What is “Citta” in English?

Vumanhphat Vumanhphat (aka Kim Vu)

the Tibetan version of this wonderful sutra intended specically for our era.The following segment is taken from the rst paragraph: “Having integrated his realization with skill in liberative technique, he was expert in knowing

the thoughts and actions of living beings.” The phrase “
the thoughts and actions
” in the above has its equivalent in Kumarajiva’s Chinese translationas “
Xin

”.Another example can be found in the extremely important concept of “
bod-hicitta
” or “

bodhichitta
”, the wish to attain enlightenment with the sole pur-pose of helping all sentient beings reach the same state of supreme bliss andliberation as Buddha. Ringu Tulku Rinpoche’s rendition of this term is “

compassion and wisdom

”.The third proof is shown in Thomas Cleary’s “The Flower Ornament Sutra”,translated from Shikshananda’s Chinese version of the ‘Avatamsaka Sutra” into English. In the very rst paragraph of Book Seventeen, Indra questions: “…what is he extent of the merit attained when the enlightening being rst
determines to become enlightened

.” That last phrase in the Chinese translation also mentions the awakening of “
bodhicitta
”.The above examples should show that translating “
citta
” as “
conscious-ness
” or “
mind
” is quite inadequate, if not even inaccurate.Based on my modest understanding of key Buddhist concepts, I believe the most appropriate word to translate “
citta
” into English is “
psyche

”.What I am proposing is quite unusual considering the present perception of the term. Aristotle himself, in “De Anima”, has found it extremely dicult to pinpoint what it is. In Western thought, “psyche” is usually associated with “soul”, considered

byThomas Aquinas as potentially eternal in human beings, an entity that lastsforever.Buddha teaches a completely dierent concept. Acariya Anuruddha, thegreat master of Theravada Buddhism, author of Abhidhammattha Sangaha, has interpreted it as a spurt of

energy the life of which lasts only one khanna (ksanain Sanskrit), the shortest length of time imaginable. But before disappearing,that “psyche” bequeathes all its

“karma” to the following one which in turnspasses on its heritage to the next one, on and on to almost innity unless enlightenment comes about owing to awakening.
Academia Letters preprint.©2022 by the author – Open Access – Distributed under CC BY 4.0

 
Buddha’s teachings are all about Psyche, and David J. Kalupahana’s “The Principles of Buddhist Psychology” is a proof of that. Part Two (Revisions and Resurrections) pp. 103-147 even discusses works by the later schools of Buddhist thought revisiting this subject over and over again. Is

it possible and thinkable that the Great Teacher of all times would not allude to this key concept responsible for a total and complete understanding of everything in themultiverse?I believe I have found the answer in the mention of
cittakkhana
 
in Anu-ruddha’s seminal treatise that has been translated into English as “A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma”, with Bhikkhu Bodhi as general editor. The authors of this translation used the term “
mind-moment

” for this quantumentity. It is also mentioned that according to later commentators, in the blink of an eye, billions of these quanta appear and then disappear, following one another in a discrete chain of happenings. Their lifetimes last
one khanna
(
ksana
in sanskrit), the shortest time length imaginable.I am not happy with the vague term “
mind-moment
” that does not con- jure up the extremely eeting nature of a khanna, and would like to propose anew word for “

cittakkhana
”, namely a “
ksana psyche

”. The basic “
psychic
“ (the word used in the translation is “
cognitive

”) process contains seventeen psyches, within which seven of them constitute the “
Javana
” process where“
karma

” is created, (the sowing of seeds that bear fruits in future lives). The seeds can be wholesome or unwholesome, so the fruits would come in the form of suering or good fortune, following the ineluctable law of cause and eect in unlimited time, through innumerable lives. That is the rationale for continuing metamorphoses (and not reincarnation), meaning reappearance into one of sixr ealms of existence,

four of which being spirit or immaterial energy, with only two (humans and animals) taking on physical form. So, no eternal life, and no end of existence at death either. Life goes on in quantum time and quantum spurts of energy. Sentient beings keep on appearing and disappearing in various forms endlessly unless awakening

comes about, resulting in the denitivecessation to the ever-rolling cycle of suering, as has happened in the case of Shakyamuni Buddha. Specically, in case a human being has the good fortune of being born human again, the last karma cittakkhana just before death will decide his or her entire fate in that next life, the “blueprint” each human is

Academia Letters preprint.©2022 by the author – Open Access – Distributed under CC BY 4.0
 
 
born with that Carl Jung has talked about.To point out the fact that this ksana can be legitimately considered as ameasurement of scientic signicance, I would like to note that the theoretical physicist Max Planck has found out a similar shortest time length imaginable inthe physical world. It is ten to the minus forty three of a second, and is called a “
Planck time

”. A ‘zeptosecond’ is the trillionth of a billionth of a second,or 10−21 of a second. The Higgs boson “lives” for just 15.6 thousand-billion-billions (1.56x10-22) of a second. Both are way too long compared to the time length of a skana, and this last one, amazingly, might even be sixteen times shorter than a Planck time, since spirit moves much faster than crude matter.In this way, metaphysics might very probably be united with future physics to arrive at an authentic and valid ”

Theory of Everything
”. For how can onehope to arrive at a true and accurate big picture of everything when the search is focused solely on matter without any slight attention paid to psyche and consciousness, the spiritual content that is the all-encompassing control factor?


REFERENCES



Bodhi, Bhikkhu. (Gen Ed). (2000).
 Abhidhammattha Sangaha (A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
). (1st Ed.). Onalaska, WA: BPS PariyattiEditions.Buswell, Jr., Robert E. (Ed in Chief). (2004).
Encyclopedia of Buddhism . NewYork, NY: Macmillan Reference USA.Cleary, Thomas. (Trans.). (1993).

The Flower Ornament Scripture

. Boulder,CO: Shambhala Publications, Inc.Hakeda, Yoshito S. (Trans.). (1967).
The Awakening of Faith

. New York, NY:Columbia University Press.Kaluaphana, David J. (1987).
The Principles of Buddhist Psychology

. Albany,NY: State University of New York Press.Narada Thera. (Trans.). (1978).
Dhammapada, Pali text & Translation.

KualaLumpur, Malaysia: Buddhist Missionary Society.Ringu Tulku Rinpoche. (2014).
Bodhichitta, Awakening Compassion and Wisdom

. (2nd Ed.). Oxford, UK: Bodhicharya Publications.Thurman, Robert A. F. (Trans.). (1976).
The Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti

.University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.******************


NOTE

For a further understanding and deepened discussion of the subject onhand, I highly recommend a thorough reading of Robert Espiau’s “The True Origins of Psychology and the Inuence of Euro-American Ethnocentrism”(2013) which has been posted on academia.edu and can be downloaded bymembers.

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