Difference between revisions of "Insight"
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− | [[Insight]] is the understanding of a specific [[cause and effect]] in a specific context. The term [[insight]] can have several related meanings: | + | [[Insight]] is the [[understanding]] of a specific [[cause and effect]] in a specific context. The term [[insight]] can have several related meanings: |
a piece of [[Information]] | a piece of [[Information]] | ||
− | the act or result of understanding the inner nature of things or of [[seeing]] intuitively in {{Wiki|Greek}} called noesis | + | the act or result of [[understanding]] the inner [[nature]] of things or of [[seeing]] intuitively in {{Wiki|Greek}} called noesis |
− | an introspection | + | an {{Wiki|introspection}} |
the [[Power]] of acute observation and deduction, [[penetration]], [[discernment]], [[Perception]] called intellection or noesis | the [[Power]] of acute observation and deduction, [[penetration]], [[discernment]], [[Perception]] called intellection or noesis | ||
− | an understanding of [[cause and effect]] based on identification of relationships and behaviors within a model, context, or scenario (see {{Wiki|artificial intelligence}}) | + | an [[understanding]] of [[cause and effect]] based on identification of relationships and behaviors within a model, context, or scenario (see {{Wiki|artificial intelligence}}) |
− | An [[insight]] that [[manifests]] itself suddenly, such as understanding how to solve a difficult problem, is sometimes called by the {{Wiki|German}} [[word]] Aha-Erlebnis. The term was coined by the {{Wiki|German}} {{Wiki|psychologist}} and {{Wiki|theoretical}} linguist Karl Bühler. It is also known as an epiphany. | + | An [[insight]] that [[manifests]] itself suddenly, such as [[understanding]] how to solve a difficult problem, is sometimes called by the {{Wiki|German}} [[word]] Aha-Erlebnis. The term was coined by the {{Wiki|German}} {{Wiki|psychologist}} and {{Wiki|theoretical}} linguist Karl Bühler. It is also known as an epiphany. |
[[Psychology]] | [[Psychology]] | ||
[[Representation]] of the Duncker Candle Problem. | [[Representation]] of the Duncker Candle Problem. | ||
− | In [[psychology]], [[insight]] occurs when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning. The [[phenomenon]] had its beginnings with {{Wiki|Gestalt Psychology}}, in the early part of the 20th century, during the search for an alternative to associationism and the associationistic [[view]] of {{Wiki|learning}}. Some proposed potential mechanisms for [[insight]] include: suddenly [[seeing]] the problem in a new way, connecting the problem to another relevant problem/solution pair, releasing past [[experiences]] that are blocking the solution, or [[seeing]] problem in a larger, coherent context. | + | In [[psychology]], [[insight]] occurs when a {{Wiki|solution}} to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning. The [[phenomenon]] had its beginnings with {{Wiki|Gestalt Psychology}}, in the early part of the 20th century, during the search for an alternative to associationism and the associationistic [[view]] of {{Wiki|learning}}. Some proposed potential mechanisms for [[insight]] include: suddenly [[seeing]] the problem in a new way, connecting the problem to another relevant problem/solution pair, releasing {{Wiki|past}} [[experiences]] that are blocking the {{Wiki|solution}}, or [[seeing]] problem in a larger, coherent context. |
− | {{Wiki|Problem solving}}: In search of solution {{Wiki|Problem solving}} refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable. Problems can be categorized into [[tree]] classes; one of which is a kind of sting problem that solves problems with a burst of [[insight]]. In [[psychology]], [[insight]] is referred to the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trial and [[ | + | {{Wiki|Problem solving}}: In search of {{Wiki|solution}} {{Wiki|Problem solving}} refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable. Problems can be categorized into [[tree]] classes; one of which is a kind of sting problem that solves problems with a burst of [[insight]]. In [[psychology]], [[insight]] is referred to the sudden discovery of the correct {{Wiki|solution}} following incorrect attempts based on trial and error |
− | + | [[Methods]] | |
Solution to the Nine Dot problem. | Solution to the Nine Dot problem. | ||
[[File:Mahamaya.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Mahamaya.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | Generally, methodological approaches to the study of [[insight]] in the laboratory involve presenting participants with problems and puzzles that cannot be solved in a conventional or [[logical]] [[manner]]. Problems of [[insight]] commonly fall into three types. | + | Generally, {{Wiki|methodological}} approaches to the study of [[insight]] in the laboratory involve presenting participants with problems and puzzles that cannot be solved in a [[Wikipedia:Convention (norm)|conventional]] or [[logical]] [[manner]]. Problems of [[insight]] commonly fall into three types. |
Breaking functional fixedness | Breaking functional fixedness | ||
− | + | Example of an RAT problem. | |
− | The first type of problem forces participants to use [[objects]] in a way they are not accustomed to (thus, breaking their functional fixedness), like the "Duncker candle problem". In the "Duncker candle problem", {{Wiki|individuals}} are given matches and a box of tacks and asked to find a way to attach a candle to the wall to [[Light]] the room. The solution requires the participants to [[empty]] the box of tacks, set the candle inside the box, tack the box to the wall, and [[Light]] the candle with the matches. | + | The first type of problem forces participants to use [[objects]] in a way they are not accustomed to (thus, breaking their functional fixedness), like the "Duncker candle problem". In the "Duncker candle problem", {{Wiki|individuals}} are given matches and a box of tacks and asked to find a way to attach a candle to the wall to [[Light]] the room. The {{Wiki|solution}} requires the participants to [[empty]] the box of tacks, set the candle inside the box, tack the box to the wall, and [[Light]] the candle with the matches. |
Spatial ability | Spatial ability | ||
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[[Insight]] versus non-insight problems | [[Insight]] versus non-insight problems | ||
− | Two clusters of problems, those solvable by [[insight]] and those not requiring [[insight]] to solve, have been observed. An individual’s [[cognitive]] [[Flexibility]], fluency, and vocabulary ability are predictive of performance on [[insight]] problems, but not on non-insight problems. In contrast, fluid [[intelligence]] is mildly predictive of performance on non-insight problems, but not on [[insight]] problems. | + | Two [[clusters]] of problems, those solvable by [[insight]] and those not requiring [[insight]] to solve, have been observed. An individual’s [[cognitive]] [[Flexibility]], fluency, and vocabulary ability are predictive of performance on [[insight]] problems, but not on non-insight problems. In contrast, fluid [[intelligence]] is mildly predictive of performance on non-insight problems, but not on [[insight]] problems. |
[[Emotion]] | [[Emotion]] | ||
[[File:2775.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:2775.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | [[People]] in a better mood are more likely to solve problems by [[insight]]. Research demonstrated that self-reported positive affect of participants uniquely increased [[insight]] before and during the solving of a problem, as indicated by differing {{Wiki|brain}} [[activity]] patterns. Interestingly, [[people]] experiencing [[anxiety]] showed the opposite effect, and solved less problems by [[insight]]. | + | [[People]] in a better [[mood]] are more likely to solve problems by [[insight]]. Research demonstrated that self-reported positive affect of participants uniquely increased [[insight]] before and during the solving of a problem, as indicated by differing {{Wiki|brain}} [[activity]] patterns. Interestingly, [[people]] experiencing [[anxiety]] showed the opposite effect, and solved less problems by [[insight]]. |
Incubation | Incubation | ||
− | Using a geometric and spatial [[insight]] problem, it was found that providing participants with breaks improved their performance as compared to participants who did not receive a break.However, the length of incubation between problems did not matter. Thus, participants' performance on [[insight]] problems improved just as much with a short break (4 minutes) as it did with a long break (12 minutes). | + | Using a geometric and spatial [[insight]] problem, it was found that providing participants with breaks improved their performance as compared to participants who did not receive a break.However, the length of incubation between problems did not [[matter]]. Thus, participants' performance on [[insight]] problems improved just as much with a short break (4 minutes) as it did with a long break (12 minutes). |
[[Sleep]] | [[Sleep]] | ||
− | Research has shown [[sleep]] to help produce [[insight]]. {{Wiki|Individuals}} were initially trained on [[insight]] problems. Following training, one group was tested on the [[insight]] problems after [[sleeping]] for eight hours at night, one group was tested after staying awake all night, and one group was tested after staying awake all day. Those that slept performed twice as well on the [[insight]] problems than those who stayed awake. | + | Research has shown [[sleep]] to help produce [[insight]]. {{Wiki|Individuals}} were initially trained on [[insight]] problems. Following {{Wiki|training}}, one group was tested on the [[insight]] problems after [[sleeping]] for eight hours at night, one group was tested after staying awake all night, and one group was tested after staying awake all day. Those that slept performed twice as well on the [[insight]] problems than those who stayed awake. |
In the {{Wiki|brain}} | In the {{Wiki|brain}} | ||
− | Differences in {{Wiki|brain}} activation in the left and | + | Differences in {{Wiki|brain}} activation in the left and right {{Wiki|hemisphere}} seem to be indicative of [[insight]] versus non-insight solutions. Using RAT’s that were either presented to the left or right [[visual]] field, it was shown that participants having solved the problem with [[insight]] were more likely to have been shown the RAT on the left [[visual]] field, indicating right {{Wiki|hemisphere}} processing. This provides {{Wiki|evidence}} that the right {{Wiki|hemisphere}} plays a unique role in [[insight]]. |
− | fMRI and EEG scans of participants completing RAT's demonstrated unique {{Wiki|brain}} [[activity]] corresponding to problems solved by [[insight]]. For one, there is high EEG [[activity]] in the alpha- and gamma-band about 300 milliseconds before participants indicated a solution to [[insight]] problems, but not to non-insight problems. Additionally, problems solved by [[insight]] corresponded to increased [[activity]] in the temporal lobes and mid-frontal cortex, while more [[activity]] in the posterior cortex corresponded to non-insight problems. The {{Wiki|data}} suggests there is something different occurring in the {{Wiki|brain}} when solving [[insight]] versus non-insight problems that happens | + | fMRI and {{Wiki|EEG}} scans of participants completing RAT's demonstrated unique {{Wiki|brain}} [[activity]] [[corresponding]] to problems solved by [[insight]]. For one, there is high {{Wiki|EEG}} [[activity]] in the alpha- and gamma-band about 300 milliseconds before participants indicated a {{Wiki|solution}} to [[insight]] problems, but not to non-insight problems. Additionally, problems solved by [[insight]] corresponded to increased [[activity]] in the {{Wiki|temporal}} lobes and mid-frontal cortex, while more [[activity]] in the posterior cortex corresponded to non-insight problems. The {{Wiki|data}} suggests there is something different occurring in the {{Wiki|brain}} when solving [[insight]] versus non-insight problems that happens right before the solving of the problem. |
− | See also: Eureka effect#Evidence for the Aha! effect in EEG studies | + | See also: Eureka effect#Evidence for the Aha! effect in {{Wiki|EEG}} studies |
Group [[insight]] | Group [[insight]] | ||
It was found that groups typically perform better on [[insight]] problems (in the [[Form]] of rebus puzzles with either helpful or unhelpful clues) than {{Wiki|individuals}}. | It was found that groups typically perform better on [[insight]] problems (in the [[Form]] of rebus puzzles with either helpful or unhelpful clues) than {{Wiki|individuals}}. | ||
− | + | Example of a rebus puzzle. Answer: man overboard. | |
[[File:5XiC1.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:5XiC1.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
Additionally, while incubation improves [[insight]] performance for {{Wiki|individuals}}, it improves [[insight]] performance for groups even more. Thus, after a 15-minute break, {{Wiki|individual}} performance improved for the rebus puzzles with unhelpful clues, and group performance improved for rebus puzzles with both unhelpful and helpful clues. | Additionally, while incubation improves [[insight]] performance for {{Wiki|individuals}}, it improves [[insight]] performance for groups even more. Thus, after a 15-minute break, {{Wiki|individual}} performance improved for the rebus puzzles with unhelpful clues, and group performance improved for rebus puzzles with both unhelpful and helpful clues. | ||
{{Wiki|Individual}} differences | {{Wiki|Individual}} differences | ||
− | [[Personality]] and [[Gender]], as they relate to performance on [[insight]] problems, was studied using a variety of [[insight]] problems. It was found that participants who ranked lower on emotionality and higher on [[openness]] to [[experience]] performed better on [[insight]] problems. Interestingly, men outperformed women on [[insight]] problems, and women outperformed men on non-insight problems. | + | [[Personality]] and [[Gender]], as they relate to performance on [[insight]] problems, was studied using a variety of [[insight]] problems. It was found that participants who ranked lower on [[emotionality]] and higher on [[openness]] to [[experience]] performed better on [[insight]] problems. Interestingly, men outperformed women on [[insight]] problems, and women outperformed men on non-insight problems. |
− | Higher [[intelligence]] (higher {{Wiki|IQ}}) has also been found to be associated with better performance on [[insight]] problems. However, those of lower [[intelligence]] benefit more than those of higher [[intelligence]] from [[being]] provided with cues and hints for [[insight]] problems. | + | Higher [[intelligence]] (higher {{Wiki|IQ}}) has also been found to be associated with better performance on [[insight]] problems. However, those of lower [[intelligence]] [[benefit]] more than those of higher [[intelligence]] from [[being]] provided with cues and hints for [[insight]] problems. |
{{Wiki|Metacognition}} | {{Wiki|Metacognition}} | ||
− | {{Wiki|Individuals}} are poorer at predicting their own {{Wiki|metacognition}} for [[insight]] problems, than for non-insight problems. {{Wiki|Individuals}} were asked to indicate how "[[hot]]" or "cold" to a solution they felt. Generally, they were able to predict this fairly well for non-insight problems, but not for [[insight]] problems. This provides {{Wiki|evidence}} for the suddenness involved during [[insight]]. | + | {{Wiki|Individuals}} are poorer at predicting their [[own]] {{Wiki|metacognition}} for [[insight]] problems, than for non-insight problems. {{Wiki|Individuals}} were asked to indicate how "[[hot]]" or "cold" to a {{Wiki|solution}} they felt. Generally, they were able to predict this fairly well for non-insight problems, but not for [[insight]] problems. This provides {{Wiki|evidence}} for the suddenness involved during [[insight]]. |
{{Wiki|Naturalistic}} settings | {{Wiki|Naturalistic}} settings | ||
− | Recently, [[insight]] was studied in a non-laboratory setting. Accounts of [[insight]] that have been reported in the media, such as in interviews, etc., were examined and coded. It was found that insights that occur in the field are typically reported to be associated with a sudden "[[ | + | Recently, [[insight]] was studied in a non-laboratory setting. Accounts of [[insight]] that have been reported in the media, such as in interviews, etc., were examined and coded. It was found that [[insights]] that occur in the field are typically reported to be associated with a sudden "change in [[understanding]]" and with "[[seeing]] connections and contradictions" in the problem. Interestingly, it was also found that [[insight]] in [[nature]] differed from [[insight]] in the laboratory. For example, [[insight]] in [[nature]] was often rather [[gradual]], not sudden, and incubation was not as important. |
[[Animals]] | [[Animals]] | ||
− | Studies on primate [[cognition]] have provided {{Wiki|evidence}} of what may be interpreted as [[insight]] in [[Animals]]. In 1917, Wolfgang Köhler published the highly influential [[book]] The [[Mentality]] of Apes, having studied primates on the island of Tenerife for six years. In one of his experiments, apes were presented with an [[insight]] problem that required the use of [[objects]] in new and original ways, in [[order]] to win a prize (usually, some kind of [[Food]]). He observed that the [[Animals]] would continuously fail to get the [[Food]], and this process occurred for quite some [[time]]; however, rather suddenly, they would purposefully use [[the object]] in the way needed to get the [[Food]], as if the [[realization]] had occurred out of nowhere. He interpreted this {{Wiki|behavior}} as something resembling [[insight]] in apes. | + | Studies on primate [[cognition]] have provided {{Wiki|evidence}} of what may be interpreted as [[insight]] in [[Animals]]. In 1917, Wolfgang Köhler published the highly influential [[book]] The [[Mentality]] of Apes, having studied primates on the [[island]] of Tenerife for six years. In one of his experiments, apes were presented with an [[insight]] problem that required the use of [[objects]] in new and original ways, in [[order]] to win a prize (usually, some kind of [[Food]]). He observed that the [[Animals]] would continuously fail to get the [[Food]], and this process occurred for quite some [[time]]; however, rather suddenly, they would purposefully use [[the object]] in the way needed to get the [[Food]], as if the [[realization]] had occurred out of nowhere. He interpreted this {{Wiki|behavior}} as something resembling [[insight]] in apes. |
Theories | Theories | ||
− | There are a number of theories representing [[insight]]; at present, no one {{Wiki|theory}} dominates interpretation. | + | There are a number of theories representing [[insight]]; at {{Wiki|present}}, no one {{Wiki|theory}} {{Wiki|dominates}} [[interpretation]]. |
− | + | Dual process {{Wiki|theory}} | |
[[File:Imag4242es.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Imag4242es.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | According to the | + | According to the dual process {{Wiki|theory}}, there are two systems used to solve problems. The first involves [[logical]] and analytical [[Thought]] {{Wiki|processes}} based on [[reason]], while the second involves intuitive and automatic {{Wiki|processes}} based on [[experience]]. Research has demonstrated that [[insight]] probably involves both {{Wiki|processes}}; however, the second process is more influential. |
Three-process {{Wiki|theory}} | Three-process {{Wiki|theory}} | ||
− | According to the three-process {{Wiki|theory}}, [[intelligence]] plays a large role in [[insight]]. Specifically, [[insight]] involves three different processes (selective encoding, combination, and | + | According to the three-process {{Wiki|theory}}, [[intelligence]] plays a large role in [[insight]]. Specifically, [[insight]] involves three different {{Wiki|processes}} (selective encoding, combination, and comparison), which require [[intelligence]] to apply to problems. Selective encoding is the process of focusing [[attention]] on [[ideas]] relevant to a {{Wiki|solution}}, while ignoring {{Wiki|features}} that are irrelevant. Selective combination is the process of [[combining]] the [[Information]] previously deemed relevant. Finally, selective comparison is the use of {{Wiki|past}} [[experience]] with problems and solutions that are applicable to the current problem and {{Wiki|solution}}. |
Four-stage model | Four-stage model | ||
− | According to the four-stage model of [[insight]], there are four stages to {{Wiki|problem solving}}. First, the {{Wiki|individual}} prepares to solve a problem. Second, the {{Wiki|individual}} incubates on the problem, which encompasses trial-and-error, etc. Third, the [[insight]] occurs, and the solution is [[illuminated]]. Finally, the verification of the solution to the problem is experienced.Since this model was proposed, other similar models have been explored that contain two or three similar stages. | + | According to the four-stage model of [[insight]], there are four stages to {{Wiki|problem solving}}. First, the {{Wiki|individual}} prepares to solve a problem. Second, the {{Wiki|individual}} incubates on the problem, which encompasses trial-and-error, etc. Third, the [[insight]] occurs, and the {{Wiki|solution}} is [[illuminated]]. Finally, the verification of the {{Wiki|solution}} to the problem is experienced.Since this model was proposed, other similar models have been explored that contain two or three similar stages. |
− | Psychiatry | + | [[Psychiatry]] |
See also: Egodystonic, Egosyntonic, [[Self-awareness]], and Prodrome | See also: Egodystonic, Egosyntonic, [[Self-awareness]], and Prodrome | ||
− | In [[psychology]] and psychiatry, [[insight]] can mean the ability to [[recognize]] one's own [[Mental]] illness. This [[Form]] of [[insight]] has multiple dimensions, such as [[recognizing]] the need for treatment, and [[recognizing]] consequences of one's {{Wiki|behavior}} as stemming from an illness. A [[person]] with very poor [[recognition]] or [[acknowledgment]] is referred to as having "poor [[insight]]" or "lack of [[insight]]". The most extreme [[Form]] is anosognosia, the total absence of [[insight]] into one's own [[Mental]] illness. Many [[Mental]] illnesses are associated with varying levels of [[insight]]. For | + | In [[psychology]] and [[psychiatry]], [[insight]] can mean the ability to [[recognize]] one's [[own]] [[Mental]] {{Wiki|illness}}. This [[Form]] of [[insight]] has multiple {{Wiki|dimensions}}, such as [[recognizing]] the need for treatment, and [[recognizing]] {{Wiki|consequences}} of one's {{Wiki|behavior}} as stemming from an {{Wiki|illness}}. A [[person]] with very poor [[recognition]] or [[acknowledgment]] is referred to as having "poor [[insight]]" or "lack of [[insight]]". The most extreme [[Form]] is anosognosia, the total absence of [[insight]] into one's [[own]] [[Mental]] {{Wiki|illness}}. Many [[Mental]] [[illnesses]] are associated with varying levels of [[insight]]. For example, [[people]] with obsessive compulsive disorder and various phobias tend to have relatively good [[insight]] that they have a problem and that their [[thoughts]] and/or [[actions]] are unreasonable, yet are compelled to carry out the [[thoughts]] and [[actions]] regardless. Patients with Alzheimer's {{Wiki|disease}}, [[schizophrenia]], and various psychotic [[conditions]] tend to have very poor [[awareness]] that anything is wrong with them. |
[[File:4536.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:4536.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | "[[Insight]]" can also refer to other matters in [[psychology]]; {{Wiki|problem solving}} {{Wiki|behavior}} requiring [[insight]] is [[ | + | "[[Insight]]" can also refer to other matters in [[psychology]]; {{Wiki|problem solving}} {{Wiki|behavior}} requiring [[insight]] is the [[subject]] of [[insight]] {{Wiki|phenomenology}}. |
− | An [[insight]] is the derivation of a rule which links [[cause]] with effect. The [[Mind]] is a model of the [[Universe]] built up from insights. | + | An [[insight]] is the derivation of a {{Wiki|rule}} which links [[cause]] with effect. The [[Mind]] is a model of the [[Universe]] built up from [[insights]]. |
[[Thoughts]] of the [[Mind]] fall into two categories: | [[Thoughts]] of the [[Mind]] fall into two categories: | ||
− | Analysis of past [[experience]] with the purpose of gaining [[insight]] for use within this model at a later date | + | {{Wiki|Analysis}} of {{Wiki|past}} [[experience]] with the {{Wiki|purpose}} of gaining [[insight]] for use within this model at a later date |
− | Simulations of future scenarios using [[existing]] insights in the [[Mind]] model in [[order]] to predict outcomes | + | Simulations of {{Wiki|future}} scenarios using [[existing]] [[insights]] in the [[Mind]] model in [[order]] to predict outcomes |
− | A mature [[Mind]] has assimilated many insights and represents a sophisticated model of the [[Universe]]. The [[Mind]]-model might be inaccurate. When [[insight]] is not subordinate to a validation [[discipline]] like the '[[scientific method]]', 'fallacious' [[Thinking]] can result in a confused [[Mind]]. | + | A mature [[Mind]] has assimilated many [[insights]] and represents a sophisticated model of the [[Universe]]. The [[Mind]]-model might be inaccurate. When [[insight]] is not subordinate to a validation [[discipline]] like the '[[scientific method]]', 'fallacious' [[Thinking]] can result in a confused [[Mind]]. |
− | Intuition, which is often described in the popular {{Wiki|literature}} as an alternative [[Thought]] process, is merely another [[manifestation]] of [[insight]]. In this process, multiple bits of seemingly unrelated {{Wiki|data}} are linked together and a {{Wiki|hypothesis}} or plan of [[action]] is generated. Usually this process is generated in a novel situation. Such a circumstance links {{Wiki|data}} which had previously seemed unrelated. The categories and analytical process, however, are not {{Wiki|distinct}} from any other [[Form]] of [[insight]]. The only [[difference]] is the degree of novelty of the stimulus. | + | {{Wiki|Intuition}}, which is often described in the popular {{Wiki|literature}} as an alternative [[Thought]] process, is merely another [[manifestation]] of [[insight]]. In this process, multiple bits of seemingly unrelated {{Wiki|data}} are linked together and a {{Wiki|hypothesis}} or plan of [[action]] is generated. Usually this process is generated in a {{Wiki|novel}} situation. Such a circumstance links {{Wiki|data}} which had previously seemed unrelated. The categories and analytical process, however, are not {{Wiki|distinct}} from any other [[Form]] of [[insight]]. The only [[difference]] is the {{Wiki|degree}} of novelty of the {{Wiki|stimulus}}. |
[[Religion]] | [[Religion]] | ||
Line 104: | Line 104: | ||
Marketing | Marketing | ||
− | Pat Conroy, points out that an [[insight]] is a statement based on a deep understanding of your target consumers' attitudes and [[beliefs]], which connect at an [[emotional]] level with your consumer, provoking a clear response (This brand [[understands]] me! That is exactly how I [[feel]]! — even if they've never [[Thought]] about it quite like that) which, when leveraged, has the [[Power]] to | + | Pat Conroy, points out that an [[insight]] is a statement based on a deep [[understanding]] of your target consumers' attitudes and [[beliefs]], which connect at an [[emotional]] level with your consumer, provoking a clear response (This brand [[understands]] me! That is exactly how I [[feel]]! — even if they've never [[Thought]] about it quite like that) which, when leveraged, has the [[Power]] to change consumer {{Wiki|behavior}}. [[Insights]] must affect a change in consumer {{Wiki|behavior}} that benefits your brand, leading to the [[achievement]] of the marketing [[objective]]. |
− | Insights can be based on: | + | [[Insights]] can be based on: |
{{Wiki|Real}} or [[perceived]] weakness to be exploited in competitive product performance or value | {{Wiki|Real}} or [[perceived]] weakness to be exploited in competitive product performance or value | ||
Line 112: | Line 112: | ||
Untapped or compelling [[belief]] or practice | Untapped or compelling [[belief]] or practice | ||
− | Insights are most effective when they are/do one of the following: | + | [[Insights]] are most effective when they are/do one of the following: |
Unexpected | Unexpected | ||
Create a disequilibrium | Create a disequilibrium | ||
− | + | Change momentum | |
− | Exploited via a benefit or point of [[difference]] that your brand can deliver | + | Exploited via a [[benefit]] or point of [[difference]] that your brand can deliver |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
{{W}} | {{W}} | ||
[[Category:Buddhist Terms]] | [[Category:Buddhist Terms]] | ||
[[Category:Insight]] | [[Category:Insight]] |
Latest revision as of 20:37, 27 March 2023
Insight is the understanding of a specific cause and effect in a specific context. The term insight can have several related meanings:
a piece of Information
the act or result of understanding the inner nature of things or of seeing intuitively in Greek called noesis
an introspection
the Power of acute observation and deduction, penetration, discernment, Perception called intellection or noesis
an understanding of cause and effect based on identification of relationships and behaviors within a model, context, or scenario (see artificial intelligence)
An insight that manifests itself suddenly, such as understanding how to solve a difficult problem, is sometimes called by the German word Aha-Erlebnis. The term was coined by the German psychologist and theoretical linguist Karl Bühler. It is also known as an epiphany.
Psychology
Representation of the Duncker Candle Problem.
In psychology, insight occurs when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning. The phenomenon had its beginnings with Gestalt Psychology, in the early part of the 20th century, during the search for an alternative to associationism and the associationistic view of learning. Some proposed potential mechanisms for insight include: suddenly seeing the problem in a new way, connecting the problem to another relevant problem/solution pair, releasing past experiences that are blocking the solution, or seeing problem in a larger, coherent context.
Problem solving: In search of solution Problem solving refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable. Problems can be categorized into tree classes; one of which is a kind of sting problem that solves problems with a burst of insight. In psychology, insight is referred to the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trial and error
Methods
Solution to the Nine Dot problem.
Generally, methodological approaches to the study of insight in the laboratory involve presenting participants with problems and puzzles that cannot be solved in a conventional or logical manner. Problems of insight commonly fall into three types.
Breaking functional fixedness
Example of an RAT problem.
The first type of problem forces participants to use objects in a way they are not accustomed to (thus, breaking their functional fixedness), like the "Duncker candle problem". In the "Duncker candle problem", individuals are given matches and a box of tacks and asked to find a way to attach a candle to the wall to Light the room. The solution requires the participants to empty the box of tacks, set the candle inside the box, tack the box to the wall, and Light the candle with the matches.
Spatial ability
The second type of insight problem requires spatial ability to solve, like the "Nine-dot Problem". The famous "Nine-dot problem" requires participants to draw four lines, through nine dots, without picking their pencil up.
Using verbal ability
The third and final type of problem requires verbal ability to solve, like the Remote Associates Test. (RAT In the RAT, individuals must think of a word that connects three, seemingly unrelated, words. RAT are often used in experiments, because they can be solved both with and without insight.
Specific results
Insight versus non-insight problems
Two clusters of problems, those solvable by insight and those not requiring insight to solve, have been observed. An individual’s cognitive Flexibility, fluency, and vocabulary ability are predictive of performance on insight problems, but not on non-insight problems. In contrast, fluid intelligence is mildly predictive of performance on non-insight problems, but not on insight problems.
Emotion
People in a better mood are more likely to solve problems by insight. Research demonstrated that self-reported positive affect of participants uniquely increased insight before and during the solving of a problem, as indicated by differing brain activity patterns. Interestingly, people experiencing anxiety showed the opposite effect, and solved less problems by insight.
Incubation
Using a geometric and spatial insight problem, it was found that providing participants with breaks improved their performance as compared to participants who did not receive a break.However, the length of incubation between problems did not matter. Thus, participants' performance on insight problems improved just as much with a short break (4 minutes) as it did with a long break (12 minutes).
Sleep
Research has shown sleep to help produce insight. Individuals were initially trained on insight problems. Following training, one group was tested on the insight problems after sleeping for eight hours at night, one group was tested after staying awake all night, and one group was tested after staying awake all day. Those that slept performed twice as well on the insight problems than those who stayed awake.
In the brain
Differences in brain activation in the left and right hemisphere seem to be indicative of insight versus non-insight solutions. Using RAT’s that were either presented to the left or right visual field, it was shown that participants having solved the problem with insight were more likely to have been shown the RAT on the left visual field, indicating right hemisphere processing. This provides evidence that the right hemisphere plays a unique role in insight.
fMRI and EEG scans of participants completing RAT's demonstrated unique brain activity corresponding to problems solved by insight. For one, there is high EEG activity in the alpha- and gamma-band about 300 milliseconds before participants indicated a solution to insight problems, but not to non-insight problems. Additionally, problems solved by insight corresponded to increased activity in the temporal lobes and mid-frontal cortex, while more activity in the posterior cortex corresponded to non-insight problems. The data suggests there is something different occurring in the brain when solving insight versus non-insight problems that happens right before the solving of the problem.
See also: Eureka effect#Evidence for the Aha! effect in EEG studies
Group insight
It was found that groups typically perform better on insight problems (in the Form of rebus puzzles with either helpful or unhelpful clues) than individuals.
Example of a rebus puzzle. Answer: man overboard.
Additionally, while incubation improves insight performance for individuals, it improves insight performance for groups even more. Thus, after a 15-minute break, individual performance improved for the rebus puzzles with unhelpful clues, and group performance improved for rebus puzzles with both unhelpful and helpful clues.
Individual differences
Personality and Gender, as they relate to performance on insight problems, was studied using a variety of insight problems. It was found that participants who ranked lower on emotionality and higher on openness to experience performed better on insight problems. Interestingly, men outperformed women on insight problems, and women outperformed men on non-insight problems.
Higher intelligence (higher IQ) has also been found to be associated with better performance on insight problems. However, those of lower intelligence benefit more than those of higher intelligence from being provided with cues and hints for insight problems.
Metacognition
Individuals are poorer at predicting their own metacognition for insight problems, than for non-insight problems. Individuals were asked to indicate how "hot" or "cold" to a solution they felt. Generally, they were able to predict this fairly well for non-insight problems, but not for insight problems. This provides evidence for the suddenness involved during insight.
Naturalistic settings
Recently, insight was studied in a non-laboratory setting. Accounts of insight that have been reported in the media, such as in interviews, etc., were examined and coded. It was found that insights that occur in the field are typically reported to be associated with a sudden "change in understanding" and with "seeing connections and contradictions" in the problem. Interestingly, it was also found that insight in nature differed from insight in the laboratory. For example, insight in nature was often rather gradual, not sudden, and incubation was not as important.
Animals
Studies on primate cognition have provided evidence of what may be interpreted as insight in Animals. In 1917, Wolfgang Köhler published the highly influential book The Mentality of Apes, having studied primates on the island of Tenerife for six years. In one of his experiments, apes were presented with an insight problem that required the use of objects in new and original ways, in order to win a prize (usually, some kind of Food). He observed that the Animals would continuously fail to get the Food, and this process occurred for quite some time; however, rather suddenly, they would purposefully use the object in the way needed to get the Food, as if the realization had occurred out of nowhere. He interpreted this behavior as something resembling insight in apes.
Theories
There are a number of theories representing insight; at present, no one theory dominates interpretation.
Dual process theory
According to the dual process theory, there are two systems used to solve problems. The first involves logical and analytical Thought processes based on reason, while the second involves intuitive and automatic processes based on experience. Research has demonstrated that insight probably involves both processes; however, the second process is more influential.
Three-process theory
According to the three-process theory, intelligence plays a large role in insight. Specifically, insight involves three different processes (selective encoding, combination, and comparison), which require intelligence to apply to problems. Selective encoding is the process of focusing attention on ideas relevant to a solution, while ignoring features that are irrelevant. Selective combination is the process of combining the Information previously deemed relevant. Finally, selective comparison is the use of past experience with problems and solutions that are applicable to the current problem and solution.
Four-stage model
According to the four-stage model of insight, there are four stages to problem solving. First, the individual prepares to solve a problem. Second, the individual incubates on the problem, which encompasses trial-and-error, etc. Third, the insight occurs, and the solution is illuminated. Finally, the verification of the solution to the problem is experienced.Since this model was proposed, other similar models have been explored that contain two or three similar stages.
Psychiatry
See also: Egodystonic, Egosyntonic, Self-awareness, and Prodrome
In psychology and psychiatry, insight can mean the ability to recognize one's own Mental illness. This Form of insight has multiple dimensions, such as recognizing the need for treatment, and recognizing consequences of one's behavior as stemming from an illness. A person with very poor recognition or acknowledgment is referred to as having "poor insight" or "lack of insight". The most extreme Form is anosognosia, the total absence of insight into one's own Mental illness. Many Mental illnesses are associated with varying levels of insight. For example, people with obsessive compulsive disorder and various phobias tend to have relatively good insight that they have a problem and that their thoughts and/or actions are unreasonable, yet are compelled to carry out the thoughts and actions regardless. Patients with Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and various psychotic conditions tend to have very poor awareness that anything is wrong with them.
"Insight" can also refer to other matters in psychology; problem solving behavior requiring insight is the subject of insight phenomenology.
An insight is the derivation of a rule which links cause with effect. The Mind is a model of the Universe built up from insights.
Thoughts of the Mind fall into two categories:
Analysis of past experience with the purpose of gaining insight for use within this model at a later date
Simulations of future scenarios using existing insights in the Mind model in order to predict outcomes
A mature Mind has assimilated many insights and represents a sophisticated model of the Universe. The Mind-model might be inaccurate. When insight is not subordinate to a validation discipline like the 'scientific method', 'fallacious' Thinking can result in a confused Mind.
Intuition, which is often described in the popular literature as an alternative Thought process, is merely another manifestation of insight. In this process, multiple bits of seemingly unrelated data are linked together and a hypothesis or plan of action is generated. Usually this process is generated in a novel situation. Such a circumstance links data which had previously seemed unrelated. The categories and analytical process, however, are not distinct from any other Form of insight. The only difference is the degree of novelty of the stimulus.
Religion
The Pali word for "insight" is vipassana, which has been adopted as the name of a kind of Buddhist Mindfulness Meditation. Recent research indicates that Mindfulness Meditation does facilitate solving of insight problems with dosage of 20 minutes.
Marketing
Pat Conroy, points out that an insight is a statement based on a deep understanding of your target consumers' attitudes and beliefs, which connect at an emotional level with your consumer, provoking a clear response (This brand understands me! That is exactly how I feel! — even if they've never Thought about it quite like that) which, when leveraged, has the Power to change consumer behavior. Insights must affect a change in consumer behavior that benefits your brand, leading to the achievement of the marketing objective.
Insights can be based on:
Real or perceived weakness to be exploited in competitive product performance or value
Attitudinal or perceived barrier in the minds of consumers, regarding your brand
Untapped or compelling belief or practice
Insights are most effective when they are/do one of the following:
Unexpected
Create a disequilibrium
Change momentum
Exploited via a benefit or point of difference that your brand can deliver