Difference between revisions of "Schools of Buddhism"
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[[File:BuddhaHead.JPG|thumb|250px|]]{{DisplayImages|3695|3250|3760|4250|3046|994|4153|4385|1480|4351}}{{DisplayImages|1838|2161|667|2920|552|836|1109|57|1338|188|4150|349|2557|4111|2157}}{{DisplayImages|3780|4346|943|3082|2909|1123}} | [[File:BuddhaHead.JPG|thumb|250px|]]{{DisplayImages|3695|3250|3760|4250|3046|994|4153|4385|1480|4351}}{{DisplayImages|1838|2161|667|2920|552|836|1109|57|1338|188|4150|349|2557|4111|2157}}{{DisplayImages|3780|4346|943|3082|2909|1123}} | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | [[Buddhism]] (Pali/Sanskrit: {{SanskritBig|[[बौद्ध धर्म]]}} [[Buddha Dharma]]) is an {{Wiki|ancient}} {{Wiki|ideological}} system that originated in [[Nepal]], referred to variously throughout history by one or more of a {{Wiki|myriad}} of [[Wikipedia:concept|concepts]] – including, but not limited to any of the following: a [[Dharmic]] [[religion]], a [[philosophy]] or quasi-philosophical [[tradition]], a [[spiritual]] {{Wiki|schema}}, or a culturally dynamic [[psychological]] method of self-improvement. The [[Buddhist]] [[faith]] was founded by the [[teacher]] [[Siddhārtha Gautama]] ([[Sanskrit]]: {{SanskritBig|[[सिद्धार्थ गौतम]]}}; [[Pali]]: [[Siddhattha Gotama]]), known honorifically as the eponymic [[Buddha]] (born in [[Lumbini]] (Present day [[Nepal]])), around the 6th or 5th century BCE. | + | [[Buddhism]] (Pali/Sanskrit: {{SanskritBig|[[बौद्ध धर्म]]}} [[Buddha Dharma]]) is an {{Wiki|ancient}} {{Wiki|ideological}} system that originated in [[Nepal]], referred to variously throughout history by one or more of a {{Wiki|myriad}} of [[Wikipedia:concept|concepts]] – including, but not limited to any of the following: a [[Dharmic]] [[religion]], a [[philosophy]] or quasi-philosophical [[tradition]], a [[spiritual]] {{Wiki|schema}}, or a culturally dynamic [[psychological]] method of self-improvement. |
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+ | The [[Buddhist]] [[faith]] was founded by the [[teacher]] [[Siddhārtha Gautama]] ([[Sanskrit]]: {{SanskritBig|[[सिद्धार्थ गौतम]]}}; [[Pali]]: [[Siddhattha Gotama]]), known honorifically as the eponymic [[Buddha]] (born in [[Lumbini]] (Present day [[Nepal]])), around the 6th or 5th century BCE. | ||
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+ | The {{Wiki|classification}} and [[nature]] of various [[doctrinal]], [[philosophical]] or {{Wiki|cultural}} facets or [[schools of Buddhism]] is vague and has been interpreted in many different ways, often due to the sheer number (perhaps thousands) of different sects, subsects, movements, etc. that have made up or currently make up the whole of [[Buddhist traditions]]. | ||
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+ | The {{Wiki|sectarian}} and {{Wiki|conceptual}} divisions of [[Buddhic]] [[thought]] are part of the {{Wiki|modern}} framework of [[Buddhist studies]], as well as comparative [[religion]] in {{Wiki|Asia}}. | ||
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+ | From a largely English [[language]] standpoint, and to some extent in most of {{Wiki|Western}} {{Wiki|academia}}, [[Buddhism]] is separated into two groups at its foundation: [[Theravāda]] literally, "the [[Teaching of the Elders]]" or "the {{Wiki|Ancient}} [[Teaching]]" and [[Mahāyāna]]. | ||
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+ | The most common {{Wiki|classification}} among [[scholars]] is threefold, with [[Mahāyāna]] split into {{Wiki|East Asian}} (also known simply as [[Mahāyāna]]) and [[Vajrayāna]], which includes [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and the [[Japanese]] [[Shingon school]]. | ||
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Classifications | Classifications | ||
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The [[Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion]] distinguishes three types of {{Wiki|classification}} of [[Buddhism]], separated into "Movements", "[[Nikāyas]]" and "[[Doctrinal]] schools": | The [[Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion]] distinguishes three types of {{Wiki|classification}} of [[Buddhism]], separated into "Movements", "[[Nikāyas]]" and "[[Doctrinal]] schools": | ||
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Schools: | Schools: | ||
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[[Theravada]] | [[Theravada]] | ||
[[Mahāyāna]] | [[Mahāyāna]] | ||
[[Vajrayāna]] | [[Vajrayāna]] | ||
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[[Nikāyas]], or [[monastic]] fraternities, three of which survive at the {{Wiki|present}} day: | [[Nikāyas]], or [[monastic]] fraternities, three of which survive at the {{Wiki|present}} day: | ||
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[[Theravāda]], in {{Wiki|Southeast Asia}} | [[Theravāda]], in {{Wiki|Southeast Asia}} | ||
[[Dharmaguptaka]], in [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Vietnam]] | [[Dharmaguptaka]], in [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Vietnam]] | ||
[[Mūlasarvāstivāda]], in the [[Tibetan tradition]] | [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]], in the [[Tibetan tradition]] | ||
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[[Doctrinal]] schools | [[Doctrinal]] schools | ||
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{{Wiki|Terminology}} | {{Wiki|Terminology}} | ||
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The {{Wiki|terminology}} for the major divisions of [[Buddhism]] can be confusing, as [[Buddhism]] is variously divided by [[scholars]] and practitioners according to geographic, historical, and [[philosophical]] criteria, with different terms often being used in different contexts. The following terms may be encountered in descriptions of the major [[Buddhist]] divisions: | The {{Wiki|terminology}} for the major divisions of [[Buddhism]] can be confusing, as [[Buddhism]] is variously divided by [[scholars]] and practitioners according to geographic, historical, and [[philosophical]] criteria, with different terms often being used in different contexts. The following terms may be encountered in descriptions of the major [[Buddhist]] divisions: | ||
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"[[Hīnayāna]]" | "[[Hīnayāna]]" | ||
− | literally meaning "[[lesser vehicle]]." It is considered a controversial term when applied by the [[Mahāyāna]] to mistakenly refer to the [[Theravāda]] school, and as such is widely viewed as condescending and pejorative. Moreover, [[Hīnayāna]] refers to the now non extant schools with limited set of [[views]], practices and results, prior to the [[development]] of the [[Mahāyāna | + | literally meaning "[[lesser vehicle]]." It is considered a controversial term when applied by the [[Mahāyāna]] to mistakenly refer to the [[Theravāda]] school, and as such is widely viewed as condescending and pejorative. |
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+ | Moreover, [[Hīnayāna]] refers to the now non extant schools with limited set of [[views]], practices and results, prior to the [[development]] of the [[Mahāyāna traditions]]. | ||
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+ | The term is currently most often used as a way of describing a stage on the [[path]] in [[Tibetan Buddhism]], but is often mistakenly confused with the contemporary [[Theravāda tradition]], which is far more complex, diversified and profound, than the literal and limiting [[definition]] attributed to [[Hīnayāna]] . | ||
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+ | Its use in [[scholarly]] publications is now also considered controversial. | ||
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"[[Lamaism]]" | "[[Lamaism]]" | ||
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an old term, still sometimes used, {{Wiki|synonymous}} with [[Tibetan Buddhism]]; widely considered derogatory. | an old term, still sometimes used, {{Wiki|synonymous}} with [[Tibetan Buddhism]]; widely considered derogatory. | ||
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"[[Mahāyāna]]" | "[[Mahāyāna]]" | ||
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a {{Wiki|movement}} that emerged out of [[early Buddhist schools]], together with its later descendants, {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. [[Vajrayāna]] [[traditions]] are sometimes listed separately. The main use of the term in {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan]] [[traditions]] is in reference to [[spiritual]] levels, regardless of school. | a {{Wiki|movement}} that emerged out of [[early Buddhist schools]], together with its later descendants, {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. [[Vajrayāna]] [[traditions]] are sometimes listed separately. The main use of the term in {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan]] [[traditions]] is in reference to [[spiritual]] levels, regardless of school. | ||
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"Mainstream [[Buddhism]]" | "Mainstream [[Buddhism]]" | ||
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a term used by some [[scholars]] for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | a term used by some [[scholars]] for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | ||
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"[[Mantrayāna]]" | "[[Mantrayāna]]" | ||
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usually considered {{Wiki|synonymous}} with "[[Vajrayāna]]". The [[Tendai school]] in [[Japan]] has been described as influenced by [[Mantrayana]]. | usually considered {{Wiki|synonymous}} with "[[Vajrayāna]]". The [[Tendai school]] in [[Japan]] has been described as influenced by [[Mantrayana]]. | ||
"[[Newar Buddhism]]" | "[[Newar Buddhism]]" | ||
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a [[non-monastic]], [[caste]] based [[Buddhism]] with {{Wiki|patrilineal descent}} and [[Sanskrit]] texts. | a [[non-monastic]], [[caste]] based [[Buddhism]] with {{Wiki|patrilineal descent}} and [[Sanskrit]] texts. | ||
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an alternative term for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | an alternative term for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | ||
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"Non-Mahāyāna" | "Non-Mahāyāna" | ||
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an alternative term for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | an alternative term for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | ||
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"[[Śravakayāna]]" | "[[Śravakayāna]]" | ||
an alternative term sometimes used for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | an alternative term sometimes used for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | ||
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"[[Tantrayāna]]" or "[[Tantric Buddhism]]" | "[[Tantrayāna]]" or "[[Tantric Buddhism]]" | ||
− | usually considered {{Wiki|synonymous}} with "[[Vajrayāna]]". However, one [[scholar]] describes the [[tantra]] divisions of some editions of the [[Tibetan]] [[scriptures]] as including [[Śravakayāna]], [[Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayāna]] texts (see [[Buddhist texts]]). Some [[scholars]] , particularly François Bizot, have used the term "[[Tantric]] [[Theravāda]]" to refer to certain practices found particularly in [[Cambodia]]. | + | |
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+ | usually considered {{Wiki|synonymous}} with "[[Vajrayāna]]". However, one [[scholar]] describes the [[tantra]] divisions of some editions of the [[Tibetan]] [[scriptures]] as including [[Śravakayāna]], [[Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayāna]] texts (see [[Buddhist texts]]). Some [[scholars]] , particularly [[François Bizot]], have used the term "[[Tantric]] [[Theravāda]]" to refer to certain practices found particularly in [[Cambodia]]. | ||
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"[[Theravāda]]" | "[[Theravāda]]" | ||
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the [[traditional]] [[Buddhism]] of [[Sri Lanka]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]] and parts of [[Vietnam]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and {{Wiki|Malaysia}}. It is the only surviving representative of the historical [[early Buddhist schools]]. The term "[[Theravāda]]" is also sometimes used to refer to all the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | the [[traditional]] [[Buddhism]] of [[Sri Lanka]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]] and parts of [[Vietnam]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and {{Wiki|Malaysia}}. It is the only surviving representative of the historical [[early Buddhist schools]]. The term "[[Theravāda]]" is also sometimes used to refer to all the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | ||
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"[[Tibetan Buddhism]]" | "[[Tibetan Buddhism]]" | ||
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usually understood as including the [[Buddhism of Tibet]], [[Mongolia]], [[Bhutan]] and parts of [[China]], [[India]] and {{Wiki|Russia}}, which follow the [[Tibetan tradition]]. | usually understood as including the [[Buddhism of Tibet]], [[Mongolia]], [[Bhutan]] and parts of [[China]], [[India]] and {{Wiki|Russia}}, which follow the [[Tibetan tradition]]. | ||
"[[Vajrayāna]]" | "[[Vajrayāna]]" | ||
− | a {{Wiki|movement}} that developed out of [[Indian]] [[Mahāyāna]], together with its later descendants. There is some disagreement on exactly which [[traditions]] fall into this category. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is universally [[recognized]] as falling under this heading; many also include the [[Japanese]] [[Shingon school]]. Some [[scholars]] , also apply the term to the [[Korean]] milgyo [[tradition]], which is not a separate school. One [[scholar]] says, "Despite the efforts of generations of [[Buddhist]] thinkers, it remains exceedingly difficult to identify precisely what it is that sets the [[Vajrayana]] apart." | + | a {{Wiki|movement}} that developed out of [[Indian]] [[Mahāyāna]], together with its later descendants. There is some disagreement on exactly which [[traditions]] fall into this category. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is universally [[recognized]] as falling under this heading; many also include the [[Japanese]] [[Shingon school]]. Some [[scholars]] , also apply the term to the [[Korean]] [[milgyo]] [[tradition]], which is not a separate school. One [[scholar]] says, "Despite the efforts of generations of [[Buddhist]] thinkers, it remains exceedingly difficult to identify precisely what it is that sets the [[Vajrayana]] apart." |
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[[Early schools]] | [[Early schools]] | ||
An image of [[Gautama Buddha]] with a [[swastika]], a [[traditional]] [[Buddhist]] [[symbol]] of [[infinity]], on his {{Wiki|chest}}. [[Ananda]], the [[Buddha's]] [[disciple]], appears in the background. This statue is from [[Hsi Lai Temple]]. | An image of [[Gautama Buddha]] with a [[swastika]], a [[traditional]] [[Buddhist]] [[symbol]] of [[infinity]], on his {{Wiki|chest}}. [[Ananda]], the [[Buddha's]] [[disciple]], appears in the background. This statue is from [[Hsi Lai Temple]]. | ||
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Main articles: [[Nikaya Buddhism]] and [[Early Buddhist schools]] | Main articles: [[Nikaya Buddhism]] and [[Early Buddhist schools]] | ||
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[[File:139368.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:139368.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
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[[Sannāgarika]] | [[Sannāgarika]] | ||
− | [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]] (third and | + | |
+ | [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]] (third and fourth centuries) | ||
[[Sautrāntika]] (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE) | [[Sautrāntika]] (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE) | ||
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[[Mahāsāṃghika]] ('Majority', c. 380 BCE | [[Mahāsāṃghika]] ('Majority', c. 380 BCE | ||
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[[Apara Śaila]] | [[Apara Śaila]] | ||
[[Uttara Śaila]] | [[Uttara Śaila]] | ||
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Twenty sects | Twenty sects | ||
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[[File:GandharaBodhisattva.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:GandharaBodhisattva.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
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[[Kāśyapīya]] | [[Kāśyapīya]] | ||
[[Sautrāntika]] | [[Sautrāntika]] | ||
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[[Influences]] on {{Wiki|East Asian}} schools | [[Influences]] on {{Wiki|East Asian}} schools | ||
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The following later schools used the [[vinaya]] of the [[Dharmaguptaka]]: | The following later schools used the [[vinaya]] of the [[Dharmaguptaka]]: | ||
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[[Chinese Buddhism]], especially the [[Vinaya School]] | [[Chinese Buddhism]], especially the [[Vinaya School]] | ||
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[[Vietnamese Buddhism]] | [[Vietnamese Buddhism]] | ||
[[Japanese]] [[Ritsu]] | [[Japanese]] [[Ritsu]] | ||
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The following involve [[philosophical]] influence: | The following involve [[philosophical]] influence: | ||
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[[File:15image005.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:15image005.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
The [[Japanese]] [[Jojitsu]] is considered by some an offshoot of [[Sautrāntika]]; others consider it to be derived from [[Bahuśrutīya]] | The [[Japanese]] [[Jojitsu]] is considered by some an offshoot of [[Sautrāntika]]; others consider it to be derived from [[Bahuśrutīya]] | ||
The Chinese/Japanese [[Kusha]] school is considered an offshoot of [[Sarvāstivāda]], influenced by [[Vasubandhu]]. | The Chinese/Japanese [[Kusha]] school is considered an offshoot of [[Sarvāstivāda]], influenced by [[Vasubandhu]]. | ||
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[[Theravāda]] subschools | [[Theravāda]] subschools | ||
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[[Samādhi Buddha]] statue at Mahamevuna Park in [[Anuradhapura]], [[Sri Lanka]] carved in the 4th century AD. | [[Samādhi Buddha]] statue at Mahamevuna Park in [[Anuradhapura]], [[Sri Lanka]] carved in the 4th century AD. | ||
− | The different schools in [[Theravāda]] often {{Wiki|emphasize}} different aspects (or parts) of the [[Pāli canon]] and the later commentaries, or differ in the focus on and recommended way of practice. There are also significant differences in strictness or interpretation of the [[vinaya]]. | + | The different schools in [[Theravāda]] often {{Wiki|emphasize}} different aspects (or parts) of the [[Pāli canon]] and the later commentaries, or differ in the focus on and recommended way of [[practice]]. There are also significant differences in strictness or [[interpretation]] of the [[vinaya]]. |
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[[Bangladesh]]: | [[Bangladesh]]: | ||
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[[Sangharaj Nikaya]] | [[Sangharaj Nikaya]] | ||
[[Mahasthabir Nikaya]] | [[Mahasthabir Nikaya]] | ||
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[[Burma]]: | [[Burma]]: | ||
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[[Shwegyin Nikaya]] | [[Shwegyin Nikaya]] | ||
[[Dvaya Nikaya]] or [[Dvara Nikaya]] (see [[Mendelson]], [[Sangha]] and [[State]] in [[Burma]], Cornell {{Wiki|University}} Press, Ithaca, {{Wiki|New York}}, 1975) | [[Dvaya Nikaya]] or [[Dvara Nikaya]] (see [[Mendelson]], [[Sangha]] and [[State]] in [[Burma]], Cornell {{Wiki|University}} Press, Ithaca, {{Wiki|New York}}, 1975) | ||
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[[Sri Lanka]]: | [[Sri Lanka]]: | ||
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[[Waturawila]] (or [[Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya]]) | [[Waturawila]] (or [[Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya]]) | ||
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[[Amarapura Nikaya]] | [[Amarapura Nikaya]] | ||
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[[Kanduboda]] (or [[Swejin Nikaya]]) | [[Kanduboda]] (or [[Swejin Nikaya]]) | ||
[[Tapovana]] (or [[Kalyanavamsa]]) | [[Tapovana]] (or [[Kalyanavamsa]]) | ||
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[[Ramañña Nikaya]] | [[Ramañña Nikaya]] | ||
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[[Delduwa]] | [[Delduwa]] | ||
{{Wiki|forest}} [[nikaya]] | {{Wiki|forest}} [[nikaya]] | ||
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[[Thailand]] | [[Thailand]] | ||
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[[Thammayut Nikaya]] | [[Thammayut Nikaya]] | ||
[[Thai Forest Tradition]] | [[Thai Forest Tradition]] | ||
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[[Tradition of Ajahn Chah]] | [[Tradition of Ajahn Chah]] | ||
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[[File:Gandharan Athena.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Gandharan Athena.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
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[[Mahāyāna]] schools | [[Mahāyāna]] schools | ||
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{{Wiki|Chinese}} Glazed stoneware of a [[Buddhist monk]], or [[Future Buddha]], dated to the 20th year of the [[Chenghua]] [[Emperor]], or 1468 AD. | {{Wiki|Chinese}} Glazed stoneware of a [[Buddhist monk]], or [[Future Buddha]], dated to the 20th year of the [[Chenghua]] [[Emperor]], or 1468 AD. | ||
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[[Tibetan Buddhism]] | [[Tibetan Buddhism]] | ||
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[[Mādhyamaka]] | [[Mādhyamaka]] | ||
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[[Prāsangika]] | [[Prāsangika]] | ||
[[Svātantrika]] | [[Svātantrika]] | ||
[[Sanlun]] ([[Three Treatise]] school) | [[Sanlun]] ([[Three Treatise]] school) | ||
[[Sanron]] | [[Sanron]] | ||
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[[Mahā-Mādhyamaka]] ([[Jonangpa]]) | [[Mahā-Mādhyamaka]] ([[Jonangpa]]) | ||
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[[Yogācāra]] | [[Yogācāra]] | ||
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[[Cittamātra]] in [[Tibet]] | [[Cittamātra]] in [[Tibet]] | ||
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[[Wei-Shi]] ([[Consciousness-only school]]) or [[Faxiang]] ([[Dharma-character school]]) | [[Wei-Shi]] ([[Consciousness-only school]]) or [[Faxiang]] ([[Dharma-character school]]) | ||
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[[Beopsang]] | [[Beopsang]] | ||
[[Hossō]] | [[Hossō]] | ||
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[[Tathāgatagarbha]] | [[Tathāgatagarbha]] | ||
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[[Daśabhūmikā]] (absorbed into [[Huayan]]) | [[Daśabhūmikā]] (absorbed into [[Huayan]]) | ||
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[[Chan]] / [[Zen]] / [[Seon]] / [[Thien]] | [[Chan]] / [[Zen]] / [[Seon]] / [[Thien]] | ||
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[[Caodong]] | [[Caodong]] | ||
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[[Cheontae]] | [[Cheontae]] | ||
[[Tendai]] (also contains [[Vajrayana]] [[elements]]) | [[Tendai]] (also contains [[Vajrayana]] [[elements]]) | ||
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[[Nichiren]] | [[Nichiren]] | ||
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[[Nichiren Shū]] | [[Nichiren Shū]] | ||
[[Nichiren Shōshū]] | [[Nichiren Shōshū]] | ||
[[Nipponzan Myōhōji]] | [[Nipponzan Myōhōji]] | ||
[[Sōka Gakkai]] | [[Sōka Gakkai]] | ||
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[[File:27851 o.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:27851 o.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
[[Tantric]] schools | [[Tantric]] schools | ||
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See also: [[Vajrayāna]] | See also: [[Vajrayāna]] | ||
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Subcategorised according to predecessors | Subcategorised according to predecessors | ||
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[[Ngor-pa]] | [[Ngor-pa]] | ||
[[Tsar-pa]] | [[Tsar-pa]] | ||
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[[Jonang]] | [[Jonang]] | ||
[[Gelug]] | [[Gelug]] | ||
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[[Marpa Kagyu]]: | [[Marpa Kagyu]]: | ||
[[Rechung Kagyu]] | [[Rechung Kagyu]] | ||
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[[Dagpo Kagyu]]: | [[Dagpo Kagyu]]: | ||
− | [[Karma Kagyu]] (or ]]Kamtshang [[Kagyu]] | + | |
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+ | [[Karma Kagyu]] (or ]]Kamtshang [[Kagyu]])]) | ||
[[Tsalpa Kagyu]] | [[Tsalpa Kagyu]] | ||
[[Baram Kagyu]] | [[Baram Kagyu]] | ||
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[[Newar Buddhism]] | [[Newar Buddhism]] | ||
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[[Japanese]] [[Mikkyo]] | [[Japanese]] [[Mikkyo]] | ||
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[[Shingon]] | [[Shingon]] | ||
[[Tendai]] (derived from [[Tiantai]] but added [[tantric practices]]) | [[Tendai]] (derived from [[Tiantai]] but added [[tantric practices]]) | ||
[[Shinnyo-en]] | [[Shinnyo-en]] | ||
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[[File:Parinibbana2.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Parinibbana2.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
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[[Vipassana movement]] | [[Vipassana movement]] | ||
[[Shambhala Buddhism]] | [[Shambhala Buddhism]] | ||
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{{W}} | {{W}} | ||
{{NewSourceBreak}} | {{NewSourceBreak}} | ||
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Friday, 16 April 2010 10:14 | Friday, 16 April 2010 10:14 | ||
− | [[Schools of Buddhism]] are classified in various ways. Normal English-language usage (as given in dictionaries) divides [[Buddhism]] into [[Theravāda]] (also known by the [[name]] "[[Hīnayāna]]", which many consider pejorative) and [[Mahāyāna]]. The most common {{Wiki|classification}} among [[scholars]] is threefold, with [[Mahāyāna]] split into {{Wiki|East Asian}} (also known simply as [[Mahāyāna]]) and [[Vajrayāna]], or [[Tibetan Buddhism]] (although [[Vajrayāna]] properly includes the [[Japanese]] [[Shingon school]]). | + | [[Schools of Buddhism]] are classified in various ways. Normal English-language usage (as given in dictionaries) divides [[Buddhism]] into [[Theravāda]] (also known by the [[name]] "[[Hīnayāna]]", which many consider pejorative) and [[Mahāyāna]]. |
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+ | The most common {{Wiki|classification}} among [[scholars]] is threefold, with [[Mahāyāna]] split into {{Wiki|East Asian}} (also known simply as [[Mahāyāna]]) and [[Vajrayāna]], or [[Tibetan Buddhism]] (although [[Vajrayāna]] properly includes the [[Japanese]] [[Shingon school]]). | ||
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Classifications | Classifications | ||
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The Macmillan {{Wiki|Encyclopedia}} of [[Religion]] distinguishes three types of {{Wiki|classification}} of [[Buddhism]]: | The Macmillan {{Wiki|Encyclopedia}} of [[Religion]] distinguishes three types of {{Wiki|classification}} of [[Buddhism]]: | ||
Movements: | Movements: | ||
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[[Hīnayāna]] | [[Hīnayāna]] | ||
[[Mahāyāna]] | [[Mahāyāna]] | ||
[[Vajrayāna]] | [[Vajrayāna]] | ||
− | Nikayās, or [[monastic]] fraternities, three of which survive at the {{Wiki|present}} day: | + | [[Nikayās]], or [[monastic]] fraternities, three of which survive at the {{Wiki|present}} day: |
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[[Theravāda]], in {{Wiki|Southeast Asia}} | [[Theravāda]], in {{Wiki|Southeast Asia}} | ||
[[Dharmaguptaka]], in [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Vietnam]] | [[Dharmaguptaka]], in [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Vietnam]] | ||
[[Mūlasarvāstivāda]], in the [[Tibetan tradition]] | [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]], in the [[Tibetan tradition]] | ||
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[[Doctrinal]] schools | [[Doctrinal]] schools | ||
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{{Wiki|Terminology}} | {{Wiki|Terminology}} | ||
− | The {{Wiki|terminology}} for the major divisions of [[Buddhism]] can be confusing, as [[Buddhism]] is variously divided by [[scholars]] and practitioners according to geographic, historical, and [[philosophical]] criteria, with different terms often being used in different contexts. The following terms may be encountered in descriptions of the major [[Buddhist]] divisions: | + | The {{Wiki|terminology}} for the major divisions of [[Buddhism]] can be confusing, as [[Buddhism]] is variously divided by [[scholars]] and practitioners according to geographic, historical, and [[philosophical]] criteria, with different terms often being used in different contexts. |
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+ | The following terms may be encountered in descriptions of the major [[Buddhist]] divisions: | ||
"{{Wiki|Conservative}} [[Buddhism]]" an alternative [[name]] for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | "{{Wiki|Conservative}} [[Buddhism]]" an alternative [[name]] for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | ||
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"{{Wiki|East Asian}} [[Buddhism]]" a term used by [[scholars]][1] to cover the [[Buddhist traditions]] of [[Japan]], [[Korea]], {{Wiki|Singapore}} and most of [[China]] and [[Vietnam]] | "{{Wiki|East Asian}} [[Buddhism]]" a term used by [[scholars]][1] to cover the [[Buddhist traditions]] of [[Japan]], [[Korea]], {{Wiki|Singapore}} and most of [[China]] and [[Vietnam]] | ||
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"Eastern [[Buddhism]]" an alternative [[name]] used by some [[scholars]][2][page needed] for {{Wiki|East Asian}} [[Buddhism]]; also sometimes used to refer to all [[traditional]] [[forms]] of [[Buddhism]], as {{Wiki|distinct}} from Western(ized) [[forms]]. | "Eastern [[Buddhism]]" an alternative [[name]] used by some [[scholars]][2][page needed] for {{Wiki|East Asian}} [[Buddhism]]; also sometimes used to refer to all [[traditional]] [[forms]] of [[Buddhism]], as {{Wiki|distinct}} from Western(ized) [[forms]]. | ||
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"[[Esoteric Buddhism]]" usually considered {{Wiki|synonymous}} with "[[Vajrayāna]]".[3] Some [[scholars]] have applied the term to certain practices found within the [[Theravāda]], particularly in [[Cambodia]].[4][page needed] | "[[Esoteric Buddhism]]" usually considered {{Wiki|synonymous}} with "[[Vajrayāna]]".[3] Some [[scholars]] have applied the term to certain practices found within the [[Theravāda]], particularly in [[Cambodia]].[4][page needed] | ||
− | "[[Hīnayāna]]" often interpreted as a pejorative term, used in [[Mahāyāna]] [[doctrine]] to denigrate its opponents.[5] It is sometimes used to refer to the [[early Buddhist schools]], including the contemporary [[Theravāda]], although the legitimacy of this is disputed.[6] Its use in [[scholarly]] publications is controversial.[7] By the [[Mahāyāna]] schools and groups in [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Tibet]], and [[Japan]] the term is felt to be only slightly pejorative, or not pejorative at all.[8] By some it is used with [[respect]] proper to teachings coming direct from the [[Buddha]]. The main use of the term in {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan]] [[traditions]] is in reference to [[spiritual]] levels[9] regardless of school. The literal meaning of "[[Hīnayāna]]" can also be "the [[small vehicle]]," referring to a raft meant to carry one [[person]], as an [[arhat]], to [[nirvana]] through their [[own]] [[effort]], in contrast to the "large [[vehicle]]" of [[Mahāyāna]] meant to carry many there at once, piloted by a [[bodhisattva]]. | + | |
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+ | "[[Hīnayāna]]" often interpreted as a pejorative term, used in [[Mahāyāna]] [[doctrine]] to denigrate its opponents.[5] It is sometimes used to refer to the [[early Buddhist schools]], including the contemporary [[Theravāda]], although the legitimacy of this is disputed.[6] Its use in [[scholarly]] publications is controversial.[7] | ||
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+ | By the [[Mahāyāna]] schools and groups in [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Tibet]], and [[Japan]] the term is felt to be only slightly pejorative, or not pejorative at all.[8] | ||
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+ | By some it is used with [[respect]] proper to teachings coming direct from the [[Buddha]]. The main use of the term in {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan]] [[traditions]] is in reference to [[spiritual]] levels[9] regardless of school. | ||
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+ | The literal meaning of "[[Hīnayāna]]" can also be "the [[small vehicle]]," referring to a raft meant to carry one [[person]], as an [[arhat]], to [[nirvana]] through their [[own]] [[effort]], in contrast to the "large [[vehicle]]" of [[Mahāyāna]] meant to carry many there at once, piloted by a [[bodhisattva]]. | ||
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"[[Lamaism]]" an old term, still sometimes used, {{Wiki|synonymous}} with [[Tibetan Buddhism]]; widely considered derogatory. | "[[Lamaism]]" an old term, still sometimes used, {{Wiki|synonymous}} with [[Tibetan Buddhism]]; widely considered derogatory. | ||
− | "[[Mahāyāna]]" a {{Wiki|movement}} that emerged out of [[early Buddhist schools]], together with its later descendants, {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. [[Vajrayāna]] [[traditions]] are sometimes listed separately. The main use of the term in {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan]] [[traditions]] is in reference to [[spiritual]] levels,[10][page needed] regardless of school. | + | |
+ | "[[Mahāyāna]]" a {{Wiki|movement}} that emerged out of [[early Buddhist schools]], together with its later descendants, {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. [[Vajrayāna]] [[traditions]] are sometimes listed separately. | ||
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+ | The main use of the term in {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan]] [[traditions]] is in reference to [[spiritual]] levels,[10][page needed] regardless of school. | ||
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"Mainstream [[Buddhism]]" a term used by some [[scholars]] for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | "Mainstream [[Buddhism]]" a term used by some [[scholars]] for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | ||
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"Non-Mahāyāna" an alternative term for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | "Non-Mahāyāna" an alternative term for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | ||
− | "[[Northern Buddhism]]" an alternative term used by some [[scholars]][2][page needed] for [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. Also, an older term still sometimes used to encompass both {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan]] [[traditions]]. It has even been used to refer to {{Wiki|East Asian}} [[Buddhism]] alone, without [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. | + | |
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+ | "[[Northern Buddhism]]" an alternative term used by some [[scholars]][2][page needed] for [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. | ||
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+ | Also, an older term still sometimes used to encompass both {{Wiki|East Asian}} and [[Tibetan]] [[traditions]]. | ||
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+ | It has even been used to refer to {{Wiki|East Asian}} [[Buddhism]] alone, without [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. | ||
"[[Secret Mantra]]" an alternative rendering of [[Mantrayāna]], a more literal translation of the term used by schools in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] when referring to themselves.[12] | "[[Secret Mantra]]" an alternative rendering of [[Mantrayāna]], a more literal translation of the term used by schools in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] when referring to themselves.[12] | ||
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− | "{{ | + | |
+ | "{[[Sectarian Buddhism]]" an alternative [[name]] for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | ||
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+ | "{[[Southeast Asian Buddhism]]" an alternative [[name]] used by some [[scholars]][13][page needed] for [[Theravāda]]. | ||
"[[Southern Buddhism]]" an alternative [[name]] used by some [[scholars]][2][page needed] for [[Theravāda]]. | "[[Southern Buddhism]]" an alternative [[name]] used by some [[scholars]][2][page needed] for [[Theravāda]]. | ||
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"[[Śravakayāna]]" an alternative term sometimes used for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | "[[Śravakayāna]]" an alternative term sometimes used for the [[early Buddhist schools]]. | ||
− | "[[Tantrayāna]]" or "[[Tantric Buddhism]]" usually considered {{Wiki|synonymous}} with "[[Vajrayāna]]".[11] However, one [[scholar]] describes the [[tantra]] divisions of some editions of the [[Tibetan]] [[scriptures]] as including [[Śravakayāna]], [[Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayāna]] texts[14] (see [[Buddhist texts]]). Some [[scholars]][15][page needed], particularly François Bizot,[16] have used the term "[[Tantric | + | "[[Tantrayāna]]" or "[[Tantric Buddhism]]" usually considered {{Wiki|synonymous}} with "[[Vajrayāna]]".[11] |
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+ | However, one [[scholar]] describes the [[tantra]] divisions of some editions of the [[Tibetan]] [[scriptures]] as including [[Śravakayāna]], [[Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayāna]] texts[14] (see [[Buddhist texts]]). | ||
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+ | Some [[scholars]][15][page needed], particularly [[François Bizot]],[16] have used the term "[[Tantric Theravāda]]" to refer to certain practices found particularly in [[Cambodia]]. | ||
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+ | "[[Theravāda]]" the [[traditional]] [[Buddhism]] of [[Sri Lanka]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]] and parts of [[Vietnam]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and {{Wiki|Malaysia}}. | ||
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+ | It is the only surviving representative of the historical [[early Buddhist schools]]. The term "[[Theravāda]]" is also sometimes used to refer to all the [[early Buddhist schools]].[17] | ||
"[[Tibetan Buddhism]]" usually understood as including the [[Buddhism of Tibet]], [[Mongolia]], [[Bhutan]] and parts of [[China]], [[India]] and {{Wiki|Russia}}, which follow the [[Tibetan tradition]]. | "[[Tibetan Buddhism]]" usually understood as including the [[Buddhism of Tibet]], [[Mongolia]], [[Bhutan]] and parts of [[China]], [[India]] and {{Wiki|Russia}}, which follow the [[Tibetan tradition]]. | ||
− | "[[Vajrayāna]]" a {{Wiki|movement}} that developed out of [[Indian]] [[Mahāyāna]], together with its later descendants. There is some disagreement on exactly which [[traditions]] fall into this category. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is universally [[recognized]] as falling under this heading; many also include the [[Japanese]] [[Shingon school]]. Some [[scholars]][18][page needed], also apply the term to the [[Korean]] | + | "[[Vajrayāna]]" a {{Wiki|movement}} that developed out of [[Indian]] [[Mahāyāna]], together with its later descendants. |
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+ | There is some disagreement on exactly which [[traditions]] fall into this category. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is universally [[recognized]] as falling under this heading; many also include the [[Japanese]] [[Shingon school]]. | ||
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+ | Some [[scholars]][18][page needed], also apply the term to the [[Korean]] [[milgyo tradition]], which is not a separate school. | ||
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+ | One [[scholar]] says, "Despite the efforts of generations of [[Buddhist]] thinkers, it remains exceedingly difficult to identify precisely what it is that sets the [[Vajrayana]] apart."[19] | ||
[[Early schools]] | [[Early schools]] | ||
− | An image of [[Gautama Buddha]] with a [[swastika]], a [[traditional]] [[Buddhist]] [[symbol]] of [[infinity]], on his {{Wiki|chest}}. [[Ananda]], the [[Buddha's]] [[disciple]], appears in the background. This statue is from [[Hsi Lai Temple]]. | + | An image of [[Gautama Buddha]] with a [[swastika]], a [[traditional]] [[Buddhist]] [[symbol]] of [[infinity]], on his {{Wiki|chest}}. |
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+ | [[Ananda]], the [[Buddha's]] [[disciple]], appears in the background. | ||
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+ | This statue is from [[Hsi Lai Temple]]. | ||
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Main articles: [[Nikaya Buddhism]] and [[Early Buddhist schools]] | Main articles: [[Nikaya Buddhism]] and [[Early Buddhist schools]] | ||
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[[Sthaviravāda]] | [[Sthaviravāda]] | ||
[[Pudgalavāda]] ('[[Personalist]]') (c. 280 BCE) | [[Pudgalavāda]] ('[[Personalist]]') (c. 280 BCE) | ||
[[Sarvāstivāda]] | [[Sarvāstivāda]] | ||
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[[Vibhajjavāda]] (prior to 240 BCE; during [[Aśoka]]) | [[Vibhajjavāda]] (prior to 240 BCE; during [[Aśoka]]) | ||
[[Theravāda]] (c. 240 BCE) | [[Theravāda]] (c. 240 BCE) | ||
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[[Theravāda]] subschools (see below) | [[Theravāda]] subschools (see below) | ||
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[[Mahīśāsaka]] (after 232 BCE) | [[Mahīśāsaka]] (after 232 BCE) | ||
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[[Dharmaguptaka]] (after 232 BCE) | [[Dharmaguptaka]] (after 232 BCE) | ||
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[[Kāśyapīya]] (after 232 BCE) | [[Kāśyapīya]] (after 232 BCE) | ||
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[[Vatsīputrīya]] (under [[Aśoka]]) later [[name]]: [[Saṃmitīya]] | [[Vatsīputrīya]] (under [[Aśoka]]) later [[name]]: [[Saṃmitīya]] | ||
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[[Dharmottarīya]] | [[Dharmottarīya]] | ||
[[Bhadrayānīya]] | [[Bhadrayānīya]] | ||
[[Sannāgarika]] | [[Sannāgarika]] | ||
− | [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]] (third and | + | |
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+ | [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]] (third and fourth centuries) | ||
[[Sautrāntika]] (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE) | [[Sautrāntika]] (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE) | ||
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[[Mahāsaṃghika]] ('Majority', c. 380 BCE) | [[Mahāsaṃghika]] ('Majority', c. 380 BCE) | ||
[[Ekavyahārikas]] (under [[Aśoka]]) | [[Ekavyahārikas]] (under [[Aśoka]]) | ||
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[[Lokottaravāda]] | [[Lokottaravāda]] | ||
− | Golulika (during [[Aśoka]]) | + | |
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+ | [[Golulika]] (during [[Aśoka]]) | ||
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[[Bahuśrutīya]] (late third century BCE) | [[Bahuśrutīya]] (late third century BCE) | ||
[[Prajñaptivāda]] (late third century BCE) | [[Prajñaptivāda]] (late third century BCE) | ||
− | Cetiyavāda | + | |
+ | [[Cetiyavāda]] | ||
[[Caitika]] (mid-first century BCE) | [[Caitika]] (mid-first century BCE) | ||
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[[Apara Śaila]] | [[Apara Śaila]] | ||
[[Uttara Śaila]] | [[Uttara Śaila]] | ||
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[[Sthaviravāda]] ([[上座部]]) split into the 11 sects: | [[Sthaviravāda]] ([[上座部]]) split into the 11 sects: | ||
− | 說一切有部(Sarvāstivādin) | + | [[說一切有部]]([[Sarvāstivādin]]) |
− | 雪山部(Haimavata) | + | [[雪山部]]([[Haimavata]]) |
− | 犢子部(Vatsīputrīya) | + | [[犢子部]]([[Vatsīputrīya]]) |
− | 法上部 ([[Dharmottara]]) | + | [[法上部]] ([[Dharmottara]]) |
− | 賢冑部(Bhadrayānīya) | + | [[賢冑部]]([[Bhadrayānīya]]) |
− | 正量部(Sammitiya) | + | [[正量部]]([[Sammitiya]]) |
− | 密林山部(Channagirika) | + | [[密林山部]]([[Channagirika]]) |
[[化地部]] ([[Mahīśāsaka]]) | [[化地部]] ([[Mahīśāsaka]]) | ||
− | 法藏部(Dharmaguptaka) | + | [[法藏部([[Dharmaguptaka]]) |
− | 飲光部(Kāśyapīya) | + | [[飲光部]]([[Kāśyapīya]]) |
− | 經量部(Sautrāntika) | + | [[經量部]]([[Sautrāntika]]) |
[[Mahāsaṃghika]] ([[大眾部]]) split into 9 sects: | [[Mahāsaṃghika]] ([[大眾部]]) split into 9 sects: | ||
− | 一說部(Ekavyahārika) | + | [[一說部]]([[Ekavyahārika]]) |
− | 說出世部(Lokottaravādin) | + | [[說出世部]]([[Lokottaravādin]]) |
[[雞胤部]] ([[Kaukkutika]]) | [[雞胤部]] ([[Kaukkutika]]) | ||
− | 多聞部(Bahuśrutīya) | + | [[多聞部]]([[Bahuśrutīya]]) |
− | 說假部(Prajñaptivāda) | + | [[說假部]]([[Prajñaptivāda]]) |
− | 制多山部(Caitika) | + | [[制多山部]]([[Caitika]]) |
− | 西山住部 ([[Aparaśaila]]) | + | [[西山住部]] ([[Aparaśaila]]) |
− | 北山住部(Uttaraśaila). | + | [[北山住部]]([[Uttaraśaila]]). |
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[[Influences]] on {{Wiki|East Asian}} schools | [[Influences]] on {{Wiki|East Asian}} schools | ||
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The following later schools used the [[vinaya]] of the [[Dharmaguptaka]]: | The following later schools used the [[vinaya]] of the [[Dharmaguptaka]]: | ||
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[[Chinese Buddhism]], especially the [[Vinaya School]] | [[Chinese Buddhism]], especially the [[Vinaya School]] | ||
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[[Vietnamese Buddhism]] | [[Vietnamese Buddhism]] | ||
[[Japanese]] [[Ritsu]] | [[Japanese]] [[Ritsu]] | ||
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The following involve [[philosophical]] influence: | The following involve [[philosophical]] influence: | ||
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The [[Japanese]] [[Jojitsu]] is considered by some an offshoot of [[Sautrāntika]]; others consider it to be derived from [[Bahuśrutīya]] | The [[Japanese]] [[Jojitsu]] is considered by some an offshoot of [[Sautrāntika]]; others consider it to be derived from [[Bahuśrutīya]] | ||
− | The Chinese/Japanese [[Kusha]] | + | The [[Chinese]]/[[Japanese]] [[Kusha school]] is considered an offshoot of [[Sarvāstivāda]], influenced by [[Vasubandhu]]. |
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[[Theravāda]] subschools | [[Theravāda]] subschools | ||
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− | Bangladesh | + | The different schools in [[Theravāda]] often {{Wiki|emphasize}} different aspects (or parts) of the [[Pāli canon]] and the later commentaries, or differ in the focus on and recommended way of [[practice]]. There are also significant differences in strictness or [[interpretation]] of the [[Vinaya]] . |
− | Sangharaj Nikaya | + | |
− | Mahasthabir Nikaya | + | |
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+ | [[Bangladesh]] | ||
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+ | [[Sangharaj Nikaya]] | ||
+ | [[Mahasthabir Nikaya]] | ||
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+ | [[Burma]]: | ||
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+ | [[Thudhamma Nikaya]] | ||
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+ | [[Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples]] | ||
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+ | [[Shwekyin Nikaya]] | ||
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+ | [[Dvaya Nikaya]] or [[Dvara Nikaya]] (see [[Mendelson]], [[Sangha]] and [[State]] in [[Burma]], [[Cornell University Press]], Ithaca, {{Wiki|New York}}, 1975) | ||
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+ | [[Sri Lanka]]: | ||
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+ | [[Siam Nikaya]] | ||
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+ | [[Waturawila]] (or [[Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya]]) | ||
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+ | [[Amarapura Nikaya]] | ||
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+ | [[Kanduboda]] (or [[Swejin Nikaya]]) | ||
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+ | [[Tapovana[[ (or [[Kalyanavamsa]]) | ||
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+ | [[Ramañña Nikaya]] | ||
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+ | [[Galduwa]] (or [[Kalyana Yogashramaya Samsthava]]) | ||
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+ | [[Delduwa]] | ||
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− | + | [[Forest Nikaya]] | |
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− | + | [[Thailand]] | |
− | + | [[Maha Nikaya]] | |
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− | + | [[Dhammakaya Movement]] | |
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− | + | [[Thammayut Nikaya]] | |
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− | + | [[Thai Forest Tradition]] | |
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− | + | [[Tradition of Ajahn Chah]] | |
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− | + | [[Mahāyāna schools]] | |
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− | + | [[Mādhyamaka]] | |
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+ | [[Prāsangika]] | ||
− | Shingon | + | [[Svātantrika]] |
− | Tendai (derived from Tiantai but added tantric practices) | + | [[Sanlun]] ([[Three Treatise school]]) |
− | Shinnyo-en | + | |
+ | [[Sanron]] | ||
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+ | [[Mahā-Mādhyamaka]] ([[Jonangpa]]) | ||
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+ | [[Yogācāra]] | ||
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+ | [[Cittamātra in Tibet]] | ||
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+ | [[Wei-Shi]] ([[Consciousness-only school]]) or [[Faxiang]] ([[Dharma-character school]] | ||
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+ | [[Beopsang]] | ||
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+ | [[Hossō]] | ||
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+ | [[Tathāgatagarbha]] | ||
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+ | [[Daśabhūmikā]] (absorbed into [[Huayan]]) | ||
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+ | [[Huayan]] ([[Avataṃsaka]]) | ||
+ | [[Hwaeom]] | ||
+ | [[Kegon]] | ||
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+ | [[Cha]]n / [[Zen]] / [[Seon]] / [[Thien]] | ||
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+ | [[Caodong]] | ||
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+ | [[Sōtō]] | ||
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+ | [[Keizan]] line | ||
+ | [[Jakuen]] line | ||
+ | [[Giin]] line | ||
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+ | [[Linji]] | ||
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+ | [[Rinzai]] | ||
+ | [[Ōbaku]] | ||
+ | [[Fuke]] | ||
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+ | [[Won Buddhism]]: [[Korean Reformed Buddhism]] | ||
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+ | [[Pure Land]] ([[Amidism]]) | ||
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+ | [[Jodo Shu]] | ||
+ | [[Jodo Shinshu]] | ||
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+ | [[Tiantai]] ([[Lotus Sutra School]]) | ||
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+ | [[Cheontae Tendai]] (also contains [[Vajrayana]] [[elements]]) | ||
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+ | [[Tendai]] (also contains [[Vajrayana]] [[elements]]) | ||
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+ | [[Nichiren]] | ||
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+ | [[Nichiren Shū]] | ||
+ | [[Nichiren Shōshū]] | ||
+ | [[Nipponzan Myōhōji]] | ||
+ | [[Soka Gakkai]] | ||
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+ | |||
+ | [[Tantric]] schools | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | see also: [[Vajrayāna]] Subcategorised according to predecessors | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[Tibetan Buddhism]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Nyingma]] | ||
+ | [[New Bön]] ({{Wiki|synthesis}} of [[Yungdrung Bön]] and [[Nyingmapa]]) | ||
+ | [[Kadam]] | ||
+ | [[Sakya]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[Ngor-pa]] | ||
+ | [[Tsar-pa]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Jonang]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Gelug]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Kagyu]]: | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Shangpa Kagyu]] | ||
+ | [[Marpa Kagyu]]: | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Rechung Kagyu]] | ||
+ | [[Dagpo Kagyu]]: | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Karma Kagyu]] (or [[Kamtshang Kagyu]]) | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Tsalpa Kagyu]] | ||
+ | [[Baram Kagyu]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Pagtru Kagyu]] (or [[Phagmo Drugpa Kagyu]]): | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[Taglung Kagyu]] | ||
+ | [[Trophu Kagyu]] | ||
+ | [[Drukpa Kagyu]] | ||
+ | [[Martsang Kagyy]] | ||
+ | [[Yerpa Kagyu]] | ||
+ | [[Yazang Kagyu]] | ||
+ | [[Shugseb Kagyu]] | ||
+ | [[Drikung Kagyu]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[Rime movement]] ({{Wiki|ecumenical}} {{Wiki|movement}}) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[Japanese]] [[Mikkyo]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[Shingon]] | ||
+ | [[Tendai]] (derived from [[Tiantai]] but added [[tantric practices]]) | ||
+ | [[Shinnyo-en]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | New [[Buddhist]] movements | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[Aum Shinrikyo]] (now known as [[Aleph]]) | ||
+ | [[Diamond Way]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Friends of the Western Buddhist Order]] | ||
+ | [[New Kadampa Tradition]] | ||
+ | [[Share International]] | ||
+ | [[True Buddha School]] | ||
+ | [[Vipassana movement]] | ||
+ | [[Shambhala Buddhism]] | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
References | References | ||
− | ^ B & G, Gethin, R & J, P & K | + | |
+ | ^ B & G, [[Gethin]], R & J, P & K | ||
^ a b c Penguin, Harvey | ^ a b c Penguin, Harvey | ||
− | ^ Encyclopedia of Religion, Macmillan, New York, volume 2, page 440 | + | ^ {{Wiki|Encyclopedia}} of [[Religion]], Macmillan, {{Wiki|New York}}, volume 2, page 440 |
− | ^ Indian Insights, Luzac, London, 1997 | + | ^ [[Indian]] [[Insights]], Luzac, {{Wiki|London}}, 1997 |
− | ^ "Hinayana (literally, 'inferior way') is a polemical term, which self-described Mahāyāna (literally, 'great way') Buddhist literature uses to denigrate its opponents." - p. 840, MacMillan Library Reference Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004 | + | |
− | ^ "Hinayana is a designation that has no clearly identifiable external referent" - p. 840, MacMillan Library Reference Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004 | + | ^ "[[Hinayana]] (literally, '{{Wiki|inferior}} way') is a polemical term, which self-described [[Mahāyāna]] (literally, 'great way') [[Buddhist literature]] uses to denigrate its opponents." - p. 840, MacMillan Library Reference {{Wiki|Encyclopedia}} of [[Buddhism]], 2004 |
− | ^ "The supposed Mahayana-Hinayana dichotomy is so prevalent in Buddhist literature that it has yet fully to loosen its hold over scholarly representations of the religion." - p. 840, MacMillan Library Reference Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004 | + | |
− | ^ "It is also certain that Buddhist groups and individuals in China, Korea, Tibet, and Japan have in the past, as in the very recent present, identified themselves as Mahayana Buddhists, even if the polemical or value claim embedded in that term was only dimly felt, if at all.": Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004, page 492 | + | |
+ | ^ "[[Hinayana]] is a designation that has no clearly identifiable external referent" - p. 840, MacMillan Library Reference {{Wiki|Encyclopedia}} of [[Buddhism]], 2004 | ||
+ | ^ "The supposed Mahayana-Hinayana {{Wiki|dichotomy}} is so prevalent in [[Buddhist literature]] that it has yet fully to loosen its hold over [[scholarly]] {{Wiki|representations}} of the [[religion]]." - p. 840, MacMillan Library Reference {{Wiki|Encyclopedia}} of [[Buddhism]], 2004 | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ^ "It is also certain that [[Buddhist]] groups and {{Wiki|individuals}} in [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Tibet]], and [[Japan]] have in the {{Wiki|past}}, as in the very recent {{Wiki|present}}, identified themselves as [[Mahayana Buddhists]], even if the polemical or value claim embedded in that term was only dimly felt, if at all.": Macmillan {{Wiki|Encyclopedia}} of [[Buddhism]], 2004, page 492 | ||
+ | |||
^ Penguin Handbook, pages 378f | ^ Penguin Handbook, pages 378f | ||
^ a b Penguin Handbook | ^ a b Penguin Handbook | ||
^ a b Harvey, pages 153ff | ^ a b Harvey, pages 153ff | ||
− | ^ Hopkins, Jeffrey (1985) The Ultimate Deity in Action Tantra and Jung's Warning against Identifying with the Deity Buddhist-Christian Studies, Vol. 5, (1985), pp. 159-172 | + | ^ Hopkins, Jeffrey (1985) The [[Ultimate]] [[Deity]] in [[Action Tantra]] and [[Jung's]] Warning against Identifying with the [[Deity]] Buddhist-Christian Studies, Vol. 5, (1985), pp. 159-172 |
^ R & J, P & K | ^ R & J, P & K | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | Coleman, Graham, ed. (1993). A Handbook of Tibetan Culture. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc.. ISBN 1-57062-002-4. | + | ^ Skilling, Mahasutras, volume II, Parts I & II, 1997, [[Pali Text Society]], Lancaster, page 78 |
+ | ^ [[Indian]] [[Insights]], loc. cit. | ||
+ | ^ Crosby, Kate( 2000)Tantric [[Theravada]]: A bibliographic essay on the writings of [[François Bizot]] and others on the yogvacara [[Tradition]]. In Contemporary [[Buddhism]], 1:2, 141—198[1] | ||
+ | ^ {{Wiki|Encyclopedia}} of [[Religion]], volume 2, Macmillan, {{Wiki|New York}}, 1987, pages 440f; {{Wiki|Cambridge}} {{Wiki|Dictionary}} of [[Philosophy]], sv [[Buddhism ]]^ Harvey | ||
+ | ^ Lopez, [[Buddhism]] in Practice, {{Wiki|Princeton University Press}}, 1995, page 6 | ||
+ | |||
+ | Coleman, Graham, ed. (1993). A Handbook of [[Tibetan]] {{Wiki|Culture}}. Boston: [[Shambhala Publications]], Inc.. ISBN 1-57062-002-4. | ||
− | Warder, A.K. (1970). Indian Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. | + | Warder, A.K. (1970). [[Indian Buddhism]]. {{Wiki|Delhi}}: {{Wiki|Motilal Banarsidass}}. |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
{{R}} | {{R}} |
Latest revision as of 21:49, 4 April 2016
Buddhism (Pali/Sanskrit: बौद्ध धर्म Buddha Dharma) is an ancient ideological system that originated in Nepal, referred to variously throughout history by one or more of a myriad of concepts – including, but not limited to any of the following: a Dharmic religion, a philosophy or quasi-philosophical tradition, a spiritual schema, or a culturally dynamic psychological method of self-improvement.
The Buddhist faith was founded by the teacher Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama), known honorifically as the eponymic Buddha (born in Lumbini (Present day Nepal)), around the 6th or 5th century BCE.
The classification and nature of various doctrinal, philosophical or cultural facets or schools of Buddhism is vague and has been interpreted in many different ways, often due to the sheer number (perhaps thousands) of different sects, subsects, movements, etc. that have made up or currently make up the whole of Buddhist traditions.
The sectarian and conceptual divisions of Buddhic thought are part of the modern framework of Buddhist studies, as well as comparative religion in Asia.
From a largely English language standpoint, and to some extent in most of Western academia, Buddhism is separated into two groups at its foundation: Theravāda literally, "the Teaching of the Elders" or "the Ancient Teaching" and Mahāyāna.
The most common classification among scholars is threefold, with Mahāyāna split into East Asian (also known simply as Mahāyāna) and Vajrayāna, which includes Tibetan Buddhism and the Japanese Shingon school.
Classifications
The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion distinguishes three types of classification of Buddhism, separated into "Movements", "Nikāyas" and "Doctrinal schools":
Schools:
Theravada
Mahāyāna
Vajrayāna
Nikāyas, or monastic fraternities, three of which survive at the present day:
Theravāda, in Southeast Asia
Dharmaguptaka, in China, Korea and Vietnam
Mūlasarvāstivāda, in the Tibetan tradition
Doctrinal schools
Terminology
The terminology for the major divisions of Buddhism can be confusing, as Buddhism is variously divided by scholars and practitioners according to geographic, historical, and philosophical criteria, with different terms often being used in different contexts. The following terms may be encountered in descriptions of the major Buddhist divisions:
"Conservative Buddhism"
an alternative name for the early Buddhist schools.
"Early Buddhist schools"
the schools into which Buddhism became divided in its first few centuries; only one of these survives as an independent school, Theravāda
"East Asian Buddhism"
a term used by scholars to cover the Buddhist traditions of Japan, Korea, Singapore and most of China and Vietnam
"Eastern Buddhism"
an alternative name used by some scholars for East Asian Buddhism; also sometimes used to refer to all traditional forms of Buddhism, as distinct from Western(ized) forms.
"Esoteric Buddhism"
usually considered synonymous with "Vajrayāna". ] Some scholars have applied the term to certain practices found within the Theravāda, particularly in Cambodia.
"Hīnayāna"
literally meaning "lesser vehicle." It is considered a controversial term when applied by the Mahāyāna to mistakenly refer to the Theravāda school, and as such is widely viewed as condescending and pejorative.
Moreover, Hīnayāna refers to the now non extant schools with limited set of views, practices and results, prior to the development of the Mahāyāna traditions.
The term is currently most often used as a way of describing a stage on the path in Tibetan Buddhism, but is often mistakenly confused with the contemporary Theravāda tradition, which is far more complex, diversified and profound, than the literal and limiting definition attributed to Hīnayāna .
Its use in scholarly publications is now also considered controversial.
"Lamaism"
an old term, still sometimes used, synonymous with Tibetan Buddhism; widely considered derogatory.
"Mahāyāna"
a movement that emerged out of early Buddhist schools, together with its later descendants, East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism. Vajrayāna traditions are sometimes listed separately. The main use of the term in East Asian and Tibetan traditions is in reference to spiritual levels, regardless of school.
"Mainstream Buddhism"
a term used by some scholars for the early Buddhist schools.
"Mantrayāna"
usually considered synonymous with "Vajrayāna". The Tendai school in Japan has been described as influenced by Mantrayana.
"Newar Buddhism"
a non-monastic, caste based Buddhism with patrilineal descent and Sanskrit texts.
"Nikāya Buddhism" or "schools"
an alternative term for the early Buddhist schools.
"Non-Mahāyāna"
an alternative term for the early Buddhist schools.
"Northern Buddhism"
an alternative term used by some scholars for Tibetan Buddhism. Also, an older term still sometimes used to encompass both East Asian and Tibetan traditions. It has even been used to refer to East Asian Buddhism alone, without Tibetan Buddhism.
"Secret Mantra"
an alternative rendering of Mantrayāna, a more literal translation of the term used by schools in Tibetan Buddhism when referring to themselves.
"Sectarian Buddhism"
an alternative name for the early Buddhist schools.
"Southeast Asian Buddhism"
an alternative name used by some scholars for Theravāda.
"Southern Buddhism"
an alternative name used by some scholars for Theravāda.
"Śravakayāna"
an alternative term sometimes used for the early Buddhist schools.
"Tantrayāna" or "Tantric Buddhism"
usually considered synonymous with "Vajrayāna". However, one scholar describes the tantra divisions of some editions of the Tibetan scriptures as including Śravakayāna, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna texts (see Buddhist texts). Some scholars , particularly François Bizot, have used the term "Tantric Theravāda" to refer to certain practices found particularly in Cambodia.
"Theravāda"
the traditional Buddhism of Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and parts of Vietnam, China, India, Bangladesh and Malaysia. It is the only surviving representative of the historical early Buddhist schools. The term "Theravāda" is also sometimes used to refer to all the early Buddhist schools.
"Tibetan Buddhism"
usually understood as including the Buddhism of Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan and parts of China, India and Russia, which follow the Tibetan tradition.
"Vajrayāna"
a movement that developed out of Indian Mahāyāna, together with its later descendants. There is some disagreement on exactly which traditions fall into this category. Tibetan Buddhism is universally recognized as falling under this heading; many also include the Japanese Shingon school. Some scholars , also apply the term to the Korean milgyo tradition, which is not a separate school. One scholar says, "Despite the efforts of generations of Buddhist thinkers, it remains exceedingly difficult to identify precisely what it is that sets the Vajrayana apart."
Early schools
An image of Gautama Buddha with a swastika, a traditional Buddhist symbol of infinity, on his chest. Ananda, the Buddha's disciple, appears in the background. This statue is from Hsi Lai Temple.
Main articles: Nikaya Buddhism and Early Buddhist schools
Sthaviravāda
Pudgalavāda ('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE)
Sarvāstivāda
Vibhajyavāda (prior to 240 BCE; during Aśoka)
Theravāda (c. 240 BCE)
Theravāda subschools (see below)
Mahīśāsaka (after 232 BCE)
Dharmaguptaka (after 232 BCE)
Kāśyapīya (after 232 BCE)
Vatsīputrīya (under Aśoka) later name: Saṃmitīya
Dharmottarīya
Bhadrayānīya
Sannāgarika
Mūlasarvāstivāda (third and fourth centuries)
Sautrāntika (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE)
Mahāsāṃghika ('Majority', c. 380 BCE
)
Ekavyahārikas (under Aśoka
)
Lokottaravāda
Golulika (during Aśoka)
Bahuśrutīya (late third century BCE)
Prajñaptivāda (late third century BCE)
Cetiyavāda
Caitika (mid-first century BCE)
Apara Śaila
Uttara Śaila
Twenty sects
The following lists the twenty sects described as Hīnayāna, as the classification is understood in some Mahāyāna texts:
Sthaviravāda split into the 11 sects:
Sarvāstivādin
Haimavata
Vatsīputrīya
Dharmottara
Bhadrayānīya
Sammitiya
Channagirika
Mahīśāsaka
Dharmaguptaka
Kāśyapīya
Sautrāntika
Influences on East Asian schools
The following later schools used the vinaya of the Dharmaguptaka:
Chinese Buddhism, especially the Vinaya School
Korean Buddhism, especially Gyeyul
Vietnamese Buddhism
Japanese Ritsu
The following involve philosophical influence:
The Japanese Jojitsu is considered by some an offshoot of Sautrāntika; others consider it to be derived from Bahuśrutīya
The Chinese/Japanese Kusha school is considered an offshoot of Sarvāstivāda, influenced by Vasubandhu.
Theravāda subschools
Samādhi Buddha statue at Mahamevuna Park in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka carved in the 4th century AD.
The different schools in Theravāda often emphasize different aspects (or parts) of the Pāli canon and the later commentaries, or differ in the focus on and recommended way of practice. There are also significant differences in strictness or interpretation of the vinaya.
Bangladesh:
Sangharaj Nikaya
Mahasthabir Nikaya
Burma:
Thudhamma Nikaya
Vipassanā tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples
Shwegyin Nikaya
Dvaya Nikaya or Dvara Nikaya (see Mendelson, Sangha and State in Burma, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1975)
Sri Lanka:
Siam Nikaya
Waturawila (or Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya)
Amarapura Nikaya
Kanduboda (or Swejin Nikaya)
Tapovana (or Kalyanavamsa)
Ramañña Nikaya
Sri Kalyani Yogasrama Samstha (or ‘Galduwa Tradition’)
Delduwa
forest nikaya
Thailand
Maha Nikaya
Dhammakaya Movement
[[Mahasati meditation (mindfulness meditation)
Thammayut Nikaya
Thai Forest Tradition
Tradition of Ajahn Chah
Mahāyāna schools
Chinese Glazed stoneware of a Buddhist monk, or Future Buddha, dated to the 20th year of the Chenghua Emperor, or 1468 AD.
Tibetan Buddhism
Mādhyamaka
Prāsangika
Svātantrika
Sanlun (Three Treatise school)
Sanron
Mahā-Mādhyamaka (Jonangpa)
Yogācāra
Cittamātra in Tibet
Wei-Shi (Consciousness-only school) or Faxiang (Dharma-character school)
Beopsang
Hossō
Tathāgatagarbha
Daśabhūmikā (absorbed into Huayan)
Huayan (Avataṃsaka)
Hwaeom
Kegon
Chan / Zen / Seon / Thien
Caodong
Sōtō
Keizan line
Jakuen line
Giin line
Linji
Rinzai
Ōbaku
Fuke
Won Buddhism: Korean Reformed Buddhism
Pure land (Amidism)
Jōdo-shū
Jōdo Shinshū
Tiantai (Lotus Sutra School)
Cheontae
Tendai (also contains Vajrayana elements)
Nichiren
Nichiren Shū
Nichiren Shōshū
Nipponzan Myōhōji
Sōka Gakkai
Tantric schools
See also: Vajrayāna
Subcategorised according to predecessors
Nyingma
New Bön (synthesis of Yungdrung Bön and Nyingmapa)
Kadam
Sakya
Ngor-pa
Tsar-pa
Jonang
Gelug
Kagyu:
Shangpa Kagyu
Marpa Kagyu:
Rechung Kagyu
Dagpo Kagyu:
Karma Kagyu (or ]]Kamtshang Kagyu)])
Tsalpa Kagyu
Baram Kagyu
Pagtru Kagyu (or Phagmo Drugpa Kagyu):
Taklung Kagyu
Trophu Kagyu
Drukpa Kagyu
Martsang Kagyu
Yerpa Kagyu
Yazang Kagyu
Shugseb Kagyu
Drikung Kagyu
Rime movement (ecumenical movement)
Newar Buddhism
Japanese Mikkyo
Shingon
Tendai (derived from Tiantai but added tantric practices)
Shinnyo-en
New Buddhist movements
Aum Shinrikyo (now known as Aleph)
Diamond Way
Triratna Buddhist Community
New Kadampa Tradition
Share International
True Buddha School
Vipassana movement
Shambhala Buddhism
Source
<poem>
Written by Thư Viện Quang Minh
Friday, 16 April 2010 10:14
Schools of Buddhism are classified in various ways. Normal English-language usage (as given in dictionaries) divides Buddhism into Theravāda (also known by the name "Hīnayāna", which many consider pejorative) and Mahāyāna.
The most common classification among scholars is threefold, with Mahāyāna split into East Asian (also known simply as Mahāyāna) and Vajrayāna, or Tibetan Buddhism (although Vajrayāna properly includes the Japanese Shingon school).
Classifications
The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion distinguishes three types of classification of Buddhism:
Movements:
Hīnayāna
Mahāyāna
Vajrayāna
Nikayās, or monastic fraternities, three of which survive at the present day:
Theravāda, in Southeast Asia
Dharmaguptaka, in China, Korea and Vietnam
Mūlasarvāstivāda, in the Tibetan tradition
Doctrinal schools
Terminology
The terminology for the major divisions of Buddhism can be confusing, as Buddhism is variously divided by scholars and practitioners according to geographic, historical, and philosophical criteria, with different terms often being used in different contexts.
The following terms may be encountered in descriptions of the major Buddhist divisions:
"Conservative Buddhism" an alternative name for the early Buddhist schools.
"Early Buddhist Schools" the schools into which Buddhism became divided in its first few centuries; only one of these survives as an independent school, Theravāda
"East Asian Buddhism" a term used by scholars[1] to cover the Buddhist traditions of Japan, Korea, Singapore and most of China and Vietnam
"Eastern Buddhism" an alternative name used by some scholars[2][page needed] for East Asian Buddhism; also sometimes used to refer to all traditional forms of Buddhism, as distinct from Western(ized) forms.
"Esoteric Buddhism" usually considered synonymous with "Vajrayāna".[3] Some scholars have applied the term to certain practices found within the Theravāda, particularly in Cambodia.[4][page needed]
"Hīnayāna" often interpreted as a pejorative term, used in Mahāyāna doctrine to denigrate its opponents.[5] It is sometimes used to refer to the early Buddhist schools, including the contemporary Theravāda, although the legitimacy of this is disputed.[6] Its use in scholarly publications is controversial.[7]
By the Mahāyāna schools and groups in China, Korea, Tibet, and Japan the term is felt to be only slightly pejorative, or not pejorative at all.[8]
By some it is used with respect proper to teachings coming direct from the Buddha. The main use of the term in East Asian and Tibetan traditions is in reference to spiritual levels[9] regardless of school.
The literal meaning of "Hīnayāna" can also be "the small vehicle," referring to a raft meant to carry one person, as an arhat, to nirvana through their own effort, in contrast to the "large vehicle" of Mahāyāna meant to carry many there at once, piloted by a bodhisattva.
"Lamaism" an old term, still sometimes used, synonymous with Tibetan Buddhism; widely considered derogatory.
"Mahāyāna" a movement that emerged out of early Buddhist schools, together with its later descendants, East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism. Vajrayāna traditions are sometimes listed separately.
The main use of the term in East Asian and Tibetan traditions is in reference to spiritual levels,[10][page needed] regardless of school.
"Mainstream Buddhism" a term used by some scholars for the early Buddhist schools.
"Mantrayāna" usually considered synonymous with "Vajrayāna".[11] The Tendai school in Japan has been described as influenced by Mantrayana.[10][page needed]
"Newar Buddhism" a non-monastic, caste based Buddhism with patrilineal descent and Sanskrit texts.
"Nikāya Buddhism" or "schools" an alternative term for the early Buddhist schools.
"Non-Mahāyāna" an alternative term for the early Buddhist schools.
"Northern Buddhism" an alternative term used by some scholars[2][page needed] for Tibetan Buddhism.
Also, an older term still sometimes used to encompass both East Asian and Tibetan traditions.
It has even been used to refer to East Asian Buddhism alone, without Tibetan Buddhism.
"Secret Mantra" an alternative rendering of Mantrayāna, a more literal translation of the term used by schools in Tibetan Buddhism when referring to themselves.[12]
"{Sectarian Buddhism" an alternative name for the early Buddhist schools.
"{Southeast Asian Buddhism" an alternative name used by some scholars[13][page needed] for Theravāda.
"Southern Buddhism" an alternative name used by some scholars[2][page needed] for Theravāda.
"Śravakayāna" an alternative term sometimes used for the early Buddhist schools.
"Tantrayāna" or "Tantric Buddhism" usually considered synonymous with "Vajrayāna".[11]
However, one scholar describes the tantra divisions of some editions of the Tibetan scriptures as including Śravakayāna, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna texts[14] (see Buddhist texts).
Some scholars[15][page needed], particularly François Bizot,[16] have used the term "Tantric Theravāda" to refer to certain practices found particularly in Cambodia.
"Theravāda" the traditional Buddhism of Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and parts of Vietnam, China, India, Bangladesh and Malaysia.
It is the only surviving representative of the historical early Buddhist schools. The term "Theravāda" is also sometimes used to refer to all the early Buddhist schools.[17]
"Tibetan Buddhism" usually understood as including the Buddhism of Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan and parts of China, India and Russia, which follow the Tibetan tradition.
"Vajrayāna" a movement that developed out of Indian Mahāyāna, together with its later descendants.
There is some disagreement on exactly which traditions fall into this category. Tibetan Buddhism is universally recognized as falling under this heading; many also include the Japanese Shingon school.
Some scholars[18][page needed], also apply the term to the Korean milgyo tradition, which is not a separate school.
One scholar says, "Despite the efforts of generations of Buddhist thinkers, it remains exceedingly difficult to identify precisely what it is that sets the Vajrayana apart."[19]
Early schools
An image of Gautama Buddha with a swastika, a traditional Buddhist symbol of infinity, on his chest.
Ananda, the Buddha's disciple, appears in the background.
This statue is from Hsi Lai Temple.
Main articles: Nikaya Buddhism and Early Buddhist schools
Sthaviravāda
Pudgalavāda ('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE)
Sarvāstivāda
Vibhajjavāda (prior to 240 BCE; during Aśoka)
Theravāda (c. 240 BCE)
Theravāda subschools (see below)
Mahīśāsaka (after 232 BCE)
Dharmaguptaka (after 232 BCE)
Kāśyapīya (after 232 BCE)
Vatsīputrīya (under Aśoka) later name: Saṃmitīya
Dharmottarīya
Bhadrayānīya
Sannāgarika
Mūlasarvāstivāda (third and fourth centuries)
Sautrāntika (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE)
Mahāsaṃghika ('Majority', c. 380 BCE)
Ekavyahārikas (under Aśoka)
Lokottaravāda
Golulika (during Aśoka)
Bahuśrutīya (late third century BCE)
Prajñaptivāda (late third century BCE)
Cetiyavāda
Caitika (mid-first century BCE)
Apara Śaila
Uttara Śaila
Twenty sects
The following lists the twenty sects described as Hīnayāna in some Mahāyāna texts:
Sthaviravāda (上座部) split into the 11 sects:
說一切有部(Sarvāstivādin)
雪山部(Haimavata)
犢子部(Vatsīputrīya)
法上部 (Dharmottara)
賢冑部(Bhadrayānīya)
正量部(Sammitiya)
密林山部(Channagirika)
化地部 (Mahīśāsaka)
[[法藏部(Dharmaguptaka)
飲光部(Kāśyapīya)
經量部(Sautrāntika)
Mahāsaṃghika (大眾部) split into 9 sects:
一說部(Ekavyahārika)
說出世部(Lokottaravādin)
雞胤部 (Kaukkutika)
多聞部(Bahuśrutīya)
說假部(Prajñaptivāda)
制多山部(Caitika)
西山住部 (Aparaśaila)
北山住部(Uttaraśaila).
Influences on East Asian schools
The following later schools used the vinaya of the Dharmaguptaka:
Chinese Buddhism, especially the Vinaya School
Korean buddhism, especially Gyeyul
Vietnamese Buddhism
Japanese Ritsu
The following involve philosophical influence:
The Japanese Jojitsu is considered by some an offshoot of Sautrāntika; others consider it to be derived from Bahuśrutīya
The Chinese/Japanese Kusha school is considered an offshoot of Sarvāstivāda, influenced by Vasubandhu.
Theravāda subschools
The different schools in Theravāda often emphasize different aspects (or parts) of the Pāli canon and the later commentaries, or differ in the focus on and recommended way of practice. There are also significant differences in strictness or interpretation of the Vinaya .
Bangladesh
Sangharaj Nikaya
Mahasthabir Nikaya
Burma:
Thudhamma Nikaya
Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples
Shwekyin Nikaya
Dvaya Nikaya or Dvara Nikaya (see Mendelson, Sangha and State in Burma, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1975)
Sri Lanka:
Siam Nikaya
Waturawila (or Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya)
Amarapura Nikaya
Kanduboda (or Swejin Nikaya)
[[Tapovana[[ (or Kalyanavamsa)
Ramañña Nikaya
Galduwa (or Kalyana Yogashramaya Samsthava)
Delduwa
Forest Nikaya
Thailand
Maha Nikaya
Dhammakaya Movement
Thammayut Nikaya
Thai Forest Tradition
Tradition of Ajahn Chah
Mahāyāna schools
Mādhyamaka
Prāsangika
Svātantrika
Sanlun (Three Treatise school)
Sanron
Mahā-Mādhyamaka (Jonangpa)
Yogācāra
Cittamātra in Tibet
Wei-Shi (Consciousness-only school) or Faxiang (Dharma-character school
Beopsang
Hossō
Tathāgatagarbha
Daśabhūmikā (absorbed into Huayan)
Huayan (Avataṃsaka)
Hwaeom
Kegon
Chan / Zen / Seon / Thien
Caodong
Sōtō
Keizan line
Jakuen line
Giin line
Linji
Rinzai
Ōbaku
Fuke
Won Buddhism: Korean Reformed Buddhism
Pure Land (Amidism)
Jodo Shu
Jodo Shinshu
Tiantai (Lotus Sutra School)
Cheontae Tendai (also contains Vajrayana elements)
Tendai (also contains Vajrayana elements)
Nichiren
Nichiren Shū
Nichiren Shōshū
Nipponzan Myōhōji
Soka Gakkai
Tantric schools
see also: Vajrayāna Subcategorised according to predecessors
Tibetan Buddhism
Nyingma
New Bön (synthesis of Yungdrung Bön and Nyingmapa)
Kadam
Sakya
Ngor-pa
Tsar-pa
Jonang
Gelug
Kagyu:
Shangpa Kagyu
Marpa Kagyu:
Rechung Kagyu
Dagpo Kagyu:
Karma Kagyu (or Kamtshang Kagyu)
Tsalpa Kagyu
Baram Kagyu
Pagtru Kagyu (or Phagmo Drugpa Kagyu):
Taglung Kagyu
Trophu Kagyu
Drukpa Kagyu
Martsang Kagyy
Yerpa Kagyu
Yazang Kagyu
Shugseb Kagyu
Drikung Kagyu
Rime movement (ecumenical movement)
Japanese Mikkyo
Shingon
Tendai (derived from Tiantai but added tantric practices)
Shinnyo-en
New Buddhist movements
Aum Shinrikyo (now known as Aleph)
Diamond Way
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order
New Kadampa Tradition
Share International
True Buddha School
Vipassana movement
Shambhala Buddhism
References
^ B & G, Gethin, R & J, P & K
^ a b c Penguin, Harvey
^ Encyclopedia of Religion, Macmillan, New York, volume 2, page 440
^ Indian Insights, Luzac, London, 1997
^ "Hinayana (literally, 'inferior way') is a polemical term, which self-described Mahāyāna (literally, 'great way') Buddhist literature uses to denigrate its opponents." - p. 840, MacMillan Library Reference Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004
^ "Hinayana is a designation that has no clearly identifiable external referent" - p. 840, MacMillan Library Reference Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004
^ "The supposed Mahayana-Hinayana dichotomy is so prevalent in Buddhist literature that it has yet fully to loosen its hold over scholarly representations of the religion." - p. 840, MacMillan Library Reference Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004
^ "It is also certain that Buddhist groups and individuals in China, Korea, Tibet, and Japan have in the past, as in the very recent present, identified themselves as Mahayana Buddhists, even if the polemical or value claim embedded in that term was only dimly felt, if at all.": Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004, page 492
^ Penguin Handbook, pages 378f
^ a b Penguin Handbook
^ a b Harvey, pages 153ff
^ Hopkins, Jeffrey (1985) The Ultimate Deity in Action Tantra and Jung's Warning against Identifying with the Deity Buddhist-Christian Studies, Vol. 5, (1985), pp. 159-172
^ R & J, P & K
^ Skilling, Mahasutras, volume II, Parts I & II, 1997, Pali Text Society, Lancaster, page 78
^ Indian Insights, loc. cit.
^ Crosby, Kate( 2000)Tantric Theravada: A bibliographic essay on the writings of François Bizot and others on the yogvacara Tradition. In Contemporary Buddhism, 1:2, 141—198[1]
^ Encyclopedia of Religion, volume 2, Macmillan, New York, 1987, pages 440f; Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, sv Buddhism ^ Harvey
^ Lopez, Buddhism in Practice, Princeton University Press, 1995, page 6
Coleman, Graham, ed. (1993). A Handbook of Tibetan Culture. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc.. ISBN 1-57062-002-4.
Warder, A.K. (1970). Indian Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.