūkai's vision was that Mt. Kōya was to become a representation of the two mandalas that form the basis of Shingon Buddhism: the central plateau as the Womb Realm mandala, with the peaks surrounding the area as petals of a lotus; and located in the centre of this would be the
Diamond Realm mandala in the form of a temple which he named Kongōbu-ji — the Diamond Peak Temple. At the center of the temple complex sits an enormous statue of Mahavairocana Buddha who is the personification of Ultimate Reality.
Public Works
In 821 Kūkai took on a civil engineering task, that of restoring Manno Reservoir, which is still the largest irrigation reservoir in Japan. His leadership enabled the previously floundering project to be completed smoothly, and is now the source of some of the many legendary
stories which surround his figure. In 822 Kūkai performed an initiation ceremony for the ex-emperor Heizei. In the same year Saichō died.
Tō-ji Period
When Emperor Kammu had moved the capital in 784, he had not permitted the powerful Buddhists from the temples of Nara to follow him. He did commission two new temples: Tō-ji (Eastern Temple) and Sai-ji (Western Temple) which flanked the road at southern entrance to the
city, protecting the capital from evil influences. However, after nearly thirty years the temples were still not completed. In 823 the soon-to-retire Emperor Saga asked Kūkai, experienced in public works projects, to take over Tō-ji and finish the building project. Saga gave
Kūkai free rein, enabling him to make Tō-ji the first Esoteric Buddhist centre in Kyoto, and also giving him a base much closer to the court, and its power.
The new emperor, Emperor Junna (r. 823-833) was also well disposed towards Kūkai. In response to a request from the emperor, Kūkai,
along with other Japanese Buddhist leaders, submitted a document which set out the beliefs, practices and important texts of his form of Buddhism. In his imperial decree granting approval of Kūkai's outline of esoteric Buddhism, Junna uses the
term Shingon-shū (真言宗 True Word School) for the first time. An imperial decree gave Kūkai exclusive use of Tō-ji for the Shingon School, which set a new precedent in an environment where previously temples had been open to all forms of Buddhism. It also
allowed him to retain 50 monks at the temple and train them in Shingon. This was the final step in establishing Shingon as an independent Buddhist movement, with a solid institutional basis with state authorization. Shingon had become legitimate.
In 824 Kūkai was officially appointed to the temple construction project. In that year he founded Zenpuku-ji, the second oldest temple of the Edo (Tokyo) region. In 824 he was also appointed to the Office of Priestly Affairs. The Office consisted of four positions, with the Supreme Priest being an honorary position which was often vacant. The effective head of the Sōgō was the Daisōzu (大僧都 [[Senior
Director]]). Kūkai's appointment was to the position of Shōsōzu (小僧都 Junior Director). In addition there was a Risshi (律師 Vinaya Master) who was responsible for the monastic code of discipline. At Tō-ji, in addition to the main hall (kondō) and some minor buildings on
the site, Kūkai added the lecture hall in 825 which was specifically designed along Shingon Buddhist principles, which included the making of 14 Buddha images. Also in 825, Kūkai was invited to become tutor to the crown prince. Then in 826 he initiated the
construction of a large pagoda at Tō-ji which was not completed in his lifetime (the present pagoda was built in 1644 by the third Tokugawa Shogun, Iemitsu). In 827 Kūkai was promoted to be Daisōzu in which capacity he presided over state rituals, the emperor and the imperial family.
The year 828 saw Kūkai open his School of Arts and Sciences (Shugei shuchi-in). The school was a private institution open to all regardless of social rank. This was in contrast to the only other school in the capital which was only open to members of the aristocracy.
The school taught Taoism and Confucianism, in addition to Buddhism, and provided free meals to the pupils. The latter was essential because the poor could not afford to live and attend the school without it. The school closed ten years after Kūkai's death, when it was sold in order to purchase some rice fields for supporting monastic affairs.
Final years
Kūkai completed his magnum opus, The Jūjūshinron (十住心論 Treatise on The Ten Stages of the Development of Mind?) in 830. Because of its great length, it has yet to have been fully translated into any language. A simplified summary, Hizō Hōyaku (秘蔵宝鑰 The
Precious Key to the Secret Treasury) followed soon after. The first signs of the illness that would eventually lead to Kūkai's death appeared in 831. He sought to retire, but the emperor would not accept his resignation and instead gave him sick leave. Toward the end of 832 Kūkai was back on Mt. Kōya and spent most of his remaining life there. In 834 he petitioned the court to establish a Shingon chapel in the palace for the
purpose of conducting rituals that would ensure the health of the state. This request was granted and Shingon ritual became incorporated into the official court calendar of events. In 835, just two months before his death, Kūkai was finally granted permission to annually
ordain three Shingon monks at Mt. Kōya — the number of new ordainees being still strictly controlled by the state. This meant that Kōya had gone from being a private institution to a state-sponsored one.
With the end approaching, he stopped taking food and water, and spent much of his time absorbed in meditation. At midnight on the 21st day of the third month (835) he died at the age of 62. Emperor Ninmyō (r. 833-50) sent a message of condolence to Mount Kōya, expressing his
regret that he could not attend the cremation due to the time lag in communication caused by Mount Kōya's isolation. However,
Kūkai was not given the traditional cremation, but instead, in accordance with his will, was entombed on the eastern peak of Mount Kōya. It was discovered that his body did not decay several years after his death.
Legend has it that Kūkai has not died but entered into an eternal samadhi and is still alive on Mount Kōya, awaiting the appearance of
the next Buddha Maitreya. Other legends state that he was reborn in the Tushita Heaven to wait upon Maitreya Bodhisattva; hence the mantra of Maitreya as well as his Siddham seed syllable often is shown alongside the image of Kūkai.