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===[[Theravada]]=== | ===[[Theravada]]=== | ||
[[Bhikkhu]] [[Bodhi]] explains: | [[Bhikkhu]] [[Bodhi]] explains: | ||
| − | :The [[word]] ''[[vicara]]'' usually means examination, but here it {{Wiki|signifies}} the sustained application of the [[mind]] on the [[object]]. Whereas ''[[Vitarka]]'' is the directing of the [[mind]] and its concomitants towards the [[object]], [[vicara]] is the continued exercise of the [[mind]] on the [[object]]. | + | :The [[word]] ''[[vicara]]'' usually means {{Wiki|examination}}, but here it {{Wiki|signifies}} the sustained application of the [[mind]] on the [[object]]. Whereas ''[[Vitarka]]'' is the directing of the [[mind]] and its [[concomitants]] towards the [[object]], [[vicara]] is the continued exercise of the [[mind]] on the [[object]]. |
The [[Visuddhimagga]] ( IV, 88) defines [[vicara]] as follows: | The [[Visuddhimagga]] ( IV, 88) defines [[vicara]] as follows: | ||
| − | : ...Sustained [[thinking]] ([[vicaraṇa]]) is sustained [[thought]] ([[Vicāra]]); continued sustenance ([[anusañcaraṇa]]), is what is meant. It has the [[characteristic]] of continued pressure on ({{Wiki|occupation}} with) the [[object]]. Its [[function]] is to keep conascent ([[mental]]) states (occupied) with that. It is [[manifested]] as keeping [[consciousness]] anchored (on that [[object]]). | + | : ...Sustained [[thinking]] ([[vicaraṇa]]) is sustained [[thought]] ([[Vicāra]]); continued [[sustenance]] ([[anusañcaraṇa]]), is what is meant. It has the [[characteristic]] of continued pressure on ({{Wiki|occupation}} with) the [[object]]. Its [[function]] is to keep conascent ([[mental]]) states (occupied) with that. It is [[manifested]] as keeping [[consciousness]] anchored (on that [[object]]). |
[[Nina van Gorkom]] explains: | [[Nina van Gorkom]] explains: | ||
:[[Vicāra]] is not the same [[reality]] as [[Vitakka]]. [[Vitakka]] directs the [[Citta]] to the [[object]] and [[Vicāra]] keeps the [[Citta]] occupied with the [[object]], “anchored” on it. However, we should remember that both [[Vitakka]] and [[Vicāra]] perform their functions only for the [[duration]] of one [[Citta]] and then fall away immediately, together with the [[Citta]]. Both the [[Visuddhimagga]] and the [[Atthasālinī]] use similes in [[order]] to explain the [[difference]] between [[Vitakka]] and [[Vicāra]]. [[Vitakka]] is gross and [[Vicāra]] is more {{Wiki|subtle}}. We read in the [[Visuddhimagga]] ( IV, 89): "...Applied [[thought]] ([[Vitakka]]) is the first compact of the [[mind]] in the [[sense]] that it is both gross and inceptive, like the striking of a [[bell]]. Sustained [[thought]] ([[Vicāra]]) is the act of keeping the [[mind]] anchored, in the [[sense]] that it is {{Wiki|subtle}} with the {{Wiki|individual}} [[essence]] of continued pressure, like the ringing of the [[bell]]..." | :[[Vicāra]] is not the same [[reality]] as [[Vitakka]]. [[Vitakka]] directs the [[Citta]] to the [[object]] and [[Vicāra]] keeps the [[Citta]] occupied with the [[object]], “anchored” on it. However, we should remember that both [[Vitakka]] and [[Vicāra]] perform their functions only for the [[duration]] of one [[Citta]] and then fall away immediately, together with the [[Citta]]. Both the [[Visuddhimagga]] and the [[Atthasālinī]] use similes in [[order]] to explain the [[difference]] between [[Vitakka]] and [[Vicāra]]. [[Vitakka]] is gross and [[Vicāra]] is more {{Wiki|subtle}}. We read in the [[Visuddhimagga]] ( IV, 89): "...Applied [[thought]] ([[Vitakka]]) is the first compact of the [[mind]] in the [[sense]] that it is both gross and inceptive, like the striking of a [[bell]]. Sustained [[thought]] ([[Vicāra]]) is the act of keeping the [[mind]] anchored, in the [[sense]] that it is {{Wiki|subtle}} with the {{Wiki|individual}} [[essence]] of continued pressure, like the ringing of the [[bell]]..." | ||
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:As regards the [[Jhāna]]-factor [[Vicāra]] which is developed in [[Samatha]], this keeps the [[Citta]] “anchored on” the [[meditation]] [[subject]] and inhibits the [[hindrance]] which is [[doubt]]. As we have seen, in the case of [[kāmāvacara cittas]], both [[Vitakka]] and [[Vicāra]] arise together when they accompany the [[Citta]]. In the case of [[jhānacittas]] however, a {{Wiki|distinction}} has to be made. In the first stage of [[Jhāna]] both [[Vitakka]] and [[Vicāra]] are needed in [[order]] to [[experience]] the [[meditation]] [[subject]] with [[absorption]]. | :As regards the [[Jhāna]]-factor [[Vicāra]] which is developed in [[Samatha]], this keeps the [[Citta]] “anchored on” the [[meditation]] [[subject]] and inhibits the [[hindrance]] which is [[doubt]]. As we have seen, in the case of [[kāmāvacara cittas]], both [[Vitakka]] and [[Vicāra]] arise together when they accompany the [[Citta]]. In the case of [[jhānacittas]] however, a {{Wiki|distinction}} has to be made. In the first stage of [[Jhāna]] both [[Vitakka]] and [[Vicāra]] are needed in [[order]] to [[experience]] the [[meditation]] [[subject]] with [[absorption]]. | ||
| − | In the second stage, [[Vitakka]] is no longer {{Wiki|present}}, but [[vicara]] still is. | + | In the [[second stage]], [[Vitakka]] is no longer {{Wiki|present}}, but [[vicara]] still is. |
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[[Category:Theravada Buddhism]] | [[Category:Theravada Buddhism]] | ||
[[Category:Mahayana]] | [[Category:Mahayana]] | ||
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{{SanskritTerminology}} | {{SanskritTerminology}} | ||
Latest revision as of 07:02, 9 February 2016
Vicara (Sanskrit and Pali, also Vicāra; Tibetan phonetic: chöpa) is a Buddhist term that is translated as "discernment", "sustained thinking", etc. In the Theravada tradition, it is defined as the sustained application of the mind on an object. In the Mahayana tradition, vicara is defined as a Mental factor that scrutinizes finely to discern the specific details.
Vicara is identified as:
- One of the six occasional mental factors within the Theravada Abhidharma teachings
- One of the four changeable mental factors within the Mahayana Abhidharma teachings
- One of four or five Mental factors present in the first dhyana (Pali: Jhana)
- Closely associated with the Mental factor Vitarka
Explanations
Theravada
- The word vicara usually means examination, but here it signifies the sustained application of the mind on the object. Whereas Vitarka is the directing of the mind and its concomitants towards the object, vicara is the continued exercise of the mind on the object.
The Visuddhimagga ( IV, 88) defines vicara as follows:
- ...Sustained thinking (vicaraṇa) is sustained thought (Vicāra); continued sustenance (anusañcaraṇa), is what is meant. It has the characteristic of continued pressure on (occupation with) the object. Its function is to keep conascent (mental) states (occupied) with that. It is manifested as keeping consciousness anchored (on that object).
Nina van Gorkom explains:
- Vicāra is not the same reality as Vitakka. Vitakka directs the Citta to the object and Vicāra keeps the Citta occupied with the object, “anchored” on it. However, we should remember that both Vitakka and Vicāra perform their functions only for the duration of one Citta and then fall away immediately, together with the Citta. Both the Visuddhimagga and the Atthasālinī use similes in order to explain the difference between Vitakka and Vicāra. Vitakka is gross and Vicāra is more subtle. We read in the Visuddhimagga ( IV, 89): "...Applied thought (Vitakka) is the first compact of the mind in the sense that it is both gross and inceptive, like the striking of a bell. Sustained thought (Vicāra) is the act of keeping the mind anchored, in the sense that it is subtle with the individual essence of continued pressure, like the ringing of the bell..."
Mahayana
The Abhidharma-samuccaya explains Vitarka together with vicara as follows:
- What is selectiveness (Vitarka)? It is a mental addressing that takes in everything in the wake of intention (Chanda) or appreciative discrimination (Prajna). It is a coarse mental operation. What is discursiveness (vicara)? It is a mental addressing which is attentive to one thing at it time in the wake of intention or appreciative discrimination. It is an exact mental operation. It has the function of becoming the basis of happiness or unhappiness.
Herbert Guenther explains:
- Selectiveness (vitarka) is a rough estimate of the thing under consideration and discursiveness (vicara) is an exact investigation of it.
Alexander Berzin explains:
- Subtle discernment (dpyod-pa) is the subsidiary awareness that scrutinizes finely to discern the specific details.
Within meditation
Table: Jhāna-related factors.
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| first jhāna |
second jhāna |
third jhāna |
fourth jhāna |
|
| sensuality (kāma), unskillful qualities (akusala dhamma) |
secluded from, withdrawn |
|||
| applied thought (vitakka) |
accom- panies jhāna |
stilled | ||
| sustained thought (vicāra) |
||||
| rapture (pīti) |
seclusion- born; pervades body |
samādhi- born; pervades body |
fades away (as does distress) |
|
| pleasure (sukha) |
pervades physical body |
aban- doned (as is pain) |
||
| pure, mindful equanimity (upekkhā- sati- pārisuddhi) |
[internal confidence, mental unification] |
equani- mous, mindful |
neither pleasure nor pain; permeates body with pure mind |
|
|
Table's sources:
| ||||
Vicara is one of four or five Mental factors present in the first Jhana (Sanskrit: Dhyana). Nina van Gorkom explains:
- As regards the Jhāna-factor Vicāra which is developed in Samatha, this keeps the Citta “anchored on” the meditation subject and inhibits the hindrance which is doubt. As we have seen, in the case of kāmāvacara cittas, both Vitakka and Vicāra arise together when they accompany the Citta. In the case of jhānacittas however, a distinction has to be made. In the first stage of Jhāna both Vitakka and Vicāra are needed in order to experience the meditation subject with absorption.
In the second stage, Vitakka is no longer present, but vicara still is.
