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− | + | ppGrammatical Terms compiled by Bhikkhu Nyanamoli[[ | |
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A Pali-English Glossary of [[Buddhist]] Technical Terms | A Pali-English Glossary of [[Buddhist]] Technical Terms | ||
− | I have made some notes, additions and corrections to this list. The [[principle]] addition is to add a section listing the main {{Wiki|medieval}} [[Pāḷi]] grammars. From the additions I made it appears that Ven Nyanamoli’s main source must have been the works of Ven [[Buddhaghosa]]. | + | I have made some notes, additions and corrections to this list. The [[principle]] addition is to add a section listing the main {{Wiki|medieval}} [[Pāḷi]] grammars. From the additions I made it appears that Ven [[Nyanamoli’s]] main source must have been the works of Ven [[Buddhaghosa]]. |
− | For the listings themselves I have made numerous additions of terms referring to [[books]] and [[sections]], the letters (akkhara), to the prefix ([[upasagga]]) list, where I have given the meanings, and many other miscellaneous additions. | + | For the listings themselves I have made numerous additions of terms referring to [[books]] and [[sections]], the letters ([[akkhara]]), to the prefix ([[upasagga]]) list, where I have given the meanings, and many other miscellaneous additions. |
− | I have also revised the work to ensure that the | + | I have also revised the work to ensure that the organized listings appear again in the alphabetical, and that the relevant entries in the [[latter]] appear in the former. This has made the listings much more extensive than previously. |
As all of this has been done on a very ad hoc basis, and I would appreciate any suggestions or additions that could be sent to me to improve this collection. | As all of this has been done on a very ad hoc basis, and I would appreciate any suggestions or additions that could be sent to me to improve this collection. | ||
− | Ānandajoti [[Bhikkhu]] | + | [[Ānandajoti]] [[Bhikkhu]] |
June 2014 | June 2014 | ||
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[[Books]] and [[Sections]] ([[gandha]], [[kappa]], kaṇḍa) | [[Books]] and [[Sections]] ([[gandha]], [[kappa]], kaṇḍa) | ||
− | nirutti – {{Wiki|linguistics}} | + | [[nirutti]] – {{Wiki|linguistics}} |
[[pakaraṇa]], [[gandha]] – [[book]] | [[pakaraṇa]], [[gandha]] – [[book]] | ||
[[vyākaraṇa]], [[saddanīti]] – {{Wiki|grammar}} | [[vyākaraṇa]], [[saddanīti]] – {{Wiki|grammar}} | ||
[[sutta]], [[lakkhaṇa]] – rules | [[sutta]], [[lakkhaṇa]] – rules | ||
− | vutti – explanations | + | [[vutti]] – explanations |
− | udāharaṇa - examples | + | [[udāharaṇa]] - examples |
− | gadya – prose | + | [[gadya]] – prose |
[[padya]] – verse | [[padya]] – verse | ||
[[chandas]] – metre | [[chandas]] – metre | ||
− | vākya – sentence | + | [[vākya]] – sentence |
[[pada]] – [[word]]; {{Wiki|syllable}}; [[phrase]]; sentence; line of verse | [[pada]] – [[word]]; {{Wiki|syllable}}; [[phrase]]; sentence; line of verse | ||
Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
[[nāma]] – {{Wiki|noun}}, substantive | [[nāma]] – {{Wiki|noun}}, substantive | ||
− | ākhyāta – verb | + | [[ākhyāta]] – verb |
[[upasagga]] – prefix | [[upasagga]] – prefix | ||
[[nipāta]] – {{Wiki|particle}} | [[nipāta]] – {{Wiki|particle}} | ||
− | Letters (akkhara) | + | Letters ([[akkhara]]) |
− | sara – {{Wiki|vowel}} | + | [[sara]] – {{Wiki|vowel}} |
[[vyañjana]] – consonant | [[vyañjana]] – consonant | ||
− | rassa – short ({{Wiki|vowel}} or {{Wiki|syllable}}) | + | [[rassa]] – short ({{Wiki|vowel}} or {{Wiki|syllable}}) |
[[dīgha]] – long ({{Wiki|vowel}} or {{Wiki|syllable}}) | [[dīgha]] – long ({{Wiki|vowel}} or {{Wiki|syllable}}) | ||
− | dhanita – aspirate | + | [[dhanita]] – aspirate |
− | sithila - unaspirate | + | [[sithila]] - unaspirate |
− | antaṭṭha – semi-vowel (y, r, l, ḷ, v) | + | [[antaṭṭha]] – semi-vowel (y, r, l, ḷ, v) |
− | sakāra – sibilant (sa) | + | [[sakāra]] – sibilant (sa) |
− | hakāra – spirant (ha) | + | [[hakāra]] – spirant (ha) |
[[vagga]] – class | [[vagga]] – class | ||
− | kavagga – ka class (ka, kha, ga, gha, ṇa) | + | [[kavagga]] – ka class (ka, kha, ga, gha, ṇa) |
− | cavagga – ca class (ca, ja, cha, jha, ña) | + | [[cavagga]] – ca class (ca, ja, cha, jha, ña) |
− | ṭavagga – ṭa class (ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa) | + | [[ṭavagga]] – ṭa class (ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa) |
− | tavagga – ta class (ta, tha, da, dha, na) | + | [[tavagga]] – ta class (ta, tha, da, dha, na) |
− | pavagga – pa class (pa, pha, ba, bha, ma) | + | [[pavagga]] – pa class (pa, pha, ba, bha, ma) |
− | kaṇṭhaja – gutturals (a, k, kh, g, gh, ṇ, h) | + | [[kaṇṭhaja]] – gutturals (a, k, kh, g, gh, ṇ, h) |
− | tāluja – palatals (i, c, ch, j, jh, ñ, y) | + | [[tāluja]] – palatals (i, c, ch, j, jh, ñ, y) |
− | oṭṭhaja – labials (u, p, ph, b, bh, m) | + | [[oṭṭhaja]] – labials (u, p, ph, b, bh, m) |
− | muḍḍhaja – linguals, cerebrals (ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ, ḷ, ḷh, r) | + | [[muḍḍhaja]] – linguals, cerebrals (ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ, ḷ, ḷh, r) |
− | dantaja – dentals (t, th, dh, d, n, l, s) | + | [[dantaja]] – dentals (t, th, dh, d, n, l, s) |
− | kaṇṭhatāluja – gutturo-palatal (e) | + | [[kaṇṭhatāluja]] – gutturo-palatal (e) |
− | kaṇṭhoṭṭhaja – gutturo-labial (o) | + | [[kaṇṭhoṭṭhaja]] – gutturo-labial (o) |
− | + | d[[antoṭṭhaja]] – dento-labial (v) | |
[[ghosa]] – sonant, voiced (g, gh, ṇ, ch, jh, ñ, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa da, dha, na, ba, bha, ma, ya, ra, la, va, ha) | [[ghosa]] – sonant, voiced (g, gh, ṇ, ch, jh, ñ, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa da, dha, na, ba, bha, ma, ya, ra, la, va, ha) | ||
− | aghosa – surd, unvoiced (ka, kha, ca, ja, ṭa, ṭha, ta, tha, pa, pha, s) | + | [[aghosa]] – surd, unvoiced (ka, kha, ca, ja, ṭa, ṭha, ta, tha, pa, pha, s) |
− | anunāsika – nasals | + | [[anunāsika]] – nasals |
− | nāsika – nasals | + | [[nāsika]] – nasals |
[[Sandhi]] – liaison, euphonic junction: | [[Sandhi]] – liaison, euphonic junction: | ||
− | sarasandhi – {{Wiki|vowel}} liaison | + | [[sarasandhi]] – {{Wiki|vowel}} liaison |
− | vyañjanasandhi – vowel-consonant liaison | + | [[vyañjanasandhi]] – vowel-consonant liaison |
− | niggahītasandhi – liaison with niggahīta | + | [[niggahītasandhi]] – liaison with [[niggahīta]] |
− | vomissakasandhi – mixed liaison | + | [[vomissakasandhi]] – mixed liaison |
[[lopa]] – elision | [[lopa]] – elision | ||
− | vaṇṇavyavadhāna – [[letter]] which prevents or resists [[sandhi]] (as maṁ ahāsi, which never develops mam-ahāsi) | + | [[vaṇṇavyavadhāna]] – [[letter]] which prevents or resists [[sandhi]] ([[as maṁ ahāsi]], which never develops [[mam-ahāsi]]) |
− | kālavyavadhāna – a rest which prevents or resists [[sandhi]] (as mātāpitu-upaṭṭhāna, which never develops mātāpitūpaṭṭhāna) | + | [[kālavyavadhāna]] – a rest which prevents or resists [[sandhi]] ([[as mātāpitu-upaṭṭhāna]], which never develops [[mātāpitūpaṭṭhāna]]) |
Words relating to substantives: | Words relating to substantives: | ||
− | [[liṅga]] – [[gender]] (liṅgavipallāsa; change of [[gender]]; tīṇi liṅgāni: 3 [[genders]]) | + | [[liṅga]] – [[gender]] ([[liṅgavipallāsa]]; change of [[gender]]; [[tīṇi liṅgāni]]: 3 [[genders]]) |
− | pulliṅga – {{Wiki|masculine}} [[gender]] | + | [[pulliṅga]] – {{Wiki|masculine}} [[gender]] |
itthiliṅga – {{Wiki|feminine}} [[gender]] | itthiliṅga – {{Wiki|feminine}} [[gender]] | ||
− | napuṁsakaliṅga – neuter [[gender]] | + | [[napuṁsakaliṅga]] – neuter [[gender]] |
− | pumitthiliṅga – both {{Wiki|masculine}} and {{Wiki|feminine}} [[gender]] | + | [[pumitthiliṅga]] – both {{Wiki|masculine}} and {{Wiki|feminine}} [[gender]] |
− | pumanapuṁsakaliṅga – both {{Wiki|masculine}} and neuter [[gender]] | + | [[pumanapuṁsakaliṅga]] – both {{Wiki|masculine}} and neuter [[gender]] |
− | itthinapuṁsakaliṅga – both {{Wiki|feminine}} and neuter [[gender]] | + | [[itthinapuṁsakaliṅga]] – both {{Wiki|feminine}} and neuter [[gender]] |
− | sabbaliṅga – all [[genders]] | + | [[sabbaliṅga]] – all [[genders]] |
− | aliṅga – genderless | + | [[aliṅga]] – genderless |
− | padhānaliṅga – {{Wiki|noun}} (whose [[gender]] predominates) | + | [[padhānaliṅga]] – {{Wiki|noun}} (whose [[gender]] predominates) |
− | appadhānaliṅga – {{Wiki|adjective}} (whose [[gender]] does not predominate) | + | [[appadhānaliṅga]] – {{Wiki|adjective}} (whose [[gender]] does not predominate) |
− | vāccaliṅga – {{Wiki|adjective}} | + | [[vāccaliṅga]] – {{Wiki|adjective}} |
− | saṅkhyā – number (in [[word]] formation) | + | [[saṅkhyā]] – number (in [[word]] formation) |
− | saṅkhyāpadhāna – cardinal number | + | [[saṅkhyāpadhāna]] – cardinal number |
− | saṅkhyāpūraṇa – ordinal number | + | [[saṅkhyāpūraṇa]] – ordinal number |
− | pūraṇa – line filler | + | [[pūraṇa]] – line filler |
− | ekavacana – singular | + | [[ekavacana]] – singular |
− | bahuvacana – plural | + | [[bahuvacana]] – plural |
− | guṇipada – {{Wiki|noun}} | + | [[guṇipada]] – {{Wiki|noun}} |
− | nāmanāma – substantive, proper [[name]] | + | [[nāmanāma]] – substantive, proper [[name]] |
[[vyaya]] – declinable | [[vyaya]] – declinable | ||
[[avyaya]] – indeclinable | [[avyaya]] – indeclinable | ||
− | sabbanāma – {{Wiki|pronoun}} | + | [[sabbanāma]] – {{Wiki|pronoun}} |
− | guṇanāma, appadhāna – {{Wiki|adjective}} | + | [[guṇanāma]], [[appadhāna]] – {{Wiki|adjective}} |
− | aniyamita – [[relative]] {{Wiki|pronoun}} (e.g. yaṁ) | + | [[aniyamita]] – [[relative]] {{Wiki|pronoun}} (e.g. yaṁ) |
− | niyamita – demonstrative {{Wiki|pronoun}} (e.g. taṁ) | + | [[niyamita]] – demonstrative {{Wiki|pronoun}} (e.g. taṁ) |
− | samāsanāma – compound {{Wiki|noun}} | + | [[samāsanāma]] – compound {{Wiki|noun}} |
− | taddhitanāma – derivative from {{Wiki|noun}} | + | [[taddhitanāma]] – derivative from {{Wiki|noun}} |
− | kitakanāma – derivative from verb | + | [[kitakanāma]] – derivative from verb |
Case-endings ([[vibhatti]]): | Case-endings ([[vibhatti]]): | ||
− | paccattavacana – {{Wiki|nominative}} case (paṭhamā: first) | + | [[paccattavacana]] – {{Wiki|nominative}} case (paṭhamā: first) |
− | āmantaṇavacana, ālapanavacana – {{Wiki|vocative}} 1 | + | [[āmantaṇavacana]], ālapanavacana – {{Wiki|vocative}} 1 |
− | upayogavacana, kammavacana – {{Wiki|accusative}} (dutiyā: second) | + | [[upayogavacana]], [[kammavacana]] – {{Wiki|accusative}} ([[dutiyā]]: second) |
− | karaṇavacana – instrumental (tatiyā: third) 2 | + | [[karaṇavacana]] – instrumental (tatiyā: third) 2 |
− | sampadānavacana – {{Wiki|dative}} (catutthī: fourth) | + | [[sampadānavacana]] – {{Wiki|dative}} (catutthī: fourth) |
− | apādanavacana, [[avadhi]] – {{Wiki|ablative}} (pañcamī: fifth) | + | [[apādanavacana]], [[avadhi]] – {{Wiki|ablative}} (pañcamī: fifth) |
− | nissakkavacana – {{Wiki|ablative}} of separation | + | [[nissakkavacana]] – {{Wiki|ablative}} of separation |
− | itthambhūtavacana – {{Wiki|ablative}} of likeness | + | [[itthambhūtavacana]] – {{Wiki|ablative}} of likeness |
− | sāmivacana, [[sambandha]] – {{Wiki|genitive}} (chaṭṭhī: sixth) | + | [[sāmivacana]], [[sambandha]] – {{Wiki|genitive}} ([[chaṭṭhī]]: sixth) |
− | bhummavacana, okāsa, [[ādhāra]], sambodhana – {{Wiki|locative case}} (sattamī: seventh) | + | [[bhummavacana]], okāsa, [[ādhāra]], [[sambodhana]] – {{Wiki|locative case}} ([[sattamī]]: seventh) |
− | The verb (ākhyāta): | + | The verb ([[ākhyāta]]): |
[[kāla]] – tense | [[kāla]] – tense | ||
− | vattamānakāla – {{Wiki|present}} indicative tense | + | [[vattamānakāla]] – {{Wiki|present}} indicative tense |
− | atītakāla – {{Wiki|past}} tense | + | [[atītakāla]] – {{Wiki|past}} tense |
− | anāgatakāla – {{Wiki|future}} tense | + | [[anāgatakāla]] – {{Wiki|future}} tense |
− | ajjatanī – aorist | + | [[ajjatanī]] – aorist |
− | bhavissanti – {{Wiki|future}} indicative | + | [[bhavissanti]] – {{Wiki|future}} indicative |
pañcamī – imperative ([[mood]]) | pañcamī – imperative ([[mood]]) | ||
sattamī – optative ([[mood]]) | sattamī – optative ([[mood]]) | ||
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(3) avyayataddhita – indeclinable numbers and adverbs (e.g. num. + kkhattuṁ (adv.), dha, so, tha, tana) | (3) avyayataddhita – indeclinable numbers and adverbs (e.g. num. + kkhattuṁ (adv.), dha, so, tha, tana) | ||
− | Primary derivative (kitaka, kitanta) | + | Primary derivative (kitaka, kitanta) ([[verbal]] [[root]] + suffix = substantive]: |
(1) kicca – for formation of passive participles (suffixes = tabba, anīya, (ṇ)ya, (ṇ)iya, tayya, icca) | (1) kicca – for formation of passive participles (suffixes = tabba, anīya, (ṇ)ya, (ṇ)iya, tayya, icca) | ||
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(3) bhāvasādhana – [[definition]] by way of state (e.g. saraṇamattam eva esā ti [[sati]]: this is mere being [[mindful]], thus it is [[mindfulness]]) | (3) bhāvasādhana – [[definition]] by way of state (e.g. saraṇamattam eva esā ti [[sati]]: this is mere being [[mindful]], thus it is [[mindfulness]]) | ||
− | |||
− | |||
Alphabetic Listings | Alphabetic Listings | ||
Line 369: | Line 367: | ||
kārita – [[causative]] | kārita – [[causative]] | ||
[[kāla]] – tense | [[kāla]] – tense | ||
+ | |||
kālavyavadhāna – a rest which prevents or resists [[sandhi]] (as mātāpitu-upaṭṭhāna, which never develops mātāpitūpaṭṭhāna) | kālavyavadhāna – a rest which prevents or resists [[sandhi]] (as mātāpitu-upaṭṭhāna, which never develops mātāpitūpaṭṭhāna) | ||
kālātipatti – [[conditional]] derivative substantive | kālātipatti – [[conditional]] derivative substantive | ||
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padalopa – elision of a [[word]] | padalopa – elision of a [[word]] | ||
padasiddhi – establishment of word-meaning | padasiddhi – establishment of word-meaning | ||
+ | |||
[[padya]] – verse | [[padya]] – verse | ||
padhānaliṅga – {{Wiki|noun}} (whose [[gender]] predominates) | padhānaliṅga – {{Wiki|noun}} (whose [[gender]] predominates) | ||
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[[vibhatti]] – case ending | [[vibhatti]] – case ending | ||
vibhattilopa – elision of case ending | vibhattilopa – elision of case ending | ||
+ | |||
viyoga – {{Wiki|disjunction}} (vā) | viyoga – {{Wiki|disjunction}} (vā) | ||
visesana – “distinguishing,” i.e. {{Wiki|adjective}} | visesana – “distinguishing,” i.e. {{Wiki|adjective}} | ||
Line 534: | Line 535: | ||
saddasiddhi – establishment of word-meaning | saddasiddhi – establishment of word-meaning | ||
[[sandhi]] – liaison | [[sandhi]] – liaison | ||
+ | |||
sabbanāma – {{Wiki|pronoun}} | sabbanāma – {{Wiki|pronoun}} | ||
sabbaliṅga – all [[genders]] | sabbaliṅga – all [[genders]] | ||
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hīyattani – imperfect (tense) | hīyattani – imperfect (tense) | ||
hetukattā – agent (of [[causative]] verb) | hetukattā – agent (of [[causative]] verb) | ||
− | |||
− | |||
Grammatical Writings | Grammatical Writings | ||
Line 566: | Line 566: | ||
There are many scores of works on {{Wiki|grammar}} in the pre-modern period, some taking the whole [[subject]], some specialising in [[sections]] of {{Wiki|grammar}}. Here I list only the most prominent. There is often more than one [[name]] of both the authors and of their works, and I have listed the alternatives (aka = also known as). Dates are also sometimes very approximate. | There are many scores of works on {{Wiki|grammar}} in the pre-modern period, some taking the whole [[subject]], some specialising in [[sections]] of {{Wiki|grammar}}. Here I list only the most prominent. There is often more than one [[name]] of both the authors and of their works, and I have listed the alternatives (aka = also known as). Dates are also sometimes very approximate. | ||
− | + | [[Kaccāyana’s]] School | |
− | |||
− | Kaccāyana’s School | ||
[[Kaccāyana]]: Kaccāyanabyākaraṇaṁ aka Kaccāyanagandha, 6th-7th c., ([[Sri Lanka]]), the earliest and one of the two main streams of {{Wiki|grammatical}} works in the [[Pāḷi]] [[tradition]], drawing on [[Pāṇini]] and the [[Sanskrit]] Kātantra. | [[Kaccāyana]]: Kaccāyanabyākaraṇaṁ aka Kaccāyanagandha, 6th-7th c., ([[Sri Lanka]]), the earliest and one of the two main streams of {{Wiki|grammatical}} works in the [[Pāḷi]] [[tradition]], drawing on [[Pāṇini]] and the [[Sanskrit]] Kātantra. | ||
Line 586: | Line 584: | ||
* * * | * * * | ||
− | Aggavaṁsa aka Aggapaṇḍita: [[Saddanīti]], 1154, ([[Burma]]), often considered the best of the [[Pāḷi]] grammars, it is especially strong on the {{Wiki|Canonical}} [[language]], includes [[roots]] in its Dhātumālā (a collection of [[roots]]). It is sometimes considered to belong to the [[Kaccāyana]] school, and sometimes as an {{Wiki|independent}} work. The [[interesting]] thing is it didn’t seem to start a | + | Aggavaṁsa aka Aggapaṇḍita: [[Saddanīti]], 1154, ([[Burma]]), often considered the best of the [[Pāḷi]] grammars, it is especially strong on the {{Wiki|Canonical}} [[language]], includes [[roots]] in its Dhātumālā (a collection of [[roots]]). It is sometimes considered to belong to the [[Kaccāyana]] school, and sometimes as an {{Wiki|independent}} work. The [[interesting]] thing is it didn’t seem to start a new school. |
Latest revision as of 17:27, 3 April 2016
ppGrammatical Terms compiled by Bhikkhu Nyanamoli[[
from
A Pali-English Glossary of Buddhist Technical Terms (BPS, Kandy 1994)
revised with substantial additions by
Ānandajoti Bhikkhu
Version 2 (June 2014)
The original text is reproduced with the kind permission of the Buddhist Publication Society
the complete book can be purchased here:
A Pali-English Glossary of Buddhist Technical Terms
I have made some notes, additions and corrections to this list. The principle addition is to add a section listing the main medieval Pāḷi grammars. From the additions I made it appears that Ven Nyanamoli’s main source must have been the works of Ven Buddhaghosa.
For the listings themselves I have made numerous additions of terms referring to books and sections, the letters (akkhara), to the prefix (upasagga) list, where I have given the meanings, and many other miscellaneous additions.
I have also revised the work to ensure that the organized listings appear again in the alphabetical, and that the relevant entries in the latter appear in the former. This has made the listings much more extensive than previously.
As all of this has been done on a very ad hoc basis, and I would appreciate any suggestions or additions that could be sent to me to improve this collection.
Ānandajoti Bhikkhu
June 2014
Organised Listings
Books and Sections (gandha, kappa, kaṇḍa)
nirutti – linguistics
pakaraṇa, gandha – book
vyākaraṇa, saddanīti – grammar
sutta, lakkhaṇa – rules
vutti – explanations
udāharaṇa - examples
gadya – prose
padya – verse
chandas – metre
vākya – sentence
pada – word; syllable; phrase; sentence; line of verse
The 4 parts of speech (padajāti):
nāma – noun, substantive
ākhyāta – verb
upasagga – prefix
nipāta – particle
Letters (akkhara)
sara – vowel
vyañjana – consonant
rassa – short (vowel or syllable)
dīgha – long (vowel or syllable)
dhanita – aspirate
sithila - unaspirate
antaṭṭha – semi-vowel (y, r, l, ḷ, v)
sakāra – sibilant (sa)
hakāra – spirant (ha)
vagga – class
kavagga – ka class (ka, kha, ga, gha, ṇa)
cavagga – ca class (ca, ja, cha, jha, ña)
ṭavagga – ṭa class (ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa)
tavagga – ta class (ta, tha, da, dha, na)
pavagga – pa class (pa, pha, ba, bha, ma)
kaṇṭhaja – gutturals (a, k, kh, g, gh, ṇ, h)
tāluja – palatals (i, c, ch, j, jh, ñ, y)
oṭṭhaja – labials (u, p, ph, b, bh, m)
muḍḍhaja – linguals, cerebrals (ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ, ḷ, ḷh, r)
dantaja – dentals (t, th, dh, d, n, l, s)
kaṇṭhatāluja – gutturo-palatal (e)
kaṇṭhoṭṭhaja – gutturo-labial (o)
dantoṭṭhaja – dento-labial (v)
ghosa – sonant, voiced (g, gh, ṇ, ch, jh, ñ, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa da, dha, na, ba, bha, ma, ya, ra, la, va, ha)
aghosa – surd, unvoiced (ka, kha, ca, ja, ṭa, ṭha, ta, tha, pa, pha, s)
anunāsika – nasals
nāsika – nasals
Sandhi – liaison, euphonic junction:
sarasandhi – vowel liaison
vyañjanasandhi – vowel-consonant liaison
niggahītasandhi – liaison with niggahīta
vomissakasandhi – mixed liaison
lopa – elision
vaṇṇavyavadhāna – letter which prevents or resists sandhi (as maṁ ahāsi, which never develops mam-ahāsi)
kālavyavadhāna – a rest which prevents or resists sandhi (as mātāpitu-upaṭṭhāna, which never develops mātāpitūpaṭṭhāna)
Words relating to substantives:
liṅga – gender (liṅgavipallāsa; change of gender; tīṇi liṅgāni: 3 genders)
pulliṅga – masculine gender
itthiliṅga – feminine gender
napuṁsakaliṅga – neuter gender
pumitthiliṅga – both masculine and feminine gender
pumanapuṁsakaliṅga – both masculine and neuter gender
itthinapuṁsakaliṅga – both feminine and neuter gender
sabbaliṅga – all genders
aliṅga – genderless
padhānaliṅga – noun (whose gender predominates)
appadhānaliṅga – adjective (whose gender does not predominate)
vāccaliṅga – adjective
saṅkhyā – number (in word formation)
saṅkhyāpadhāna – cardinal number
saṅkhyāpūraṇa – ordinal number
pūraṇa – line filler
ekavacana – singular
bahuvacana – plural
guṇipada – noun
nāmanāma – substantive, proper name
vyaya – declinable
avyaya – indeclinable
sabbanāma – pronoun
guṇanāma, appadhāna – adjective
aniyamita – relative pronoun (e.g. yaṁ)
niyamita – demonstrative pronoun (e.g. taṁ)
samāsanāma – compound noun
taddhitanāma – derivative from noun
kitakanāma – derivative from verb
Case-endings (vibhatti):
paccattavacana – nominative case (paṭhamā: first)
āmantaṇavacana, ālapanavacana – vocative 1
upayogavacana, kammavacana – accusative (dutiyā: second)
karaṇavacana – instrumental (tatiyā: third) 2
sampadānavacana – dative (catutthī: fourth)
apādanavacana, avadhi – ablative (pañcamī: fifth)
nissakkavacana – ablative of separation
itthambhūtavacana – ablative of likeness
sāmivacana, sambandha – genitive (chaṭṭhī: sixth)
bhummavacana, okāsa, ādhāra, sambodhana – locative case (sattamī: seventh)
The verb (ākhyāta):
kāla – tense
vattamānakāla – present indicative tense
atītakāla – past tense
anāgatakāla – future tense
ajjatanī – aorist
bhavissanti – future indicative
pañcamī – imperative (mood)
sattamī – optative (mood)
hīyattanī, anajjatanī – imperfect
parokkhā – perfect
kālātipatti – conditional
kārita – causative
pubbakiriya, tvādiyantapada – gerund, absolutive
missakiriya – present participle
tumanta – infinitive
bhāvataddhita – gerundial
kicca – future passive participle
parassapada – active (voice)
attanopada – middle or reflexive (voice)
kammapada – passive
kāraka – voice
kattukāraka – active voice
kammakāraka – passive voice
dhātu – verbal root (e.g. pā)
rūpa – form of stem (e.g. piva)
bhūvādigaṇa – first conjugation (e.g. bhū)
rudhādigaṇa – second conjugation (e.g. rudh)
divādigaṇa – third conjugation (e.g. div)
suvādigaṇa – fourth conjugation (e.g. su)
kiyādigaṇa – fifth conjugation (e.g. ki)
tanādigaṇa – sixth conjugation (e.g. tan)
curādigaṇa – seventh conjugation (e.g. cur)
purisa – person
paṭhamapurisa – third person
majjhimapurisa – second person
uttamapurisa – first person
akammaka – intransitive
sakammaka – transitive
dvikammaka – bitransitive
hetukattā – agent (of causative verb)
The particle (nipāta):
paṭisedha, vyatireka – negative (na, no, mā)
sampiṇḍana – conjunction (ca, pi)
kriyā, kiriya – adverb, predicate
samuccaya – conjunction (ca)
saṁyoga – conjunction (ca)
viyoga, vikappana – disjunction (vā)
The prefix (upasagga):
ati – on, further, towards, over, beyond, past, intensifier
adhi – on, towards, by, up to, here, intensifier
anu – along, after, towards, on, at, to, according to, second, low, each, every
apa – off, away from
api – on, to, towards
abhi – towards, against, over, on, intensifier
ava, o – low, down, away, negative
ā – nearness, out, forth, to, at, on
u – up, put, forth, onto
upa – on, up, by, diminutive
du – difficult, hard, bad, poor
ni, nī – down, into, back, out, away, without
pa – out, on, before, intensifier
paṭi, pati – back, against, again away, to
parā – onto, over, through
pari – around, completely, too much, away, off
vi – over, about, away, down, reverses meaning, intensifier
saṁ – near, together
su – well, happily, thoroughly, intensifier
Compounds (samāsa):
(1) kammadhāraya – adjectival compound [adj. + subs.] (e.g. niluppalaṁ: the blue waterlily)
(2) digu – numerical determinative compound [num. + subs.]
(a) samāhāra – collective grammatically singular termination (e.g. tilokaṁ: the three worlds)
(b) asamāhāra – individual plural termination (e.g. pañcindriyāni: the five faculties)
(3) tappurisa – dependent determinative compound [subs. in oblique case + subs. or adj.]
(a) dutiyātappurisa [acc. subs. + subs. or adj.] (e.g. gāmagato = gāmaṁ gato: gone to the village)
(b) tatiyātappurisa [instr. subs. + subs. or adj.] (e.g. buddhadesito = buddhena desito: taught by the Buddha)
(c) catutthītappurisa [dat. subs. + subs. or adj.] (e.g. pāsādadabbaṁ = pāsādaya dabbaṁ: material for the palace)
(d) pañcamītappurisa [abl. of sep. subs. + subs. or adj.] (e.g. rukkhapatito = rukkhā patito: fallen from the tree)
(e) chaṭṭhītappurisa [gen. subs. + subs. or adj.] (e.g. jinavacanaṁ = jinassa vacanaṁ: the word of the Conqueror)
(f) sattamītappurisa [loc. subs + subs. or adj.] (e.g. gāmavasī = gāme vāsī: dweller in a village)
aluttasamāsa [inflected subs. + subs. or adj.] (e.g. manasikāro = manasi kāro: keeping in mind, attention)
upapadatappurisa – verbal dependent determinative compound [subs. + verbal subs.] (e.g. kumbhakāro = kumbhaṁ kāro: pot-maker, potter)
(4) dvanda – copulative compound [subs. + subs.]
(a) samāhāra: with singular termination (e.g. hatthassarathapattikaṁ = hatthino ca assā ca rathā ca pattikā ca: elephants, horses, chariots, and infantry)
(b) asamāhāra (itaritara): with plural termination (e.g. candasuriyā = cando ca suriyo ca: the moon and the sun)
(c) vikappasamāhāra – with either sing. or plural ending (e.g. kusalākusalaṁ / kusalākusalāni, wholesome and unwholesome)
(5) avyayībhāva – adverbial compound [indecl. adv. + subs.] (e.g. upanagaraṁ = upa + nagaraṁ: near the town)
(6) bahubbīhi – relative compound [combination of subs, + subs. used as adj. to qualify another subs.] (e.g. antimasarīro (puriso) = (purisassa) antimasarīraṁ: (a man) in his last body)
missakasamāsa – complex compound (e.g. suranaramahito = (a) surā: ca narā ca (dvanda); (b) suranarehi mahito (tappurisa): honoured by gods and men)
Secondary derivatives (taddhita) [subs. (or subs. + suffix) + suffix]:
(1) sāmaññataddhita – general secondary derivative
(a) appaccattha – denoting lineage (suffixes = (ṇ)a, (ṇ)āna, (ṇ)era, (ṇ)eyya)
(b) anekattha – of various meanings (suffixes = (ṇ)ika, (ṇ)a, ima, iya, tā, ka, maya)
(c) atthyattha – denoting endowment, possession (suffixes = ava, ala, ila, ika, ī, vi, ssī, vantu, mantu)
(d) saṅkhyā – numerical derivatives [number + suffix] (suffixes = ma, tiya, ttha, ī, ka)
(2) bhavataddhita – gerundial used as abstract subs. [subs. + suffix] (suffixes = tā, tta, ttana, (ṇ)ya, (ṇ)a)
(3) avyayataddhita – indeclinable numbers and adverbs (e.g. num. + kkhattuṁ (adv.), dha, so, tha, tana)
Primary derivative (kitaka, kitanta) (verbal root + suffix = substantive]:
(1) kicca – for formation of passive participles (suffixes = tabba, anīya, (ṇ)ya, (ṇ)iya, tayya, icca)
(2) kita – for formation of active participles or nouns expressing an active meaning (suffixes = nta, mānā, ta, etc.)
Establishment of word-meaning (padasiddhi, saddasiddhi)
(1) karaṇasādhana – definition by way of instrumental sense (e.g. saranti etāyā ti sati: by this they are mindful, thus it is mindfulness)
(2) kattusādhana – definition by way of agent (e.g. sayaṁ saratī ti sati: this itself is mindful, thus it is mindfulness)
(3) bhāvasādhana – definition by way of state (e.g. saraṇamattam eva esā ti sati: this is mere being mindful, thus it is mindfulness)
Alphabetic Listings
(Pāḷi Alphabetic Order)
akammaka – intransitive verb
akkhara – letter (of alphabet)
aghosa – surd, unvoiced (ka, kha, ca, ja, ṭa, ṭha, ta, tha, pa, pha, s)
accantasaṁyoga – direct governance (of acc. by transitive verb)
ajjatanī – aorist (tense)
atidesa – extension of meaning
atītakāla – past tense
attanopada – middle or reflexive (voice)
atthyattha – denoting endowment, possession
adhikaraṇa – one kind of locative (= container)
anajjatanī – imperfect
anāgatakāla – future tense
aniyatakāla – uncertain time (indicative, optative)
aniyamita – relative pronoun
aniyamuddesa – relative clause
anuttakāla – uncertain time (indicative, optative)
anunāsika – nasals
anussāra – the letter ṁ, the nasal
anekattha – type of suffix
antaṭṭha - semi-vowel (y, r, l, ḷ, v)
apādanavacana – ablative (pañcamī: fifth)
appaccattha – type of suffix
appadhānaliṅga – adjective (whose gender does not predominate)
aliṅga – genderless
aluttasamāsa [inflected subs. + subs. or adj.]
avadhi – ablative (pañcamī: fifth)
avayava – constituent of compound
avuddhika – weak strengthening of root in vowel gradation
avyaya – indeclinable
avyayataddhita – indeclinable numerals and adverbs
avyayībhāva – adverbial compound
asamāhāra – (compound) with plural termination
ākhyāta – verb
ādhāra – locative case, support
āmantaṇavacana – vocative
ālapanavacana – vocative case
itaritara – dvanda with plural ending
itthambhūtavacana – ablative of likeness
itthinapuṁsakaliṅga – both feminine and neuter gender
itthiliṅga – feminine gender
uttamapurisa – first person
udāharaṇa – examples
upacāra – figure of speech, metaphor
upapadatappurisa – verbal dependent determinative compound
upayogavacana – accusative case
upasa – prefixed vowel
upasagga – prefix, suffix, affix
ekavacana – singular
okāsa – locative case
oṭṭhaja – labials (u, p, ph, b, bh, m)
kaṇṭhaja – gutturals (a, k, kh, g, gh, ṇ, h)
kaṇṭhatāluja – gutturo-palatal (e)
kaṇṭhoṭṭhaja – gutturo-labial (o)
kattā – subject of verb
kattukāraka – active voice
kattusādhana – definition of word by way of agent
kamma – object of word
kammakāraka – passive voice
kammadhāraya – adjectival compound
kammapada – passive
kammavacana – accusative (dutiyā: second)
karaṇavacana – instrumental case
karaṇasādhana – definition of word by way of instrumental sense
kavagga – ka class (ka, kha, ga, gha, ṇa)
kāra – letter or syllable (e.g. makāro = the letter “ma”)
kāraka – voice (of verb); syntax
kārita – causative
kāla – tense
kālavyavadhāna – a rest which prevents or resists sandhi (as mātāpitu-upaṭṭhāna, which never develops mātāpitūpaṭṭhāna)
kālātipatti – conditional derivative substantive
kicca – future passive participle
kicca – function, kind of verbal noun suffix
kita – verbal noun suffix
kitaka – verbal noun suffix
kitakanāma – derivative from verb
kitanta – verbal noun suffix
kiyādigaṇa – fifth conjugation (e.g. ki)
kiriyavisesa – adverb
kriyā, kiriya – adverb, predicate of verb
gaṇa – conjugation
gandha – book
gadya – prose
guṇa – strong vowel gradation
guṇanāma – quality noun, adjective
guṇipada – noun
ghosa – sonant, voiced (g, gh, ṇ, ch, jh, ñ, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa da, dha, na, ba, bha, ma, ya, ra, la, va, ha)
catutthī – dative case
catutthītappurisa [dat. subs. + subs. or adj.]
cavagga – ca class (ca, ja, cha, jha, ña)
curādigaṇa – seventh conjugation (e.g. cur)
chaṭṭhī – genitive case
chaṭṭhītappurisa [gen. subs. + subs. or adj.]
chandas – metre
ṭavagga – ṭa class (ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa)
tatiyā – instrumental case
tatiyātappurisa [instr. subs. + subs. or adj.]
taddhita – secondary derivative substantive
taddhitanāma – derivative from noun
tanādigaṇa – sixth conjugation (e.g. tan)
tappurisa – dependent determinative compound
tavagga – ta class (ta, tha, da, dha, na)
tāluja – palatals (i, c, ch, j, jh, ñ, y)
tīṇiliṅgāni: 3 genders
tumanta – infinitive
tumicchattha – desiderative
tvādiyantapada – gerund, absolutive
dantaja – dentals (t, th, dh, d, n, l, s)
dantoṭṭhaja – dento-labial (v)
digu – numerical determinative compound
divādigaṇa – third conjugation (e.g. div)
dīgha – long (vowel or syllable)
dutiyā – accusative case
dutiyātappurisa [acc. subs. + subs. or adj.]
dvanda – copulative compound
dvikammaka – bitransitive verb
dhanita – aspirate
dhātu – verbal root or stem
dhāturūpakasadda – denominative
napuṁsakaliṅga – neuter gender
nāma – noun, substantive
nāmanāma – noun
nāsika – nasals
niggahīta – the final letter ṁ
niggahītasandhi – liaison with niggahīta
nipāta – particle
nibbacana – derivative form, derivation
niyamita – demonstrative pronoun (e.g. taṁ)
nirutti – linguistics
nissakkavacana – ablative of separation
nissitavacana – dependent locution (cf. Vis.20, VisA.40)
pakaraṇa – book
paccattavacana – nominative case
paccaya – suffix
paccuppanna (kāla) – present (time)
pañcamī – imperative (mood); ablative of separation (case)
pañcamītappurisa [abl. of sep. subs. + subs. or adj.]
paṭisedha – negative (na, no, mā)
paṭhamapurisa – third person
paṭhamā – nominative case
pada – word; syllable; phrase; sentence; line of verse
padajāti – parts of speech
padaccheda – contraction, elision of word
padalopa – elision of a word
padasiddhi – establishment of word-meaning
padya – verse
padhānaliṅga – noun (whose gender predominates)
parassapada – active (voice)
pariyāya – metaphor
parassapada – active (voice)
parokkhā – perfect tense
pavagga – pa class (pa, pha, ba, bha, ma)
puthuvacana – plural
pubbakiriya – gerund, absolutive
pumanapuṁsakaliṅga – both masculine and neuter gender
pumitthiliṅga – both masculine and feminine gender
purisa – person
pulliṅga – masculine gender
pūraṇa – line filler
bhavataddhita – gerundial used as abstract subs.
bahubbīhi – relative compound
bahuvacana – plural
bhavissanti – future (tense)
bhāva – state; a kind of verbal noun; abstract noun
bhāvataddhita – gerundial
bhāvanapuṁsaka – neuter desiderative abstract noun
bhāvasādhana – definition of word by way of state
bhāvena bhāvalakkhaṇabhummaṁ – locative absolute
bhummavacana – locative case
bhūvādigaṇa – first conjugation (e.g. bhū)
majjhimapurisa – second person
missakasamāsa – mixed compound
missakiriya – present participle
muḍḍhaja – linguals, cerebrals (ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ, ḷ, ḷh, r)
rassa – short (vowel or syllable)
rudhādigaṇa – second conjugation (e.g. rudh)
rūpa – form of stem or root
lakāra – tense (of verb)
lakkhaṇa – rules
liṅga – gender; word stem
liṅgavipallāsa; change of gender
lopa – elision
vagga – class
vaṇṇa – phonetically distinct sound
vaṇṇavyavadhāna – letter which prevents or resists sandhi (as maṁ ahāsi, which never develops mam-ahāsi)
vattamānakāla – present tense
vākya – sentence
vāccaliṅga – adjective
vikappana – disjunction (vā)
vikappasamāhāra – dvanda with either sing. or plural ending
vibhatti – case ending
vibhattilopa – elision of case ending
viyoga – disjunction (vā)
visesana – “distinguishing,” i.e. adjective
visesanaparapada – kammadhāraya (second member qualifying first)
visesanapubbapada – kammadhāraya (first member qualifying second)
vutti – explanations
vuddhi – lengthened vowel gradation
vomissakasandhi – mixed liaison
vyañjana – consonant
vyañjanasandhi – vowel-consonant liaison
vyaya – declinable
vyākaraṇa – grammar
vyatireka – negative
saṁyoga – conjunction (e.g. ca, pi)
sakammaka – transitive verb
sakāra – sibilant (sa)
saṅkhyā – number (in word formation)
saṅkhyātaddhita – numerical derivative
saṅkhyāpadhāna – cardinal number
saṅkhyāpūraṇa – ordinal number
sattamī – optative (mood); locative (case)
sattamītappurisa [loc. subs + subs. or adj.]
sadda – word
saddanīti – grammar
saddasattha – grammar
saddasiddhi – establishment of word-meaning
sandhi – liaison
sabbanāma – pronoun
sabbaliṅga – all genders
samāsa – compound noun
samāsanāma – compound noun
samāhāra – compound with singular termination
samuccaya – conjunction (e.g. ca, pi)
sampadānavacana – dative case
sampiṇḍana – conjunction, abbreviation
sambandha – genitive (chaṭṭhī: sixth)
sambandha – construction
sambodhana – locative case
sara – vowel
sarasandhi – vowel liaison
sasambhārakathā – substitutional location (cf. Vis.20, VisA.40)
sādhanasiddhi – derivation of word
sāmañña – general
sāmaññataddhita – general secondary derivative
sāmivacana – genitive case
sithila - unaspirate
sutta – rules
suvādigaṇa – fourth conjugation (e.g. su)
hakāra – spirant (ha)
hīyattani – imperfect (tense)
hetukattā – agent (of causative verb)
Grammatical Writings
There are many scores of works on grammar in the pre-modern period, some taking the whole subject, some specialising in sections of grammar. Here I list only the most prominent. There is often more than one name of both the authors and of their works, and I have listed the alternatives (aka = also known as). Dates are also sometimes very approximate.
Kaccāyana’s School
Kaccāyana: Kaccāyanabyākaraṇaṁ aka Kaccāyanagandha, 6th-7th c., (Sri Lanka), the earliest and one of the two main streams of grammatical works in the Pāḷi tradition, drawing on Pāṇini and the Sanskrit Kātantra.
Dhammānanda: Kaccāyanasāra, ?, (Sri Lanka), abridgement of Kaccāyana
Mahāyasa: Kaccāyanasāraṭīkā aka Kaccāyanabheda, 13th+ c., (Burma), commentary on the abridgement of Kaccāyana
Vimalabuddhi: Nyāsa aka Mukhamattadīpanī, 11th c., (Sri Lanka), commentary on Kaccāyana
Chapada aka Chapaṭa aka Saddhammajotipāla: Suttaniddesa aka Nyāsapradīpa, 1181, (Burma), commentary on Vimalabuddhi
Buddhappiya aka Dīpaṅkara: Rūpasiddhi aka Padarūpasiddhi, 13th c, (Sri Lanka), rearrangment of Kaccāyana
Vācissara or Dhammakitti: Bālāvatāra, 13th or 14th c., (Sri Lanka), rearrangement of Kaccāyana
- * *
Aggavaṁsa aka Aggapaṇḍita: Saddanīti, 1154, (Burma), often considered the best of the Pāḷi grammars, it is especially strong on the Canonical language, includes roots in its Dhātumālā (a collection of roots). It is sometimes considered to belong to the Kaccāyana school, and sometimes as an independent work. The interesting thing is it didn’t seem to start a new school.
Moggallāyana’s School
Moggallāyana aka Moggallāna: Moggallāyanabyākaraṇaṁ aka Saddalakkhaṇa 12th c. (Sri Lanka), formed a second school of Pāḷi grammarians, influenced by Pāṇini and Candragomin.
Moggallāyana: Moggallāyanapañcika, 12th c. (Sri Lanka), auto commentary on his own work.
Piyadassī: Padasādhana, 12th c. (Sri Lanka), one of Moggallāyana’s immediate disciples.
Vanaratana Medhaṅkara: Payogasiddhi 13th c. (Sri Lanka), an improvement of Moggallāyana’s work.
Moggallāyana: Moggallāyanapañcika, 12th c. (Sri Lanka), auto commentary on his own work.
Rāhula: Moggallāyanapañcikāpadīpa, 14th c. (Sri Lanka), commentary on Moggallāyana commentary.
Specialist Studies
Roots:
Unknown: Dhātupaṭha, ?, (Sri Lanka), collection of roots in Moggallāyana tradition
Sīlavaṁsa: Dhātumañjusa aka Kaccāyanamañjusa, 14th c., collection of roots in Kaccāyana tradition
Unknown: Dhātvatthadīpani, ?, (Burma), a versification of the Dhātumālā section of Saddanīti.
Syntax:
Saṅgharakkhita: Sambandhacintā, 13th c., (Sri Lanka), book on syntax
Unknown: Sambandhacintāṭīkā, 13th c., (Sri Lanka), commentary on Sambandhacintā
Saddhammasiri: Saddatthabhedacintā, ?, (Burma), book on syntax
Saddhammasiri: Saddatthabhedacintāṭīkā, ?, , commentary on Saddatthabhedacintā
Thesaurus:
Moggallāna: Abhidhānappadīpaka, 12th c. (Sri Lanka), dictionary or Thesaurus based upon the Sanskrit Amarakośa
Unknown: Abhidhānappadīpakaṭīkā, 14th c. (Sri Lanka), commentary on Abhidhānappadīpaka
Unknown: Abhidhānappadīpakasaṁvaṇṇanā, 14th c., (Burma), commentary on Abhidhānappadīpaka
Miscellaneous:
Saddhammakitti: Ekakkharakosa, 15th c. (Burma), lexicon of monosyllabic words in Pāḷi
Saṅgharakkhita: Vuttodaya, 13th c., (Sri Lanka), book on prosody
Saṅgharakkhita: Subodhālaṅkāra, 13th c., (Sri Lanka), book on poetics