Difference between revisions of "The five aggregates"
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− | [[File:Active-brain.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | + | [[File:Active-brain.jpg|thumb|250px|]]{{DisplayImages|3002|178}} |
− | + | <poem> | |
+ | The [[teaching]] of The [[Five Aggregates]] or The [[Five Skandhas]], is an analysis of personal [[experiences]] and a [[view]] on [[cognition]] from a [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|perspective}}. | ||
− | + | The [[teaching]] also provides a [[logical]] and thorough approach to understand the [[Universal Truth]] of {{Wiki|Not-self}}. In the last issue's "[[Buddhism]] in a Nutshell", we conclude that [[self]] is just a convenient term for a collection of [[physical]] and [[mental]] personal [[experiences]], such as [[feelings]], [[ideas]], [[thoughts]], [[habits]], [[attitude]], etc. However, we should go on to analyse all our personal [[experiences]] in terms of The [[Five Aggregates]]. The [[Five Aggregates]] are: | |
− | + | [[Form]] | |
+ | [[Sensation]] | ||
+ | [[Perception]] | ||
+ | [[Mental Formation]] | ||
+ | [[Consciousness]] | ||
− | + | They are called [[aggregates]] as they work together to produce a [[mental]] being. As [[Heart Sutra]] says, [[Avalokitesvara]] [[Bodhisattva]] illuminates and sees the [[emptiness]] of the [[Five Skandhas]]. | |
− | + | [[Impermanence]] is one of the [[characteristics]] of [[emptiness]]. and the [[aggregates]] are also governed by the [[principle]] of [[impermanence]]. Therefore each of the [[aggregates]] is undergoing [[constant]] changes. [[Aggregates]] are not static things; they are dynamic {{Wiki|processes}}. | |
− | Before we go on to our consideration of the mental factors of personal experience, I would like to mention briefly the existence of one more set of an organ and its object, and here I speak of the sixth-sense -the mind. This is in addition to the five physical sense organs - eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. Just as the five physical sense organs have their corresponding physical objects, the mind has for its object ideas or properties (dharmas). And as in the case of the five physical sense organs, consciousness is present to unite the mind and its object so as to produce experience. | + | By [[understanding]] the [[Five Skandhas]], we attain the [[wisdom]] of [[not-self]]. The [[world]] we [[experience]] is not [[constructed]] upon and around the [[idea]] of a [[self]], but through the {{Wiki|impersonal}} {{Wiki|processes}}. By getting rid of the [[idea]] of [[self]], we can look at [[happiness]] and [[suffering]], praise and blame, and all the rest with [[equanimity]]. In this way, we will be no longer [[subject]] to the imbalance of alternating {{Wiki|hope}} and {{Wiki|fear}}. |
+ | |||
+ | This is the last in the series of twelve sessions that we have spent together, and in this last session we are going to look at the [[teaching]] of the [[five aggregates]] ([[Skandhas]]): '''[[Rupa]]''', '''[[Vedana]]''', '''[[Samjna]]''', '''[[Samskara]]''' and '''[[Vijnana]].''' In other words, we are going to look at the [[Buddhist]] analysis of personal [[experience]] or the [[Buddhist]] analysis of the [[personality]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Throughout the last lectures, I have had occasions a number of times to make the point that [[Buddhist teachings]] have been found relevant to {{Wiki|modern}} [[life]] and [[thought]] in the fields of [[science]], [[psychology]] and so forth. Here, in regard to the analysis of personal [[experience]] into the [[five aggregates]], this is also the case. {{Wiki|Modern}} {{Wiki|psychologists}} and psychiatrists have been particularly [[interested]] in this analysis. It has even been suggested that in the [[Abhidharma]] and in the analysis of personal [[experience]] into the [[five aggregates]], we have a [[psychological]] {{Wiki|equivalent}} to the table of [[elements]] worked out in {{Wiki|modern}} [[science]]. What we have in the [[Buddhist]] analysis of personal [[experience]] is a very careful inventory and {{Wiki|evaluation}} of the [[elements]] of our [[experience]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | What we are going to do today is basically an extension and a refinement of what we were doing at the end of last week’s lecture. There, we spent some [[time]] on the teachings of [[impermanence]], [[suffering]] and notself. In the course of looking at the [[teaching]] on [[not-self]], we have explored briefly how the analysis of personal [[experience]] can be carried out along two lines, and that is with regard to the [[body]], and with regard to the [[mind]]. You will recall that we have examined the [[body]] and [[mind]] to see whether in either of them we can locate the [[self]], and we have found that the [[self]] is not to be found in either of them. We have concluded that the [[name]] ‘[[self]]’ is just a convenient term for a collection of [[physical]] and [[mental factors]], in the same way that the [[name]] ‘{{Wiki|forest}}’ is just a convenient term for a collection of [[trees]]. This week, we are going to take our analysis still further, and rather than looking at personal [[experience]] simply in terms of [[body]] and [[mind]], we are going to analyze personal [[experience]] in terms of the [[five aggregates]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let us first look at the [[aggregate]] of {{Wiki|matter}} or [[form]] ('''[[Rupa]]'''). The [[aggregate]] of [[form]] corresponds to what we would call material or [[physical]] factors. It includes not only our own [[bodies]], but also the material [[objects]] that surround us - the [[earth]], the oceans, the [[trees]], the buildings, and so forth. Specifically, the [[aggregate]] of [[form]] includes the five [[physical]] [[sense organs]] and the corresponding [[physical]] [[objects]] of the [[sense organs]]. These are the [[eyes]] and [[visible]] [[objects]], the [[ears]] and [[sound]], the {{Wiki|nose}} and {{Wiki|smell}}, the {{Wiki|tongue}} and {{Wiki|taste}}, and the {{Wiki|skin}} and [[tangible]] [[objects]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | But [[physical]] [[elements]] by themselves are not enough to produce [[experience]]. The simple [[contact]] between the [[eyes]] and [[visible]] [[objects]], or between the [[ears]] and [[sound]] cannot result in [[experience]] without [[consciousness]] ('''[[Vijnana]]'''). The [[eyes]] can be in {{Wiki|conjunction}} with the [[visible]] [[object]] indefinitely without producing [[experience]]. The [[ears]] too can be exposed to [[sound]] indefinitely without producing [[experience]]. Only the co-presence of [[consciousness]] together with the [[sense organ]] and the [[object]] of the [[sense organ]] produces [[experience]]. In other words, it is when the [[eyes]], the [[visible]] [[object]] and [[consciousness]] come together that the [[experience]] of a [[visible]] [[object]] is produced. [[Consciousness]] is therefore an indispensable [[element]] in the production of [[experience]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Before we go on to our [[consideration]] of the [[mental factors]] of personal [[experience]], I would like to mention briefly the [[existence]] of one more set of an {{Wiki|organ}} and its [[object]], and here I speak of the sixth-sense -the [[mind]]. This is in addition to the five [[physical]] [[sense organs]] - [[eyes]], [[ears]], {{Wiki|nose}}, {{Wiki|tongue}} and {{Wiki|skin}}. Just as the five [[physical]] [[sense organs]] have their corresponding [[physical]] [[objects]], the [[mind]] has for its [[object]] [[ideas]] or properties ([[dharmas]]). And as in the case of the five [[physical]] [[sense organs]], [[consciousness]] is {{Wiki|present}} to unite the [[mind]] and its [[object]] so as to produce [[experience]]. | ||
[[File:ActiveNeurone.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:ActiveNeurone.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | Let us now look at the mental factors of experience and let us see if we can understand how consciousness turns the physical factors of experience into personal conscious experience. First of all, we must remember that consciousness is mere awareness, or mere sensitivity to an object. When the physical factors of experience, as for example the eyes and a visible object, come into contact, and when consciousness too becomes associated with the physical factors of experience, visual consciousness arises. This is mere awareness of a visible object, not anything like what we could call personal experience. The way that our personal experience is produced is through the functioning of the other three major mental factors of experience and they are the aggregate of feeling, the aggregate of perception and the aggregate of mental formation or volition. These three aggregates function to turn this mere awareness of the object into personal experience. | + | Let us now look at the [[mental factors]] of [[experience]] and let us see if we can understand how [[consciousness]] turns the [[physical]] factors of [[experience]] into personal [[conscious]] [[experience]]. First of all, we must remember that [[consciousness]] is mere [[awareness]], or mere sensitivity to an [[object]]. When the [[physical]] factors of [[experience]], as for example the [[eyes]] and a [[visible]] [[object]], come into [[contact]], and when [[consciousness]] too becomes associated with the [[physical]] factors of [[experience]], [[visual consciousness]] arises. This is mere [[awareness]] of a [[visible]] [[object]], not anything like what we could call personal [[experience]]. The way that our personal [[experience]] is produced is through the functioning of the other three major [[mental factors]] of [[experience]] and they are the [[aggregate]] of [[feeling]], the [[aggregate]] of [[perception]] and the [[aggregate]] of [[mental formation]] or [[volition]]. These three [[aggregates]] [[function]] to turn this mere [[awareness]] of the [[object]] into personal [[experience]]. |
− | The aggregate of feeling or sensation ('''Vedana''') is of three kinds - pleasant, unpleasant and indifferent. When an object is experienced, that experience takes on one of these emotional tones, either the tone of pleasure, or the tone of displeasure, or the tone of indifference. | + | The [[aggregate]] of [[feeling]] or [[sensation]] ('''[[Vedana]]''') is of three kinds - [[pleasant]], [[unpleasant]] and indifferent. When an [[object]] is [[experienced]], that [[experience]] takes on one of these [[emotional]] tones, either the tone of [[pleasure]], or the tone of [[displeasure]], or the tone of [[indifference]]. |
− | Let us next look at the aggregate of perception ('''Samjna'''). This is an aggregate which many people find difficult to understand. When we speak of perception, we have in mind the activity of recognition, or identification. In a sense, we are talking about the attaching of a name to an object of experience. The function of perception is to turn an indefinite experience into an identified and recognized experience. Here, we are speaking of the formulation of a conception of an idea about a particular object. Just as with feeling where we have a emotional element in terms of pleasure, displeasure or indifference; with perception, we have a conceptual element in the sense of introducing a definite, determinate idea about the object of experience. | + | Let us next look at the [[aggregate]] of [[perception]] ('''[[Samjna]]'''). This is an [[aggregate]] which many [[people]] find difficult to understand. When we speak of [[perception]], we have in [[mind]] the [[activity]] of [[recognition]], or identification. In a [[sense]], we are talking about the attaching of a [[name]] to an [[object]] of [[experience]]. The [[function]] of [[perception]] is to turn an indefinite [[experience]] into an identified and [[recognized]] [[experience]]. Here, we are {{Wiki|speaking}} of the formulation of a {{Wiki|conception}} of an [[idea]] about a particular [[object]]. Just as with [[feeling]] where we have a [[emotional]] [[element]] in terms of [[pleasure]], [[displeasure]] or [[indifference]]; with [[perception]], we have a {{Wiki|conceptual}} [[element]] in the [[sense]] of introducing a definite, {{Wiki|determinate}} [[idea]] about the [[object]] of [[experience]]. |
− | Finally, there is the aggregate of mental formation or volition ('''Samskara'''). This aggregate may be described as a conditioned response to the object of experience. In this sense, it partakes of the meaning of habit as well. We have spent some time discussing the component of mental formation when we considered the twelve components of dependent origination. You will remember that on that occasion, we described mental formation as the impression created by previous actions, the habit energy stored up from countless former lives. Here, as one of the five aggregates also, the aggregate of mental formation plays a similar role. But it has not only a static value, it also has a dynamic value because just as our reactions are conditioned by former deeds, so are our responses here and now motivated and directed in a particular way by our mental formation or volition. Mental formation or volition therefore has a moral dimension just as perception has a conceptual dimension, and feeling has a emotional dimension. You will notice I use the terms mental formation and volition together. This is because each of these terms represents one half of the meaning of Samskara - mental formation represents the half that comes from the past, and volition represents the half that functions here and now. So mental formation and volition function to determine our responses to the objects of experience and these responses have moral consequences in the sense of wholesome, unwholesome or neutral. | + | Finally, there is the [[aggregate]] of [[mental formation]] or [[volition]] ('''[[Samskara]]'''). This [[aggregate]] may be described as a [[conditioned]] response to the [[object]] of [[experience]]. In this [[sense]], it partakes of the meaning of [[habit]] as well. We have spent some [[time]] discussing the component of [[mental formation]] when we considered the twelve components of [[dependent origination]]. You will remember that on that occasion, we described [[mental formation]] as the [[impression]] created by previous [[actions]], the [[habit]] [[energy]] stored up from countless former [[lives]]. Here, as one of the [[five aggregates]] also, the [[aggregate]] of [[mental formation]] plays a similar role. But it has not only a static value, it also has a dynamic value because just as our reactions are [[conditioned]] by former [[deeds]], so are our responses here and now motivated and directed in a particular way by our [[mental formation]] or [[volition]]. [[Mental formation]] or [[volition]] therefore has a [[moral]] [[dimension]] just as [[perception]] has a {{Wiki|conceptual}} [[dimension]], and [[feeling]] has a [[emotional]] [[dimension]]. You will notice I use the terms [[mental formation]] and [[volition]] together. This is because each of these terms represents one half of the meaning of [[Samskara]] - [[mental formation]] represents the half that comes from the {{Wiki|past}}, and [[volition]] represents the half that functions here and now. So [[mental formation]] and [[volition]] [[function]] to determine our responses to the [[objects]] of [[experience]] and these responses have [[moral]] {{Wiki|consequences}} in the [[sense]] of [[wholesome]], [[unwholesome]] or [[neutral]]. |
[[File:Brain-D 300.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Brain-D 300.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | We can now see how the physical and mental factors of experience worked together to produce personal experience. To make this a little clearer, let us take the help of a couple of concrete examples. Let us say after today’s lecture you decide to take a walk in the garden. As you walk in the garden, your eyes come into contact with a visible object. As your attention focuses on that visible object, your consciousness becomes aware of visible object as yet indeterminate. Your aggregate of perception will identify that visible object as, let us say, a snake. Once that happens, you will respond to that visible object with the aggregate of feeling - the feeling of displeasure, or more specifically that of fear. Finally, you will react to that visible object with the aggregate of mental formation or volition, with the intentional action of perhaps running away or perhaps picking up a stone. | + | We can now see how the [[physical]] and [[mental factors]] of [[experience]] worked together to produce personal [[experience]]. To make this a little clearer, let us take the help of a couple of concrete examples. Let us say after today’s lecture you decide to take a walk in the garden. As you walk in the garden, your [[eyes]] come into [[contact]] with a [[visible]] [[object]]. As your [[attention]] focuses on that [[visible]] [[object]], your [[consciousness]] becomes {{Wiki|aware}} of [[visible]] [[object]] as yet {{Wiki|indeterminate}}. Your [[aggregate]] of [[perception]] will identify that [[visible]] [[object]] as, let us say, a [[snake]]. Once that happens, you will respond to that [[visible]] [[object]] with the [[aggregate]] of [[feeling]] - the [[feeling]] of [[displeasure]], or more specifically that of {{Wiki|fear}}. Finally, you will react to that [[visible]] [[object]] with the [[aggregate]] of [[mental formation]] or [[volition]], with the intentional [[action]] of perhaps running away or perhaps picking up a stone. |
− | In all our daily activities, we can see how all the five aggregates work together to produce personal experience. At this very moment, for instance, there is contact between two elements of the aggregate of form - the sound of my voice and your ears. Your consciousness becomes aware of the sound of my voice. Your aggregate of perception identifies the words that I am speaking. Your aggregate of feeling responds with an emotional response - pleasure, displeasure or indifference. Your aggregate of mental formation or volition responds with a conditioned reaction - sitting in attention, daydreaming or perhaps yawning. We can analyze all our personal experience in terms of the five aggregates. | + | In all our daily [[activities]], we can see how all the [[five aggregates]] work together to produce personal [[experience]]. At this very moment, for instance, there is [[contact]] between two [[elements]] of the [[aggregate]] of [[form]] - the [[sound]] of my {{Wiki|voice}} and your [[ears]]. Your [[consciousness]] becomes {{Wiki|aware}} of the [[sound]] of my {{Wiki|voice}}. Your [[aggregate]] of [[perception]] identifies the words that I am {{Wiki|speaking}}. Your [[aggregate]] of [[feeling]] responds with an [[emotional]] response - [[pleasure]], [[displeasure]] or [[indifference]]. Your [[aggregate]] of [[mental formation]] or [[volition]] responds with a [[conditioned]] {{Wiki|reaction}} - sitting in [[attention]], {{Wiki|daydreaming}} or perhaps yawning. We can analyze all our personal [[experience]] in terms of the [[five aggregates]]. |
− | There is one point that has to be remembered regarding the nature of the five aggregates, and that is that each and all of them are in constant change. The elements that constitute the aggregate of form are impermanent and are in a state of constant change. We discussed this last week - the body grows old, weak, sick and so forth. The things around us are also impermanent and change constantly. Our feelings too are constantly changing. We may respond today to a particular situation with a feeling of pleasure. To-morrow, we may respond to that same situation with the feeling of displeasure. Today we may perceive an object in a particular way. At a later time, under different circumstances, our perception will change. In semi-darkness we perceive a rope to be a snake. The moment the light of the torch falls upon that object, we perceive it to be a rope. So our perceptions like our feelings and like the material objects of our experience are ever changing and impermanent. So too, our mental formations are impermanent and ever-changing. We alter our habits. We can learn to be kind and compassionate. We can acquire the attitudes of renunciation and equanimity and so forth. Consciousness too is impermanent and constantly changing. Consciousness arises dependent upon an object and a sense organ. It cannot exist independently. As we have seen, all the physical and mental factors of our experience like our bodies, the physical objects around us, our minds and our ideas are impermanent and constantly changing. All these aggregates are constantly changing and impermanent. They are processes, not things. They are dynamic, not static. | + | There is one point that has to be remembered regarding the [[nature]] of the [[five aggregates]], and that is that each and all of them are in [[constant]] change. The [[elements]] that constitute the [[aggregate]] of [[form]] are [[impermanent]] and are in a state of [[constant]] change. We discussed this last week - the [[body]] grows old, weak, sick and so forth. The things around us are also [[impermanent]] and change constantly. Our [[feelings]] too are constantly changing. We may respond today to a particular situation with a [[feeling]] of [[pleasure]]. To-morrow, we may respond to that same situation with the [[feeling]] of [[displeasure]]. Today we may {{Wiki|perceive}} an [[object]] in a particular way. At a later [[time]], under different circumstances, our [[perception]] will change. In semi-darkness we {{Wiki|perceive}} a rope to be a [[snake]]. The moment the [[light]] of the torch falls upon that [[object]], we {{Wiki|perceive}} it to be a rope. So our [[perceptions]] like our [[feelings]] and like the material [[objects]] of our [[experience]] are ever changing and [[impermanent]]. So too, our [[mental formations]] are [[impermanent]] and ever-changing. We alter our [[habits]]. We can learn to be kind and [[compassionate]]. We can acquire the attitudes of [[renunciation]] and [[equanimity]] and so forth. [[Consciousness]] too is [[impermanent]] and constantly changing. [[Consciousness]] arises [[dependent upon]] an [[object]] and a [[sense organ]]. It cannot [[exist]] {{Wiki|independently}}. As we have seen, all the [[physical]] and [[mental factors]] of our [[experience]] like our [[bodies]], the [[physical]] [[objects]] around us, our [[minds]] and our [[ideas]] are [[impermanent]] and constantly changing. All these [[aggregates]] are constantly changing and [[impermanent]]. They are {{Wiki|processes}}, not things. They are dynamic, not static. |
− | What is the use of this analysis of personal experience in terms of the five aggregates? What is the use of this reduction of the apparent unity of personal experience into the various elements of form, feeling, perception, mental formation or volition, and consciousness? The purpose of this analysis is to create the wisdom of not-self. What we wish to achieve is to arrive at a way of experiencing the world which is not constructed upon and around the idea of a self. We want to see personal experience in terms of processes, in terms of impersonal functions rather than in terms of a self and what affects a self because this will create an attitude of equanimity, an attitude which will help us overcome the emotional disturbances of hope and fear. We hope for happiness, we fear pain. We hope for praise, we fear blame. We hope for gain, we fear loss. We hope for fame, we fear infamy. We live in a state of alternating between hope and fear. We experience these hopes and fears because we understand happiness and pain and so forth in terms of the self. We understand them as personal happiness and pain, as personal praise and blame, and so forth. But once we understand them in terms of impersonal processes, and once through this understanding we get rid of the idea of the self, we can overcome hope and fear. We can regard happiness and pain, praise and blame and all the rest with equanimity, with even-mindedness, and we will then no longer be subject to the imbalance of alternating between hope and fear. | + | What is the use of this analysis of personal [[experience]] in terms of the [[five aggregates]]? What is the use of this reduction of the apparent {{Wiki|unity}} of personal [[experience]] into the various [[elements]] of [[form]], [[feeling]], [[perception]], [[mental formation]] or [[volition]], and [[consciousness]]? The {{Wiki|purpose}} of this analysis is to create the [[wisdom]] of [[not-self]]. What we wish to achieve is to arrive at a way of experiencing the [[world]] which is not [[constructed]] upon and around the [[idea]] of a [[self]]. We want to see personal [[experience]] in terms of {{Wiki|processes}}, in terms of {{Wiki|impersonal}} functions rather than in terms of a [[self]] and what affects a [[self]] because this will create an [[attitude]] of [[equanimity]], an [[attitude]] which will help us overcome the [[emotional]] {{Wiki|disturbances}} of {{Wiki|hope}} and {{Wiki|fear}}. We {{Wiki|hope}} for [[happiness]], we {{Wiki|fear}} [[pain]]. We {{Wiki|hope}} for praise, we {{Wiki|fear}} blame. We {{Wiki|hope}} for gain, we {{Wiki|fear}} loss. We {{Wiki|hope}} for [[fame]], we {{Wiki|fear}} infamy. We [[live]] in a state of alternating between {{Wiki|hope}} and {{Wiki|fear}}. We [[experience]] these [[Wikipedia:Hope|hopes]] and {{Wiki|fears}} because we understand [[happiness]] and [[pain]] and so forth in terms of the [[self]]. We understand them as personal [[happiness]] and [[pain]], as personal praise and blame, and so forth. But once we understand them in terms of {{Wiki|impersonal}} {{Wiki|processes}}, and once through this [[understanding]] we get rid of the [[idea]] of the [[self]], we can overcome {{Wiki|hope}} and {{Wiki|fear}}. We can regard [[happiness]] and [[pain]], praise and blame and all the rest with [[equanimity]], with even-mindedness, and we will then no longer be [[subject]] to the imbalance of alternating between {{Wiki|hope}} and {{Wiki|fear}}. |
+ | </poem> | ||
{{R}} | {{R}} | ||
[http://www.buddhanet.net/funbud14.htm www.buddhanet.net] | [http://www.buddhanet.net/funbud14.htm www.buddhanet.net] | ||
− | + | [[Category:Aggregates]] | |
− | [[Category: | ||
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[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] | [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] |
Latest revision as of 01:18, 11 January 2015
The teaching of The Five Aggregates or The Five Skandhas, is an analysis of personal experiences and a view on cognition from a Buddhist perspective.
The teaching also provides a logical and thorough approach to understand the Universal Truth of Not-self. In the last issue's "Buddhism in a Nutshell", we conclude that self is just a convenient term for a collection of physical and mental personal experiences, such as feelings, ideas, thoughts, habits, attitude, etc. However, we should go on to analyse all our personal experiences in terms of The Five Aggregates. The Five Aggregates are:
Form
Sensation
Perception
Mental Formation
Consciousness
They are called aggregates as they work together to produce a mental being. As Heart Sutra says, Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva illuminates and sees the emptiness of the Five Skandhas.
Impermanence is one of the characteristics of emptiness. and the aggregates are also governed by the principle of impermanence. Therefore each of the aggregates is undergoing constant changes. Aggregates are not static things; they are dynamic processes.
By understanding the Five Skandhas, we attain the wisdom of not-self. The world we experience is not constructed upon and around the idea of a self, but through the impersonal processes. By getting rid of the idea of self, we can look at happiness and suffering, praise and blame, and all the rest with equanimity. In this way, we will be no longer subject to the imbalance of alternating hope and fear.
This is the last in the series of twelve sessions that we have spent together, and in this last session we are going to look at the teaching of the five aggregates (Skandhas): Rupa, Vedana, Samjna, Samskara and Vijnana. In other words, we are going to look at the Buddhist analysis of personal experience or the Buddhist analysis of the personality.
Throughout the last lectures, I have had occasions a number of times to make the point that Buddhist teachings have been found relevant to modern life and thought in the fields of science, psychology and so forth. Here, in regard to the analysis of personal experience into the five aggregates, this is also the case. Modern psychologists and psychiatrists have been particularly interested in this analysis. It has even been suggested that in the Abhidharma and in the analysis of personal experience into the five aggregates, we have a psychological equivalent to the table of elements worked out in modern science. What we have in the Buddhist analysis of personal experience is a very careful inventory and evaluation of the elements of our experience.
What we are going to do today is basically an extension and a refinement of what we were doing at the end of last week’s lecture. There, we spent some time on the teachings of impermanence, suffering and notself. In the course of looking at the teaching on not-self, we have explored briefly how the analysis of personal experience can be carried out along two lines, and that is with regard to the body, and with regard to the mind. You will recall that we have examined the body and mind to see whether in either of them we can locate the self, and we have found that the self is not to be found in either of them. We have concluded that the name ‘self’ is just a convenient term for a collection of physical and mental factors, in the same way that the name ‘forest’ is just a convenient term for a collection of trees. This week, we are going to take our analysis still further, and rather than looking at personal experience simply in terms of body and mind, we are going to analyze personal experience in terms of the five aggregates.
Let us first look at the aggregate of matter or form (Rupa). The aggregate of form corresponds to what we would call material or physical factors. It includes not only our own bodies, but also the material objects that surround us - the earth, the oceans, the trees, the buildings, and so forth. Specifically, the aggregate of form includes the five physical sense organs and the corresponding physical objects of the sense organs. These are the eyes and visible objects, the ears and sound, the nose and smell, the tongue and taste, and the skin and tangible objects.
But physical elements by themselves are not enough to produce experience. The simple contact between the eyes and visible objects, or between the ears and sound cannot result in experience without consciousness (Vijnana). The eyes can be in conjunction with the visible object indefinitely without producing experience. The ears too can be exposed to sound indefinitely without producing experience. Only the co-presence of consciousness together with the sense organ and the object of the sense organ produces experience. In other words, it is when the eyes, the visible object and consciousness come together that the experience of a visible object is produced. Consciousness is therefore an indispensable element in the production of experience.
Before we go on to our consideration of the mental factors of personal experience, I would like to mention briefly the existence of one more set of an organ and its object, and here I speak of the sixth-sense -the mind. This is in addition to the five physical sense organs - eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. Just as the five physical sense organs have their corresponding physical objects, the mind has for its object ideas or properties (dharmas). And as in the case of the five physical sense organs, consciousness is present to unite the mind and its object so as to produce experience.
Let us now look at the mental factors of experience and let us see if we can understand how consciousness turns the physical factors of experience into personal conscious experience. First of all, we must remember that consciousness is mere awareness, or mere sensitivity to an object. When the physical factors of experience, as for example the eyes and a visible object, come into contact, and when consciousness too becomes associated with the physical factors of experience, visual consciousness arises. This is mere awareness of a visible object, not anything like what we could call personal experience. The way that our personal experience is produced is through the functioning of the other three major mental factors of experience and they are the aggregate of feeling, the aggregate of perception and the aggregate of mental formation or volition. These three aggregates function to turn this mere awareness of the object into personal experience.
The aggregate of feeling or sensation (Vedana) is of three kinds - pleasant, unpleasant and indifferent. When an object is experienced, that experience takes on one of these emotional tones, either the tone of pleasure, or the tone of displeasure, or the tone of indifference.
Let us next look at the aggregate of perception (Samjna). This is an aggregate which many people find difficult to understand. When we speak of perception, we have in mind the activity of recognition, or identification. In a sense, we are talking about the attaching of a name to an object of experience. The function of perception is to turn an indefinite experience into an identified and recognized experience. Here, we are speaking of the formulation of a conception of an idea about a particular object. Just as with feeling where we have a emotional element in terms of pleasure, displeasure or indifference; with perception, we have a conceptual element in the sense of introducing a definite, determinate idea about the object of experience.
Finally, there is the aggregate of mental formation or volition (Samskara). This aggregate may be described as a conditioned response to the object of experience. In this sense, it partakes of the meaning of habit as well. We have spent some time discussing the component of mental formation when we considered the twelve components of dependent origination. You will remember that on that occasion, we described mental formation as the impression created by previous actions, the habit energy stored up from countless former lives. Here, as one of the five aggregates also, the aggregate of mental formation plays a similar role. But it has not only a static value, it also has a dynamic value because just as our reactions are conditioned by former deeds, so are our responses here and now motivated and directed in a particular way by our mental formation or volition. Mental formation or volition therefore has a moral dimension just as perception has a conceptual dimension, and feeling has a emotional dimension. You will notice I use the terms mental formation and volition together. This is because each of these terms represents one half of the meaning of Samskara - mental formation represents the half that comes from the past, and volition represents the half that functions here and now. So mental formation and volition function to determine our responses to the objects of experience and these responses have moral consequences in the sense of wholesome, unwholesome or neutral.
We can now see how the physical and mental factors of experience worked together to produce personal experience. To make this a little clearer, let us take the help of a couple of concrete examples. Let us say after today’s lecture you decide to take a walk in the garden. As you walk in the garden, your eyes come into contact with a visible object. As your attention focuses on that visible object, your consciousness becomes aware of visible object as yet indeterminate. Your aggregate of perception will identify that visible object as, let us say, a snake. Once that happens, you will respond to that visible object with the aggregate of feeling - the feeling of displeasure, or more specifically that of fear. Finally, you will react to that visible object with the aggregate of mental formation or volition, with the intentional action of perhaps running away or perhaps picking up a stone.
In all our daily activities, we can see how all the five aggregates work together to produce personal experience. At this very moment, for instance, there is contact between two elements of the aggregate of form - the sound of my voice and your ears. Your consciousness becomes aware of the sound of my voice. Your aggregate of perception identifies the words that I am speaking. Your aggregate of feeling responds with an emotional response - pleasure, displeasure or indifference. Your aggregate of mental formation or volition responds with a conditioned reaction - sitting in attention, daydreaming or perhaps yawning. We can analyze all our personal experience in terms of the five aggregates.
There is one point that has to be remembered regarding the nature of the five aggregates, and that is that each and all of them are in constant change. The elements that constitute the aggregate of form are impermanent and are in a state of constant change. We discussed this last week - the body grows old, weak, sick and so forth. The things around us are also impermanent and change constantly. Our feelings too are constantly changing. We may respond today to a particular situation with a feeling of pleasure. To-morrow, we may respond to that same situation with the feeling of displeasure. Today we may perceive an object in a particular way. At a later time, under different circumstances, our perception will change. In semi-darkness we perceive a rope to be a snake. The moment the light of the torch falls upon that object, we perceive it to be a rope. So our perceptions like our feelings and like the material objects of our experience are ever changing and impermanent. So too, our mental formations are impermanent and ever-changing. We alter our habits. We can learn to be kind and compassionate. We can acquire the attitudes of renunciation and equanimity and so forth. Consciousness too is impermanent and constantly changing. Consciousness arises dependent upon an object and a sense organ. It cannot exist independently. As we have seen, all the physical and mental factors of our experience like our bodies, the physical objects around us, our minds and our ideas are impermanent and constantly changing. All these aggregates are constantly changing and impermanent. They are processes, not things. They are dynamic, not static.
What is the use of this analysis of personal experience in terms of the five aggregates? What is the use of this reduction of the apparent unity of personal experience into the various elements of form, feeling, perception, mental formation or volition, and consciousness? The purpose of this analysis is to create the wisdom of not-self. What we wish to achieve is to arrive at a way of experiencing the world which is not constructed upon and around the idea of a self. We want to see personal experience in terms of processes, in terms of impersonal functions rather than in terms of a self and what affects a self because this will create an attitude of equanimity, an attitude which will help us overcome the emotional disturbances of hope and fear. We hope for happiness, we fear pain. We hope for praise, we fear blame. We hope for gain, we fear loss. We hope for fame, we fear infamy. We live in a state of alternating between hope and fear. We experience these hopes and fears because we understand happiness and pain and so forth in terms of the self. We understand them as personal happiness and pain, as personal praise and blame, and so forth. But once we understand them in terms of impersonal processes, and once through this understanding we get rid of the idea of the self, we can overcome hope and fear. We can regard happiness and pain, praise and blame and all the rest with equanimity, with even-mindedness, and we will then no longer be subject to the imbalance of alternating between hope and fear.