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[[Image:Pelliotcave2.jpg|right|thumb|{{Wiki|Paul Pelliot}} examines manuscripts in [[Mogao Caves|cave 17]]]] | [[Image:Pelliotcave2.jpg|right|thumb|{{Wiki|Paul Pelliot}} examines manuscripts in [[Mogao Caves|cave 17]]]] | ||
| − | The '''''Tibetan Annals''''', or ''Old Tibetan Annals'' ("''OTA''"), are composed of two manuscripts written in {{Wiki|Old Tibetan}} language found in the early 20th century in the "hidden library", the [[Mogao Grottoes]] near [[Dunhuang]] in northwestern {{Wiki|Gansu}} province, {{Wiki|Western China}}, which is believed to have been sealed in the 11th century CE. They form Tibet's earliest extant history.<ref>{{Nolinking|Dotson (2009), p. 9.}}</ref> | + | The '''''[[Tibetan Annals]]''''', or ''[[Old Tibetan Annals]]'' ("''OTA''"), are composed of two manuscripts written in {{Wiki|Old Tibetan}} [[language]] found in the early 20th century in the "hidden library", the [[Mogao Grottoes]] near [[Dunhuang]] in northwestern {{Wiki|Gansu}} province, {{Wiki|Western China}}, which is believed to have been sealed in the 11th century CE. They [[form]] [[Tibet's]] earliest extant history.<ref>{{Nolinking|Dotson (2009), p. 9.}}</ref> |
| − | The two manuscripts are known as the 'civil' and 'military' versions of the Annals.<ref>{{Nolinking|Dotson (2009), p. 14}}</ref> The 'civil' version is designated [http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_loader.a4d?pm=IOL+Tib+J+750 IOL Tib J 750] in the {{Wiki|British Library}} in London and [http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_loader.a4d?pm=Pelliot+tib%C3%A9tain+1288 Pelliot tibétain 1288] in the {{Wiki|Bibliothèque Nationale}} in Paris are originally from the same original roll, 4.34 metres long and 0.258 metres wide.<ref>{{Nolinking|Bacot, Thomas and Toussaint. (1940-1946), pp. 9-12.}}</ref> The 'civil' version covers the years 650-748 with some gaps.<ref name="Dotson 2009, p. 15">{{Nolinking|Dotson 2009, p. 15}}</ref> The 'military' version is designated Or.8212/187 is also held at the {{Wiki|British Library}}. This version is much shorter and covers the years 743-765 with some gaps <ref name="Dotson 2009, p. 15"/> | + | The two manuscripts are known as the 'civil' and '{{Wiki|military}}' versions of the Annals.<ref>{{Nolinking|Dotson (2009), p. 14}}</ref> The 'civil' version is designated [http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_loader.a4d?pm=IOL+Tib+J+750 IOL Tib J 750] in the {{Wiki|British Library}} in {{Wiki|London}} and [http://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_loader.a4d?pm=Pelliot+tib%C3%A9tain+1288 Pelliot tibétain 1288] in the {{Wiki|Bibliothèque Nationale}} in {{Wiki|Paris}} are originally from the same original roll, 4.34 metres long and 0.258 metres wide.<ref>{{Nolinking|Bacot, Thomas and Toussaint. (1940-1946), pp. 9-12.}}</ref> The 'civil' version covers the years 650-748 with some gaps.<ref name="Dotson 2009, p. 15">{{Nolinking|Dotson 2009, p. 15}}</ref> The '{{Wiki|military}}' version is designated Or.8212/187 is also held at the {{Wiki|British Library}}. This version is much shorter and covers the years 743-765 with some gaps <ref name="Dotson 2009, p. 15"/> |
==Discovery== | ==Discovery== | ||
| − | An enormous number of early manuscripts in a variety of languages were collected by A. Stein and P. Pelliot at the famous sealed-up Library Cave (no. 17) of the [[Mogao Grottoes]] and sent back to London and Paris respectively. Among these ''[[Dunhuang manuscripts]]'', ''The [[Tibetan Annals]]'' (or "[[Tibet’s First History]]") were found along with the "''[[Old Tibetan Chronicle]]''", which was probably compiled between 800-840 CE.<ref>{{Nolinking|"Forward by Per Sørensen in (Dotson (2009), p. 1.)}}</ref> | + | An enormous number of early manuscripts in a variety of [[languages]] were collected by A. Stein and P. Pelliot at the famous sealed-up Library {{Wiki|Cave}} (no. 17) of the [[Mogao Grottoes]] and sent back to {{Wiki|London}} and {{Wiki|Paris}} respectively. Among these ''[[Dunhuang manuscripts]]'', ''The [[Tibetan Annals]]'' (or "[[Tibet’s First History]]") were found along with the "''[[Old Tibetan Chronicle]]''", which was probably compiled between 800-840 CE.<ref>{{Nolinking|"Forward by Per Sørensen in (Dotson (2009), p. 1.)}}</ref> |
==Contents== | ==Contents== | ||
| − | The ''Annals'' begin with a very brief account of the early events of the reign of [[Songtsan Gampo]], the first [[Tibetan Emperor]]. From the time the Chinese [[Princess Wencheng]] arrived in 643 CE until Songtsan Gampo's death in 650 it is possible to accurately date the entries. It then gives a dated, year-by-year précis of important events from 650 to 764 CE. For example, in 763 CE, Tibetan soldiers captured the Chinese capital of {{Wiki|Chang'an}} for fifteen days when the ruling {{Wiki|Tang dynasty}} was recovering from the {{Wiki|An Lushan Rebellion}}.<ref>{{Nolinking|Beckwith (1987), p. 146. - Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia, Princeton: {{Wiki|Princeton University Press}}, ISBN 0-691-02469-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Nolinking|Stein (1972), p. 65. - Stein, R. A. (1972) [1962], Tibetan Civilization (1st English ed.), Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-0806-1.}}</ref> Of course, annals continued to be recorded after this date but, unfortunately, only one or two other minor fragments have survived.<ref>{{Nolinking|Dotson (2009), pp. 12-13, 136-137.}}</ref> The Tibetan cyclic system dates are in much-faded red ink.<ref>Bacot, Thomas and Toussaint. (1940-1946), p. 9.</ref> | + | The ''Annals'' begin with a very brief account of the early events of the reign of [[Songtsan Gampo]], the first [[Tibetan Emperor]]. From the [[time]] the {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Princess Wencheng]] arrived in 643 CE until Songtsan Gampo's [[death]] in 650 it is possible to accurately date the entries. It then gives a dated, year-by-year précis of important events from 650 to 764 CE. For example, in 763 CE, [[Tibetan]] soldiers captured the {{Wiki|Chinese}} capital of {{Wiki|Chang'an}} for fifteen days when the ruling {{Wiki|Tang dynasty}} was recovering from the {{Wiki|An Lushan Rebellion}}.<ref>{{Nolinking|Beckwith (1987), p. 146. - Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia, Princeton: {{Wiki|Princeton University Press}}, ISBN 0-691-02469-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Nolinking|Stein (1972), p. 65. - Stein, R. A. (1972) [1962], Tibetan Civilization (1st English ed.), Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-0806-1.}}</ref> Of course, annals continued to be recorded after this date but, unfortunately, only one or two other minor fragments have survived.<ref>{{Nolinking|Dotson (2009), pp. 12-13, 136-137.}}</ref> The [[Tibetan]] cyclic system dates are in much-faded red ink.<ref>Bacot, Thomas and Toussaint. (1940-1946), p. 9.</ref> |
| − | These accounts, generally accepted as sober court records, provide a priceless view of Tibet in its early phase of expansion and establishment as a powerful empire. They also provide a valuable way of checking and dating events mentioned in later Tibetan and Chinese historical records.<ref>Choephel. (1978), pp. 44-46.</ref> | + | These accounts, generally accepted as sober court records, provide a priceless [[view]] of [[Tibet]] in its early phase of expansion and establishment as a powerful [[empire]]. They also provide a valuable way of checking and dating events mentioned in later [[Tibetan]] and {{Wiki|Chinese}} historical records.<ref>Choephel. (1978), pp. 44-46.</ref> |
| − | Neither the Annals nor the Chronicle make any mention of Buddhism in the reign of Songtsan Gampo.<ref>{{Nolinking|[http://www.asianart.com/articles/heller2/preface.html "Preface to the Asianart.com edition of this article."] By Amy Heller, Jan 21, 2007.}}</ref> | + | Neither the Annals nor the Chronicle make any mention of [[Buddhism]] in the reign of [[Songtsan Gampo]].<ref>{{Nolinking|[http://www.asianart.com/articles/heller2/preface.html "Preface to the Asianart.com edition of this article."] By Amy Heller, Jan 21, 2007.}}</ref> |
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
{{Nolinking|* Bacot, Thomas and Toussaint (1940–1946). ''Documents de Touen-houang relatifs a l'histoire de Tibet''. J. Bacot, F. W. Thomas, Ch. Touissant. Paris. Libraire orientaliste Paul Geunther. | {{Nolinking|* Bacot, Thomas and Toussaint (1940–1946). ''Documents de Touen-houang relatifs a l'histoire de Tibet''. J. Bacot, F. W. Thomas, Ch. Touissant. Paris. Libraire orientaliste Paul Geunther. | ||
* Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia, Princeton: {{Wiki|Princeton University Press}}, ISBN 0-691-02469-3. | * Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia, Princeton: {{Wiki|Princeton University Press}}, ISBN 0-691-02469-3. | ||
| − | * Choephel, Gedun (1978). ''The White Annals''. Library of Tibetan Works & Archives Dharamsala, H.P., India. | + | * Choephel, Gedun (1978). ''[[The White Annals]]''. Library of [[Tibetan]] Works & Archives {{Wiki|Dharamsala}}, H.P., [[India]]. |
| − | * Dotson, Brandon (2009). ''The Old Tibetan Annals: An Annotated Translation of Tibet's First History''. VÖAW, Austria. ISBN 978-3-7001-6102-8 (book); ISBN 978-3-7001-6712-9 (online edition). | + | * Dotson, Brandon (2009). ''The Old [[Tibetan]] Annals: An Annotated Translation of [[Tibet's]] First History''. VÖAW, {{Wiki|Austria}}. ISBN 978-3-7001-6102-8 ([[book]]); ISBN 978-3-7001-6712-9 (online edition). |
| − | * Stein, R. A. (1972) [1962], Tibetan Civilization (1st English ed.), Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-0806-1.}} | + | * Stein, R. A. (1972) [1962], [[Tibetan]] {{Wiki|Civilization}} (1st English ed.), {{Wiki|Stanford}}: {{Wiki|Stanford University}} Press, ISBN 0-8047-0806-1.}} |
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
*[http://www.asianart.com/articles/heller2/preface.html "Preface to the Asianart.com edition of this article." By Amy Heller, Jan 21, 2007.] | *[http://www.asianart.com/articles/heller2/preface.html "Preface to the Asianart.com edition of this article." By Amy Heller, Jan 21, 2007.] | ||
| + | {{W}} | ||
[[Category:Tibet]] | [[Category:Tibet]] | ||
Latest revision as of 12:35, 8 April 2014
The Tibetan Annals, or Old Tibetan Annals ("OTA"), are composed of two manuscripts written in Old Tibetan language found in the early 20th century in the "hidden library", the Mogao Grottoes near Dunhuang in northwestern Gansu province, Western China, which is believed to have been sealed in the 11th century CE. They form Tibet's earliest extant history.[1]
The two manuscripts are known as the 'civil' and 'military' versions of the Annals.[2] The 'civil' version is designated IOL Tib J 750 in the British Library in London and Pelliot tibétain 1288 in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris are originally from the same original roll, 4.34 metres long and 0.258 metres wide.[3] The 'civil' version covers the years 650-748 with some gaps.[4] The 'military' version is designated Or.8212/187 is also held at the British Library. This version is much shorter and covers the years 743-765 with some gaps [4]
Discovery
An enormous number of early manuscripts in a variety of languages were collected by A. Stein and P. Pelliot at the famous sealed-up Library Cave (no. 17) of the Mogao Grottoes and sent back to London and Paris respectively. Among these Dunhuang manuscripts, The Tibetan Annals (or "Tibet’s First History") were found along with the "Old Tibetan Chronicle", which was probably compiled between 800-840 CE.[5]
Contents
The Annals begin with a very brief account of the early events of the reign of Songtsan Gampo, the first Tibetan Emperor. From the time the Chinese Princess Wencheng arrived in 643 CE until Songtsan Gampo's death in 650 it is possible to accurately date the entries. It then gives a dated, year-by-year précis of important events from 650 to 764 CE. For example, in 763 CE, Tibetan soldiers captured the Chinese capital of Chang'an for fifteen days when the ruling Tang dynasty was recovering from the An Lushan Rebellion.[6][7] Of course, annals continued to be recorded after this date but, unfortunately, only one or two other minor fragments have survived.[8] The Tibetan cyclic system dates are in much-faded red ink.[9]
These accounts, generally accepted as sober court records, provide a priceless view of Tibet in its early phase of expansion and establishment as a powerful empire. They also provide a valuable way of checking and dating events mentioned in later Tibetan and Chinese historical records.[10]
Neither the Annals nor the Chronicle make any mention of Buddhism in the reign of Songtsan Gampo.[11]
Footnotes
- ↑ Dotson (2009), p. 9.
- ↑ Dotson (2009), p. 14
- ↑ Bacot, Thomas and Toussaint. (1940-1946), pp. 9-12.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dotson 2009, p. 15
- ↑ "Forward by Per Sørensen in (Dotson (2009), p. 1.)
- ↑ Beckwith (1987), p. 146. - Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-02469-3.
- ↑ Stein (1972), p. 65. - Stein, R. A. (1972) [1962], Tibetan Civilization (1st English ed.), Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-0806-1.
- ↑ Dotson (2009), pp. 12-13, 136-137.
- ↑ Bacot, Thomas and Toussaint. (1940-1946), p. 9.
- ↑ Choephel. (1978), pp. 44-46.
- ↑ "Preface to the Asianart.com edition of this article." By Amy Heller, Jan 21, 2007.
References
- Bacot, Thomas and Toussaint (1940–1946). Documents de Touen-houang relatifs a l'histoire de Tibet. J. Bacot, F. W. Thomas, Ch. Touissant. Paris. Libraire orientaliste Paul Geunther.
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-02469-3.
- Choephel, Gedun (1978). The White Annals. Library of Tibetan Works & Archives Dharamsala, H.P., India.
- Dotson, Brandon (2009). The Old Tibetan Annals: An Annotated Translation of Tibet's First History. VÖAW, Austria. ISBN 978-3-7001-6102-8 (book); ISBN 978-3-7001-6712-9 (online edition).
- Stein, R. A. (1972) [1962], Tibetan Civilization (1st English ed.), Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-0806-1.
External links
- Free access to the original Tibetan texts online
- "Preface to the Asianart.com edition of this article." By Amy Heller, Jan 21, 2007.
