Difference between revisions of "Ruwanwelisaya"
(Created page with " {{W}} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwanwelisaya") |
m (1 revision: Robo text replace 30 sept) |
||
(12 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
+ | [[File:Ruwanwelisaya12.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | The [[Ruwanwelisaya]] is a [[stupa]] in [[Sri Lanka]], considered a marvel for its architectural qualities and [[sacred]] to many [[Buddhists]] all over the [[world]]. It was built by [[King]] Dutugemunu c. 140 B.C., who became [[lord]] of all [[Sri Lanka]] after a [[war]] in which the Chola [[King]] Elara, was defeated. It is also known as Mahathupa, Swarnamali [[Chaitya]], [[Suvarnamali Mahaceti]] (in [[Pali]]) and Rathnamali Dagaba. | ||
− | {{ | + | This is one of the Solosmasthana (the 16 places of veneration) and the Atamasthana (the 8 places of veneration in the ancient [[sacred]] city of [[Anuradhapura]]). The [[stupa]] is one of the world's tallest monuments, [[standing]] at 338 feet (103 m) and with a circumference of 950 ft (290 m). |
+ | |||
+ | The Kaunghmudaw [[Pagoda]] in [[Sagaing]], {{Wiki|Myanmar}} is modeled after this stupa. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Materials == | ||
+ | |||
+ | The ancient texts recount the following: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * From the bank of the [[river]] Gambhīra, situated a [[yojana]] (a distance [[measure]]) to the {{Wiki|north}} of [[Anuradhapura]] bricks were acquired; | ||
+ | * From the village Avuruvini, situated three [[yojanas]] to the north-east, nuggets of {{Wiki|gold}} were acquired; | ||
+ | * From the village Tambapittha, situated seven [[yojanas]] to the {{Wiki|east}}, copper were acquired; | ||
+ | * From the village Samanveve, situated four [[yojanas]] to the south-east, [[gems]] were acquired; | ||
+ | * From the rock-cave Ridi, situated eight [[yojanas]] to the {{Wiki|south}}, silver were acquired; | ||
+ | * From the small town Uruvel, situated five [[yojanas]] to the {{Wiki|west}}, pearls and corals to the size of myrobalan (nelli) [[fruits]] were acquired; | ||
+ | * From the village Pelavapi, situated seven [[yojanas]] to the north-east, four large [[gems]] were acquired. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === The [[full moon]] day === | ||
+ | |||
+ | King Dutugemunu began the work of building the [[stupa]] during [[Vesak]], on the [[full-moon day]] of the month of [[Vesakha]] (April–May), under the [[constellation]] of [[Visakha]]. In [[Buddhism]] this is considered a [[sacred]] [[full-moon day]] on which numerous events occurred, such as: | ||
+ | [[File:Ruwanwelisay75.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | * The definite declaration by [[Dīpankara Buddha]] to the [[ascetic]] [[Sumedha]] [[Bodhisatta]] [[Gotama]] in a past [[life]]) that he will become a Buddha; | ||
+ | * The [[birth]] of [[Bodhisatta]] [[Gotama]] from [[Tusita heaven]] in the [[human]] world; | ||
+ | * The [[Enlightenment]] of {{Wiki|Prince}} Siddhartha | ||
+ | * His arrival in the city of Kapilavatthu; | ||
+ | * His performance of the Twin Miracle; | ||
+ | * His arrival in [[Sri Lanka]] three times; | ||
+ | * His passing into Parinibbāna; | ||
+ | * The disembarkation of {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Vijaya]] in Sri Lanka | ||
+ | * The [[coronation]] of the great [[king]] Devanampiya Tissa | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Foundation === | ||
+ | |||
+ | On such a [[full-moon day]] [[King]] Dutugemunu had the inscribed stone pillar that was erected by [[King]] [[Devanampiya Tissa]], removed; | ||
+ | |||
+ | * had the site leveled; | ||
+ | * had it dug to a depth of seven cubits; | ||
+ | * had round stones spread there by warriors; | ||
+ | * and had the stones broken with hammers; | ||
+ | * then he had them stamped down by elephants; | ||
+ | * fine clay was brought from the [[Himalayas]] by [[Arahant]] novices, spread over the layer of stones; | ||
+ | * had bricks laid over the fine clay, rough plaster over the bricks, quartz over the rough plaster, a network of iron over the quartz, fragrant clay over the network of iron, white stones over the fragrant clay, rock-crystal over the white stones, and slabs of stones over the rock-crystal. | ||
+ | * Then he had mercury, resin of the wood-apple, and fine clay mixed together; had these spread over the slabs of stones; and had bronze sheets eight inches thick laid over these. | ||
+ | * He had arsenic and sesame oil mixed together; had these spread over the bronze sheets; and had silver sheets four inches thick laid over these. | ||
+ | |||
+ | When the [[king]] had thus built and completed the foundation of the Great [[Stupa]], he arranged that the foundation stone should be laid on the [[full-moon day]] of the month of Āâsàëha (June–July). | ||
+ | [[File:Ruwanwelisaya_cent._140_BC.JPG|thumb|250px|]] | ||
+ | He then had [[Anuradhapura]] decorated like a [[divine]] city along with the terrace of the Great [[Stupa]]. Ninety-six koñis of [[Arahants]] came by from [[Australian]] On the [[full-moon day]] of the month of Āsāëha, under the [[constellation]] of Uttarā-sāëha, he laid the foundation-stone of the Great [[Stūpa]] and determined: 'Should the work I carry for this [[Stupa]] be completed safely, may then the [[Venerable]] [[Arahants]] [[Buddharakkhita]], [[Dhammarakkhita]], Saïgharakkhita and [[Ānanda]] arrive and stand at the four quarters of the Great Stupa's terrace.' | ||
+ | |||
+ | This happened as he determined. The [[Arahant]] Indagutta arranged that it should thus happen. In addition, the [[Venerable]] [[Arahants]], [[Siddhattha]], Maïgala, [[Paduma]], Sivalī, {{Wiki|Candagutta}}, Indagutta, Suriyagutta, Cittasena, [[Jayasena]], and [[Acala]] looking eastwards arrived and stood in front of the pitcher placed at the gate of this festive occasion. Supatiñhita, the son of Nandisena and [[Sumana]] [[devi]], and the minister appointed for the festive ceremonies, walked around the relic-chamber and went and brought a [[staff]] made of silver for [[measuring]] the circular boundary of the [[Stupa]]. When [[Arahant]] [[Siddhattha]] saw the minister walking thus around the relic-chamber and [[measuring]] too large dimensions, he ordered him to measure moderate ones. On [[hearing]] the [[name]] of [[Arahant]] [[Siddhattha]], the names of the eleven other [[Arahants]], and the [[name]] of the minister and his [[parents]], [[king]] Dutugemunu felt particularly glad, [[thinking]]: 'The work on the [[Stūpa]] will certainly be successful.' | ||
+ | |||
+ | He then had eight large [[water]] pots of {{Wiki|gold}} and eight of silver placed in the midst of the Great [[Stupa]], and had a hundred and eight vases placed around the large [[water]] pots. He had, likewise, eight bricks of {{Wiki|gold}} placed in eight corners and a hundred and eight bricks of silver around each of the bricks of gold. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== The [[Stupa]] is blessed. ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Arahant Cittasena placed a lump of fragrant resin in the {{Wiki|east}} side upon the boundary line drawn around the Great [[Stūpa]]. [[Arahant]] [[Jayasena]] sprinkled scented [[water]] over it, and when, under the [[constellation]] of Uttarāsāëha, Supatiññhita, the minister for the festive ceremonies, placed bricks of {{Wiki|gold}} together with lavish [[offerings]] over the scented water. | ||
+ | |||
+ | It is said that: the [[earth]], all of two hundred seventy thousand [[yojanas]], roared and quaked at that time. | ||
+ | |||
+ | He had through his sons, similarly, placed bricks of {{Wiki|gold}} in the other seven sides of the Great [[Stupa]]. Afterwards, [[king]] Dutugemunu and the [[people]] there honoured with gifts the [[Arahants]] who were seated at the four quarters, and took themselves seats to hear a [[Dhamma talk]] delivered that day by the great [[Arahant]] Piyadassī. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Having [[heard]] it, forty thousand [[people]] became [[Arahants]], forty thousand were established in the [[fruit]] of [[stream-entry]] ([[sotāpatti-phala]]), a thousand became [[once-returners]] (sakadāgamis), and a thousand became [[non-returners]] (anāgamis). Eighteen thousand [[monks]] and fourteen thousand [[nuns]] became Arahants. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == [[Buddha's]] [[Relic]] == | ||
+ | |||
+ | After The [[Buddha's]] [[Parinibbāna]], His [[relics]] were enshrined and worshipped in [[stupas]] by Princes of eight countries two quarts in each country. The two quarts of [[relics]] that were enshrined in the village Rāmagāma were, according to The [[Buddha's]] [[determination]], destined to be enshrined in the Great [[Stūpa]] Ruvanveli.King Dutugemunu who, on the [[full-moon day]] of the month of Āsāëha (June–July), under the [[constellation]] of Uttarāsāëha, would officiate in the ceremony for the enshrining of the [[relics]] in the Great [[Stūpa]], worshipped the [[Sangha]] ([[Order]] of [[monks]]) on the day before the [[full-moon day]], reminded them that tomorrow is the appointed day for the enshrining of the [[relics]] and requested them to give him the [[relics]]. The Saïgha ordered then the [[novice]] [[Arahant]] Soõuttara, who was gifted with the six supernormal [[faculties]], to bring the [[relics]], which [[Arahant]] Soõuttara manages to bring and offer to the Sangha. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Then [[king]] Dutugemunu received from the [[Sangha]] the [[Buddha's relics]] upon his {{Wiki|head}} in a casket and departed from the golden pavilion in the midst of manifold [[offerings]] and honours made by [[gods]] and [[Brahmas]]. He circumambulated the relic-chamber three times, entered to it from the {{Wiki|east}}, and when laid the relic-casket on a silver couch one koñi worth, that was arranged in the {{Wiki|north}} side. An image of the [[Buddha]] was then, according to the [[Buddha's]] [[determination]], created in the lion's reclining [[posture]] (sīhaseyya), and all the [[relics]] were enshrined within that image. When the enshrining of the [[relics]] in the Great [[Stūpa]] [[Ruvanveli]] was completed, the two novices [[Uttara]] and [[Sumana]] closed the relic-chamber with the stone-blocks that were previously hidden to be used as a lid. | ||
+ | |||
+ | "The relic-chamber shall not shake even by an earthquake; [[flowers]] such as jasmine that were [[offered]] on that day shall not wither till the end of [[Buddha]] Gotama's Dispensation; the lamps that were kindled with ghee-oil shall not be [[extinguished]]; the clay that was mixed with perfume and {{Wiki|sandalwood}} shall not dry; even a single scratch shall not appear within the relic-chamber; stains shall not appear in any of the golden goods that were [[offered]].' All this occurred by the determination-power of all [[Arahants]] present. They determined also that inimical persons should not be able to even see the relic-chamber. Furthermore, by [[order]] of [[king]] Dutugemunu, the [[people]] of Srī Lanka enshrined, along with many other [[objects]] such as golden and silver caskets, thousand more of the [[Buddha's relics]] over the relic-chamber." | ||
+ | |||
+ | === The Great [[Stupa]] is [[constructed]] === | ||
+ | |||
+ | When the unique Great [[Stūpa]] [[Ruvanveli]] was completed as far as the square turret 10, and while ninety-six koñis of [[Arahants]] were [[chanting]] protective [[suttas]], the great [[king]] Dutugemunu who reigned in Srī Lanka for twenty-four years, had his record of [[meritorious]] [[deeds]] read and, while looking at the Great [[Stūpa]], he [[died]] and was born as a [[divine]] [[king]] in the Tusita-heaven. His brother, the [[king]] Saddhatissa, completed the remaining work at the Great [[Stūpa]] and later was also born in the Tusita-heaven. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == The Great [[King]] == | ||
+ | |||
+ | During the Dispensation of the [[future Buddha]] [[Metteyya]], [[king]] Dutugemunu will become the [[Buddha's]] [[chief disciple]] on His right side. [[King]] Saddhātissa will become the [[chief disciple]] on His left side. Kāvantissa and [[Vihāra]] Mahā- Devī will become the [[parents]] of the [[future Buddha]] [[Metteyya]]. {{Wiki|Princess}} [[Anulā]], the younger sister of [[king]] Kāvantissa, will become the chief {{Wiki|Queen}} of the [[Bodhisatta]] [[Metteyya]]. {{Wiki|Prince}} Saliya will become the son of the [[Bodhisatta]] [[Metteyya]]. Saõgha, [[king]] Dutugemu's Chancellor of the Exchequer, will become the chief {{Wiki|attendant}} of the [[Buddha]] [[Metteyya]]. The Chancellor's daughter will become the chief she-attendant. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{W}} | ||
+ | [[Category:Stupas]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Sri Lanka]] |
Latest revision as of 16:55, 30 September 2013
The Ruwanwelisaya is a stupa in Sri Lanka, considered a marvel for its architectural qualities and sacred to many Buddhists all over the world. It was built by King Dutugemunu c. 140 B.C., who became lord of all Sri Lanka after a war in which the Chola King Elara, was defeated. It is also known as Mahathupa, Swarnamali Chaitya, Suvarnamali Mahaceti (in Pali) and Rathnamali Dagaba.
This is one of the Solosmasthana (the 16 places of veneration) and the Atamasthana (the 8 places of veneration in the ancient sacred city of Anuradhapura). The stupa is one of the world's tallest monuments, standing at 338 feet (103 m) and with a circumference of 950 ft (290 m).
The Kaunghmudaw Pagoda in Sagaing, Myanmar is modeled after this stupa.
Materials
The ancient texts recount the following:
- From the bank of the river Gambhīra, situated a yojana (a distance measure) to the north of Anuradhapura bricks were acquired;
- From the village Avuruvini, situated three yojanas to the north-east, nuggets of gold were acquired;
- From the village Tambapittha, situated seven yojanas to the east, copper were acquired;
- From the village Samanveve, situated four yojanas to the south-east, gems were acquired;
- From the rock-cave Ridi, situated eight yojanas to the south, silver were acquired;
- From the small town Uruvel, situated five yojanas to the west, pearls and corals to the size of myrobalan (nelli) fruits were acquired;
- From the village Pelavapi, situated seven yojanas to the north-east, four large gems were acquired.
The full moon day
King Dutugemunu began the work of building the stupa during Vesak, on the full-moon day of the month of Vesakha (April–May), under the constellation of Visakha. In Buddhism this is considered a sacred full-moon day on which numerous events occurred, such as:
- The definite declaration by Dīpankara Buddha to the ascetic Sumedha Bodhisatta Gotama in a past life) that he will become a Buddha;
- The birth of Bodhisatta Gotama from Tusita heaven in the human world;
- The Enlightenment of Prince Siddhartha
- His arrival in the city of Kapilavatthu;
- His performance of the Twin Miracle;
- His arrival in Sri Lanka three times;
- His passing into Parinibbāna;
- The disembarkation of Prince Vijaya in Sri Lanka
- The coronation of the great king Devanampiya Tissa
Foundation
On such a full-moon day King Dutugemunu had the inscribed stone pillar that was erected by King Devanampiya Tissa, removed;
- had the site leveled;
- had it dug to a depth of seven cubits;
- had round stones spread there by warriors;
- and had the stones broken with hammers;
- then he had them stamped down by elephants;
- fine clay was brought from the Himalayas by Arahant novices, spread over the layer of stones;
- had bricks laid over the fine clay, rough plaster over the bricks, quartz over the rough plaster, a network of iron over the quartz, fragrant clay over the network of iron, white stones over the fragrant clay, rock-crystal over the white stones, and slabs of stones over the rock-crystal.
- Then he had mercury, resin of the wood-apple, and fine clay mixed together; had these spread over the slabs of stones; and had bronze sheets eight inches thick laid over these.
- He had arsenic and sesame oil mixed together; had these spread over the bronze sheets; and had silver sheets four inches thick laid over these.
When the king had thus built and completed the foundation of the Great Stupa, he arranged that the foundation stone should be laid on the full-moon day of the month of Āâsàëha (June–July).
He then had Anuradhapura decorated like a divine city along with the terrace of the Great Stupa. Ninety-six koñis of Arahants came by from Australian On the full-moon day of the month of Āsāëha, under the constellation of Uttarā-sāëha, he laid the foundation-stone of the Great Stūpa and determined: 'Should the work I carry for this Stupa be completed safely, may then the Venerable Arahants Buddharakkhita, Dhammarakkhita, Saïgharakkhita and Ānanda arrive and stand at the four quarters of the Great Stupa's terrace.'
This happened as he determined. The Arahant Indagutta arranged that it should thus happen. In addition, the Venerable Arahants, Siddhattha, Maïgala, Paduma, Sivalī, Candagutta, Indagutta, Suriyagutta, Cittasena, Jayasena, and Acala looking eastwards arrived and stood in front of the pitcher placed at the gate of this festive occasion. Supatiñhita, the son of Nandisena and Sumana devi, and the minister appointed for the festive ceremonies, walked around the relic-chamber and went and brought a staff made of silver for measuring the circular boundary of the Stupa. When Arahant Siddhattha saw the minister walking thus around the relic-chamber and measuring too large dimensions, he ordered him to measure moderate ones. On hearing the name of Arahant Siddhattha, the names of the eleven other Arahants, and the name of the minister and his parents, king Dutugemunu felt particularly glad, thinking: 'The work on the Stūpa will certainly be successful.'
He then had eight large water pots of gold and eight of silver placed in the midst of the Great Stupa, and had a hundred and eight vases placed around the large water pots. He had, likewise, eight bricks of gold placed in eight corners and a hundred and eight bricks of silver around each of the bricks of gold.
The Stupa is blessed.
Arahant Cittasena placed a lump of fragrant resin in the east side upon the boundary line drawn around the Great Stūpa. Arahant Jayasena sprinkled scented water over it, and when, under the constellation of Uttarāsāëha, Supatiññhita, the minister for the festive ceremonies, placed bricks of gold together with lavish offerings over the scented water.
It is said that: the earth, all of two hundred seventy thousand yojanas, roared and quaked at that time.
He had through his sons, similarly, placed bricks of gold in the other seven sides of the Great Stupa. Afterwards, king Dutugemunu and the people there honoured with gifts the Arahants who were seated at the four quarters, and took themselves seats to hear a Dhamma talk delivered that day by the great Arahant Piyadassī.
Having heard it, forty thousand people became Arahants, forty thousand were established in the fruit of stream-entry (sotāpatti-phala), a thousand became once-returners (sakadāgamis), and a thousand became non-returners (anāgamis). Eighteen thousand monks and fourteen thousand nuns became Arahants.
Buddha's Relic
After The Buddha's Parinibbāna, His relics were enshrined and worshipped in stupas by Princes of eight countries two quarts in each country. The two quarts of relics that were enshrined in the village Rāmagāma were, according to The Buddha's determination, destined to be enshrined in the Great Stūpa Ruvanveli.King Dutugemunu who, on the full-moon day of the month of Āsāëha (June–July), under the constellation of Uttarāsāëha, would officiate in the ceremony for the enshrining of the relics in the Great Stūpa, worshipped the Sangha (Order of monks) on the day before the full-moon day, reminded them that tomorrow is the appointed day for the enshrining of the relics and requested them to give him the relics. The Saïgha ordered then the novice Arahant Soõuttara, who was gifted with the six supernormal faculties, to bring the relics, which Arahant Soõuttara manages to bring and offer to the Sangha.
Then king Dutugemunu received from the Sangha the Buddha's relics upon his head in a casket and departed from the golden pavilion in the midst of manifold offerings and honours made by gods and Brahmas. He circumambulated the relic-chamber three times, entered to it from the east, and when laid the relic-casket on a silver couch one koñi worth, that was arranged in the north side. An image of the Buddha was then, according to the Buddha's determination, created in the lion's reclining posture (sīhaseyya), and all the relics were enshrined within that image. When the enshrining of the relics in the Great Stūpa Ruvanveli was completed, the two novices Uttara and Sumana closed the relic-chamber with the stone-blocks that were previously hidden to be used as a lid.
"The relic-chamber shall not shake even by an earthquake; flowers such as jasmine that were offered on that day shall not wither till the end of Buddha Gotama's Dispensation; the lamps that were kindled with ghee-oil shall not be extinguished; the clay that was mixed with perfume and sandalwood shall not dry; even a single scratch shall not appear within the relic-chamber; stains shall not appear in any of the golden goods that were offered.' All this occurred by the determination-power of all Arahants present. They determined also that inimical persons should not be able to even see the relic-chamber. Furthermore, by order of king Dutugemunu, the people of Srī Lanka enshrined, along with many other objects such as golden and silver caskets, thousand more of the Buddha's relics over the relic-chamber."
The Great Stupa is constructed
When the unique Great Stūpa Ruvanveli was completed as far as the square turret 10, and while ninety-six koñis of Arahants were chanting protective suttas, the great king Dutugemunu who reigned in Srī Lanka for twenty-four years, had his record of meritorious deeds read and, while looking at the Great Stūpa, he died and was born as a divine king in the Tusita-heaven. His brother, the king Saddhatissa, completed the remaining work at the Great Stūpa and later was also born in the Tusita-heaven.
The Great King
During the Dispensation of the future Buddha Metteyya, king Dutugemunu will become the Buddha's chief disciple on His right side. King Saddhātissa will become the chief disciple on His left side. Kāvantissa and Vihāra Mahā- Devī will become the parents of the future Buddha Metteyya. Princess Anulā, the younger sister of king Kāvantissa, will become the chief Queen of the Bodhisatta Metteyya. Prince Saliya will become the son of the Bodhisatta Metteyya. Saõgha, king Dutugemu's Chancellor of the Exchequer, will become the chief attendant of the Buddha Metteyya. The Chancellor's daughter will become the chief she-attendant.