Difference between revisions of "Vimokkha"
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'[[liberation]]' ({{Wiki|deliverance}}). I. the 3; II. the 8. | '[[liberation]]' ({{Wiki|deliverance}}). I. the 3; II. the 8. | ||
| − | I. The 3 | + | |
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| + | I. The [[3 liberations]] are: | ||
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* 1. the conditionless (or [[signless]]) [[liberation]] ([[animitta]]-v.), | * 1. the conditionless (or [[signless]]) [[liberation]] ([[animitta]]-v.), | ||
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* 2. the [[desireless]] [[liberation]] ([[apanihita]]-v.), | * 2. the [[desireless]] [[liberation]] ([[apanihita]]-v.), | ||
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* 3. the [[emptiness]] (or [[void]]) [[liberation]] ([[suññatā]]-v. ). | * 3. the [[emptiness]] (or [[void]]) [[liberation]] ([[suññatā]]-v. ). | ||
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| − | (1) and (2) are mentioned and explained in M. 43, under the [[name]] of deliverances of [[mind]] ([[ceto-vimutti]], q.v.). - (2) and (3) appear in Dhs. (344ff, 353ff) in the section on [[supermundane | + | They are also called 'the [[triple gateway to liberation]]' ([[vimokkha-mukha]]; Vis.M. XXI, 66ff), as they are three different approaches to the [[paths]] of holiness. - |
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| + | See [[visuddhi]] VI, 8. Cf. Vis XXI, 6ff, 121ff; Pts.M. II. [[Vimokkha-Kathā]]. | ||
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| + | * 1. "Whosoever being filled with [[determination]] ([[adhimokkha]], q.v.), considers all [[formations]] as [[impermanent]] ([[anicca]]), such a one attains the [[conditionless liberation]]. | ||
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| + | * 2. Whosoever being filled with [[tranquillity]], considers all [[formations]] as [[painful]] ([[dukkha]]), such a one attains the [[desireless liberation]]. | ||
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| + | * 3. Whosoever being filled with [[wisdom]], considers all [[formations]] as without a [[self]] ([[anattā]]), such a one attains the [[emptiness liberation]]" (Vis.M. XXI, 70 = Pts.M. II, p. 58). | ||
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| + | (1) and (2) are mentioned and explained in M. 43, under the [[name]] of deliverances of [[mind]] ([[ceto-vimutti]], q.v.). - (2) and (3) appear in Dhs. (344ff, 353ff) in the section on [[supermundane consciousness]] (see [[Atthasālini]] Tr., p. 299ff). | ||
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| + | II. The [[8 liberations]] ([[attha vimokkha]]) occur frequently in the texts (A. VIII, 66; D. 16, etc.) and are described as follows: | ||
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| + | "There are [[8 liberations]], o [[monks]]. Which are these? | ||
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| + | * (1) ''Whilst remaining in the [[fine-material sphere]] ([[rūpī]]), one [[perceives]] corporeal [[forms]]: this is the [[first liberation]]. | ||
| − | + | * (2) "Not perceiving corporcal [[forms]] on one's [[own]] [[person]], one [[perceives]] corporcal [[forms]] externally: this is the [[2nd liberation]]. | |
| − | + | * (3) ''By [[thinking]] of the beautiful, one is filled with [[confidence]]: this is the [[3rd liberation]]. | |
| − | + | * (4) "Through the total ovcrcoming of the corporeality-perceptions, the vanishing of the reflex-perceptions, and the non-attention to the multiformity-perceptions, with the [[idea]] 'Unbounded is [[space]]', one reaches the [[sphere]] of unbounded [[space]] ([[ākāsānañcāyatana]]) and abides therein: this is the [[4th liberation]]. | |
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| − | + | * (5) "Through the total ovcrcoming of the [[sphere]] of unbounded [[space]], and with the [[idea]] 'Unbounded is [[consciousness]]', one reaches the [[sphere]] of unbounded [[consciousness]] ([[viññānañcāyatana]]) and abides therein: this is the [[5th liberation]]. | |
| − | * (4) "Through the total ovcrcoming of the corporeality-perceptions, the vanishing of the reflex-perceptions, and the non-attention to the multiformity-perceptions, with the [[idea]] 'Unbounded is [[space]]', one reaches the [[sphere]] of unbounded [[space]] ([[ākāsānañcāyatana]]) and abides therein: this is the | + | |
| − | * (5) "Through the total ovcrcoming of the [[sphere]] of unbounded [[space]], and with the [[idea]] 'Unbounded is [[consciousness]]', one reaches the [[sphere]] of unbounded [[consciousness]] ([[viññānañcāyatana]]) and abides therein: this is the | + | * (6) "Through the total [[overcoming]] of the [[sphere]] of unbounded [[consciousness]], and with the [[idea]] 'Nothing is there', one reaches the [[sphere]] of [[nothingness]] ([[ākiñeaññāyatana]]) and abides therein: this is the [[6th liberation]]. |
| − | * (6) "Through the total [[overcoming]] of the [[sphere]] of unbounded [[consciousness]], and with the [[idea]] 'Nothing is there', one reaches the [[sphere]] of [[nothingness]] ([[ākiñeaññāyatana]]) and abides therein: this is the | + | |
| − | * (7) "Through the total [[overcoming]] of the [[sphere]] of [[nothingness]], one reaches the [[sphere]] of neither-perception-nor-non-[[perception]] ([[n'eva-saññā-nāsaññāyatana]]) and abides therein: this is the | + | * (7) "Through the total [[overcoming]] of the [[sphere]] of [[nothingness]], one reaches the [[sphere]] of neither-perception-nor-non-[[perception]] ([[n'eva-saññā-nāsaññāyatana]]) and abides therein: this is the [[7th liberation]] . |
| − | * (8) "Through the total [[overcoming]] of the [[sphere]] of neither-[[perception]]-[[nor-non-perception]], one reaches the [[extinction]] of [[perception]] and [[feeling]] (s. [[nirodha-samāpatti]]): this is the 8th [[liberation]]. | + | |
| + | * (8) "Through the total [[overcoming]] of the [[sphere]] of neither-[[perception]]-[[nor-non-perception]], one reaches the [[extinction]] of [[perception]] and [[feeling]] (s. [[nirodha-samāpatti]]): this is the [[8th liberation]]. | ||
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| + | These, o [[monks]], are the [[8 kinds of liberation]]." | ||
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For (1-3), s. [[abhibhāyatana]]; for (4-7), s. [[jhāna]]; for (8), s. [[nirodha-samāpatti]]. | For (1-3), s. [[abhibhāyatana]]; for (4-7), s. [[jhāna]]; for (8), s. [[nirodha-samāpatti]]. | ||
| − | By (3) is meant the [[attainment]] of the fine-material absorptions ([[jhāna]], q.v.) by means of {{Wiki|concentrating}} the [[mind]] on perfectly [[pure]] and bright colours as [[objects]] of the [[kasina]] (q.v.). According to Pts.M. this [[mental]] [[state]] is produced also by {{Wiki|concentrating}} the [[mind]] on the 4 [[sublime]] states, i.e. all-embracing [[kindness]], [[compassion]], [[sympathetic joy]] and [[equanimity]], in consequence of which all [[beings]] appear perfectly [[pure]] and glorified, and thus the [[mind]] turns to the beautiful. | + | By (3) is meant the [[attainment]] of the fine-material absorptions ([[jhāna]], q.v.) by means of {{Wiki|concentrating}} the [[mind]] on perfectly [[pure]] and bright colours as [[objects]] of the [[kasina]] (q.v.). |
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| + | According to Pts.M. this [[mental]] [[state]] is produced also by {{Wiki|concentrating}} the [[mind]] on the 4 [[sublime]] states, i.e. all-embracing [[kindness]], [[compassion]], [[sympathetic joy]] and [[equanimity]], in consequence of which all [[beings]] appear perfectly [[pure]] and glorified, and thus the [[mind]] turns to the beautiful. | ||
See Pts.M. II, [[Vimokkha-kathā]]; [[Atthasālini]] Tr., p. 255; App. | See Pts.M. II, [[Vimokkha-kathā]]; [[Atthasālini]] Tr., p. 255; App. | ||
Latest revision as of 14:55, 16 March 2015
'liberation' (deliverance). I. the 3; II. the 8.
I. The 3 liberations are:
- 1. the conditionless (or signless) liberation (animitta-v.),
- 2. the desireless liberation (apanihita-v.),
- 3. the emptiness (or void) liberation (suññatā-v. ).
They are also called 'the triple gateway to liberation' (vimokkha-mukha; Vis.M. XXI, 66ff), as they are three different approaches to the paths of holiness. -
See visuddhi VI, 8. Cf. Vis XXI, 6ff, 121ff; Pts.M. II. Vimokkha-Kathā.
- 1. "Whosoever being filled with determination (adhimokkha, q.v.), considers all formations as impermanent (anicca), such a one attains the conditionless liberation.
- 2. Whosoever being filled with tranquillity, considers all formations as painful (dukkha), such a one attains the desireless liberation.
- 3. Whosoever being filled with wisdom, considers all formations as without a self (anattā), such a one attains the emptiness liberation" (Vis.M. XXI, 70 = Pts.M. II, p. 58).
(1) and (2) are mentioned and explained in M. 43, under the name of deliverances of mind (ceto-vimutti, q.v.). - (2) and (3) appear in Dhs. (344ff, 353ff) in the section on supermundane consciousness (see Atthasālini Tr., p. 299ff).
II. The 8 liberations (attha vimokkha) occur frequently in the texts (A. VIII, 66; D. 16, etc.) and are described as follows:
"There are 8 liberations, o monks. Which are these?
- (1) Whilst remaining in the fine-material sphere (rūpī), one perceives corporeal forms: this is the first liberation.
- (2) "Not perceiving corporcal forms on one's own person, one perceives corporcal forms externally: this is the 2nd liberation.
- (3) By thinking of the beautiful, one is filled with confidence: this is the 3rd liberation.
- (4) "Through the total ovcrcoming of the corporeality-perceptions, the vanishing of the reflex-perceptions, and the non-attention to the multiformity-perceptions, with the idea 'Unbounded is space', one reaches the sphere of unbounded space (ākāsānañcāyatana) and abides therein: this is the 4th liberation.
- (5) "Through the total ovcrcoming of the sphere of unbounded space, and with the idea 'Unbounded is consciousness', one reaches the sphere of unbounded consciousness (viññānañcāyatana) and abides therein: this is the 5th liberation.
- (6) "Through the total overcoming of the sphere of unbounded consciousness, and with the idea 'Nothing is there', one reaches the sphere of nothingness (ākiñeaññāyatana) and abides therein: this is the 6th liberation.
- (7) "Through the total overcoming of the sphere of nothingness, one reaches the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (n'eva-saññā-nāsaññāyatana) and abides therein: this is the 7th liberation .
- (8) "Through the total overcoming of the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, one reaches the extinction of perception and feeling (s. nirodha-samāpatti): this is the 8th liberation.
These, o monks, are the 8 kinds of liberation."
For (1-3), s. abhibhāyatana; for (4-7), s. jhāna; for (8), s. nirodha-samāpatti.
By (3) is meant the attainment of the fine-material absorptions (jhāna, q.v.) by means of concentrating the mind on perfectly pure and bright colours as objects of the kasina (q.v.).
According to Pts.M. this mental state is produced also by concentrating the mind on the 4 sublime states, i.e. all-embracing kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity, in consequence of which all beings appear perfectly pure and glorified, and thus the mind turns to the beautiful.
See Pts.M. II, Vimokkha-kathā; Atthasālini Tr., p. 255; App.
