Difference between revisions of "Buddhism: Chronology and History"
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==[[Buddhism in India]]== | ==[[Buddhism in India]]== | ||
===Before 2200 BCE:=== | ===Before 2200 BCE:=== | ||
Line 5: | Line 15: | ||
- {{Wiki|Indus Valley}} {{Wiki|Civilization}} | - {{Wiki|Indus Valley}} {{Wiki|Civilization}} | ||
- refers to [[people]] living in the {{Wiki|Indus River}} Valley in [[India]] in the third millenium BCE (c. 2500 BCE) | - refers to [[people]] living in the {{Wiki|Indus River}} Valley in [[India]] in the third millenium BCE (c. 2500 BCE) | ||
− | - significant {{Wiki|evidence}} for the {{Wiki|worship}} of [[goddesses]] in {{Wiki|conjunction}} with [[bull]] or ram figures | + | - significant {{Wiki|evidence}} for the {{Wiki|worship}} of [[goddesses]] in {{Wiki|conjunction}} with [[bull]] or [[ram]] figures |
- {{Wiki|Harappa}} and Mohenjo-Daro were the [[principle]] cities of the region, c. 2500-1250 BCE | - {{Wiki|Harappa}} and Mohenjo-Daro were the [[principle]] cities of the region, c. 2500-1250 BCE | ||
- the region was well-organized with {{Wiki|evidence}} of well-developed {{Wiki|societies}}, {{Wiki|scholarship}}, etc. | - the region was well-organized with {{Wiki|evidence}} of well-developed {{Wiki|societies}}, {{Wiki|scholarship}}, etc. | ||
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<poem> | <poem> | ||
-The [[Vedas]] and the [[religious]] diversity of [[Hinduism]] is rooted in the {{Wiki|Indus Valley}} {{Wiki|civilization}} | -The [[Vedas]] and the [[religious]] diversity of [[Hinduism]] is rooted in the {{Wiki|Indus Valley}} {{Wiki|civilization}} | ||
− | -Collection of Expositions, which include [[Brahmanas]] and [[Upanisads]], which are also included in the [[scriptures]] of [[Hinduism]] | + | -Collection of [[Expositions]], which include [[Brahmanas]] and [[Upanisads]], which are also included in the [[scriptures]] of [[Hinduism]] |
-The [[upanisads]] are a written composite and [[philosophical]] exploration on works orally composed. | -The [[upanisads]] are a written composite and [[philosophical]] exploration on works orally composed. | ||
-They intend to {{Wiki|present}} the meaning of [[religious]] practice and [[thought]] up against or in response to the [[Vedas]]. | -They intend to {{Wiki|present}} the meaning of [[religious]] practice and [[thought]] up against or in response to the [[Vedas]]. | ||
Line 23: | Line 33: | ||
-Two kinds of [[Wanderers]]: | -Two kinds of [[Wanderers]]: | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | * | + | * {{Wiki|Orthodox}}: [[Brahmanas]] |
− | * | + | * {{Wiki|Heterodox}}: [[Samanas]] |
− | |||
===563-483 BCE:=== | ===563-483 BCE:=== | ||
Line 56: | Line 65: | ||
* "Second" [[Second Council]], or 2/3 Council (around 346 BCE) | * "Second" [[Second Council]], or 2/3 Council (around 346 BCE) | ||
--location: [[Pataliputra]] | --location: [[Pataliputra]] | ||
− | --first true Great {{Wiki|Schism}} of [[Buddhism]], where the [[Samgha]], or [[Buddhist]] order/group split into two separate schools, called Mahasamghikas and [[Sthaviras]] | + | --first true Great {{Wiki|Schism}} of [[Buddhism]], where the [[Samgha]], or [[Buddhist]] order/group split into two separate schools, called [[Mahasamghikas]] and [[Sthaviras]] |
* [[Third Council]] (c.250 BCE) | * [[Third Council]] (c.250 BCE) | ||
--location: [[Pataliputra]] | --location: [[Pataliputra]] | ||
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===269-232 BCE=== | ===269-232 BCE=== | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -[[Asoka]] is the third {{Wiki|monarch}} of the [[wikipedia:Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] Dynasty in [[India]] | + | -[[Asoka]] is the third {{Wiki|monarch}} of the [[wikipedia:Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] [[Dynasty]] in [[India]] |
* c.258, [[Asoka]] leads a bloody {{Wiki|military}} campaign in the village/region of [[Kalinga]] | * c.258, [[Asoka]] leads a bloody {{Wiki|military}} campaign in the village/region of [[Kalinga]] | ||
* the {{Wiki|witness}} of such carnage inspired his [[conversion]] to [[Buddhism]] | * the {{Wiki|witness}} of such carnage inspired his [[conversion]] to [[Buddhism]] | ||
* as a [[king]], he brought [[India]] together | * as a [[king]], he brought [[India]] together | ||
− | * referred to as the pious [[ruler]], establishing a [[sense]] of {{Wiki|social}} justice in the region (ie. {{Wiki|social}} service, {{Wiki|medical}} care, humane treatment of the masses) | + | * referred to as the pious [[ruler]], establishing a [[sense]] of {{Wiki|social}} justice in the region (ie. {{Wiki|social}} service, {{Wiki|medical}} [[care]], humane treatment of the masses) |
* became a lay [[disciple]] | * became a lay [[disciple]] | ||
* ruled over the [[third council]] | * ruled over the [[third council]] | ||
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<poem> | <poem> | ||
-converted from [[Abhidharma]] [[Buddhism]] to [[Mahayana]] | -converted from [[Abhidharma]] [[Buddhism]] to [[Mahayana]] | ||
− | -followed his brother [[Asanga]] in converting from Abhidhgarma [[Buddhism]] to Mahayan [[Buddhism]], in particular, the [[Yogacara]] school (eventually the [[Vijnanavada school]] for [[Vasubandhu]]) | + | -followed his brother [[Asanga]] in converting from Abhidhgarma [[Buddhism]] to [[Mahayan]] [[Buddhism]], in particular, the [[Yogacara]] school (eventually the [[Vijnanavada school]] for [[Vasubandhu]]) |
-he is connected historically to three {{Wiki|distinct}} persons, and thus his {{Wiki|biography}} is not clear | -he is connected historically to three {{Wiki|distinct}} persons, and thus his {{Wiki|biography}} is not clear | ||
-later in [[life]] he moves from a [[concentration]] on [[Yoga practice]] to [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|theory}} | -later in [[life]] he moves from a [[concentration]] on [[Yoga practice]] to [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|theory}} | ||
-he was the author of [[Abhidharmakosa]], an {{Wiki|encyclopedic}} work on [[Buddhist]] [[doctrines]] and [[philosophy]] | -he was the author of [[Abhidharmakosa]], an {{Wiki|encyclopedic}} work on [[Buddhist]] [[doctrines]] and [[philosophy]] | ||
− | -Author of Vimsatika (20 verses) and Trimsika (30 verses) | + | -Author of [[Vimsatika]] (20 verses) and [[Trimsika]] (30 verses) |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
===[[Dignaga]] (c.480-540 CE:)=== | ===[[Dignaga]] (c.480-540 CE:)=== | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
-the ascribed founder of [[Buddhist logic]] | -the ascribed founder of [[Buddhist logic]] | ||
− | -early on, affiliated with the [[vatsiputriya]] school of Abhidhgarma [[Buddhism]], later the Nayaya school | + | -early on, affiliated with the [[vatsiputriya]] school of Abhidhgarma [[Buddhism]], later the [[Nayaya]] school |
-studied under the great [[buddhist]] [[philosopher]] [[Vasubandhu]] (Vijnana-vada phiosophy) | -studied under the great [[buddhist]] [[philosopher]] [[Vasubandhu]] (Vijnana-vada phiosophy) | ||
-[[thought]] to have written more than a hundred treatises on [[logic]] | -[[thought]] to have written more than a hundred treatises on [[logic]] | ||
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-associated with the [[yogacara]] school of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] | -associated with the [[yogacara]] school of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] | ||
-his most influential work is the [[Parmattha-dipani]] | -his most influential work is the [[Parmattha-dipani]] | ||
− | -principally responded to the work of an earlier thinker, that of Buddhagosha | + | -principally responded to the work of an earlier thinker, that of [[Buddhagosha]] |
-studied at the famous {{Wiki|University}} of [[Nalanda]], later becoming its [[abbot]] | -studied at the famous {{Wiki|University}} of [[Nalanda]], later becoming its [[abbot]] | ||
-made significant contributions to the [[Buddhist]] [[discussion]] of "[[self]]" and [[consciousness]] from a [[Yogacara]] school {{Wiki|perspective}} | -made significant contributions to the [[Buddhist]] [[discussion]] of "[[self]]" and [[consciousness]] from a [[Yogacara]] school {{Wiki|perspective}} | ||
− | -a {{Wiki|Chinese}} pilgrim-monk who travelled to [[India]] in search of the [[roots]] of the [[Mahayana buddhist tradition]] (late Sui and early T'ang dynasties) | + | -a {{Wiki|Chinese}} pilgrim-monk who travelled to [[India]] in search of the [[roots]] of the [[Mahayana buddhist tradition]] (late [[Sui]] and early [[T'ang]] dynasties) |
-great [[Buddhist scholar]] and advisor to the [[emperor]] of [[China]] | -great [[Buddhist scholar]] and advisor to the [[emperor]] of [[China]] | ||
-studied extensively both the Abhidhgarma and [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist traditions]], as well as the contemporary, standard {{Wiki|Vedic}} {{Wiki|curriculum}} | -studied extensively both the Abhidhgarma and [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist traditions]], as well as the contemporary, standard {{Wiki|Vedic}} {{Wiki|curriculum}} | ||
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-in early [[life]] [[Dharmakirti]] studied extensively the {{Wiki|scholarship}} of the [[Vedas]] and other [[buddhist]] phiosophy | -in early [[life]] [[Dharmakirti]] studied extensively the {{Wiki|scholarship}} of the [[Vedas]] and other [[buddhist]] phiosophy | ||
-he eventually pursued the study of [[logic]], following in the footsteps of his predecessor, [[Dignaga]] | -he eventually pursued the study of [[logic]], following in the footsteps of his predecessor, [[Dignaga]] | ||
− | -was the student of a direct pupil's of [[Dignaga]] | + | -was the [[student]] of a direct pupil's of [[Dignaga]] |
-widely considered a genius of his [[time]], [[Dharmakirti's]] {{Wiki|theory}} of [[knowledge]] forced numerous revisions within the works of other thinkers and other [[traditions]] | -widely considered a genius of his [[time]], [[Dharmakirti's]] {{Wiki|theory}} of [[knowledge]] forced numerous revisions within the works of other thinkers and other [[traditions]] | ||
-significantly, he challenged the [[divine]] infallibility of the [[Vedas]] | -significantly, he challenged the [[divine]] infallibility of the [[Vedas]] | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | Schools12344412.jpg | + | [[File:Schools12344412.jpg|frameless|550px|centre|]] |
==[[Buddhism]] Outside [[India]]: {{Wiki|Southeast Asia}}== | ==[[Buddhism]] Outside [[India]]: {{Wiki|Southeast Asia}}== | ||
Line 151: | Line 160: | ||
-Second possible [[view]] of [[Buddhism]] is spread into [[Ceylon]] | -Second possible [[view]] of [[Buddhism]] is spread into [[Ceylon]] | ||
− | -[[Devanampiyatissa]] leads the [[conversion]] of the island | + | -[[Devanampiyatissa]] leads the [[conversion]] of the [[island]] |
'''3rd Century CE: | '''3rd Century CE: | ||
− | -A sect of Vaitulyavada makes an enterance into [[Ceylon]] | + | -A [[sect]] of Vaitulyavada makes an enterance into [[Ceylon]] |
'''4th Century CE: | '''4th Century CE: | ||
Line 189: | Line 198: | ||
'''1st Century CE: | '''1st Century CE: | ||
− | -[[Korea's]] early development is intimately tied to its relations with [[China]] (keeping in [[mind]] that the process of development is interactive) | + | -[[Korea's]] early [[development]] is intimately tied to its relations with [[China]] (keeping in [[mind]] that the process of [[development]] is interactive) |
-Earliest [[form]] of [[religion]] in [[Korea]] is called [[Shamanism]] | -Earliest [[form]] of [[religion]] in [[Korea]] is called [[Shamanism]] | ||
-{{Wiki|Chinese}} colonies spring up in [[Korea]] | -{{Wiki|Chinese}} colonies spring up in [[Korea]] | ||
Line 208: | Line 217: | ||
'''6th and 7th Centuries CE: | '''6th and 7th Centuries CE: | ||
− | -in conquering the other two {{Wiki|kingdoms}}, that of Koguryo and Paekehe, [[Silla]] found it {{Wiki|politically}} advantageous to support the spread of [[Buddhism]] | + | -in conquering the other two {{Wiki|kingdoms}}, that of [[Koguryo]] and Paekehe, [[Silla]] found it {{Wiki|politically}} advantageous to support the spread of [[Buddhism]] |
-[[Korean]] [[monks]] are sent to [[China]] to bring back [[Buddhist teachings]] | -[[Korean]] [[monks]] are sent to [[China]] to bring back [[Buddhist teachings]] | ||
-the {{Wiki|scholastic}} schools of [[Chinese Buddhism]] were introduced into [[Korea]] | -the {{Wiki|scholastic}} schools of [[Chinese Buddhism]] were introduced into [[Korea]] | ||
-ideologies were consolidated and [[new schools]] were organized | -ideologies were consolidated and [[new schools]] were organized | ||
− | -Pomnany brings [[Ch'an]] (in [[Korean]]: "Son") school of Budddhism, taught by [[Tao-hsin]], the [[fourth patriarch]] of the {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Ch'an school]], back to [[Korea]] | + | -Pomnany brings [[Ch'an]] (in [[Korean]]: "Son") school of Budddhism, [[taught]] by [[Tao-hsin]], the [[fourth patriarch]] of the {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Ch'an school]], back to [[Korea]] |
'''935-1392 CE: | '''935-1392 CE: | ||
− | -called Koryo Period | + | -called [[Koryo]] Period |
-[[Buddhism]] reaches its peak importance at this [[time]] in [[Korea]] | -[[Buddhism]] reaches its peak importance at this [[time]] in [[Korea]] | ||
− | -the Koryo School of [[Buddhism]] inspires a reconciliation between the Son and {{Wiki|scholastic}} schools | + | -the [[Koryo]] School of [[Buddhism]] inspires a reconciliation between the Son and {{Wiki|scholastic}} schools |
-the unification of these two schools would occupy numerous [[religious]] figures over the next centuries | -the unification of these two schools would occupy numerous [[religious]] figures over the next centuries | ||
Line 234: | Line 243: | ||
| 1766-1125 BCE | | 1766-1125 BCE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Chou | + | | [[Chou]] |
| 1122-256 BCE | | 1122-256 BCE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ch'in | + | | [[Ch'in]] |
| 221-206 BCE | | 221-206 BCE | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 256: | Line 265: | ||
| colspan="2" | _ | | colspan="2" | _ | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | {{Wiki|Western}} Chin | + | | {{Wiki|Western}} [[Chin]] |
| 265-316 CE | | 265-316 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Eastern Chin | + | | Eastern [[Chin]] |
| 317-420 CE | | 317-420 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Liu Sung | + | | [[Liu]] Sung |
| 420-479 CE | | 420-479 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| 557-589 CE | | 557-589 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sui | + | | [[Sui]] |
| 581-618 CE | | 581-618 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | T'ang | + | | [[T'ang]] |
| 618-907 CE | | 618-907 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
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'''2nd Century CE: | '''2nd Century CE: | ||
− | -[[Emperor]] Huan mentioned to {{Wiki|worship}} [[Buddha]] | + | -[[Emperor]] [[Huan]] mentioned to {{Wiki|worship}} [[Buddha]] |
-[[Monks]] arrived in [[China]] to produce texts and translations | -[[Monks]] arrived in [[China]] to produce texts and translations | ||
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'''589-617CE: | '''589-617CE: | ||
− | -Hsuan-i, or hidden significance commentaries are written revelaing the [[characteristics]] of each sect | + | -Hsuan-i, or hidden significance commentaries are written revelaing the [[characteristics]] of each [[sect]] |
-known as the period of consolidation of [[Buddhism in China]] | -known as the period of consolidation of [[Buddhism in China]] | ||
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-The {{Wiki|scholastic}} sects of [[Buddhism]] disappeared during this time-"official" [[representation]] of [[Buddhism]] | -The {{Wiki|scholastic}} sects of [[Buddhism]] disappeared during this time-"official" [[representation]] of [[Buddhism]] | ||
-After the [[death]] of [[Wu-tsung]], the popular sects of [[Buddhism]] were revived | -After the [[death]] of [[Wu-tsung]], the popular sects of [[Buddhism]] were revived | ||
− | -A | + | -A new school called [[chen-yen]] was started as well |
'''907-Present | '''907-Present | ||
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| [[Ch'eng-shih]] [[T'ien-t'ai]] | | [[Ch'eng-shih]] [[T'ien-t'ai]] | ||
| -founder: [[Hui-ssu]] (515-576 CE)<br> | | -founder: [[Hui-ssu]] (515-576 CE)<br> | ||
− | -no corresponding [[Indian]] school<br> | + | -no [[corresponding]] [[Indian]] school<br> |
-organizer: [[Chih-i]] (538-597 CE) | -organizer: [[Chih-i]] (538-597 CE) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| -founder: [[Tu-shun]] (557-640 CE)<br> | | -founder: [[Tu-shun]] (557-640 CE)<br> | ||
-organizer: [[Fa-tsang]] (643-712 CE)<br> | -organizer: [[Fa-tsang]] (643-712 CE)<br> | ||
− | -no corresponding [[Indian]] school | + | -no [[corresponding]] [[Indian]] school |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Ch'an]] | | [[Ch'an]] | ||
Line 442: | Line 451: | ||
| 1333-1568 | | 1333-1568 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Momoyama | + | | [[Momoyama]] |
| 1568-1600 | | 1568-1600 | ||
|- | |- | ||
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-[[Korean]] [[religious]] figures visit [[Japan]] during the 6th century with envoys spreading [[Buddhism]] in order to obtain [[peace]] with [[Japan]] | -[[Korean]] [[religious]] figures visit [[Japan]] during the 6th century with envoys spreading [[Buddhism]] in order to obtain [[peace]] with [[Japan]] | ||
-distinguishable beginning for [[Buddhism in Japan]] (c.552 CE) | -distinguishable beginning for [[Buddhism in Japan]] (c.552 CE) | ||
− | -{{Wiki|prince}} regent [[Shotoku]] ([[died]] 621) helped with the early development of [[Japanese Buddhism]] by [[writing]] commentaries of [[scriptures]] | + | -{{Wiki|prince}} {{Wiki|regent}} [[Shotoku]] ([[died]] 621) helped with the early [[development]] of [[Japanese Buddhism]] by [[writing]] commentaries of [[scriptures]] |
− | -[[Buddhism]] is declared the state [[religion]] of [[Japan]] (c.594 CE) | + | -[[Buddhism]] is declared the [[state]] [[religion]] of [[Japan]] (c.594 CE) |
'''710-794 CE: | '''710-794 CE: | ||
-known as [[Nara Period]] | -known as [[Nara Period]] | ||
− | -a new phase in the development of [[Japanese Buddhism]] | + | -a new phase in the [[development]] of [[Japanese Buddhism]] |
-Nara [[Buddhism]]: a combination of 6 {{Wiki|academic}} schools from [[China]], sprung up during this period | -Nara [[Buddhism]]: a combination of 6 {{Wiki|academic}} schools from [[China]], sprung up during this period | ||
-6 schools of Nara [[Buddhism]]: | -6 schools of Nara [[Buddhism]]: | ||
− | * [[Kusha]] ([[Abhidharmakosa]] sect) | + | * [[Kusha]] ([[Abhidharmakosa]] [[sect]]) |
* Joitsu | * Joitsu | ||
* [[Ritsu]] (based on [[vinaya]]) | * [[Ritsu]] (based on [[vinaya]]) | ||
Line 541: | Line 550: | ||
--2. wandering [[Tantric]] [[saints]] introducing it ([[Padma Sambhava]]) | --2. wandering [[Tantric]] [[saints]] introducing it ([[Padma Sambhava]]) | ||
<nowiki>----</nowiki>[[Tantric Buddhism]] was also influenced by [[Tantric]] [[Hinduism]] -most of [[Buddhist]] [[transmission]] occurred during the 8th century CE | <nowiki>----</nowiki>[[Tantric Buddhism]] was also influenced by [[Tantric]] [[Hinduism]] -most of [[Buddhist]] [[transmission]] occurred during the 8th century CE | ||
− | -[[Buddhism]] declared the state [[religion]] of [[Tibet]] (791 CE) | + | -[[Buddhism]] declared the [[state]] [[religion]] of [[Tibet]] (791 CE) |
-4 main sects, which are [[lineages]] of [[transmission]] from [[masters]] to [[diciples]] [[exist]] in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] | -4 main sects, which are [[lineages]] of [[transmission]] from [[masters]] to [[diciples]] [[exist]] in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] | ||
-two major sects include: | -two major sects include: | ||
Line 568: | Line 577: | ||
| 1391-1475 CE | | 1391-1475 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Gedun Gyatso | + | | [[Gedun Gyatso]] |
| 1475-1542 | | 1475-1542 | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 601: | Line 610: | ||
| 1856-1875 | | 1856-1875 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Thupten Gyatso | + | | [[Thupten Gyatso]] |
| 1876-1933 | | 1876-1933 | ||
|- | |- |
Latest revision as of 18:07, 16 February 2024
Buddhism in India
Before 2200 BCE:
- Indus Valley Civilization
- refers to people living in the Indus River Valley in India in the third millenium BCE (c. 2500 BCE)
- significant evidence for the worship of goddesses in conjunction with bull or ram figures
- Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were the principle cities of the region, c. 2500-1250 BCE
- the region was well-organized with evidence of well-developed societies, scholarship, etc.
2200-1500 BCE:
-Indus Valley civilization disappears (due to possible invasion by Aryans arriving c.1500 BCE?)
-Religious oral traditions and hymns began to be collected
1000-500 BCE:
-The Vedas and the religious diversity of Hinduism is rooted in the Indus Valley civilization
-Collection of Expositions, which include Brahmanas and Upanisads, which are also included in the scriptures of Hinduism
-The upanisads are a written composite and philosophical exploration on works orally composed.
-They intend to present the meaning of religious practice and thought up against or in response to the Vedas.
-a few centuries before the life of Buddha, a tradition of Wanderers wanted liberation, and were the early roots of Buddhism.
-Two kinds of Wanderers:
563-483 BCE:
Life of The Buddha, or Siddhartha Gautama, "The Buddha"
- Buddha is the great teacher from the Buddhist tradition
- his teachings are based in the Vedic tradition
- referred to as the "enlightened one" or "one who has awakened"
Brief chronology of Siddhartha's life:
- born into the ksatriya varna as son and heir of a local ruler
- accidentally attained a meditational experience in youth
- sneaks out of the palace and finds and old man, a sick man, a corpse, and an ascetic; IE: the Four Passing Sights
- wants to overcome the sickness, suffering, and death in the world that he witnessed in those 4 people
- age 29, Siddhartha renounces the world and begins the path to enlightenment
- when enlightened, Siddhartha, now "The Buddha," experiences the cornerstone of the 4 Noble Truths and the 4 dhyanas
- Buddha dies around 483 BCE
- Note: Siddhartha's birth and death dates are controversial. It is widely held in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia that Siddhartha's life spanned from 624-544 BCE, and in Europe, America, and India from c.566-486 BCE, and further in Japan from 448-368 BCE.
500-250 BCE
-period of the 4 Councils of Buddhism
- First Council (after Buddha's death c. 483 BCE)
--location: Rajagrha
--500 monks gathered to compile Siddhartha's teachings (into a sort of canon), establishing a direction for Buddhism after Siddhartha's death
- Second Council (c.383 or 373 BCE)
--location: Vaisali
--questioning of the 10 points
--possible time of the Great Schism according to some sources
- "Second" Second Council, or 2/3 Council (around 346 BCE)
--location: Pataliputra
--first true Great Schism of Buddhism, where the Samgha, or Buddhist order/group split into two separate schools, called Mahasamghikas and Sthaviras
- Third Council (c.250 BCE)
--location: Pataliputra
--schism again occurs to separate a third school called sarastivadins
--Asoka(c. 270-230 BCE) was overseer
269-232 BCE
-Asoka is the third monarch of the Mauryan Dynasty in India
- c.258, Asoka leads a bloody military campaign in the village/region of Kalinga
- the witness of such carnage inspired his conversion to Buddhism
- as a king, he brought India together
- referred to as the pious ruler, establishing a sense of social justice in the region (ie. social service, medical care, humane treatment of the masses)
- became a lay disciple
- ruled over the third council
- sent out missionary efforts to spread Buddhism to other places, i.g: Indian sub-continent, Burma, Sri Lanka, etc.
- Dharma-conquest -- reigned with good moral principles
Nagarjuna (c.150-250 CE):
-associated with the Madhyamika school of Mahayana Buddhism
-advocate of the Middle Way between asceticism and hedonism in Buddhist practice
-remembered for his teachings on emptiness or sunyata
-confusion about the biography of Nagarjuna persists, as texts are attributed to him over a five hundred year period
-his principle work is Mulamadhyamikakariakas, in which he critically examines other schools of Buddhism of his time period
Asanga (c.315-390 CE):
-founder of the yogacara school of Mahayana Buddhism
-emphasized the practice of Yoga or meditation (hence, Yogacara)
-the elder brother of the prominent Buddhist philosopher, Vasubandhu
-known for his treatise on The Seventeen Stages of yoga, as instructed by bodhisattva Maitreya
-also, Asanga's Abhidharmasamuccaya attempts to exlicate the elements of phenomenal existence from the perspective of the Yogacara school
Vasubandhu (forth or fifth century CE):
-converted from Abhidharma Buddhism to Mahayana
-followed his brother Asanga in converting from Abhidhgarma Buddhism to Mahayan Buddhism, in particular, the Yogacara school (eventually the Vijnanavada school for Vasubandhu)
-he is connected historically to three distinct persons, and thus his biography is not clear
-later in life he moves from a concentration on Yoga practice to Buddhist theory
-he was the author of Abhidharmakosa, an encyclopedic work on Buddhist doctrines and philosophy
-Author of Vimsatika (20 verses) and Trimsika (30 verses)
Dignaga (c.480-540 CE:)
-the ascribed founder of Buddhist logic
-early on, affiliated with the vatsiputriya school of Abhidhgarma Buddhism, later the Nayaya school
-studied under the great buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu (Vijnana-vada phiosophy)
-thought to have written more than a hundred treatises on logic
-was the first Buddhist thinker to consider seriously the "validity or invalidity" of knowledge
Paramartha (c.498-569 CE):
-a notable biographer, missionary and translater of the Buddhist tradition
-studied at the famous Universtity of Nalanda
-spent a considerable amount of time "on mission" in china
-while in China he sitinguished himself as a translator of Sanskrit scriptures into chinese (translating the equivalent of 275 volumes in Chinese)
-he was largely responsible for the introduction of Vasubandhu's philosophy to China
Dharmapala (c.530-561 CE):
-associated with the yogacara school of Mahayana Buddhism
-his most influential work is the Parmattha-dipani
-principally responded to the work of an earlier thinker, that of Buddhagosha
-studied at the famous University of Nalanda, later becoming its abbot
-made significant contributions to the Buddhist discussion of "self" and consciousness from a Yogacara school perspective
-a Chinese pilgrim-monk who travelled to India in search of the roots of the Mahayana buddhist tradition (late Sui and early T'ang dynasties)
-great Buddhist scholar and advisor to the emperor of China
-studied extensively both the Abhidhgarma and Mahayana Buddhist traditions, as well as the contemporary, standard Vedic curriculum
-he contributed significanly to the Chinese Buddhist canon as a translator of Indian texts into chinese (this was well funded bye the Chinese government, as he had excellent connections)
-his work in its more pure form lives on in the Hosso school of Japanese Buddhism
Dharmakirti (c.600-660 CE):
-in early life Dharmakirti studied extensively the scholarship of the Vedas and other buddhist phiosophy
-he eventually pursued the study of logic, following in the footsteps of his predecessor, Dignaga
-was the student of a direct pupil's of Dignaga
-widely considered a genius of his time, Dharmakirti's theory of knowledge forced numerous revisions within the works of other thinkers and other traditions
-significantly, he challenged the divine infallibility of the Vedas
Buddhism Outside India: Southeast Asia
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
247 BCE
-One possible view of Buddhism in spread into Ceylon
-Asoka, emperor of India, sends Mahinda to Ceylon on a missionary trip, who introduces Buddhism to Ceylon
250-210 BCE:
-Second possible view of Buddhism is spread into Ceylon
-Devanampiyatissa leads the conversion of the island
3rd Century CE:
-A sect of Vaitulyavada makes an enterance into Ceylon
4th Century CE:
Vietnam
111 BCE:
-Meu-Po, a Buddhist fugitive from China, propogates Mahayana Sutras in Vietnam
2nd Century CE:
-A-Ham, one of the 2 major Vietnamese sects of Buddhism, begins to take shape
3rd Century CE:
-Mahayana and Abhidhgarma missionaries travel through Vietnam
580 CE:
-Vinitaruci spreads second major Vietnamese Buddhist school, called Thien
820 CE:
-Vo-ngon-Thong continues to develop the Thien school of Buddhism
968-980 CE:
-Dinh Bo-Linh spreads a form of Buddhism known as Amidism
Korea
1st Century CE:
-Korea's early development is intimately tied to its relations with China (keeping in mind that the process of development is interactive)
-Earliest form of religion in Korea is called Shamanism
-Chinese colonies spring up in Korea
-Buddhism is transmitted to Korea during the Three Kingdoms Period (c.370-670CE)
372-384 CE:
-Monk Shun-tao from china introduces Buddhism to Korea
-Monk Malanada spreads Buddhism farther in 384 CE
-the first Buddhist monastery erected on Korean soil (c.376)
-broad regional reception and acceptance of Buddhism under the Seradian monk Maranani'a (c.384-onward)
528 CE:
-Monk Ichadon was martyred, and therefore this is the "official" date of introduction
-the last of the Three Kingdoms, that of Silla, embraces Buddhism
6th and 7th Centuries CE:
-in conquering the other two kingdoms, that of Koguryo and Paekehe, Silla found it politically advantageous to support the spread of Buddhism
-Korean monks are sent to China to bring back Buddhist teachings
-the scholastic schools of Chinese Buddhism were introduced into Korea
-ideologies were consolidated and new schools were organized
-Pomnany brings Ch'an (in Korean: "Son") school of Budddhism, taught by Tao-hsin, the fourth patriarch of the Chinese Ch'an school, back to Korea
935-1392 CE:
-called Koryo Period
-Buddhism reaches its peak importance at this time in Korea
-the Koryo School of Buddhism inspires a reconciliation between the Son and scholastic schools
-the unification of these two schools would occupy numerous religious figures over the next centuries
14th and 15th Centuries CE:
-Yi dynasty in power (c.1392)
-Kings were hostile toward Buddhists
Buddhism In China
Table of Chinese Dynasties
Shang | 1766-1125 BCE |
Chou | 1122-256 BCE |
Ch'in | 221-206 BCE |
Han | 206 BCE -220 CE |
The Three Kingdoms | |
Wu | 222-280 CE |
Wei | 220-265 CE |
Shu | 221-263 CE |
_ | |
Western Chin | 265-316 CE |
Eastern Chin | 317-420 CE |
Liu Sung | 420-479 CE |
Ch'i | 479-502 CE |
Liang | 502-557 CE |
Ch'en | 557-589 CE |
Sui | 581-618 CE |
T'ang | 618-907 CE |
Wu-Tai | 907-960 CE |
Sung North | 960-1127 CE |
Sung South | 1127-1279 CE |
Yuan | 1280-1368 CE |
Ming | 1368-1644 CE |
Ch'ing | 1644-1912 CE |
Centuries Before 1st Century BCE:
-Taoism and Confucianism are existing religions in China
1st Century BCE - 1st Century CE:
-Buddhism begins to enter China along trade routes
-Buddhism was often mistaken for a simple form of Taoism
-Mahayana was preferred over Abhidhgarma
61-64 CE:
-Emperor Ming sends embassy to import Buddhism into China
2nd Century CE:
-Emperor Huan mentioned to worship Buddha
-Monks arrived in China to produce texts and translations
200-400 CE:
-Buddhism officially introduced at 219 CE
-Buddhism adapts to China, and to taoist religion, from 220-419 CE
-Sun-Lun school in China-founded by Kumarujiva (343-413) - was a master of translation, translating many influential Mahayana texts into Chinese
420-588 CE:
-Buddhism divides into sects.
-the death of Bodhidharma, first Chinese Ch'an patriarch (c.527 CE)
589-617CE:
-Hsuan-i, or hidden significance commentaries are written revelaing the characteristics of each sect
-known as the period of consolidation of Buddhism in China
618-906 CE:
-In 845, Taoist Emperor Wu-tsung sends Buddhism into a decline
-The scholastic sects of Buddhism disappeared during this time-"official" representation of Buddhism
-After the death of Wu-tsung, the popular sects of Buddhism were revived
-A new school called chen-yen was started as well
907-Present
-printing of the Buddhist canon begins (c.972 CE)
-the popular schools of Chinese Buddhism continued on through this period
-a Buddhist revival occured from 1890-1947, led by T'ai-hsu
-in 1949, Buddhism was suppressed by Communist leaders
-Both Honen and Shinran were Japanese
Chu-she | -founded by Paramartha in 6th century CE -organized by Hsuan-tsang from 596-664 CE |
Fa-hsiang | -founded by Paramartha -organized by Hsuan-tsang and K'uei-chi from 632-682 CE |
San-lun | -founded by Kumarajiva, who lived from 344-413 CE -organized by Tao-sheng from 360-434 CE |
Chen-yen | -founded by subhakarsimba -corresponds to Indian word 'mantra', which means 'true word' |
A-pi-to-mo | -founded during the Liang Dynasty |
She-lun | -founded during the Liang Dynasty |
San-Lun | -founded between 344-413 CE |
Lu | -founded during the T'ang Dynasty |
A-pi-ta-mo | -founded in 645 |
Ch'eng-shih T'ien-t'ai | -founder: Hui-ssu (515-576 CE) -no corresponding Indian school |
Hua-yen | -founder: Tu-shun (557-640 CE) -organizer: Fa-tsang (643-712 CE) |
Ch'an | -founder: Bodhidharma (470-520 CE?) -Bodhidharma: first Chinese patriarch |
Lin-chi | -founded by Lin-chi I-hsuan (867 CE) -taken to Japan by Eisai (1141-1215 CE) |
Ts'ao-tung | -founded by Tung-shan Liang-Chich (807-869 CE) and Ts'ao-shan Pan-chi (840-901 CE) -taken to Japan by Dogen (1200-1253 CE) |
Ching-t'u | -founder: Hui-yuan (334-416 CE) -organizer: T'an-luan (476-542 CE)
|
Buddism In Japan
Chronology of Japanese Historical Periods:
Jomon, Yayoi, and Kofun | (prehistoric and protohistoric up to 6th century CE) |
Taika | 645-710 |
Nara | 710-784 |
Heian | 794-1185 |
Kamakura | 1185-1333 |
Muromachi | 1333-1568 |
Momoyama | 1568-1600 |
Tokugawa | 1600-1867 |
Meiji | 1868-1911 |
Taisho | 1912-1925 |
Showa | 1926-1945 |
Postwar | 1945-Present |
538 CE:
-official introduction date of Buddhism into Japan
-Korean religious figures visit Japan during the 6th century with envoys spreading Buddhism in order to obtain peace with Japan
-distinguishable beginning for Buddhism in Japan (c.552 CE)
-prince regent Shotoku (died 621) helped with the early development of Japanese Buddhism by writing commentaries of scriptures
-Buddhism is declared the state religion of Japan (c.594 CE)
710-794 CE:
-known as Nara Period
-a new phase in the development of Japanese Buddhism
-Nara Buddhism: a combination of 6 academic schools from China, sprung up during this period
-6 schools of Nara Buddhism:
- Kusha (Abhidharmakosa sect)
- Joitsu
- Ritsu (based on vinaya)
- Sanron (Madhyamika, San-lun)
- Hosso (Yogacara, Fa-hsiang)
- Kegon (Hua-Yen)
-Emperor Shomu, Empress Shotoku, and Hosso monk Gyogi, aided in the growth of Buddhism at this time
-the Taiho reforms of 702 CE caused some resistance to Buddhism
794 CE:
-beginning of the Heian Period in Japan
-capital of Japan is changed to Kyoto (794)
-ruler at time is Emperor Kammu
-the "high water mark" of Japanese Buddhism
-2 schools came from China: --1. Tendai (T'ien-T'ai) -- brought by Saicho (767-822 CE)
--2. Shingon (Chen-yen) -- brought by Kukai (774-835 CE)
-esoteric Buddhism (mikkyo)
-these 2 schools did clash along with the success they both found in this time period
1192 CE:
-beginning of Kamakura Period
-power held by a group of Samurai
-new schools of Buddhism begin that are strictly Japanese:
NAME: | FOUNDER: | NOTES: |
Pure Land (Jodo) | Honen (1133-1212 CE) | _ |
True Pure Land (Jodo Shinshu) | Shinran (1173-1263) | Shinran was a disciple of Honen |
Nichiren | Nichiren (1222-1282 CE) | Sokagakki school founded after 1945 defeat of Japan by Tsunesaburo Makiguchi as Nichiren spinoff |
Rinzai Zen (Lin-ch'i) | Eisai | _ |
Soto Zen (Ts'ao-tung) | Dogen (1200-1253 CE) | _ |
Buddhism In Tibet
Origins of Tibetan Buddhism
-two origins: --1. Indian Buddhism coming from Gupta Dynasty
--2. Native religions of Tibet
-Indian Buddhism was spread to Tibet in 2 ways:
--1. scholars (Santarakshita) of monastic universities bringing it back
--2. wandering Tantric saints introducing it (Padma Sambhava)
----Tantric Buddhism was also influenced by Tantric Hinduism -most of Buddhist transmission occurred during the 8th century CE
-Buddhism declared the state religion of Tibet (791 CE)
-4 main sects, which are lineages of transmission from masters to diciples exist in Tibetan Buddhism
-two major sects include:
--1. rNying-ma - introduced in the 7th and 8th centuries CE
--2. dGe-lugs - introduced by Tsung-kha-pa (1357-1419 CE)
-based upon Bon, Mahayana, and Tantra
-bases itself on the "four baskets":
- vinaya
- surtras
- abhidharma
- getri
-four nine vehicles of Buddhism:
- Hinayana
- Mahayana
- Vajryana
- Mantrayana
- 5 books of Yogacara
Lineage Of The Dalai Lama
Gedun Truppa | 1391-1475 CE |
Gedun Gyatso | 1475-1542 |
Sonam Gyatso | 1543-1588 |
Yonten Gyatso | 1589-1617 |
Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso | 1617-1682 |
Tsangyang Gyatso | 1683-1706 |
Kesang Gyatso | 1708-1757 |
Jampel Gyatso | 1758-1804 |
Luntok Gyatso | 1806-1815 |
Tsultrim Gyatso | 1816-1837 |
Khendrup Gyatso | 1838-1856 |
Trinley Gyatso | 1856-1875 |
Thupten Gyatso | 1876-1933 |
Tenzin Gyatso | 1935-Present |