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Difference between revisions of "Chinese Buddhist Literature"

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[[File:33094.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
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By the end of Tang Dynasty, almost all Buddhist scriptures were translated into Chinese, and many catalogues have been compiled to collect the different translations of all the sutras. The most important catalogues are:
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By the end of {{Wiki|Tang Dynasty}}, almost all [[Buddhist scriptures]] were translated into {{Wiki|Chinese}}, and many catalogues have been compiled to collect the different translations of all the [[sutras]]. The most important catalogues are:
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*Zongli zhongjing mulu 綜理眾經目錄 "Comprehensive catalogue of sutras" by Daoan 道安, unfortunately not preserved
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*Zongli zhongjing mulu 綜理眾經目錄 "Comprehensive catalogue of [[sutras]]" by [[Daoan 道安]], unfortunately not preserved
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*Chu sanzang jiji 出三藏記集 "Collection of records concerning the Tripitaka" by Sengyou 僧祐
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*Chu sanzang jiji [[出三藏記集]] "[[Collection of records]] concerning the [[Tripitaka]]" by [[Sengyou]] 僧祐
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*Zhongjing mulu 眾經目錄 "Catalgue of collected sutras" by Fajing 法經
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*Zhongjing mulu 眾經目錄 "Catalgue of collected [[sutras]]" by Fajing 法經
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*Kaiyuan shijiao lu 開元釋教錄 "Catalogue of the Kaiyuan era on Buddhism" by Zhisheng 智昇
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*[[Kaiyuan]] [[shijiao]] lu 開元釋教錄 "Catalogue of the [[Kaiyuan]] {{Wiki|era}} on [[Buddhism]]" by Zhisheng [[智昇]]
  
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The whole corpus of Chinese Buddhist writings is compound in the so-called Tripitaka "Threefold basket" (Sanzang 三藏). The modern edition of that corpus was made in Japan under the Taishô Emperor from 1922-1933, therfore called Taisho Daizokyo 大正大藏經 "Great Sutra Storehouse of the Taisho era" (chin.: Dazheng Dazangjing). It is divided into 86 volumes, distributed into the sermons of the Buddha (Sutras; jing 經); the Vinaya writings (rules of discipline; lü 律); the Abhidharma writings ("Higher Subtleties"; chin.: lun 論 or apitan 阿毘曇); Madhyamika ("Middle path", i.e. Great Vehicle; chin.: zhongdao 中道) and Vijnanavada (Idealistic School; chin.: Weishizong 唯識宗) writings; shastra (treatises; chin.: lun 論); commentaries by Chinese monks; literature of the various Chinese schools; historical records; encyclopedias; catalogues.
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The whole corpus of {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Buddhist]] writings is [[compound]] in the so-called [[Tripitaka]] "Threefold [[basket]]" (Sanzang [[三藏]]). The {{Wiki|modern}} edition of that corpus was made in [[Japan]] under the Taishô [[Emperor]] from 1922-1933, therfore called [[Taisho Daizokyo]] [[大正大藏經]] "[[Great]] [[Sutra]] [[Storehouse]] of the [[Taisho]] {{Wiki|era}}" ([[chin]].: [[Dazheng Dazangjing]]). It is divided into 86 volumes, distributed into the [[sermons]] of the [[Buddha]] ([[Sutras]]; [[jing]] [[經]]); the [[Vinaya]] writings ({{Wiki|rules}} of [[discipline]]; [[lü]] 律); the [[Abhidharma]] writings ("[[Higher]] Subtleties"; [[chin]].: [[lun]] 論 or [[apitan]] [[阿毘曇]]); [[Madhyamika]] ("[[Middle path]]", i.e. [[Great Vehicle]]; [[chin]].: [[zhongdao]] [[中道]]) and [[Vijnanavada]] ([[Idealistic School]]; [[chin]].: [[Weishizong]] [[唯識宗]]) writings; [[shastra]] (treatises; [[chin]].: [[lun]] 論); commentaries by {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[monks]]; {{Wiki|literature}} of the various {{Wiki|Chinese}} schools; historical records; encyclopedias; catalogues.
  
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*    1.-2. Agama Sutras (Ahan 阿含 1-151)
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*    1.-2. [[Agama Sutras]] ([[Ahan]] [[阿含]] 1-151)
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*    3.-4. Past Conditions Sutras (Benyuan 本緣 152-219)
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*    3.-4. Past [[Conditions]] [[Sutras]] (Benyuan 本緣 152-219)
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**        Puyao jing 普曜經 (sankr.: Lalitavistara) T0186
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**        [[Puyao jing]] [[普曜經]] (sankr.: [[Lalitavistara]]) T0186
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**        Buddhacarita (chin.: Fo Suo Xing Zan 佛所行讚; by Ashvaghosha 馬鳴, translated by Dharmakshema 曇無讖; T0192)
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**        [[Buddhacarita]] ([[chin]].: [[Fo Suo Xing Zan]] [[佛所行讚]]; by [[Ashvaghosha]] [[馬鳴]], translated by [[Dharmakshema]] [[曇無讖]]; T0192)
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**      Parable Sutra (chin. Piyu Jing 譬喻經; T0217)  
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**      [[Parable]] [[Sutra]] ([[chin]]. [[Piyu Jing]] [[譬喻經]]; T0217)  
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*    5.-8. Prajna Sutras (Banruo 般若 220-261)
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*    5.-8. [[Prajna]] [[Sutras]] (Banruo [[般若]] 220-261)
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**        Great Sutra of Perfection of Wisdom (Da Banruo Boluomi Jing 大般若波羅蜜經, short Da Banruo Jing 大般若經; sanskr.: Maha-Prajna-Paramita-Sutra; translated by Xuanzang 玄奘; T0220)
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**        [[Great]] [[Sutra]] of [[Perfection of Wisdom]] ([[Da Banruo Boluomi Jing]] [[大般若波羅蜜經]], short [[Da Banruo Jing]] [[大般若經]]; sanskr.: [[Maha-Prajna-Paramita-Sutra]]; translated by [[Xuanzang]] [[玄奘]]; T0220)
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**        Guangzan Jing 光讚經 (sanskr.: Pancavimshatisahasrika-sutra; translated by Dharmaraksha 竺法護; T0222)
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**        Guangzan [[Jing]] 光讚經 (sanskr.: Pancavimshatisahasrika-sutra; translated by [[Dharmaraksha]] [[竺法護]]; T0222)
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**        Damingdu Jing 大明度經 (T0225)
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**        Damingdu [[Jing]] [[大明度經]] (T0225)
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**        Diamond Cutter Sutra of the Perfection of Wisdom (chin.: Jingang Banruo Boluomi Jing 金剛般若波羅蜜經, short Jingang Jing 金剛經 "Diamond Sutra"; sanskr.: Prajnaparamita-Vajracchedika-Sutra; translated by Kumarajiva 鳩摩羅什; T0235)
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**        [[Diamond]] Cutter [[Sutra]] of the [[Perfection of Wisdom]] ([[chin]].: Jingang Banruo Boluomi [[Jing]] [[金剛般若波羅蜜經]], short Jingang [[Jing]] [[金剛經]] "[[Diamond Sutra]]"; sanskr.: Prajnaparamita-Vajracchedika-Sutra; translated by [[Kumarajiva]] [[鳩摩羅什]]; T0235)
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**        Heart Sutra of the Perfection of Wisdom (chin.: Banruo Bolomiduo Xin Jing 般若波羅蜜多心經, short Xin Jing 心經 "Heart Sutra"; sanskr.: Prajnaparamita-Hrivaya-Sutra; T0251)  
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**        [[Heart Sutra]] of the [[Perfection of Wisdom]] ([[chin]].: [[Banruo Bolomiduo Xin Jing]] [[般若波羅蜜多心經]], short [[Xin Jing]] [[心經]] "[[Heart Sutra]]"; sanskr.: [[Prajnaparamita-Hrivaya-Sutra]]; T0251)  
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*    9. Dharma Blossoms Sutras (Fahua 法華 262-277)
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*    9. [[Dharma]] Blossoms [[Sutras]] ([[Fahua]] [[法華]] 262-277)
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**        Lotus Sutra (chin.: Miaofa Lianhua Jing 妙法蓮華經, short Fahua Jing 法華經; sanskr.: Saddharmapundarika-Sutra; translated by Kumarajiva 鳩摩羅什; T0262)
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**        [[Lotus Sutra]] ([[chin]].: Miaofa Lianhua [[Jing]] [[妙法蓮華經]], short [[Fahua]] [[Jing]] [[法華經]]; sanskr.: [[Saddharmapundarika-Sutra]]; translated by [[Kumarajiva]] [[鳩摩羅什]]; T0262)
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**        Zheng Fa Hua Jing 正法華經 T0263
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**        Zheng [[Fa Hua]] [[Jing]] [[正法華經]] T0263
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**        Wuliangyi Jing 無量義經; translated by 曇摩伽陀耶舎; T0276)
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**        Wuliangyi [[Jing]] [[無量義經]]; translated by 曇摩伽陀耶舎; T0276)
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**      How the Bodhisattva Samantabhadra Exerts the Law, Explained by the Buddha (chin. Fo Shuo Guan Puxian Pusa Xingfa Jing 佛説觀普賢菩薩行法經, short Puxian Guan Jing 普賢觀經; translated by Dharmamitra 曇無蜜多; T0277)  
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**      How the [[Bodhisattva]] [[Samantabhadra]] Exerts the Law, Explained by the [[Buddha]] ([[chin]]. [[Fo Shuo]] [[Guan]] [[Puxian Pusa]] Xingfa [[Jing]] 佛説觀普賢菩薩行法經, short [[Puxian]] [[Guan Jing]] 普賢觀經; translated by [[Dharmamitra]] [[曇無蜜多]]; T0277)  
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*    9.-10. Flower Garland Sutras (Huayan 華嚴 278-309)
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*    9.-10. [[Flower Garland]] [[Sutras]] ([[Huayan]] [[華嚴]] 278-309)
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**        Garland Sutra of the Great Universal Buddha (chin.: Dafangguang Fo Huayan Jing 大方廣佛華嚴經; sanskr. Maha-Vaipulya-Avatamsaka-Sutra; translated by Buddhabhadra 佛駄跋陀; T0278)  
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**        Garland [[Sutra]] of the [[Great]] [[Universal Buddha]] ([[chin]].: Dafangguang Fo [[Huayan Jing]] [[大方廣佛華嚴經]]; sanskr. Maha-Vaipulya-Avatamsaka-Sutra; translated by [[Buddhabhadra]] 佛駄跋陀; T0278)  
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*    11.-12. Treasure Trove Sutras (Baoji 寶積 310-373)
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*    11.-12. [[Treasure]] Trove [[Sutras]] (Baoji 寶積 310-373)
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**        Sutra of the Infinite Lifespan, explained by the Buddha (chin: Fo Shuo Wuliangshou Jing 佛說無量壽經, short: "Larger Amitabha Sutra"; translated by Samghavarman 康僧鎧; T0360)
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**        [[Sutra]] of the [[Infinite]] [[Lifespan]], explained by the [[Buddha]] ([[chin]]: [[Fo Shuo]] [[Wuliangshou Jing]] [[佛說無量壽經]], short: "[[Larger Amitabha Sutra]]"; translated by [[Samghavarman]] [[康僧鎧]]; T0360)
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**        Sutra on the Contemplation of the Buddha of Infinite Lifespan, explained by the Buddha (chin. Fo Shuo Guan Wuliangshou Fo Jing 佛說觀無量壽佛經, short "Contemplation Sutra"; translated by Kalayashas 畺良耶舎; T0365)
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**        [[Sutra]] on the [[Contemplation]] of the [[Buddha]] of [[Infinite]] [[Lifespan]], explained by the [[Buddha]] ([[chin]]. [[Fo Shuo]] [[Guan Wuliangshou Fo Jing]] [[佛說觀無量壽佛經]], short "[[Contemplation Sutra]]"; translated by [[Kalayashas]] [[畺良耶舎]]; T0365)
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**        Amitabha Sutra, explained by the Buddha (chin. Fo Shuo Amituo Jing 佛說阿彌陀經; sanskr: ; translated by Kumarajiva 鳩摩羅什; 366)  
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**        [[Amitabha Sutra]], explained by the [[Buddha]] ([[chin]]. [[Fo Shuo]] [[Amituo Jing]] 佛說阿彌陀經; sanskr: ; translated by [[Kumarajiva]] [[鳩摩羅什]]; 366)  
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*    12. Nirvana Sutras (Niepan 涅槃 374-396)
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*    12. [[Nirvana]] [[Sutras]] ([[Niepan]] [[涅槃]] 374-396)
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**        Great Parinirvana Sutra (chin. Da Banniepan Jing 大般涅槃經, short: Niepan Jing 涅槃經 "Nirvana Sutra"; sanskr. Maha-Parinirvana-Sutra; translated by Jnanabhadra 慧嚴 and others; T0375)  
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**        [[Great]] [[Parinirvana]] [[Sutra]] ([[chin]]. Da Banniepan [[Jing]] [[大般涅槃經]], short: [[Niepan]] [[Jing]] [[涅槃經]] "[[Nirvana Sutra]]"; sanskr. Maha-Parinirvana-Sutra; translated by [[Jnanabhadra]] [[慧嚴]] and others; T0375)  
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**    13. Great Collection Sutras (Daji 大集 397-424)
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**    13. [[Great]] Collection [[Sutras]] (Daji 大集 397-424)
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*    14.-17. Miscellaneous Sutras (Jingji 經集 425-847)
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*    14.-17. Miscellaneous [[Sutras]] (Jingji 經集 425-847)
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**        Vimalakirti-Nirdesha-Sutra (chin. Weimojie Suo Shuo Jing 維摩詰所說經, short Weimo Jing 維摩經; translated by Kumarajiva 鳩摩羅什; T0475)
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**        Vimalakirti-Nirdesha-Sutra ([[chin]]. Weimojie Suo Shuo [[Jing]] [[維摩詰所說經]], short [[Weimo]] [[Jing]] [[維摩經]]; translated by [[Kumarajiva]] [[鳩摩羅什]]; T0475)
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**      Lankavatara-Sutra (chin.: Lengqie Abaduoluo baojing 楞伽阿跋多羅寶經, short: Ru Lengqie Jing 入楞伽經; translated by Bodhiruci 菩提流支; T0671)  
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**      [[Lankavatara-Sutra]] ([[chin]].: Lengqie Abaduoluo baojing 楞伽阿跋多羅寶經, short: Ru Lengqie [[Jing]] 入楞伽經; translated by [[Bodhiruci]] [[菩提流支]]; T0671)  
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*    18.-21. Secret Schools (Mijiao 密教 848-1420)
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*    18.-21. Secret Schools (Mijiao [[密教]] 848-1420)
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*    22.-24. Vinayas (Lü 律 1421-1504)
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*    22.-24. [[Vinayas]] ([[Lü]] 律 1421-1504)
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*    25. Indian Sutras and Shastras (Shijinglun 釋經論 1505-1535)
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*    25. [[Indian]] [[Sutras]] and [[Shastras]] (Shijinglun 釋經論 1505-1535)
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**        Da Zhidu lun 大智度論 (sanskr. Maha-Prajnaparamita-Shastra), a commentary to the Prajnaparamita-Sutra by Nagarjuna 龍樹, translated by Kumarajiva 鳩摩羅什; T1509
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**        Da [[Zhidu]] [[lun]] [[大智度論]] (sanskr. Maha-Prajnaparamita-Shastra), a commentary to the [[Prajnaparamita-Sutra]] by [[Nagarjuna]] [[龍樹]], translated by [[Kumarajiva]] [[鳩摩羅什]]; T1509
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*    26.-29. Abidharma Texts (Pitan 毘曇 1536-1563)
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*    26.-29. [[Abidharma]] Texts (Pitan 毘曇 1536-1563)
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*    30. Madhyamika Texts (Zhongguan 中觀 1564-1578)
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*    30. [[Madhyamika]] Texts (Zhongguan 中觀 1564-1578)
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**        Sanlun 三論 "Three treatises": Zhong Lun 中論 (sankr. Madhyamaka-Shastra; T1564), Shiermen Lun 十二門論 (sanskr.: Dvadashanikaya-Shastra; 1568), and Bai Lun 百論 (sanskr. Shata-Shastra; T1569); all translated by Kumarajiva 鳩摩羅什  
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**        [[Sanlun]] [[三論]] "[[Three treatises]]": [[Zhong]] [[Lun]] [[中論]] (sankr. Madhyamaka-Shastra; T1564), [[Shiermen Lun]] [[十二門論]] (sanskr.: Dvadashanikaya-Shastra; 1568), and Bai [[Lun]] [[百論]] (sanskr. [[Shata-Shastra]]; T1569); all translated by [[Kumarajiva]] [[鳩摩羅什]]
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*    30.-31. Yogacarin Texts (Yuqie 瑜伽 1579-1627)
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*    30.-31. [[Yogacarin]] Texts ([[Yuqie]] [[瑜伽]] 1579-1627)
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**        Yuqie Lun "Discourse on the Stages of Concentration Practice" (chin. Yuqie Shidi Lun 瑜伽師地論, short Yuqie Lun 瑜伽論; sanskr. Yogacara-Bhumi-Shastra; translated by Xuanzang 玄奘; T1579)  
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**        [[Yuqie]] [[Lun]] "{{Wiki|Discourse}} on the [[Stages of Concentration Practice]]" ([[chin]]. [[Yuqie]] [[Shidi]] [[Lun]] [[瑜伽師地論]], short [[Yuqie]] [[Lun]] [[瑜伽論]]; sanskr. Yogacara-Bhumi-Shastra; translated by [[Xuanzang]] [[玄奘]]; T1579)  
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*    32. Miscellaneous Shastras (Lunji 論集 1628-1692)
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*    32. Miscellaneous [[Shastras]] (Lunji 論集 1628-1692)
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**        Satyasiddhi-Shastra (chin. Chengshi Lun 成實論; by Harivarman 訶梨跋摩, translated by Kumarajiva 鳩摩羅什; T1646)  
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**        [[Satyasiddhi-Shastra]] ([[chin]]. [[Chengshi]] [[Lun]] [[成實論]]; by [[Harivarman]] 訶梨跋摩, translated by [[Kumarajiva]] [[鳩摩羅什]]; T1646)  
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*    33.-44. Commentaries to Sutras, Vinayas and Shastras (Jingshu 經疏 1693-1803, Lüshu 律疏 1804-1815, Lunshu 論疏 1816-1850)
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*    33.-44. Commentaries to [[Sutras]], [[Vinayas]] and [[Shastras]] (Jingshu 經疏 1693-1803, Lüshu 律疏 1804-1815, Lunshu 論疏 1816-1850)
 
*    44.-48. Writings of Different Schools (Zhuzong 諸宗 1851-2025)
 
*    44.-48. Writings of Different Schools (Zhuzong 諸宗 1851-2025)
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**        Zhao Lun "Zhao's Discourses" 肇論, a discussion of problems of Buddhist philosophy in China, by Sengzhao 僧肇 T1858
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**        [[Zhao Lun]] "Zhao's [[Discourses]]" 肇論, a [[discussion]] of problems of [[Buddhist philosophy]] in [[China]], by [[Sengzhao]] [[僧肇]] T1858
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**        Pure Land Treatise (Jingtu Lun 淨土論) by Jiecai 迦才 T1963
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**        [[Pure Land]] Treatise ([[Jingtu]] [[Lun]] 淨土論) by Jiecai 迦才 T1963
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**        Green Cliff Records (Foguo Huanwu Chanshi Biyan Lu 佛果圜悟禪師碧巖錄, short Biyan Lu 碧巖錄, a collection of Chan riddles by Xuedu Zhongxian 雪竇重顯 and Huanwu T2003  
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**        [[Green Cliff Records]] (Foguo Huanwu [[Chanshi]] [[Biyan Lu]] 佛果圜悟禪師碧巖錄, short [[Biyan Lu]] 碧巖錄, a collection of [[Chan]] riddles by Xuedu Zhongxian 雪竇重顯 and Huanwu T2003  
 
*    48.-52. Historical Writings (Shizhuan 史傳 2026-2120)
 
*    48.-52. Historical Writings (Shizhuan 史傳 2026-2120)
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**        Gaoseng Zhuan 高僧傳 by Huijiao 慧皎, "Biographies of Eminent Monks" T2059
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**        Gaoseng [[Zhuan]] [[高僧傳]] by [[Huijiao]] 慧皎, "{{Wiki|Biographies}} of {{Wiki|Eminent}} [[Monks]]" T2059
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**        Hongmingji 弘明集, an apologetic text of Buddhism by Sengyou 僧祐 T2102
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**        Hongmingji 弘明集, an apologetic text of [[Buddhism]] by [[Sengyou]] 僧祐 T2102
 
*    53.-54. (Shihui 事彙 2121-2136)
 
*    53.-54. (Shihui 事彙 2121-2136)
 
*    54. Outer Teachings (Waijiao 外教 2137-2144)
 
*    54. Outer Teachings (Waijiao 外教 2137-2144)
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*    85. Apocryph Text (Yisi 疑似 2865-2920)  
 
*    85. Apocryph Text (Yisi 疑似 2865-2920)  
 
[[File:4155433.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:4155433.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
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Other writings that are not encluded in the Tripitaka comprise a vast diversity of biographical, philosophical, encyclopedical and even poetry writings, some freely translated from the Sanskrit original, but there exist also many Buddhist writings by Chinese Buddhists:
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Other writings that are not encluded in the [[Tripitaka]] comprise a vast diversity of biographical, [[philosophical]], encyclopedical and even [[poetry]] writings, some freely translated from the [[Sanskrit]] original, but there [[exist]] also many [[Buddhist]] writings by {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Buddhists]]:
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*Mouzi lihuo lun 牟子理惑論, an essay about controversies between Buddhism and Chinese tradition (3rd cent.)
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*[[Mouzi]] lihuo [[lun]] 牟子理惑論, an essay about controversies between [[Buddhism]] and {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[tradition]] (3rd cent.)
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*Foguo Ji 佛國記 "Record of Buddhist kingdoms", a report of the traveler Faxian (around 400)
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*Foguo Ji 佛國記 "Record of [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|kingdoms}}", a report of the traveler [[Faxian]] (around 400)
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*Fayuan Zhulin 法苑珠林, an encyclopedia by Daoshi 道世
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*[[Fayuan Zhulin]] 法苑珠林, an {{Wiki|encyclopedia}} by Daoshi 道世
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*Many rulers and eminent persons wrote poems about Buddhism and Buddhist life, among them the Empress Wu Zetian.
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*Many rulers and {{Wiki|eminent}} persons wrote poems about [[Buddhism]] and [[Buddhist]] [[life]], among them the {{Wiki|Empress}} {{Wiki|Wu Zetian}}.
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*Yaoshi Jing 藥師經 "Sutra of the Master of Medicine"
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*Yaoshi [[Jing]] [[藥師經]] "[[Sutra]] of the [[Master]] of [[Medicine]]"
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*Dabei Chan 大悲懺 "Great Compassion Penance"
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*[[Dabei]] [[Chan]] 大悲懺 "[[Great Compassion]] Penance"
  
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Excursion: While the Mahayana tradition ("Great Vehicle") of Buddhism in China, Korea and Japan is based on the Chinese Tripitaka Canon, the Theravada or Hinayana tradition ("Smaller Vehicle") is based on the Pali Canon (Pali is a Middle Age Indian language). The composition of the Pali Canon is older than that of the Sanskrit Mahayana tradition. The order of writings - and their content - is different to the Chinese Tripitaka. The main sections of the Pali Canon are:
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Excursion: While the [[Mahayana]] [[tradition]] ("[[Great Vehicle]]") of [[Buddhism in China]], [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] is based on the {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Tripitaka]] [[Canon]], the [[Theravada]] or [[Hinayana]] [[tradition]] ("Smaller [[Vehicle]]") is based on the [[Pali Canon]] ([[Pali]] is a Middle Age [[Indian]] [[language]]). The composition of the [[Pali Canon]] is older than that of the [[Sanskrit]] [[Mahayana]] [[tradition]]. The [[order]] of writings - and their content - is different to the {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Tripitaka]]. The main [[sections]] of the [[Pali Canon]] are:
  
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*    [[Vinaya Pitaka]] ("Basket of Rules"): rules of the monastery community and the stories behind the different rules. 1. Suttavibhanga (basic rules for monks and nuns); 2. Khandhaka (sermons and etiquette); and 3. Parivara (recapitulation)
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*    [[Vinaya Pitaka]] ("[[Basket]] of Rules"): {{Wiki|rules}} of the [[monastery]] {{Wiki|community}} and the stories behind the different {{Wiki|rules}}. 1. [[Suttavibhanga]] (basic {{Wiki|rules}} for [[monks and nuns]]); 2. [[Khandhaka]] ([[sermons]] and {{Wiki|etiquette}}); and 3. [[Parivara]] (recapitulation)
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*    [[Sutta Pitaka]] ("Basket of Discourses"): the sermons of the Enlightened, divided into five collections: 1. Digha Nikaya ("long discourses", including the Pali Nirvana Sutra); 2. Majjhima Nikaya ("middle-length discourses"); 3. Samyutta Nikaya ("grouped discourses"); 4. Anguttara Nikaya ("further factored discourses"); and 5. Khuddaka Nikaya ("smaller discourses")
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*    [[Sutta Pitaka]] ("[[Basket]] of [[Discourses]]"): the [[sermons]] of the [[Enlightened]], divided into five [[collections]]: 1. [[Digha Nikaya]] ("[[long discourses]]", including the [[Pali]] [[Nirvana Sutra]]); 2. [[Majjhima Nikaya]] ("[[middle-length discourses]]"); 3. [[Samyutta Nikaya]] ("grouped [[discourses]]"); 4. [[Anguttara Nikaya]] ("further factored [[discourses]]"); and 5. [[Khuddaka Nikaya]] ("smaller [[discourses]]")
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*    [[Abhidamma Pitaka]] ("Basket of Explanations"): Exegeses, Annotations, Researches and Explications to the sutra section, divided into seven books.
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*    [[Abhidamma Pitaka]] ("[[Basket]] of Explanations"): Exegeses, Annotations, Researches and Explications to the [[sutra]] section, divided into seven [[books]].
  
 
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[http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Religion/buddhism.html www.chinaknowledge.de]
 
[http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Religion/buddhism.html www.chinaknowledge.de]
 
[[Category:Buddhist Terms]]
 
[[Category:Buddhist Terms]]
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[[Category:Buddhist Texts]]
 
 
[[Category:Sutras]]
 
[[Category:Sutras]]
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[[Category:History of Buddhism]]
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[[Category:Chinese Buddhism]]
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[[Category:Chinese Buddhist History]]
 
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[[Category:The Chinese Buddhist Schools]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:44, 22 February 2015

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By the end of Tang Dynasty, almost all Buddhist scriptures were translated into Chinese, and many catalogues have been compiled to collect the different translations of all the sutras. The most important catalogues are:

The whole corpus of Chinese Buddhist writings is compound in the so-called Tripitaka "Threefold basket" (Sanzang 三藏). The modern edition of that corpus was made in Japan under the Taishô Emperor from 1922-1933, therfore called Taisho Daizokyo 大正大藏經 "Great Sutra Storehouse of the Taisho era" (chin.: Dazheng Dazangjing). It is divided into 86 volumes, distributed into the sermons of the Buddha (Sutras; jing 經); the Vinaya writings (rules of discipline; lü 律); the Abhidharma writings ("Higher Subtleties"; chin.: lun 論 or apitan 阿毘曇); Madhyamika ("Middle path", i.e. Great Vehicle; chin.: zhongdao 中道) and Vijnanavada (Idealistic School; chin.: Weishizong 唯識宗) writings; shastra (treatises; chin.: lun 論); commentaries by Chinese monks; literature of the various Chinese schools; historical records; encyclopedias; catalogues.

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Other writings that are not encluded in the Tripitaka comprise a vast diversity of biographical, philosophical, encyclopedical and even poetry writings, some freely translated from the Sanskrit original, but there exist also many Buddhist writings by Chinese Buddhists:

Excursion: While the Mahayana tradition ("Great Vehicle") of Buddhism in China, Korea and Japan is based on the Chinese Tripitaka Canon, the Theravada or Hinayana tradition ("Smaller Vehicle") is based on the Pali Canon (Pali is a Middle Age Indian language). The composition of the Pali Canon is older than that of the Sanskrit Mahayana tradition. The order of writings - and their content - is different to the Chinese Tripitaka. The main sections of the Pali Canon are:

Source

www.chinaknowledge.de

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