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| − | | + | #REDIRECT [[Sandhinirmocana Sutra]] |
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| − | The [[Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra]] ([[Sanskrit]]; {{Wiki|traditional Chinese}}: [[解深密經]]; pinyin: [[Jiě Shēnmì Jīng]]; [[Tibetan]]: "{{BigTibetan|[[དགོངས་པ་ངེས་འགྲེལ༏]]}}, or the "[[Sūtra of the Explanation of the Profound Secrets]]," is a [[Mahāyāna]] [[Buddhist text]] that is classified as belonging to the [[Yogācāra school]] of [[Buddhism]]. This [[sūtra]] was translated from [[Sanskrit]] into {{Wiki|Chinese}} four times, the most complete and reliable of which is typically considered to be that of [[Xuanzang]]. It also was translated into [[Tibetan]].
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| − | Nomenclature and {{Wiki|etymology}}
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| − | The [[Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra]] is variously romanized as [[Sandhinirmocana Sutra]] and [[Samdhinirmocana Sutra]].
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| − | History
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| − | Like many early [[Mahāyāna sūtras]], precise dating for the [[Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra]] is difficult to achieve. [[Étienne Lamotte]] believed that the text was assembled from earlier, {{Wiki|independent}} fragments. Other [[scholars]] believe that the apparently fragmentary [[nature]] of the early versions of the [[scripture]] may represent piecemeal attempts at translation, rather than a composite origin for the text itself. The earliest [[forms]] of the text may date from as early as the 1st or 2nd Century CE.[3] The final [[form]] of the text was probably assembled no earlier than the 3rd Century CE, and by the 4th Century significant commentaries on the text began to be composed by [[Buddhist]] [[scholars]], most notably [[Asaṅga]].[3]
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| − | Content
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| − | The [[Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra]] is one of the most important texts of the [[Yogācāra]] [[tradition]], and one of the earliest texts to expound the [[philosophy]] of [[Consciousness-only]]. Divided into ten [[sections]], the [[sūtra]] presents itself as a series of dialogues between the [[Buddha]] and various [[bodhisattvas]]. During these dialogues, the [[Buddha]] attempts to clarify disputed meanings {{Wiki|present}} in [[scriptures]] of the early [[Mahāyāna]] and the [[early Buddhist schools]]; thus, the title of the [[sūtra]], which promises to expound a [[teaching]] that is "completely explicit" and requires no interpretation in order to be understood.
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| − | The first four chapters of the [[sūtra]] discuss the {{Wiki|concept}} of [[ultimate truth]]. The fifth and sixth chapters discuss the {{Wiki|concept}} of [[ālayavijñāna]] or "[[storehouse consciousness]]" and the [[three characteristics]] of [[phenomena]] ([[trilakṣana]]), which refer to the incomplete and [[absolute truth]] of various [[phenomena]]. Chapter seven outlines a {{Wiki|theory}} of textual interpretation in light of the [[Buddha's]] various teachings, and chapter nine discusses [[meditation]]. The chapter nine is devoted to a [[discussion]] of the [[Bodhisattva Path]].
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| − | Within the [[sūtra]], the [[Buddha]] describes the [[teaching]] that he is presenting as part of the [[Third Turning of the Wheel of Dharma]]. As such, the [[Sūtra]] is intended to clarify confusing or contradictory [[elements]] of earlier teachings, presenting a new [[teaching]] that resolves earlier inconsistencies. The [[Sūtra]] affirms that the earlier turnings of the wheel—the teachings of the [[Śrāvaka Vehicle]] ([[Śrāvakayāna]]) and the [[emptiness]] ([[Śūnyatā]]) [[doctrine]] adopted by the [[Mādhyamaka]]—represented [[Wikipedia:Authenticity|authentic]] teachings, but indicates that they were flawed because they required interpretation. The teachings of the [[Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra]], on the other hand, require no interpretation and can be read literally according to the {{Wiki|discourse}} delivered by the [[Buddha]] within the text. This reflects an {{Wiki|ancient}} division in [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|hermeneutics}}, a topic to which the [[sūtra]] devotes an entire chapter.
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| − | The [[Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra]] was adopted by the [[Yogācāra school]] as one of its primary [[scriptures]]. In addition, it inspired a great deal of additional [[writing]], including discussions by [[Asaṅga]], [[Vasubandhu]], [[Xuanzang]], [[Woncheuk]], and a large [[body]] of {{Wiki|Tibetan literature}} founded on [[Je Tsongkhapa's]] writings concerning the [[scripture]].
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| − | Translations
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| − | Cleary, Thomas (1995), [[Buddhist]] [[Yoga]] : A Comprehensive Course, Boston: Shambhala, ISBN 1570620180
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| − | Keenan, John (2000), [[Scripture]] on the [[Explication]] of the Underlying Meaning, {{Wiki|Berkeley}}: Numata Center, ISBN 1886439109
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| − | Lamotte, Etienne (1935), [[Samdhinirmocana Sutra]]: L'explication des Mysteres, {{Wiki|Paris}}: Adrien Maisonneuve
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| − | [[Powers]], John (1995), [[Wisdom]] of [[Buddha]] : The [[Samdhinirmochana Sutra]], {{Wiki|Berkeley}}: [[Dharma]] Publishing, ISBN 089800246X
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| − | Tillemans, John J.F. (1997). "On a Recent Translation of the [[Samdhinirmocanasutra]]". Journal of the [[International Association of Buddhist Studies]] 20 (1): 153-164. (Review: [[Powers]])
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| − | </poem>
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| − | {{W}}
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| − | [[Category:Samdhinirmocana Sūtra]]
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