Difference between revisions of "Ashoka the Great"
m (Text replacement - "Christianity" to "{{Wiki|Christianity}}") |
|||
(11 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
− | + | {{RandomImages1}} | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | ===Early Life as Emperor=== | + | |
+ | '''[[Ashoka]] {{Wiki|Maurya}}''' ([[Devanāgarī]]: अशोक, IAST: [[Aśoka]], IPA: [aˈɕoːkə], ca. 304–232 BC), commonly known as '''[[Ashoka]]''' and also as '''[[Ashoka the Great]]''', was an [[Indian]] [[emperor]] of the {{Wiki|Maurya}} [[Dynasty]] who ruled almost all of the [[Indian]] subcontinent from ca. 269 BC to 232 BC. One of [[India]]'s greatest {{Wiki|emperors}}, [[Ashoka]] reigned over most of present-day [[India]] after a number of {{Wiki|military}} conquests. His [[empire]] stretched from the [[Hindu]] Kush [[mountains]] in {{Wiki|Afghanistan}} to present-day {{Wiki|Bangladesh}} and the [[Indian]] [[state]] of {{Wiki|Assam}} in the {{Wiki|east}}, and as far {{Wiki|south}} as northern {{Wiki|Kerala}} and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He conquered the {{Wiki|kingdom}} named [[Kalinga]], which none of his {{Wiki|ancestors}} had conquered starting from [[Chandragupta]] {{Wiki|Maurya}}. His reign was headquartered in [[Magadha]] (present-day {{Wiki|Bihar}}). He embraced [[Buddhism]] after witnessing the {{Wiki|mass}} [[deaths]] of the [[Kalinga]] [[War]], which he himself had waged out of a [[desire]] for conquest. He was later dedicated to the [[propagation]] of [[Buddhism]] across {{Wiki|Asia}} and established monuments marking several significant sites in the [[Life]] of [[Gautama Buddha]]. [[Ashoka]] was a [[devotee]] of [[Ahimsa]] ([[nonviolence]]), [[Love]], [[truth]], [[tolerance]] and [[vegetarianism]]. [[Ashoka]] is remembered in {{Wiki|history}} as a {{Wiki|philanthropic}} administrator. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the {{Wiki|history}} of [[India]], [[Ashoka]] is referred to as ''Samraat [[Chakravartin]] [[Ashoka]]'' – the "[[Emperor]] of {{Wiki|Emperors}} [[Ashoka]]". His [[name]] "[[Aśoka]]" means "painless, without [[sorrow]]" in [[Sanskrit]] (the ''a'' privativum and ''śoka'' "[[pain]], {{Wiki|distress}}"). In his {{Wiki|edicts}}, he is referred to as ''Devānāmpriya'' ([[Pali]] ''Devānaṃpiya'' or "The Beloved Of The [[Gods]]"), and ''Priyadarśin'' ([[Pali]] ''Piyadasī'' or "He who regards everyone with {{Wiki|affection}}"). | ||
+ | |||
+ | Along with the Edicts of [[Ashoka]], his legend is related in the later 2nd-century ''[[Ashokavadana|Aśokāvadāna]]'' ("''{{Wiki|Narrative}} of [[Asoka]]''") and ''[[Divyavadana|Divyāvadāna]]'' ("''[[Divine]] {{Wiki|narrative}}''"), and in the [[Sri Lankan]] text ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' ("''[[Great]] Chronicle''"). | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Ashoka]] played a critical role in helping make [[Buddhism]] a [[world]] [[religion]]. As the peace-loving [[ruler]] of one of the world's largest, richest and most {{Wiki|powerful}} multi-ethnic states, he is considered an exemplary [[ruler]], who tried to put into practice a {{Wiki|secular}} [[state]] [[ethic]] of [[non-violence]]. The {{Wiki|emblem}} of the {{Wiki|modern}} {{Wiki|Republic}} of [[India]] is an [[adaptation]] of the [[Lion]] {{Wiki|Capital}} of [[Ashoka]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | =={{Wiki|Biography}}== | ||
+ | ===Early [[Life]]=== | ||
+ | [[Ashoka]] was born to the {{Wiki|Mauryan}} [[emperor]] {{Wiki|Bindusara}} and his {{Wiki|queen}}, [[Dharmā]] [or [[Dhammā]]). He was the grandson of [[Chandragupta]] {{Wiki|Maurya}}, founder of {{Wiki|Mauryan}} {{Wiki|dynasty}}. Ashokāvadāna states that his mother was a {{Wiki|queen}} named Subhadrangī, the daughter of [[Champa]] of Telangana. {{Wiki|Queen}} Subhadrangī was a [[Brahmin]] of the [[Ajivika]] [[sect]]. [[Sage]] [[Pilindavatsa]] (aias Janasana) was a kalupaga [[Brahmin]] of the [[Ajivika]] [[sect]] had found Subhadrangī as a suitable match for [[Emperor]] {{Wiki|Bindusara}}. A palace intrigue kept her away from the [[king]]. This eventually ended, and she bore a son. It is from her exclamation "I am now without [[sorrow]]", that [[Ashoka]] got his [[name]]. The [[Divyāvadāna]] tells a similar story, but gives the [[name]] of the {{Wiki|queen}} as [[Janapadakalyānī]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Ashoka]] had several elder siblings, all of whom were his half-brothers from other wives of {{Wiki|Bindusāra}}. | ||
+ | |||
+ | He had been given the {{Wiki|royal}} {{Wiki|military}} {{Wiki|training}} [[knowledge]]. He was a fearsome {{Wiki|hunter}}, and according to a legend, killed a [[lion]] with just a wooden rod. He was very adventurous and a trained fighter, who was known for his skills with the sword. Because of his reputation as a frightening [[warrior]] and a heartless {{Wiki|general}}, he was sent to curb the riots in the [[Avanti]] province of the {{Wiki|Mauryan empire}}. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Rise to [[Power]]=== | ||
+ | [[File:Maurya Dynasty in 265 BCE.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Maurya Empire]] at the age of [[Ashoka]]. The [[empire]] stretched from {{Wiki|Afghanistan}} to Bangladesh/Assam and from {{Wiki|Central Asia}} ({{Wiki|Afghanistan}}) to {{Wiki|Tamil}} Nadu/South [[India]].]] | ||
+ | The [[Divyavadana]] talks of [[Ashoka]] putting down a revolt due to [[activities]] of wicked ministers. This may have been an incident in Bindusara's times. aranatha's account states that [[Chanakya]], one of Bindusara's great [[lords]], destroyed the [[nobles]] and [[kings]] of 16 towns and made himself the [[master]] of all territory between the eastern and the {{Wiki|western}} seas. Some {{Wiki|historians}} consider this as an indication of Bindusara's conquest of the [[Deccan]] while others consider it as suppression of a revolt. Following this, [[Ashoka]] was stationed at [[Ujjayini]] as governor. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bindusara's [[Death]] in 273 BC led to a [[war]] over succession. According to Divyavandana, {{Wiki|Bindusara}} wanted his son Sushim to succeed him but [[Ashoka]] was supported by his father's ministers. A [[minister]] named [[Radhagupta]] seems to have played an important role. [[Ashoka]] managed to become the [[king]] by getting rid of the legitimate heir to the [[throne]], by tricking him into entering a pit filled with [[live]] coals. The Dipavansa and [[Mahavansa]] refer to [[Ashoka]] {{Wiki|killing}} 99 of his brothers, sparing only one, named [[Tissa]], although there is no clear [[proof]] about this incident. The {{Wiki|coronation}} happened in 269 BC, four years after his succession to the [[throne]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Early [[Life]] as [[Emperor]]=== | ||
[[File:Asoka's Queen.jpg|thumb|Asoka's Queen]] | [[File:Asoka's Queen.jpg|thumb|Asoka's Queen]] | ||
− | Ashoka is said to have been of a wicked nature and bad temper. He submitted his ministers to a test of loyalty and had 500 of them killed. He also kept a harem of around 500 women. When a few of these women insulted him, he had the whole lot of them burnt to [[Death]]. He also built hell on earth, an elaborate and horrific torture chamber. This torture chamber earned him the name of [[Chanda]] Ashoka (Sanskrit), meaning Ashoka the Fierce. | + | [[Ashoka]] is said to have been of a wicked {{Wiki|nature}} and bad temper. He submitted his ministers to a test of loyalty and had 500 of them killed. He also kept a {{Wiki|harem}} of around 500 women. When a few of these women insulted him, he had the whole lot of them burnt to [[Death]]. He also built [[hell]] on [[earth]], an elaborate and horrific torture chamber. This torture chamber earned him the [[name]] of [[Chanda]] [[Ashoka]] ([[Sanskrit]]), [[meaning]] [[Ashoka]] the Fierce. |
− | Ascending the throne, Ashoka expanded his empire over the next eight years, from the present-day boundaries and regions of Burma–Bangladesh and the state of Assam in [[India]] in the east to the territory of present-day Iran / Persia and Afghanistan in the west; from the Pamir Knots in the north almost to the peninsular of southern [[India]] (i.e. Tamil Nadu / Andhra Pradesh). | + | Ascending the [[throne]], [[Ashoka]] expanded his [[empire]] over the next eight years, from the present-day [[boundaries]] and regions of Burma–Bangladesh and the [[state]] of {{Wiki|Assam}} in [[India]] in the {{Wiki|east}} to the territory of present-day {{Wiki|Iran}} / {{Wiki|Persia}} and {{Wiki|Afghanistan}} in the {{Wiki|west}}; from the {{Wiki|Pamir}} Knots in the {{Wiki|north}} almost to the peninsular of southern [[India]] (i.e. {{Wiki|Tamil}} [[Nadu]] / [[Andhra Pradesh]]). |
− | ===Conquest of Kalinga=== | + | ===Conquest of [[Kalinga]]=== |
− | While the early part of Ashoka's reign was apparently quite bloodthirsty, he became a follower of The [[Buddha]]'s teaching after his conquest of Kalinga on the east coast of [[India]] in the present-day states of Orissa and North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Kalinga was a state that prided itself on its sovereignty and democracy. With its monarchical parliamentary democracy it was quite an exception in ancient Bharata where there existed the concept of Rajdharma. Rajdharma means the duty of the rulers, which was intrinsically entwined with the concept of bravery and Kshatriya [[Dharma]]. The Kalinga War happened eight years after his coronation. From his 13th inscription, we come to know that the battle was a massive one and caused the deaths of more than 100,000 soldiers and many civilians who rose up in defense; over 150,000 were deported. When he was walking through the grounds of Kalinga after his conquest, rejoicing in his victory, he was moved by the number of bodies strewn there and the wails of the kith and kin of the dead. | + | While the early part of [[Ashoka's]] reign was apparently quite bloodthirsty, he became a follower of The [[Buddha]]'s [[teaching]] after his conquest of [[Kalinga]] on the {{Wiki|east}} coast of [[India]] in the present-day states of {{Wiki|Orissa}} and {{Wiki|North}} Coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]]. [[Kalinga]] was a [[state]] that prided itself on its {{Wiki|sovereignty}} and {{Wiki|democracy}}. With its monarchical parliamentary {{Wiki|democracy}} it was quite an exception in {{Wiki|ancient}} [[Wikipedia:Bharata (emperor)|Bharata]] where there existed the {{Wiki|concept}} of Rajdharma. Rajdharma means the [[duty]] of the rulers, which was intrinsically {{Wikidictionary|entwined}} with the {{Wiki|concept}} of [[bravery]] and [[Kshatriya]] [[Dharma]]. The [[Kalinga]] [[War]] happened eight years after his {{Wiki|coronation}}. From his 13th inscription, we come to know that the {{Wiki|battle}} was a massive one and [[caused]] the [[deaths]] of more than 100,000 soldiers and many civilians who rose up in defense; over 150,000 were deported. When he was walking through the grounds of [[Kalinga]] after his conquest, [[rejoicing]] in his victory, he was moved by the number of [[bodies]] strewn there and the wails of the kith and kin of the [[dead]]. |
− | ===Buddhist Conversion=== | + | ===[[Buddhist]] [[Conversion]]=== |
− | [[File:AshokStambhaThailand.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A similar four "Indian lion" Lion Capital of Ashoka atop an intact Ashoka Pillar at Wat U Mong near Chiang Mai, Thailand showing another larger [[Dharma]] Chakra / [[Ashoka Chakra]] atop the four lions thought to be missing in the Lion Capital of Ashoka at [[Sarnath]] Museum which has been adopted as the National Emblem of [[India]].]] | + | [[File:AshokStambhaThailand.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A similar four "Indian lion" Lion Capital of Ashoka atop an intact Ashoka Pillar at Wat U Mong near Chiang Mai, Thailand showing another larger [[Dharma]] [[Chakra]] / [[Ashoka Chakra]] atop the four [[lions]] [[thought]] to be missing in the [[Lion]] {{Wiki|Capital}} of [[Ashoka]] at [[Sarnath]] Museum which has been adopted as the National Emblem of [[India]].]] |
− | As the legend goes, one day after the war was over, Ashoka ventured out to roam the city and all he could see were burnt houses and scattered corpses. This sight made him sick and he cried the famous monologue: | + | As the legend goes, one day after the [[war]] was over, [[Ashoka]] ventured out to roam the city and all he could see were burnt houses and scattered [[corpses]]. This [[sight]] made him sick and he cried the famous monologue: |
− | :''What have I done? If this is a victory, what's a defeat then? Is this a victory or a defeat? Is this justice or injustice? Is it gallantry or a rout? Is it valor to kill innocent children and women? Do I do it to widen the empire and for prosperity or to destroy the other's kingdom and splendor? One has lost her husband, someone else a father, someone a child, someone an unborn infant.... What's this debris of the corpses? Are these marks of victory or defeat? Are these vultures, crows, eagles the messengers of [[Death]] or [[Evil]]? '' | + | :''What have I done? If this is a victory, what's a defeat then? Is this a victory or a defeat? Is this justice or injustice? Is it gallantry or a rout? Is it valor to kill innocent children and women? Do I do it to widen the [[empire]] and for {{Wiki|prosperity}} or to destroy the other's {{Wiki|kingdom}} and splendor? One has lost her husband, someone else a father, someone a child, someone an {{Wiki|unborn}} {{Wiki|infant}}.... What's this debris of the [[corpses]]? Are these marks of victory or defeat? Are these vultures, [[crows]], eagles the [[messengers]] of [[Death]] or [[Evil]]? '' |
− | The brutality of the conquest led him to adopt Buddhism, and he used his position to propagate the relatively new religion to new heights, as far as ancient Rome and Egypt. He made Buddhism his state religion around 260 BC, and propagated it and preached it within his domain and worldwide from about 250 BC. | + | The brutality of the conquest led him to adopt [[Buddhism]], and he used his position to propagate the relatively new [[religion]] to new heights, as far as {{Wiki|ancient}} {{Wiki|Rome}} and {{Wiki|Egypt}}. He made [[Buddhism]] his [[state]] [[religion]] around 260 BC, and propagated it and {{Wiki|preached}} it within his domain and worldwide from about 250 BC. |
− | "Who professed and favoured Buddhism, much as the Roman Emperor Constantine did {{Wiki|{{Wiki|Christianity}}}} six centuries later" | + | "Who professed and favoured [[Buddhism]], much as the {{Wiki|Roman}} [[Emperor]] Constantine did {{Wiki|{{Wiki|Christianity}}}} six centuries later" |
− | Emperor Ashoka undoubtedly has to be credited with the first serious attempt to develop a Buddhist policy. | + | [[Emperor]] [[Ashoka]] undoubtedly has to be credited with the first serious attempt to develop a [[Buddhist]] policy. |
[[File:Asokanpillar1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Ashokan Pillar at Vaishali]] | [[File:Asokanpillar1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Ashokan Pillar at Vaishali]] | ||
− | Prominent in this cause were his son [[Venerable]] Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitra (whose name means "friend of [[The Sangha]]"), who established Buddhism in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). He built thousands of Stupas and Viharas for Buddhist followers. The Stupas of Sanchi are world famous and the [[Stupa]] named Sanchi [[Stupa]] was built by Emperor Ashoka. During the remaining portion of Ashoka's reign, he pursued an official policy of nonviolence ([[Ahimsa]]). Even the unnecessary slaughter or mutilation of [[Animals]] was immediately abolished. Everyone became protected by the king's law against sport [[Hunting]] and branding. Limited [[Hunting]] was permitted for consumption reasons but Ashoka also promoted the concept of vegetarianism. Ashoka also showed mercy to those imprisoned, allowing them leave for the outside a day of the year. He attempted to raise the professional ambition of the common man by building universities for study, and water transit and irrigation systems for trade and agriculture. He treated his subjects as equals regardless of their religion, politics and [[Caste]]. The kingdoms surrounding his, so easily overthrown, were instead made to be well-respected allies. | + | Prominent in this [[cause]] were his son [[Venerable]] [[Mahinda]] and daughter [[Sanghamitra]] (whose [[name]] means "[[friend]] of [[The Sangha]]"), who established [[Buddhism]] in [[Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]). He built thousands of [[Stupas]] and [[Viharas]] for [[Buddhist]] followers. The [[Stupas]] of [[Sanchi]] are [[world]] famous and the [[Stupa]] named [[Sanchi]] [[Stupa]] was built by [[Emperor]] [[Ashoka]]. During the remaining portion of [[Ashoka's]] reign, he pursued an official policy of [[nonviolence]] ([[Ahimsa]]). Even the unnecessary slaughter or mutilation of [[Animals]] was immediately abolished. Everyone became protected by the king's law against sport [[Hunting]] and branding. Limited [[Hunting]] was permitted for consumption [[reasons]] but [[Ashoka]] also promoted the {{Wiki|concept}} of [[vegetarianism]]. [[Ashoka]] also showed [[mercy]] to those imprisoned, allowing them leave for the outside a day of the year. He attempted to raise the professional [[ambition]] of the common man by building [[universities]] for study, and [[water]] transit and irrigation systems for trade and {{Wiki|agriculture}}. He treated his [[subjects]] as equals regardless of their [[religion]], {{Wiki|politics}} and [[Caste]]. The {{Wiki|kingdoms}} surrounding his, so easily overthrown, were instead made to be well-respected allies. |
− | He is acclaimed for constructing hospitals for [[Animals]] and renovating major roads throughout [[India]]. After this transformation, Ashoka came to be known as Dhammashoka (Sanskrit), meaning Ashoka, the follower of [[Dharma]]. Ashoka defined the main principles of [[Dharma]] ([[Dhamma]]) as nonviolence, tolerance of all sects and opinions, obedience to parents, respect for the Brahmans and other religious teachers and priests, liberality towards friends, humane treatment of servants, and [[Generosity]] towards all. These principles suggest a general ethic of behaviour to which no religious or social group could object. | + | He is acclaimed for constructing hospitals for [[Animals]] and renovating major roads throughout [[India]]. After this [[transformation]], [[Ashoka]] came to be known as [[Dhammashoka]] ([[Sanskrit]]), [[meaning]] [[Ashoka]], the follower of [[Dharma]]. [[Ashoka]] defined the main {{Wiki|principles}} of [[Dharma]] ([[Dhamma]]) as [[nonviolence]], [[tolerance]] of all sects and opinions, {{Wiki|obedience}} to [[parents]], [[respect]] for the [[Brahmans]] and other [[religious]] [[teachers]] and {{Wiki|priests}}, liberality towards friends, humane treatment of servants, and [[Generosity]] towards all. These {{Wiki|principles}} suggest a {{Wiki|general}} [[ethic]] of {{Wiki|behaviour}} to which no [[religious]] or {{Wiki|social}} group could [[object]]. |
− | Some critics say that Ashoka was afraid of more wars, but among his neighbors, including the Seleucid Empire and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom established by Diodotus I, none could match his strength. He was a contemporary of both Antiochus I Soter and his successor Antiochus II Theos of the Seleucid dynasty as well as Diodotus I and his son Diodotus II of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. If his inscriptions and edicts are well studied one finds that he was familiar with the Hellenic world but never in awe of it. His edicts, which talk of friendly relations, give the names of both Antiochus of the Seleucid empire and Ptolemy III of Egypt. The [[Fame]] of the Mauryan empire was widespread from the time that Ashoka's grandfather Chandragupta Maurya defeated Seleucus Nicator, the founder of the Seleucid Dynasty. | + | Some critics say that [[Ashoka]] was afraid of more [[wars]], but among his neighbors, [[including]] the Seleucid [[Empire]] and the {{Wiki|Greco-Bactrian}} {{Wiki|kingdom}} established by Diodotus I, none could match his strength. He was a contemporary of both Antiochus I Soter and his successor Antiochus II [[Theos]] of the Seleucid {{Wiki|dynasty}} as well as Diodotus I and his son Diodotus II of the {{Wiki|Greco-Bactrian}} {{Wiki|kingdom}}. If his {{Wiki|inscriptions}} and {{Wiki|edicts}} are well studied one finds that he was familiar with the [[Hellenic]] [[world]] but never in awe of it. His {{Wiki|edicts}}, which talk of friendly relations, give the names of both Antiochus of the Seleucid [[empire]] and {{Wiki|Ptolemy}} III of {{Wiki|Egypt}}. The [[Fame]] of the {{Wiki|Mauryan empire}} was widespread from the [[time]] that [[Ashoka's]] grandfather [[Chandragupta]] {{Wiki|Maurya}} defeated Seleucus Nicator, the founder of the Seleucid [[Dynasty]]. |
[[File:Sanchi2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Stupa of [[Sanchi]].]] | [[File:Sanchi2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Stupa of [[Sanchi]].]] | ||
− | The source of much of our knowledge of Ashoka is the many inscriptions he had carved on pillars and rocks throughout the empire. All his inscriptions have the imperial touch and show compassionate loving. He addressed his people as his "children". These inscriptions promoted Buddhist morality and encouraged nonviolence and adherence to [[Dharma]] (duty or proper behavior), and they talk of his [[Fame]] and conquered lands as well as the neighboring kingdoms holding up his might. One also gets some primary information about the Kalinga War and Ashoka's allies plus some useful knowledge on the civil administration. The Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath is the most popular of the relics left by Ashoka. Made of sandstone, this pillar records the visit of the emperor to [[Sarnath]], in the 3rd century BC. It has a four-lion capital (four lions standing back to back) which was adopted as the emblem of the modern Indian republic. The lion symbolizes both Ashoka's imperial rule and the kingship of The [[Buddha]]. In translating these monuments, historians learn the bulk of what is assumed to have been true fact of the Mauryan Empire. It is difficult to determine whether or not some actual events ever happened, but the stone etchings clearly depict how Ashoka wanted to be thought of and remembered. | + | The source of much of our [[knowledge]] of [[Ashoka]] is the many {{Wiki|inscriptions}} he had carved on pillars and rocks throughout the [[empire]]. All his {{Wiki|inscriptions}} have the {{Wiki|imperial}} {{Wiki|touch}} and show [[compassionate]] [[loving]]. He addressed his [[people]] as his "children". These {{Wiki|inscriptions}} promoted [[Buddhist]] [[morality]] and encouraged [[nonviolence]] and adherence to [[Dharma]] ([[duty]] or [[proper behavior]]), and they talk of his [[Fame]] and conquered lands as well as the neighboring {{Wiki|kingdoms}} [[holding]] up his might. One also gets some [[primary]] [[information]] about the [[Kalinga]] [[War]] and [[Ashoka's]] allies plus some useful [[knowledge]] on the civil administration. The [[Ashoka Pillar]] at [[Sarnath]] is the most popular of the [[relics]] left by [[Ashoka]]. Made of sandstone, this pillar records the visit of the [[emperor]] to [[Sarnath]], in the 3rd century BC. It has a four-lion {{Wiki|capital}} (four [[lions]] [[standing]] back to back) which was adopted as the {{Wiki|emblem}} of the {{Wiki|modern}} [[Indian]] {{Wiki|republic}}. The [[lion]] [[symbolizes]] both [[Ashoka's]] {{Wiki|imperial}} {{Wiki|rule}} and the [[kingship]] of The [[Buddha]]. In translating these monuments, {{Wiki|historians}} learn the bulk of what is assumed to have been true fact of the {{Wiki|Mauryan Empire}}. It is difficult to determine whether or not some actual events ever happened, but the stone etchings clearly depict how [[Ashoka]] wanted to be [[thought]] of and remembered. |
− | Ashoka's own words as known from his Edicts are: | + | [[Ashoka's]] [[own]] words as known from his Edicts are: |
− | :"All men are my children. I am like a father to them. As every father desires the good and the [[Happiness]] of his children, I wish that all men should be happy always." Edward D'Cruz interprets the Ashokan [[Dharma]] as a "religion to be used as a symbol of a new imperial unity and a cementing force to weld the diverse and heterogeneous elements of the empire". | + | :"All men are my children. I am like a father to them. As every father [[desires]] the good and the [[Happiness]] of his children, I wish that all men should be [[happy]] always." Edward D'Cruz interprets the [[Ashokan]] [[Dharma]] as a "[[religion]] to be used as a [[symbol]] of a new {{Wiki|imperial}} {{Wiki|unity}} and a cementing force to weld the diverse and {{Wiki|heterogeneous}} [[elements]] of the [[empire]]". |
− | Also, in the Edicts, Ashoka mentions that some of the people living in Hellenic countries as converts to Buddhism, although no Hellenic historical record of this event remain: | + | Also, in the Edicts, [[Ashoka]] mentions that some of the [[people]] living in [[Hellenic]] countries as converts to [[Buddhism]], although no [[Hellenic]] historical record of this event remain: |
− | :Now it is conquest by [[Dhamma]] (which conquest means peaceful [[Conversion]], not military conquest) that Beloved-of-the-Gods considers to be the best conquest. And it (conquest by [[Dhamma]]) has been won here, on the borders, even six hundred yojanas away, where the Greek king Antiochos rules, beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy, Antigonos, Magas and Alexander rule, likewise in the south among the Cholas, the Pandyas, and as far as Tamraparni. Here in the king's domain among the [[Greeks]], the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in [[Dhamma]]. Even where Beloved-of-the-Gods' envoys have not been, these people too, having heard of the practice of [[Dhamma]] and the ordinances and instructions in [[Dhamma]] given by Beloved-of-the-Gods, are following it and will continue to do so.<br/> -Edicts of Ashoka, Rock Edict (S. Dhammika) | + | :Now it is conquest by [[Dhamma]] (which conquest means [[peaceful]] [[Conversion]], not {{Wiki|military}} conquest) that Beloved-of-the-Gods considers to be the best conquest. And it (conquest by [[Dhamma]]) has been won here, on the borders, even six hundred [[yojanas]] away, where the {{Wiki|Greek}} [[king]] Antiochos {{Wiki|rules}}, [[beyond]] there where the [[four kings]] named {{Wiki|Ptolemy}}, Antigonos, Magas and [[Alexander]] {{Wiki|rule}}, likewise in the {{Wiki|south}} among the [[Cholas]], the Pandyas, and as far as Tamraparni. Here in the king's domain among the [[Greeks]], the [[Kambojas]], the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the [[Bhojas]], the Pitinikas, the {{Wiki|Andhras}} and the Palidas, everywhere [[people]] are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in [[Dhamma]]. Even where Beloved-of-the-Gods' envoys have not been, these [[people]] too, having [[heard]] of the practice of [[Dhamma]] and the ordinances and instructions in [[Dhamma]] given by Beloved-of-the-Gods, are following it and will continue to do so.<br/> -Edicts of [[Ashoka]], Rock {{Wiki|Edict}} (S. [[Dhammika]]) |
− | Ashoka also claims that he encouraged the development of herbal medicine, for human and nonhuman [[Animals]], in their territories: | + | [[Ashoka]] also claims that he encouraged the [[development]] of herbal [[medicine]], for [[human]] and {{Wiki|nonhuman}} [[Animals]], in their territories: |
− | :Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's [Ashoka's] domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satiyaputras, the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni and where the Greek king Antiochos rules, and among the kings who are neighbours of Antiochos, everywhere has Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, made provision for two types of medical treatment: medical treatment for humans and medical treatment for [[Animals]]. Wherever medical herbs suitable for humans or [[Animals]] are not available, I have had them imported and grown. Wherever medical roots or fruits are not available I have had them imported and grown. Along roads I have had wells dug and trees planted for the benefit of humans and [[Animals]]. | + | :Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, [[King]] Piyadasi's ([[Ashoka's]]) domain, and among the [[people]] [[beyond]] the borders, the [[Cholas]], the Pandyas, the Satiyaputras, the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni and where the {{Wiki|Greek}} [[king]] Antiochos {{Wiki|rules}}, and among the [[kings]] who are neighbours of Antiochos, everywhere has Beloved-of-the-Gods, [[King]] [[Piyadasi]], made provision for two types of {{Wiki|medical}} treatment: {{Wiki|medical}} treatment for [[humans]] and {{Wiki|medical}} treatment for [[Animals]]. Wherever {{Wiki|medical}} herbs suitable for [[humans]] or [[Animals]] are not available, I have had them imported and grown. Wherever {{Wiki|medical}} [[roots]] or [[fruits]] are not available I have had them imported and grown. Along roads I have had wells dug and [[trees]] planted for the {{Wiki|benefit}} of [[humans]] and [[Animals]]. |
− | ::-Edicts of Ashoka,Rock Edict | + | ::-Edicts of Ashoka,Rock {{Wiki|Edict}} |
− | The [[Greeks]] in [[India]] even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as Dharmaraksita, are described in Pali sources as leading Greek (Yona) Buddhist monks, active in spreading Buddhism (the Mahavamsa, XII). | + | The [[Greeks]] in [[India]] even seem to have played an active role in the [[propagation]] of [[Buddhism]], as some of the emissaries of [[Ashoka]], such as [[Dharmaraksita]], are described in [[Pali]] sources as leading {{Wiki|Greek}} ([[Yona]]) [[Buddhist]] [[monks]], active in spreading [[Buddhism]] (the [[Mahavamsa]], XII). |
− | Because he banned [[Hunting]], created many veterinary clinics and eliminated meat eating on many holidays, the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka has been described as "one of the very few instances in world history of a government treating its [[Animals]] as citizens who are as deserving of its protection as the human residents" | + | Because he banned [[Hunting]], created many veterinary clinics and eliminated meat eating on many holidays, the {{Wiki|Mauryan Empire}} under [[Ashoka]] has been described as "one of the very few instances in [[world]] {{Wiki|history}} of a government treating its [[Animals]] as citizens who are as deserving of its [[protection]] as the [[human]] residents" |
− | ===Death and legacy=== | + | ===[[Death]] and legacy=== |
[[Image:Ashoka Rock Edict at Junagadh.jpg|thumb|The Junagadh rock contains inscriptions by Ashoka (fourteen of the Edicts of Ashoka), Rudradaman I and Skandagupta.]] | [[Image:Ashoka Rock Edict at Junagadh.jpg|thumb|The Junagadh rock contains inscriptions by Ashoka (fourteen of the Edicts of Ashoka), Rudradaman I and Skandagupta.]] | ||
− | Ashoka ruled for an estimated forty years. After his [[Death]], the Mauryan dynasty lasted just fifty more years. Ashoka had many wives and children, but many of their names are lost to time. [[Mahinda|Mahindra]] and Sanghamitra were twins born by his first wife, Devi, in the city of Ujjain. He had entrusted to them the job of making his state religion, Buddhism, more popular across the known and the unknown world. [[Mahinda|Mahindra]] and Sanghamitra went into Sri Lanka and converted the King, the Queen and their people to Buddhism. They were naturally not handling state affairs after him. | + | [[Ashoka]] ruled for an estimated forty years. After his [[Death]], the {{Wiki|Mauryan}} {{Wiki|dynasty}} lasted just fifty more years. [[Ashoka]] had many wives and children, but many of their names are lost to [[time]]. [[Mahinda|Mahindra]] and [[Sanghamitra]] were twins born by his first wife, [[Devi]], in the city of [[Ujjain]]. He had entrusted to them the job of making his [[state]] [[religion]], [[Buddhism]], more popular across the known and the unknown [[world]]. [[Mahinda|Mahindra]] and [[Sanghamitra]] went into [[Sri Lanka]] and converted the [[King]], the {{Wiki|Queen}} and their [[people]] to [[Buddhism]]. They were naturally not handling [[state]] affairs after him. |
− | In his old age, he seems to have come under the spell of his youngest wife Tishyaraksha. It is said that she had got his son Kunala, the regent in Takshashila, blinded by a wily stratagem. The official executioners spared Kunala and he became a wandering singer accompanied by his favourite wife Kanchanmala. In Pataliputra, Ashoka hears Kunala's song, and realizes that Kunala's misfortune may have been a punishment for some past sin of the emperor himself and condemns Tishyaraksha to [[Death]], restoring Kunala to the court. Kunala was succeeded by his son, Samprati, but his rule did not last long after Ashoka's [[Death]]. | + | In his [[old age]], he seems to have come under the spell of his youngest wife [[Tishyaraksha]]. It is said that she had got his son [[Kunala]], the {{Wiki|regent}} in {{Wiki|Takshashila}}, blinded by a wily stratagem. The official executioners spared [[Kunala]] and he became a wandering singer accompanied by his favourite wife [[Kanchanmala]]. In [[Pataliputra]], [[Ashoka]] hears [[Kunala's]] song, and realizes that [[Kunala's]] misfortune may have been a {{Wiki|punishment}} for some {{Wiki|past}} [[sin]] of the [[emperor]] himself and condemns [[Tishyaraksha]] to [[Death]], restoring [[Kunala]] to the court. [[Kunala]] was succeeded by his son, [[Samprati]], but his {{Wiki|rule}} did not last long after [[Ashoka's]] [[Death]]. |
− | The reign of Ashoka Maurya could easily have disappeared into history as the ages passed by, and would have had he not left behind a record of his trials. The testimony of this wise king was discovered in the form of magnificently sculpted pillars and boulders with a variety of actions and teachings he wished to be published etched into the stone. What Ashoka left behind was the first written [[Language]] in [[India]] since the ancient city of Harappa. The [[Language]] used for inscription was the then current spoken form called Prakrit. | + | The reign of [[Ashoka]] {{Wiki|Maurya}} could easily have disappeared into {{Wiki|history}} as the ages passed by, and would have had he not left behind a record of his trials. The testimony of this [[wise]] [[king]] was discovered in the [[form]] of magnificently sculpted pillars and boulders with a variety of [[actions]] and teachings he wished to be published etched into the stone. What [[Ashoka]] left behind was the first written [[Language]] in [[India]] since the {{Wiki|ancient}} city of {{Wiki|Harappa}}. The [[Language]] used for inscription was the then current spoken [[form]] called {{Wiki|Prakrit}}. |
− | In the year 185 BC, about fifty years after Ashoka's [[Death]], the last Maurya ruler, Brhadrata, was assassinated by the commander-in-chief of the Mauryan armed forces, Pusyamitra Sunga, while he was taking the Guard of Honor of his forces. Pusyamitra Sunga founded the Sunga dynasty (185 BC-78 BC) and ruled just a fragmented part of the Mauryan Empire. Many of the northwestern territories of the Mauryan Empire (modern-day Afghanistan and Northern Pakistan) became the Indo-Greek Kingdom. | + | In the year 185 BC, about fifty years after [[Ashoka's]] [[Death]], the last {{Wiki|Maurya}} [[ruler]], {{Wiki|Brhadrata}}, was assassinated by the commander-in-chief of the {{Wiki|Mauryan}} armed forces, [[Pusyamitra Sunga]], while he was taking the {{Wiki|Guard}} of {{Wiki|Honor}} of his forces. [[Pusyamitra Sunga]] founded the [[Sunga]] {{Wiki|dynasty}} (185 BC-78 BC) and ruled just a fragmented part of the {{Wiki|Mauryan Empire}}. Many of the northwestern territories of the {{Wiki|Mauryan Empire}} (modern-day {{Wiki|Afghanistan}} and [[Northern]] {{Wiki|Pakistan}}) became the {{Wiki|Indo-Greek}} {{Wiki|Kingdom}}. |
− | In 1992, Ashoka was ranked #53 on Michael H. Hart's The 100|list of the most influential figures in history. In 2001, a semi-fictionalized portrayal of Ashoka's [[Life]] was produced as a motion picture under the title ''Asoka''. | + | In 1992, [[Ashoka]] was ranked #53 on Michael H. Hart's The 100|list of the most influential figures in {{Wiki|history}}. In 2001, a semi-fictionalized portrayal of [[Ashoka's]] [[Life]] was produced as a {{Wiki|motion}} picture under the title ''[[Asoka]]''. |
− | King Ashoka, the third monarch of the Indian Mauryan dynasty, has come to be regarded as one of the most exemplary rulers in world history. The British historian H.G. Wells has written: "Amidst the tens of thousands of names of monarchs that crowd the columns of history, their majesties and graciousnesses and serenities and royal highnesses and the like, the name of Asoka shines, and shines, almost alone, a star." | + | [[King Ashoka]], the third {{Wiki|monarch}} of the [[Indian]] {{Wiki|Mauryan}} {{Wiki|dynasty}}, has come to be regarded as one of the most exemplary rulers in [[world]] {{Wiki|history}}. The {{Wiki|British}} historian H.G. Wells has written: "Amidst the tens of thousands of names of monarchs that crowd the columns of {{Wiki|history}}, their majesties and graciousnesses and serenities and {{Wiki|royal}} highnesses and the like, the [[name]] of [[Asoka]] shines, and shines, almost alone, a {{Wiki|star}}." |
− | ====Buddhist kingship==== | + | ====[[Buddhist]] [[kingship]]==== |
− | One of the more enduring legacies of Ashoka Maurya was the model that he provided for the relationship between Buddhism and the state. Throughout [[Theravada]] Southeastern Asia, the model of rulership embodied by Ashoka replaced the notion of divine kingship that had previously dominated (in the Angkor kingdom, for instance). Under this model of 'Buddhist kingship', the king sought to legitimize his rule not through descent from a divine source, but by supporting and earning the approval of the Buddhist ''[[Sangha]]''. Following Ashoka's example, kings established monasteries, funded the construction of stupas, and supported the ordination of monks in their kingdom. Many rulers also took an active role in resolving disputes over the status and regulation of [[The Sangha]], as Ashoka had in calling a conclave to settle a number of contentious issues during his reign. This development ultimately lead to a close association in many Southeast Asian countries between the monarchy and the religious hierarchy, an association that can still be seen today in the state-supported [[Buddhism in Thailand|Buddhism of Thailand]] and the traditional role of the Thai king as both a religious and secular leader. Ashoka also said that all his courtiers were true to their self and always governed the people in a moral manner. | + | One of the more enduring legacies of [[Ashoka]] {{Wiki|Maurya}} was the model that he provided for the relationship between [[Buddhism]] and the [[state]]. Throughout [[Theravada]] Southeastern {{Wiki|Asia}}, the model of rulership [[embodied]] by [[Ashoka]] replaced the notion of [[divine]] [[kingship]] that had previously dominated (in the [[Angkor]] {{Wiki|kingdom}}, for instance). Under this model of '[[Buddhist]] [[kingship]]', the [[king]] sought to legitimize his {{Wiki|rule}} not through descent from a [[divine]] source, but by supporting and earning the approval of the [[Buddhist]] ''[[Sangha]]''. Following [[Ashoka's]] example, [[kings]] established [[monasteries]], funded the construction of [[stupas]], and supported the [[ordination]] of [[monks]] in their {{Wiki|kingdom}}. Many rulers also took an active role in resolving [[disputes]] over the {{Wiki|status}} and regulation of [[The Sangha]], as [[Ashoka]] had in calling a conclave to settle a number of contentious issues during his reign. This [[development]] ultimately lead to a close association in many {{Wiki|Southeast}} {{Wiki|Asian}} countries between the [[monarchy]] and the [[religious]] {{Wiki|hierarchy}}, an association that can still be seen today in the state-supported [[Buddhism in Thailand|Buddhism of Thailand]] and the [[traditional]] role of the [[Thai]] [[king]] as both a [[religious]] and {{Wiki|secular}} leader. [[Ashoka]] also said that all his courtiers were true to their [[self]] and always governed the [[people]] in a [[moral]] [[manner]]. |
==Historical sources== | ==Historical sources== | ||
− | ===Western sources=== | + | ==={{Wiki|Western}} sources=== |
− | Ashoka was almost forgotten by the historians of the early British [[India]], but James Prinsep contributed in the revelation of historical sources. Another important historian was British archaeologist John Hubert Marshall who was director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. His main interests were Sanchi and Sarnath besides Harappa and Mohenjodaro. Sir Alexander Cunningham, a British archaeologist and army engineer and often known as the father of the Archaeological Survey of [[India]], unveiled heritage sites like the Bharhut [[Stupa]], [[Sarnath]], Sanchi, and the [[Mahabodhi Temple]]; thus, his contribution is recognizable in realms of historical sources. Mortimer Wheeler, a British archaeologist, also exposed Ashokan historical sources, especially the Taxila. | + | [[Ashoka]] was almost forgotten by the {{Wiki|historians}} of the early {{Wiki|British}} [[India]], but [[James Prinsep]] contributed in the [[revelation]] of historical sources. Another important historian was {{Wiki|British}} archaeologist John Hubert Marshall who was director-General of the {{Wiki|Archaeological}} Survey of [[India]]. His main interests were [[Sanchi]] and [[Sarnath]] besides {{Wiki|Harappa}} and [[Wikipedia:Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjodaro]]. Sir [[Alexander Cunningham]], a {{Wiki|British}} archaeologist and {{Wiki|army}} engineer and often known as the father of the {{Wiki|Archaeological}} Survey of [[India]], unveiled heritage sites like the [[Bharhut]] [[Stupa]], [[Sarnath]], [[Sanchi]], and the [[Mahabodhi Temple]]; thus, his contribution is recognizable in [[realms]] of historical sources. Mortimer Wheeler, a {{Wiki|British}} archaeologist, also exposed [[Ashokan]] historical sources, especially the {{Wiki|Taxila}}. |
===Eastern sources=== | ===Eastern sources=== | ||
[[File:AsokaKandahar.jpg|thumb|Bilingual inscription (in Greek and Aramaic) by King Ashoka, discovered at Kandahar (National Museum of Afghanistan).]] | [[File:AsokaKandahar.jpg|thumb|Bilingual inscription (in Greek and Aramaic) by King Ashoka, discovered at Kandahar (National Museum of Afghanistan).]] | ||
− | Information about the Life and reign of Ashoka primarily comes from a relatively small number of Buddhist sources. In particular, the Sanskrit ''Ashokavadana'' ('Story of Ashoka'), written in the 2nd century, and the two Pāli chronicles of Sri Lanka (the Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa) provide most of the currently known information about Ashoka. Additional information is contributed by the Edicts of Asoka, whose authorship was finally attributed to the Ashoka of Buddhist legend after the discovery of dynastic lists that gave the name used in the edicts (''Priyadarsi'' – 'favored by the Gods') as a title or additional name of Ashoka Mauriya. Architectural remains of his period have been found at Kumhrar, Patna, which include an 80-pillar hypostyle hall. | + | [[Information]] about the [[Life]] and reign of [[Ashoka]] primarily comes from a relatively small number of [[Buddhist]] sources. In particular, the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' ('Story of [[Ashoka]]'), written in the 2nd century, and the two [[Pāli]] chronicles of [[Sri Lanka]] (the [[Dipavamsa]] and [[Mahavamsa]]) provide most of the currently known [[information]] about [[Ashoka]]. Additional [[information]] is contributed by the Edicts of [[Asoka]], whose authorship was finally attributed to the [[Ashoka]] of [[Buddhist]] legend after the discovery of dynastic lists that gave the [[name]] used in the {{Wiki|edicts}} (''Priyadarsi'' – 'favored by the [[Gods]]') as a title or additional [[name]] of [[Ashoka]] Mauriya. Architectural {{Wiki|remains}} of his period have been found at Kumhrar, [[Patna]], which include an 80-pillar hypostyle hall. |
− | Edicts of Asoka - The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 272 to 231 BC. These inscriptions are dispersed throughout the areas of modern-day Pakistan and [[India]], and represent the first tangible evidence of Buddhism. The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism through the sponsorship of one of the most powerful kings of Indian history.It give more information about Ashoka's proselytism, Moral precepts, Religious precepts, Social and animal welfare . | + | Edicts of [[Asoka]] - The Edicts of [[Ashoka]] are a collection of 33 {{Wiki|inscriptions}} on the Pillars of [[Ashoka]], as well as boulders and {{Wiki|cave}} walls, made by the [[Emperor]] [[Ashoka]] of the {{Wiki|Mauryan}} {{Wiki|dynasty}} during his reign from 272 to 231 BC. These {{Wiki|inscriptions}} are dispersed throughout the areas of modern-day {{Wiki|Pakistan}} and [[India]], and represent the first {{Wiki|tangible}} {{Wiki|evidence}} of [[Buddhism]]. The {{Wiki|edicts}} describe in detail the first wide expansion of [[Buddhism]] through the sponsorship of one of the most {{Wiki|powerful}} [[kings]] of [[Indian]] history.It give more [[information]] about [[Ashoka's]] {{Wiki|proselytism}}, [[Moral]] [[precepts]], [[Religious]] [[precepts]], {{Wiki|Social}} and [[animal]] {{Wiki|welfare}} . |
− | Ashokavadana - The Ashokavadana is a 2nd century CE text related to the legend of the Maurya Emperor Ashoka. The legend was translated into Chinese by Fa Hien in 300 CE. | + | [[Ashokavadana]] - The [[Ashokavadana]] is a 2nd century CE text related to the legend of the {{Wiki|Maurya}} [[Emperor]] [[Ashoka]]. The legend was translated into {{Wiki|Chinese}} by [[Fa Hien]] in 300 CE. |
− | Mahavamsa -The Mahavamsa ("Great Chronicle") is a historical poem written in the Pali [[Language]], of the kings of Sri Lanka. It covers the period from the coming of King Vijaya of Kalinga (ancient Orissa) in 543 BC to the reign of King Mahasena (334–361). As it often refers to the royal dynasties of [[India]], the Mahavamsa is also valuable for historians who wish to date and relate contemporary royal dynasties in the Indian subcontinent. It is very important in dating the consecration of the Maurya emperor Ashoka. | + | [[Mahavamsa]] -The [[Mahavamsa]] ("[[Great]] Chronicle") is a historical poem written in the [[Pali]] [[Language]], of the [[kings]] of [[Sri Lanka]]. It covers the period from the coming of [[King]] [[Vijaya]] of [[Kalinga]] ({{Wiki|ancient}} {{Wiki|Orissa}}) in 543 BC to the reign of [[King]] [[Mahasena]] (334–361). As it often refers to the {{Wiki|royal}} dynasties of [[India]], the [[Mahavamsa]] is also valuable for {{Wiki|historians}} who wish to date and relate contemporary {{Wiki|royal}} dynasties in the [[Indian]] subcontinent. It is very important in dating the [[consecration]] of the {{Wiki|Maurya}} [[emperor]] [[Ashoka]]. |
− | Dipavamsa -The Dipavamsa, or "Deepavamsa", (i.e., Chronicle of the Island, in Pali) is the oldest historical record of Sri Lanka. The chronicle is believe to be compiled from Atthakatha and other sources around the 3–4th century, King Dhatusena (4th century CE) had ordered that the Dipavamsa be recited at the Mahinda (son to Ashoka) festival held annually in Anuradhapura. | + | [[Dipavamsa]] -The [[Dipavamsa]], or "[[Deepavamsa]]", (i.e., [[Chronicle of the Island]], in [[Pali]]) is the oldest historical record of [[Sri Lanka]]. The chronicle is believe to be compiled from [[Atthakatha]] and other sources around the 3–4th century, [[King]] [[Dhatusena]] (4th century CE) had ordered that the [[Dipavamsa]] be recited at the [[Mahinda]] (son to [[Ashoka]]) {{Wiki|festival}} held annually in [[Anuradhapura]]. |
− | The use of Buddhist sources in reconstructing the [[Life]] of Ashoka has had a strong influence on perceptions of Ashoka, as well as the interpretations of his edicts. Building on traditional accounts, early scholars regarded Ashoka as a primarily Buddhist monarch who underwent a [[Conversion]] to Buddhism and was actively engaged in sponsoring and supporting the Buddhist monastic institution. Some scholars have tended to question this assessment. The only source of information not attributable to Buddhist sources are the Ashokan edicts, and these do not explicitly state that Ashoka was a Buddhist. In his edicts, Ashoka expresses support for all the major religions of his time: Buddhism, Brahmanism, Jainism, and Ajivikaism, and his edicts addressed to the population at large (there are some addressed specifically to Buddhists; this is not the case for the other religions) generally focus on moral themes members of all the religions would accept. | + | The use of [[Buddhist]] sources in reconstructing the [[Life]] of [[Ashoka]] has had a strong [[influence]] on [[perceptions]] of [[Ashoka]], as well as the interpretations of his {{Wiki|edicts}}. Building on [[traditional]] accounts, early [[scholars]] regarded [[Ashoka]] as a primarily [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|monarch}} who underwent a [[Conversion]] to [[Buddhism]] and was actively engaged in sponsoring and supporting the [[Buddhist]] [[monastic]] institution. Some [[scholars]] have tended to question this assessment. The only source of [[information]] not attributable to [[Buddhist]] sources are the [[Ashokan]] {{Wiki|edicts}}, and these do not explicitly [[state]] that [[Ashoka]] was a [[Buddhist]]. In his {{Wiki|edicts}}, [[Ashoka]] expresses support for all the major [[religions]] of his [[time]]: [[Buddhism]], [[Brahmanism]], [[Jainism]], and Ajivikaism, and his {{Wiki|edicts}} addressed to the population at large (there are some addressed specifically to [[Buddhists]]; this is not the case for the other [[religions]]) generally focus on [[moral]] themes members of all the [[religions]] would accept. |
− | However, there is strong evidence in the edicts alone that he was a Buddhist. In one edict he belittles rituals, and he banned Vedic animal sacrifices; these strongly suggest that he at least did not look to the Vedic tradition for guidance. Furthermore, there are many edicts expressed to Buddhists alone; in one, Ashoka declares himself to be an "[[Upasaka]]", and in another he demonstrates a close familiarity with Buddhist texts. He erected rock pillars at Buddhist holy sites, but did not do so for the sites of other religions. He also used the word [[Dharma|"dhamma"]] to refer to qualities of the [[Heart]] that underlie moral action; this was an exclusively Buddhist use of the word. Finally, the ideals he promotes correspond to the first three steps of The [[Buddha]]'s graduated discourse. | + | However, there is strong {{Wiki|evidence}} in the {{Wiki|edicts}} alone that he was a [[Buddhist]]. In one {{Wiki|edict}} he belittles [[rituals]], and he banned {{Wiki|Vedic}} [[animal]] [[sacrifices]]; these strongly suggest that he at least did not look to the {{Wiki|Vedic}} [[tradition]] for guidance. Furthermore, there are many {{Wiki|edicts}} expressed to [[Buddhists]] alone; in one, [[Ashoka]] declares himself to be an "[[Upasaka]]", and in another he demonstrates a close [[familiarity]] with [[Buddhist texts]]. He erected rock pillars at [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|holy}} sites, but did not do so for the sites of other [[religions]]. He also used the [[word]] [[Dharma|"dhamma"]] to refer to qualities of the [[Heart]] that underlie [[moral]] [[action]]; this was an exclusively [[Buddhist]] use of the [[word]]. Finally, the ideals he promotes correspond to the first three steps of The [[Buddha]]'s graduated {{Wiki|discourse}}. |
==Contributions== | ==Contributions== | ||
− | ===Global spread of Buddhism=== | + | ===Global spread of [[Buddhism]]=== |
− | Ashoka, now a Buddhist emperor, believed that Buddhism is beneficial for all human beings as well as [[Animals]] and plants, so he built 84,000 stupas, Sangharama, viharas, [[Chaitya]], and residences for Buddhist monks all over South Asia and {{Wiki|Central Asia}}. He gave donations to viharas and mathas. He sent his only daughter Sanghamitta and son [[Mahinda|Mahindra]] to spread Buddhism in Sri Lanka (ancient name Tamraparni). Ashoka also sent many prominent Buddhist monks (bhikshus) Sthaviras like Madhyamik Sthavira to modern Kashmir and Afghanistan; Maharaskshit Sthavira to Syria, Persia / Iran, Egypt, Greece, Italy and Turkey; Massim Sthavira to Nepal, [[Bhutan]], China and Mongolia; Sohn Uttar Sthavira to modern Cambodia, [[ | + | [[Ashoka]], now a [[Buddhist]] [[emperor]], believed that [[Buddhism]] is beneficial for all [[human beings]] as well as [[Animals]] and [[plants]], so he built 84,000 [[stupas]], [[Sangharama]], [[viharas]], [[Chaitya]], and residences for [[Buddhist]] [[monks]] all over {{Wiki|South}} {{Wiki|Asia}} and {{Wiki|Central Asia}}. He gave {{Wiki|donations}} to [[viharas]] and [[mathas]]. He sent his only daughter [[Sanghamitta]] and son [[Mahinda|Mahindra]] to spread [[Buddhism]] in [[Sri Lanka]] ({{Wiki|ancient}} [[name]] Tamraparni). [[Ashoka]] also sent many prominent [[Buddhist]] [[monks]] ([[bhikshus]]) [[Sthaviras]] like Madhyamik [[Sthavira]] to {{Wiki|modern}} [[Kashmir]] and {{Wiki|Afghanistan}}; Maharaskshit [[Sthavira]] to {{Wiki|Syria}}, {{Wiki|Persia}} / {{Wiki|Iran}}, {{Wiki|Egypt}}, {{Wiki|Greece}}, {{Wiki|Italy}} and {{Wiki|Turkey}}; Massim [[Sthavira]] to [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[China]] and [[Mongolia]]; Sohn Uttar [[Sthavira]] to {{Wiki|modern}} [[Cambodia]], {{Wiki|Laos}}, [[Burma]] (old [[name]] Suvarnabhumi for [[Burma]] and [[Thailand]]), [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]]; Mahadhhamarakhhita stahvira to [[Maharashtra]] (old [[name]] Maharatthha); Maharakhhit [[Sthavira]] and Yavandhammarakhhita [[Sthavira]] to {{Wiki|South India}}. |
− | + | [[Ashoka]] also invited [[Buddhists]] and non-Buddhists for [[religious]] conferences. [[Ashoka]] inspired the [[Buddhist]] [[monks]] to compose the [[sacred]] [[religious]] texts, and also gave all types of help to that end. [[Ashoka]] also helped to develop [[viharas]] ([[intellectual]] hubs) such as [[Nalanda]] and {{Wiki|Taxila}}. [[Ashoka]] helped [[to construct]] [[Sanchi]] and [[Mahabodhi Temple]]. [[Ashoka]] never tried to {{Wiki|harm}} or to destroy [[non-Buddhist]] [[religions]], and indeed gave {{Wiki|donations}} to non-Buddhists. As his reign continued his even-handedness was replaced with special inclination towards [[Buddhism]]. [[Ashoka]] helped and respected both Sramans ([[Buddhists]] [[monks]]) and [[Brahmins]] ({{Wiki|Vedic}} [[monks]]). [[Ashoka]] also helped to organize the Third [[Buddhist]] [[Council]] (c. 250 BC) at [[Pataliputra]] (today's [[Patna]]). It was conducted by the [[Monk]] [[Moggaliputta-Tissa]] who was the [[spiritual]] [[teacher]] of the {{Wiki|Mauryan}} [[Emperor]] [[Ashoka]].'' | |
===As administrator=== | ===As administrator=== | ||
[[File:MauryanRingstone.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Mauryan ringstone, with standing goddess. Northwest Pakistan. third century BC. British Museum.]] | [[File:MauryanRingstone.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Mauryan ringstone, with standing goddess. Northwest Pakistan. third century BC. British Museum.]] | ||
− | Ashoka's military [[Power]] was so strong that he was able to crush those empires that went to war against him. Still, he was on friendly terms with kingdoms in the South like Cholas, Pandya, Keralputra, the post Alexandrian empire, Tamraparni, and Suvarnabhumi who were strong enough to remain outside his empire and continued to profess [[Hinduism]]. According to his edicts we know that he provided humanitarian help including [[Doctors]], hospitals, inns, wells, medical herbs and engineers to his neighboring countries. In neighboring countries, Ashoka helped humans as well as [[Animals]]. Ashoka also planted trees in his empire and his neighboring countries. Ashoka was perhaps the first emperor in human history to ban slavery, [[Hunting]], fishing and deforestation. Ashoka also banned the [[Death]] sentence and asked the same for the neighboring countries. | + | [[Ashoka's]] {{Wiki|military}} [[Power]] was so strong that he was able to crush those empires that went to [[war]] against him. Still, he was on friendly terms with {{Wiki|kingdoms}} in the {{Wiki|South}} like [[Cholas]], {{Wiki|Pandya}}, Keralputra, the post [[Alexandrian]] [[empire]], Tamraparni, and Suvarnabhumi who were strong enough to remain outside his [[empire]] and continued to profess [[Hinduism]]. According to his {{Wiki|edicts}} we know that he provided humanitarian help [[including]] [[Doctors]], hospitals, inns, wells, {{Wiki|medical}} herbs and engineers to his neighboring countries. In neighboring countries, [[Ashoka]] helped [[humans]] as well as [[Animals]]. [[Ashoka]] also planted [[trees]] in his [[empire]] and his neighboring countries. [[Ashoka]] was perhaps the first [[emperor]] in [[human]] {{Wiki|history}} to ban [[slavery]], [[Hunting]], fishing and deforestation. [[Ashoka]] also banned the [[Death]] sentence and asked the same for the neighboring countries. |
− | Ashoka commanded his people to serve the orders of their elders parents and religious monks (shramana and Brahmin). Ashoka also recommended his people study and respect all religions. According to Ashoka, to harm another's religion is a harm to one's own religion. Ashoka asserted his people to live with Dharmmacharana. Ashoka asked people to live with [[Harmony]], peace, [[Love]] and tolerance. Ashoka called his people as his children, and they could call him when they need him. He also asked people to save money and not to spend for immoral causes. Ashoka also believed in dharmacharana (dhammacharana) and dharmavijaya (dhammavijaya). According to many European and Asian historians the age of Ashoka was the age of [[Light]] and delightment. He was the first emperor in human history who has taught the lesson of unity, peace, equality and [[Love]]. Ashoka's aim was not to expand the territories but the welfare of all of his subjects (sarvajansukhay). In his vast empire there was no evidence of recognizable mutiny or civil war. Ashoka was the true devotee of nonviolence, peace and [[Love]]. This made him different from other emperors. Ashoka also helped Buddhism as well as religions like [[Jainism]], Hinduism, Hellenic polytheism and Ajivikas. Ashoka was against any discrimination among humans. He helped students, the poor, orphans and the elderly with social, political and economic help. According to Ashoka, hatred gives birth to hatred and a feeling of [[Love]] gives birth to [[Love]] and mercy. According to him the [[Happiness]] of people is the [[Happiness]] of the ruler. His opinion was that the sword is not as powerful as [[Love]]. Ashoka was also kind to prisoners, and respected animal [[Life]] and tree [[Life]]. Ashoka allowed females to be educated. He also permitted females to enter religious institutions. He allowed female Buddhist monastics such as [[Bhikkhuni]]. He combined in himself the complexity of a king and a simplicity of a [[Buddhist monk]]. Because of these reasons he is known as the emperor of all ages and thus became a milestone in the History of the world. | + | [[Ashoka]] commanded his [[people]] to serve the orders of their [[elders]] [[parents]] and [[religious]] [[monks]] ([[shramana]] and [[Brahmin]]). [[Ashoka]] also recommended his [[people]] study and [[respect]] all [[religions]]. According to [[Ashoka]], to {{Wiki|harm}} another's [[religion]] is a {{Wiki|harm}} to one's [[own]] [[religion]]. [[Ashoka]] asserted his [[people]] to [[live]] with Dharmmacharana. [[Ashoka]] asked [[people]] to [[live]] with [[Harmony]], [[peace]], [[Love]] and [[tolerance]]. [[Ashoka]] called his [[people]] as his children, and they could call him when they need him. He also asked [[people]] to save [[money]] and not to spend for {{Wiki|immoral}} [[causes]]. [[Ashoka]] also believed in dharmacharana (dhammacharana) and dharmavijaya ([[dhammavijaya]]). According to many {{Wiki|European}} and {{Wiki|Asian}} {{Wiki|historians}} the age of [[Ashoka]] was the age of [[Light]] and delightment. He was the first [[emperor]] in [[human]] {{Wiki|history}} who has [[taught]] the lesson of {{Wiki|unity}}, [[peace]], [[equality]] and [[Love]]. [[Ashoka's]] [[aim]] was not [[to expand]] the territories but the {{Wiki|welfare}} of all of his [[subjects]] (sarvajansukhay). In his vast [[empire]] there was no {{Wiki|evidence}} of recognizable mutiny or civil [[war]]. [[Ashoka]] was the true [[devotee]] of [[nonviolence]], [[peace]] and [[Love]]. This made him different from other {{Wiki|emperors}}. [[Ashoka]] also helped [[Buddhism]] as well as [[religions]] like [[Jainism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Hellenic]] [[polytheism]] and [[Ajivikas]]. [[Ashoka]] was against any {{Wiki|discrimination}} among [[humans]]. He helped students, the poor, orphans and the elderly with {{Wiki|social}}, {{Wiki|political}} and economic help. According to [[Ashoka]], [[hatred]] gives [[birth]] to [[hatred]] and a [[feeling]] of [[Love]] gives [[birth]] to [[Love]] and [[mercy]]. According to him the [[Happiness]] of [[people]] is the [[Happiness]] of the [[ruler]]. His opinion was that the sword is not as {{Wiki|powerful}} as [[Love]]. [[Ashoka]] was also kind to prisoners, and respected [[animal]] [[Life]] and [[tree]] [[Life]]. [[Ashoka]] allowed females to be educated. He also permitted females to enter [[religious]] {{Wiki|institutions}}. He allowed {{Wiki|female}} [[Buddhist]] [[monastics]] such as [[Bhikkhuni]]. He combined in himself the complexity of a [[king]] and a [[simplicity]] of a [[Buddhist monk]]. Because of these [[reasons]] he is known as the [[emperor]] of all ages and thus became a milestone in the {{Wiki|History}} of the [[world]]. |
− | ===Ashoka Chakra=== | + | ===[[Ashoka]] [[Chakra]]=== |
− | [[File:Ashoka Chakra.png|thumb|The [[Ashoka Chakra]], ''"the wheel of Righteousness" (Dharma in Sanskrit or Dhamma in Pali)"'']] | + | [[File:Ashoka Chakra.png|thumb|The [[Ashoka Chakra]], ''"the [[wheel]] of [[Righteousness]]" ([[Dharma]] in [[Sanskrit]] or [[Dhamma]] in [[Pali]])"'']] |
− | The [[Ashoka Chakra]] (the wheel of Ashoka) is a depiction of the Dharmachakra or Dhammachakka in Pali, the Wheel of [[Dharma]] (Sanskrit: Chakra means wheel). The wheel has 24 spokes. The [[Ashoka Chakra]] has been widely inscribed on many relics of the Mauryan Emperor, most prominent among which is the Lion Capital of Sarnath and The Ashoka Pillar. The most visible use of the [[Ashoka Chakra]] today is at the centre of the National flag of the Republic of [[India]] (adopted on 22 July 1947), where it is rendered in a Navy-blue color on a White background, by replacing the symbol of Charkha (Spinning wheel) of the pre-independence versions of the flag. [[Ashoka Chakra]] can also been seen on the base of Lion Capital of Ashoka which has been adopted as the National Emblem of [[India]]. | + | The [[Ashoka Chakra]] (the [[wheel]] of [[Ashoka]]) is a depiction of the [[Dharmachakra]] or Dhammachakka in [[Pali]], the [[Wheel]] of [[Dharma]] ([[Sanskrit]]: [[Chakra]] means [[wheel]]). The [[wheel]] has 24 spokes. The [[Ashoka Chakra]] has been widely inscribed on many [[relics]] of the {{Wiki|Mauryan}} [[Emperor]], most prominent among which is the [[Lion]] {{Wiki|Capital}} of [[Sarnath]] and The [[Ashoka Pillar]]. The most [[visible]] use of the [[Ashoka Chakra]] today is at the centre of the National [[flag]] of the {{Wiki|Republic}} of [[India]] (adopted on 22 July 1947), where it is rendered in a Navy-blue {{Wiki|color}} on a White background, by replacing the [[symbol]] of Charkha (Spinning [[wheel]]) of the pre-independence versions of the [[flag]]. [[Ashoka Chakra]] can also been seen on the base of [[Lion]] {{Wiki|Capital}} of [[Ashoka]] which has been adopted as the National Emblem of [[India]]. |
− | The [[Ashoka Chakra]] was built by Ashoka during his reign. Chakra is a Sanskrit word which also means cycle or self repeating process. The process it signifies is the cycle of time as how the world changes with time. | + | The [[Ashoka Chakra]] was built by [[Ashoka]] during his reign. [[Chakra]] is a [[Sanskrit]] [[word]] which also means cycle or [[self]] repeating process. The process it {{Wiki|signifies}} is the cycle of [[time]] as how the [[world]] changes with [[time]]. |
− | A few days before [[India]] became independent on August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of [[India]] must be acceptable to all parties and communities. [[A flag]] with three colours, Saffron, White and Green with the [[Ashoka Chakra]] was selected. | + | A few days before [[India]] became {{Wiki|independent}} on August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the [[flag]] of [[India]] must be acceptable to all parties and communities. [[A flag]] with three colours, {{Wiki|Saffron}}, White and [[Green]] with the [[Ashoka Chakra]] was selected. |
− | ===Pillars of Ashoka (Ashokstambha)=== | + | ===Pillars of [[Ashoka]] (Ashokstambha)=== |
− | The pillars of Ashoka are a series of columns dispersed throughout the northern Indian subcontinent, and erected by Ashoka during his reign in the 3rd century BC. Originally, there must have been many pillars of Ashoka although only ten with inscriptions still survive. Averaging between forty and fifty feet in height, and weighing up to fifty tons each, all the pillars were quarried at Chunar, just south of Varanasi and dragged, sometimes hundreds of miles, to where they were erected. The first Pillar of Ashoka was found in the 16th century by Thomas Coryat in the ruins of ancient Delhi. The wheel represents the sun time and Buddhist law, while the swastika stands for the cosmic dance around a fixed center and guards against [[Evil]]. | + | The pillars of [[Ashoka]] are a series of columns dispersed throughout the northern [[Indian]] subcontinent, and erected by [[Ashoka]] during his reign in the 3rd century BC. Originally, there must have been many pillars of [[Ashoka]] although only ten with {{Wiki|inscriptions}} still survive. Averaging between forty and fifty feet in height, and weighing up to fifty tons each, all the pillars were quarried at Chunar, just {{Wiki|south}} of [[Varanasi]] and dragged, sometimes hundreds of {{Wiki|miles}}, to where they were erected. The first Pillar of [[Ashoka]] was found in the 16th century by Thomas Coryat in the ruins of {{Wiki|ancient}} {{Wiki|Delhi}}. The [[wheel]] represents the {{Wiki|sun}} [[time]] and [[Buddhist]] law, while the [[swastika]] stands for the [[cosmic]] [[dance]] around a fixed center and guards against [[Evil]]. |
− | There is no evidence of a swastika, or manji, on the pillars. | + | There is no {{Wiki|evidence}} of a [[swastika]], or [[manji]], on the pillars. |
− | [[File:Ashok Sthamba.jpg|thumb|right|180px|The Asokan pillar at [[Lumbini]], [[Nepal]] | + | [[File:Ashok Sthamba.jpg|thumb|right|180px|The Asokan pillar at [[Lumbini]], [[Nepal]])] |
− | ===Lion Capital of Asoka (Ashokmudra)=== | + | ===[[Lion]] {{Wiki|Capital}} of [[Asoka]] (Ashokmudra)=== |
− | The Lion capital of Ashoka is a sculpture of four "Indian lions" standing back to back. It was originally placed atop the [[Aśoka]] pillar at Sarnath, now in the state of Uttar Pradesh, [[India]]. The pillar, sometimes called the [[Aśoka]] Column is still in its original location, but the Lion Capital is now in the [[Sarnath]] Museum. This Lion Capital of Ashoka from [[Sarnath]] has been adopted as the National Emblem of [[India]] and the wheel "[[Ashoka Chakra]]" from its base was placed onto the center of the National Flag of [[India]]. | + | The [[Lion]] {{Wiki|capital}} of [[Ashoka]] is a {{Wiki|sculpture}} of four "[[Indian]] [[lions]]" [[standing]] back to back. It was originally placed atop the [[Aśoka]] pillar at [[Sarnath]], now in the [[state]] of {{Wiki|Uttar Pradesh}}, [[India]]. The pillar, sometimes called the [[Aśoka]] Column is still in its original location, but the [[Lion]] {{Wiki|Capital}} is now in the [[Sarnath]] Museum. This [[Lion]] {{Wiki|Capital}} of [[Ashoka]] from [[Sarnath]] has been adopted as the National Emblem of [[India]] and the [[wheel]] "[[Ashoka Chakra]]" from its base was placed onto the center of the National [[Flag]] of [[India]]. |
− | The capital contains four lions (Indian / Asiatic Lions), standing back to back, mounted on an abacus, with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull, and a lion, separated by intervening spoked chariot-wheels over a bell-shaped [[Lotus]]. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the capital was believed to be crowned by a 'Wheel of [[Dharma]]' (Dharmachakra popularly known in [[India]] as the "[[Ashoka Chakra]]"). | + | The {{Wiki|capital}} contains four [[lions]] ([[Indian]] / Asiatic [[Lions]]), [[standing]] back to back, mounted on an abacus, with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an [[elephant]], a galloping [[horse]], a [[bull]], and a [[lion]], separated by intervening spoked chariot-wheels over a bell-shaped [[Lotus]]. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the {{Wiki|capital}} was believed to be crowned by a '[[Wheel]] of [[Dharma]]' ([[Dharmachakra]] popularly known in [[India]] as the "[[Ashoka Chakra]]"). |
− | The Ashoka Lion capital or the [[Sarnath]] lion capital is also known as the national symbol of [[India]]. The [[Sarnath]] pillar bears one of the Edicts of Ashoka, an inscription against division within the Buddhist community, which reads, "No one shall cause division in the order of monks". The [[Sarnath]] pillar is a column surmounted by a capital, which consists of a canopy representing an inverted bell-shaped [[Lotus]] flower, a short cylindrical abacus with four 24-spoked [[Dharma]] wheels with four [[Animals]] (an elephant, a bull, a horse, a lion). | + | The [[Ashoka]] [[Lion]] {{Wiki|capital}} or the [[Sarnath]] [[lion]] {{Wiki|capital}} is also known as the national [[symbol]] of [[India]]. The [[Sarnath]] pillar bears one of the Edicts of [[Ashoka]], an inscription against [[division]] within the [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|community}}, which reads, "No one shall [[cause]] [[division]] in the [[order]] of [[monks]]". The [[Sarnath]] pillar is a column surmounted by a {{Wiki|capital}}, which consists of a {{Wiki|canopy}} representing an inverted bell-shaped [[Lotus]] [[flower]], a short cylindrical abacus with four 24-spoked [[Dharma]] [[wheels]] with four [[Animals]] (an [[elephant]], a [[bull]], a [[horse]], a [[lion]]). |
− | The four [[Animals]] in the [[Sarnath]] capital are believed to symbolize different steps of [[Lord]] [[Buddha]]'s [[Life]]. | + | The four [[Animals]] in the [[Sarnath]] {{Wiki|capital}} are believed to [[symbolize]] different steps of [[Lord]] [[Buddha]]'s [[Life]]. |
− | * The Elephant represents The [[Buddha]]'s idea in reference to the dream of Queen Maya of a white elephant entering her womb. | + | * The [[Elephant]] represents The [[Buddha]]'s [[idea]] in reference to the [[dream]] of [[Queen Maya]] of a white [[elephant]] entering her [[womb]]. |
− | * The Bull represents desire during the [[Life]] of The [[Buddha]] as a prince. | + | * The [[Bull]] represents [[desire]] during the [[Life]] of The [[Buddha]] as a {{Wiki|prince}}. |
− | * The Horse represents [[Buddha]]'s departure from palatial [[Life]]. | + | * The [[Horse]] represents [[Buddha]]'s departure from palatial [[Life]]. |
− | * The Lion represents the accomplishment of [[Buddha]]. | + | * The [[Lion]] represents the [[accomplishment]] of [[Buddha]]. |
− | Besides the religious interpretations, there are some non-religious interpretations also about the symbolism of the Ashoka capital pillar at [[Sarnath]]. According to them, the four lions symbolize Ashoka's rule over the four directions, the wheels as symbols of his enlightened rule ([[Chakravartin]]) and the four [[Animals]] as symbols of four adjoining territories of [[India]]. | + | Besides the [[religious]] interpretations, there are some non-religious interpretations also about the [[symbolism]] of the [[Ashoka]] {{Wiki|capital}} pillar at [[Sarnath]]. According to them, the four [[lions]] [[symbolize]] [[Ashoka's]] {{Wiki|rule}} over the {{Wiki|four directions}}, the [[wheels]] as [[symbols]] of his [[enlightened]] {{Wiki|rule}} ([[Chakravartin]]) and the four [[Animals]] as [[symbols]] of four adjoining territories of [[India]]. |
− | ===Constructions credited to Ashoka=== | + | ===Constructions credited to [[Ashoka]]=== |
− | [[Image:Mahabodhitemple.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Mahabodhi Temple]], constructed by Ashoka the Great, approximately 250 BCE; restoration by the British and India post independence]] | + | [[Image:Mahabodhitemple.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Mahabodhi Temple]], [[constructed]] by [[Ashoka the Great]], approximately 250 BCE; restoration by the {{Wiki|British}} and [[India]] post {{Wiki|independence}}]] |
− | * Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, [[India]] | + | * [[Sanchi]], [[Madhya]] Pradesh, [[India]] |
− | * Dhamek [[Stupa]], [[Sarnath]], Uttar Pradesh, [[India]] | + | * Dhamek [[Stupa]], [[Sarnath]], {{Wiki|Uttar Pradesh}}, [[India]] |
− | * [[Mahabodhi Temple]], Bihar, [[India]] | + | * [[Mahabodhi Temple]], {{Wiki|Bihar}}, [[India]] |
− | * Barabar Caves, Bihar, [[India]] | + | * [[Barabar Caves]], {{Wiki|Bihar}}, [[India]] |
− | * Nalanda University (Vishwaviddyalaya), (some portions like [[Sariputta]] [[Stupa]]), Bihar, [[India]] | + | * [[Nalanda University]] (Vishwaviddyalaya), (some portions like [[Sariputta]] [[Stupa]]), {{Wiki|Bihar}}, [[India]] |
− | * Taxila University (Vishwaviddyalaya), (some portions like Dharmarajika [[Stupa]] and Kunala [[Stupa]]), Taxila, Pakistan | + | * {{Wiki|Taxila}} {{Wiki|University}} (Vishwaviddyalaya), (some portions like [[Dharmarajika]] [[Stupa]] and [[Kunala]] [[Stupa]]), {{Wiki|Taxila}}, {{Wiki|Pakistan}} |
− | * Bhir Mound, (''reconstructed''), Taxila, Pakistan | + | * Bhir Mound, (''reconstructed''), {{Wiki|Taxila}}, {{Wiki|Pakistan}} |
− | * Bharhut [[Stupa]], Madhya Pradesh, [[India]] | + | * [[Bharhut]] [[Stupa]], [[Madhya]] Pradesh, [[India]] |
− | * Deorkothar [[Stupa]] , Madhya Pradesh, [[India]] | + | * Deorkothar [[Stupa]] , [[Madhya]] Pradesh, [[India]] |
− | * Butkara [[Stupa]], Swat, Pakistan | + | * Butkara [[Stupa]], {{Wiki|Swat}}, {{Wiki|Pakistan}} |
− | * Sannati [[Stupa]] , Karnataka, [[India]]: The only known sculptural depiction of Ashoka | + | * {{Wiki|Sannati}} [[Stupa]] , {{Wiki|Karnataka}}, [[India]]: The only known sculptural depiction of [[Ashoka]] |
− | ===Attributed to Ashoka=== | + | ===Attributed to [[Ashoka]]=== |
− | * All men are my children. What I desire for my own children, and I desire their welfare and [[Happiness]] both in this world and the next, which I desire for all men. You do not understand to what extent I desire this, and if some of you do understand, you do not understand the full extent of my desire. | + | * All men are my children. What I [[desire]] for my [[own]] children, and I [[desire]] their {{Wiki|welfare}} and [[Happiness]] both in this [[world]] and the next, which I [[desire]] for all men. You do not understand to what extent I [[desire]] this, and if some of you do understand, you do not understand the full extent of my [[desire]]. |
− | * Here (in my domain) no living beings are to be slaughtered or offered in sacrifice. | + | * Here (in my domain) no [[living beings]] are to be slaughtered or [[offered]] in {{Wiki|sacrifice}}. |
− | * Respect for mother and father is good, [[Generosity]] to friends, acquaintances, relatives, Brahmans and ascetics is good, not killing living beings is good, moderation in spending and moderation in saving is good. | + | * [[Respect]] for mother and father is good, [[Generosity]] to friends, acquaintances, relatives, [[Brahmans]] and [[ascetics]] is good, not {{Wiki|killing}} [[living beings]] is good, moderation in spending and moderation in saving is good. |
− | * To do good is difficult. One who does good first does something hard to do. I have done many good deeds, and, if my sons, grandsons and their descendants up to the end of the world act in like manner, they too will do much good. But whoever amongst them neglects this, they will do [[Evil]].Truly, it is easy to do [[Evil]]. | + | * To do good is difficult. One who does good first does something hard to do. I have done many [[good deeds]], and, if my sons, grandsons and their descendants up to the end of the [[world]] act in like [[manner]], they too will do much good. But whoever amongst them neglects this, they will do [[Evil]].Truly, it is easy to do [[Evil]]. |
− | * All religions should reside everywhere, for all of them desire self-control and purity of [[Heart]]. | + | * All [[religions]] should reside everywhere, for all of them [[desire]] {{Wiki|self-control}} and [[purity]] of [[Heart]]. |
− | * King Piyadasi does not consider glory and [[Fame]] to be of great account unless they are achieved through having my subjects respect [[Dhamma]] and practice [[Dhamma]], both now and in the future. | + | * [[King]] [[Piyadasi]] does not consider glory and [[Fame]] to be of great account unless they are achieved through having my [[subjects]] [[respect]] [[Dhamma]] and practice [[Dhamma]], both now and in the {{Wiki|future}}. |
− | * Whoever praises his own religion, due to excessive devotion, and condemns others with the thought "Let me glorify my own religion," only harms his own religion. Therefore contact (between religions) is good. One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed by others. | + | * Whoever praises his [[own]] [[religion]], due to excessive [[devotion]], and condemns others with the [[thought]] "Let me glorify my [[own]] [[religion]]," only harms his [[own]] [[religion]]. Therefore [[contact]] (between [[religions]]) is good. One should listen to and [[respect]] the [[doctrines]] professed by others. |
− | * There is no gift like the gift of the [[Dhamma]], (no acquaintance like) acquaintance with [[Dhamma]], (no distribution like) distribution of [[Dhamma]], and (no kinship like) kinship through [[Dhamma]]. And it consists of this: proper behavior towards servants and employees, respect for mother and father, [[Generosity]] to friends, companions, relations, Brahmans and ascetics, and not killing living beings. | + | * There is no [[gift]] like the [[gift]] of the [[Dhamma]], (no acquaintance like) acquaintance with [[Dhamma]], (no distribution like) distribution of [[Dhamma]], and (no kinship like) kinship through [[Dhamma]]. And it consists of this: [[proper behavior]] towards servants and employees, [[respect]] for mother and father, [[Generosity]] to friends, companions, relations, [[Brahmans]] and [[ascetics]], and not {{Wiki|killing}} [[living beings]]. |
− | * King Piyadasi, honors both ascetics and the householders of all religions, and he honors them with gifts and honors of various kinds.But Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, does not value gifts and honors as much as he values this—that there should be growth in the essentials of all religions. | + | * [[King]] [[Piyadasi]], honors both [[ascetics]] and the householders of all [[religions]], and he honors them with gifts and honors of various kinds.But Beloved-of-the-Gods, [[King]] [[Piyadasi]], does not value gifts and honors as much as he values this—that there should be growth in the [[essentials]] of all [[religions]]. |
− | * Along roads I have had banyan trees planted so that they can give shade to [[Animals]] and men, and I have had mango groves planted. At intervals of eight //krosas//, I have had wells dug, rest-houses built, and in various places, I have had watering-places made for the use of [[Animals]] and men. But these are but minor achievements. Such things to make the people happy have been done by former kings. I have done these things for this purpose, that the people might practice the [[Dhamma]]. | + | * Along roads I have had banyan [[trees]] planted so that they can give shade to [[Animals]] and men, and I have had mango groves planted. At intervals of eight //[[krosas]]//, I have had wells dug, rest-houses built, and in various places, I have had watering-places made for the use of [[Animals]] and men. But these are but minor achievements. Such things to make the [[people]] [[happy]] have been done by former [[kings]]. I have done these things for this [[purpose]], that the [[people]] might practice the [[Dhamma]]. |
− | * It is my desire that there should be uniformity in law and uniformity in sentencing. I even go this far, to grant a three-day stay for those in prison who have been tried and sentenced to [[Death]]. During this time their relatives can make appeals to have the prisoners' lives spared. If there is none to appeal on their behalf, the prisoners can give gifts in order to make merit for the next world, or observe fasts. | + | * It is my [[desire]] that there should be uniformity in law and uniformity in sentencing. I even go this far, to grant a three-day stay for those in {{Wiki|prison}} who have been tried and sentenced to [[Death]]. During this [[time]] their relatives can make appeals to have the prisoners' [[lives]] spared. If there is none to appeal on their behalf, the prisoners can give gifts in [[order]] to make [[merit]] for the next [[world]], or observe fasts. |
− | ==Ashoka today== | + | ==[[Ashoka]] today== |
− | ===In Art, film and literature=== | + | ===In [[Art]], film and {{Wiki|literature}}=== |
− | *One of the most famous figures in modern Hindi literature, Jaishankar Prasad, composed Ashoka ki chinta (in English: Anxiety of Ashoka), a famous Hindi verse. The poem portrays Ashoka’s [[Heart]] during the war of Kalinga. | + | *One of the most famous figures in {{Wiki|modern}} {{Wiki|Hindi}} {{Wiki|literature}}, Jaishankar [[Prasad]], composed [[Ashoka]] ki [[chinta]] (in {{Wiki|English}}: [[Anxiety]] of [[Ashoka]]), a famous {{Wiki|Hindi}} verse. The poem portrays [[Ashoka’s]] [[Heart]] during the [[war]] of [[Kalinga]]. |
− | *Uttar-Priyadarshi (The Final Beatitude) a verse-play written by poet Agyeya, depicting his redemption, was adapted to stage in 1996 by theatre director, Ratan Thiyam and has since been performed in many parts of the world. | + | *Uttar-Priyadarshi (The Final Beatitude) a verse-play written by poet Agyeya, depicting his redemption, was adapted to stage in 1996 by theatre director, Ratan Thiyam and has since been performed in many parts of the [[world]]. |
− | *In Piers Anthony’s series of space opera novels, the main character mentions Asoka as a model for administrators to strive for. | + | *In Piers Anthony’s series of [[space]] {{Wiki|opera}} novels, the main [[character]] mentions [[Asoka]] as a model for administrators to strive for. |
− | *Asoka is a 2001 epic Bollywood historical drama. It is a largely fictional version of the [[Life]] of the Indian emperor Ashoka. The film was directed by Santosh Sivan and stars Shahrukh Khan as Ashoka and Kareena Kapoor as Kaurwaki, a princess of Kalinga. The film ends with Asoka renouncing the sword and embracing Buddhism. The final narrative describes how Asoka not only built a large empire, but spread Buddhism and the winds of peace through it. | + | *[[Asoka]] is a 2001 {{Wiki|epic}} Bollywood historical {{Wiki|drama}}. It is a largely fictional version of the [[Life]] of the [[Indian]] [[emperor]] [[Ashoka]]. The film was directed by Santosh Sivan and {{Wiki|stars}} Shahrukh {{Wiki|Khan}} as [[Ashoka]] and Kareena Kapoor as Kaurwaki, a {{Wiki|princess}} of [[Kalinga]]. The film ends with [[Asoka]] renouncing the sword and embracing [[Buddhism]]. The final {{Wiki|narrative}} describes how [[Asoka]] not only built a large [[empire]], but spread [[Buddhism]] and the [[winds]] of [[peace]] through it. |
− | *The Legend of Kunal is an upcoming film based on the [[Life]] of Kunal, the son of the Indian emperor Ashoka. The movie will be directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi. | + | *The Legend of [[Kunal]] is an upcoming film based on the [[Life]] of [[Kunal]], the son of the [[Indian]] [[emperor]] [[Ashoka]]. The movie will be directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi. |
{{W}} | {{W}} |
Latest revision as of 15:17, 23 July 2024
Ashoka Maurya (Devanāgarī: अशोक, IAST: Aśoka, IPA: [aˈɕoːkə], ca. 304–232 BC), commonly known as Ashoka and also as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from ca. 269 BC to 232 BC. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. His empire stretched from the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan to present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of Assam in the east, and as far south as northern Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. He conquered the kingdom named Kalinga, which none of his ancestors had conquered starting from Chandragupta Maurya. His reign was headquartered in Magadha (present-day Bihar). He embraced Buddhism after witnessing the mass deaths of the Kalinga War, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia and established monuments marking several significant sites in the Life of Gautama Buddha. Ashoka was a devotee of Ahimsa (nonviolence), Love, truth, tolerance and vegetarianism. Ashoka is remembered in history as a philanthropic administrator.
In the history of India, Ashoka is referred to as Samraat Chakravartin Ashoka – the "Emperor of Emperors Ashoka". His name "Aśoka" means "painless, without sorrow" in Sanskrit (the a privativum and śoka "pain, distress"). In his edicts, he is referred to as Devānāmpriya (Pali Devānaṃpiya or "The Beloved Of The Gods"), and Priyadarśin (Pali Piyadasī or "He who regards everyone with affection").
Along with the Edicts of Ashoka, his legend is related in the later 2nd-century Aśokāvadāna ("Narrative of Asoka") and Divyāvadāna ("Divine narrative"), and in the Sri Lankan text Mahavamsa ("Great Chronicle").
Ashoka played a critical role in helping make Buddhism a world religion. As the peace-loving ruler of one of the world's largest, richest and most powerful multi-ethnic states, he is considered an exemplary ruler, who tried to put into practice a secular state ethic of non-violence. The emblem of the modern Republic of India is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka.
Biography
Early Life
Ashoka was born to the Mauryan emperor Bindusara and his queen, Dharmā [or Dhammā). He was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, founder of Mauryan dynasty. Ashokāvadāna states that his mother was a queen named Subhadrangī, the daughter of Champa of Telangana. Queen Subhadrangī was a Brahmin of the Ajivika sect. Sage Pilindavatsa (aias Janasana) was a kalupaga Brahmin of the Ajivika sect had found Subhadrangī as a suitable match for Emperor Bindusara. A palace intrigue kept her away from the king. This eventually ended, and she bore a son. It is from her exclamation "I am now without sorrow", that Ashoka got his name. The Divyāvadāna tells a similar story, but gives the name of the queen as Janapadakalyānī.
Ashoka had several elder siblings, all of whom were his half-brothers from other wives of Bindusāra.
He had been given the royal military training knowledge. He was a fearsome hunter, and according to a legend, killed a lion with just a wooden rod. He was very adventurous and a trained fighter, who was known for his skills with the sword. Because of his reputation as a frightening warrior and a heartless general, he was sent to curb the riots in the Avanti province of the Mauryan empire.
Rise to Power
![](/en/images/thumb/3/3d/Maurya_Dynasty_in_265_BCE.jpg/300px-Maurya_Dynasty_in_265_BCE.jpg)
The Divyavadana talks of Ashoka putting down a revolt due to activities of wicked ministers. This may have been an incident in Bindusara's times. aranatha's account states that Chanakya, one of Bindusara's great lords, destroyed the nobles and kings of 16 towns and made himself the master of all territory between the eastern and the western seas. Some historians consider this as an indication of Bindusara's conquest of the Deccan while others consider it as suppression of a revolt. Following this, Ashoka was stationed at Ujjayini as governor.
Bindusara's Death in 273 BC led to a war over succession. According to Divyavandana, Bindusara wanted his son Sushim to succeed him but Ashoka was supported by his father's ministers. A minister named Radhagupta seems to have played an important role. Ashoka managed to become the king by getting rid of the legitimate heir to the throne, by tricking him into entering a pit filled with live coals. The Dipavansa and Mahavansa refer to Ashoka killing 99 of his brothers, sparing only one, named Tissa, although there is no clear proof about this incident. The coronation happened in 269 BC, four years after his succession to the throne.
Early Life as Emperor
Ashoka is said to have been of a wicked nature and bad temper. He submitted his ministers to a test of loyalty and had 500 of them killed. He also kept a harem of around 500 women. When a few of these women insulted him, he had the whole lot of them burnt to Death. He also built hell on earth, an elaborate and horrific torture chamber. This torture chamber earned him the name of Chanda Ashoka (Sanskrit), meaning Ashoka the Fierce.
Ascending the throne, Ashoka expanded his empire over the next eight years, from the present-day boundaries and regions of Burma–Bangladesh and the state of Assam in India in the east to the territory of present-day Iran / Persia and Afghanistan in the west; from the Pamir Knots in the north almost to the peninsular of southern India (i.e. Tamil Nadu / Andhra Pradesh).
Conquest of Kalinga
While the early part of Ashoka's reign was apparently quite bloodthirsty, he became a follower of The Buddha's teaching after his conquest of Kalinga on the east coast of India in the present-day states of Orissa and North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Kalinga was a state that prided itself on its sovereignty and democracy. With its monarchical parliamentary democracy it was quite an exception in ancient Bharata where there existed the concept of Rajdharma. Rajdharma means the duty of the rulers, which was intrinsically entwined with the concept of bravery and Kshatriya Dharma. The Kalinga War happened eight years after his coronation. From his 13th inscription, we come to know that the battle was a massive one and caused the deaths of more than 100,000 soldiers and many civilians who rose up in defense; over 150,000 were deported. When he was walking through the grounds of Kalinga after his conquest, rejoicing in his victory, he was moved by the number of bodies strewn there and the wails of the kith and kin of the dead.
Buddhist Conversion
![](/en/images/thumb/f/fb/AshokStambhaThailand.jpg/200px-AshokStambhaThailand.jpg)
As the legend goes, one day after the war was over, Ashoka ventured out to roam the city and all he could see were burnt houses and scattered corpses. This sight made him sick and he cried the famous monologue:
- What have I done? If this is a victory, what's a defeat then? Is this a victory or a defeat? Is this justice or injustice? Is it gallantry or a rout? Is it valor to kill innocent children and women? Do I do it to widen the empire and for prosperity or to destroy the other's kingdom and splendor? One has lost her husband, someone else a father, someone a child, someone an unborn infant.... What's this debris of the corpses? Are these marks of victory or defeat? Are these vultures, crows, eagles the messengers of Death or Evil?
The brutality of the conquest led him to adopt Buddhism, and he used his position to propagate the relatively new religion to new heights, as far as ancient Rome and Egypt. He made Buddhism his state religion around 260 BC, and propagated it and preached it within his domain and worldwide from about 250 BC.
"Who professed and favoured Buddhism, much as the Roman Emperor Constantine did [[Wikipedia:Christianity|Christianity]] six centuries later"
Emperor Ashoka undoubtedly has to be credited with the first serious attempt to develop a Buddhist policy.
Prominent in this cause were his son Venerable Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitra (whose name means "friend of The Sangha"), who established Buddhism in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). He built thousands of Stupas and Viharas for Buddhist followers. The Stupas of Sanchi are world famous and the Stupa named Sanchi Stupa was built by Emperor Ashoka. During the remaining portion of Ashoka's reign, he pursued an official policy of nonviolence (Ahimsa). Even the unnecessary slaughter or mutilation of Animals was immediately abolished. Everyone became protected by the king's law against sport Hunting and branding. Limited Hunting was permitted for consumption reasons but Ashoka also promoted the concept of vegetarianism. Ashoka also showed mercy to those imprisoned, allowing them leave for the outside a day of the year. He attempted to raise the professional ambition of the common man by building universities for study, and water transit and irrigation systems for trade and agriculture. He treated his subjects as equals regardless of their religion, politics and Caste. The kingdoms surrounding his, so easily overthrown, were instead made to be well-respected allies.
He is acclaimed for constructing hospitals for Animals and renovating major roads throughout India. After this transformation, Ashoka came to be known as Dhammashoka (Sanskrit), meaning Ashoka, the follower of Dharma. Ashoka defined the main principles of Dharma (Dhamma) as nonviolence, tolerance of all sects and opinions, obedience to parents, respect for the Brahmans and other religious teachers and priests, liberality towards friends, humane treatment of servants, and Generosity towards all. These principles suggest a general ethic of behaviour to which no religious or social group could object.
Some critics say that Ashoka was afraid of more wars, but among his neighbors, including the Seleucid Empire and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom established by Diodotus I, none could match his strength. He was a contemporary of both Antiochus I Soter and his successor Antiochus II Theos of the Seleucid dynasty as well as Diodotus I and his son Diodotus II of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. If his inscriptions and edicts are well studied one finds that he was familiar with the Hellenic world but never in awe of it. His edicts, which talk of friendly relations, give the names of both Antiochus of the Seleucid empire and Ptolemy III of Egypt. The Fame of the Mauryan empire was widespread from the time that Ashoka's grandfather Chandragupta Maurya defeated Seleucus Nicator, the founder of the Seleucid Dynasty.
![](/en/images/thumb/c/c8/Sanchi2.jpg/250px-Sanchi2.jpg)
The source of much of our knowledge of Ashoka is the many inscriptions he had carved on pillars and rocks throughout the empire. All his inscriptions have the imperial touch and show compassionate loving. He addressed his people as his "children". These inscriptions promoted Buddhist morality and encouraged nonviolence and adherence to Dharma (duty or proper behavior), and they talk of his Fame and conquered lands as well as the neighboring kingdoms holding up his might. One also gets some primary information about the Kalinga War and Ashoka's allies plus some useful knowledge on the civil administration. The Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath is the most popular of the relics left by Ashoka. Made of sandstone, this pillar records the visit of the emperor to Sarnath, in the 3rd century BC. It has a four-lion capital (four lions standing back to back) which was adopted as the emblem of the modern Indian republic. The lion symbolizes both Ashoka's imperial rule and the kingship of The Buddha. In translating these monuments, historians learn the bulk of what is assumed to have been true fact of the Mauryan Empire. It is difficult to determine whether or not some actual events ever happened, but the stone etchings clearly depict how Ashoka wanted to be thought of and remembered.
Ashoka's own words as known from his Edicts are:
- "All men are my children. I am like a father to them. As every father desires the good and the Happiness of his children, I wish that all men should be happy always." Edward D'Cruz interprets the Ashokan Dharma as a "religion to be used as a symbol of a new imperial unity and a cementing force to weld the diverse and heterogeneous elements of the empire".
Also, in the Edicts, Ashoka mentions that some of the people living in Hellenic countries as converts to Buddhism, although no Hellenic historical record of this event remain:
- Now it is conquest by Dhamma (which conquest means peaceful Conversion, not military conquest) that Beloved-of-the-Gods considers to be the best conquest. And it (conquest by Dhamma) has been won here, on the borders, even six hundred yojanas away, where the Greek king Antiochos rules, beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy, Antigonos, Magas and Alexander rule, likewise in the south among the Cholas, the Pandyas, and as far as Tamraparni. Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dhamma. Even where Beloved-of-the-Gods' envoys have not been, these people too, having heard of the practice of Dhamma and the ordinances and instructions in Dhamma given by Beloved-of-the-Gods, are following it and will continue to do so.
-Edicts of Ashoka, Rock Edict (S. Dhammika)
Ashoka also claims that he encouraged the development of herbal medicine, for human and nonhuman Animals, in their territories:
- Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's (Ashoka's) domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satiyaputras, the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni and where the Greek king Antiochos rules, and among the kings who are neighbours of Antiochos, everywhere has Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, made provision for two types of medical treatment: medical treatment for humans and medical treatment for Animals. Wherever medical herbs suitable for humans or Animals are not available, I have had them imported and grown. Wherever medical roots or fruits are not available I have had them imported and grown. Along roads I have had wells dug and trees planted for the benefit of humans and Animals.
- -Edicts of Ashoka,Rock Edict
The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as Dharmaraksita, are described in Pali sources as leading Greek (Yona) Buddhist monks, active in spreading Buddhism (the Mahavamsa, XII).
Because he banned Hunting, created many veterinary clinics and eliminated meat eating on many holidays, the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka has been described as "one of the very few instances in world history of a government treating its Animals as citizens who are as deserving of its protection as the human residents"
Death and legacy
Ashoka ruled for an estimated forty years. After his Death, the Mauryan dynasty lasted just fifty more years. Ashoka had many wives and children, but many of their names are lost to time. Mahindra and Sanghamitra were twins born by his first wife, Devi, in the city of Ujjain. He had entrusted to them the job of making his state religion, Buddhism, more popular across the known and the unknown world. Mahindra and Sanghamitra went into Sri Lanka and converted the King, the Queen and their people to Buddhism. They were naturally not handling state affairs after him.
In his old age, he seems to have come under the spell of his youngest wife Tishyaraksha. It is said that she had got his son Kunala, the regent in Takshashila, blinded by a wily stratagem. The official executioners spared Kunala and he became a wandering singer accompanied by his favourite wife Kanchanmala. In Pataliputra, Ashoka hears Kunala's song, and realizes that Kunala's misfortune may have been a punishment for some past sin of the emperor himself and condemns Tishyaraksha to Death, restoring Kunala to the court. Kunala was succeeded by his son, Samprati, but his rule did not last long after Ashoka's Death.
The reign of Ashoka Maurya could easily have disappeared into history as the ages passed by, and would have had he not left behind a record of his trials. The testimony of this wise king was discovered in the form of magnificently sculpted pillars and boulders with a variety of actions and teachings he wished to be published etched into the stone. What Ashoka left behind was the first written Language in India since the ancient city of Harappa. The Language used for inscription was the then current spoken form called Prakrit.
In the year 185 BC, about fifty years after Ashoka's Death, the last Maurya ruler, Brhadrata, was assassinated by the commander-in-chief of the Mauryan armed forces, Pusyamitra Sunga, while he was taking the Guard of Honor of his forces. Pusyamitra Sunga founded the Sunga dynasty (185 BC-78 BC) and ruled just a fragmented part of the Mauryan Empire. Many of the northwestern territories of the Mauryan Empire (modern-day Afghanistan and Northern Pakistan) became the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
In 1992, Ashoka was ranked #53 on Michael H. Hart's The 100|list of the most influential figures in history. In 2001, a semi-fictionalized portrayal of Ashoka's Life was produced as a motion picture under the title Asoka. King Ashoka, the third monarch of the Indian Mauryan dynasty, has come to be regarded as one of the most exemplary rulers in world history. The British historian H.G. Wells has written: "Amidst the tens of thousands of names of monarchs that crowd the columns of history, their majesties and graciousnesses and serenities and royal highnesses and the like, the name of Asoka shines, and shines, almost alone, a star."
Buddhist kingship
One of the more enduring legacies of Ashoka Maurya was the model that he provided for the relationship between Buddhism and the state. Throughout Theravada Southeastern Asia, the model of rulership embodied by Ashoka replaced the notion of divine kingship that had previously dominated (in the Angkor kingdom, for instance). Under this model of 'Buddhist kingship', the king sought to legitimize his rule not through descent from a divine source, but by supporting and earning the approval of the Buddhist Sangha. Following Ashoka's example, kings established monasteries, funded the construction of stupas, and supported the ordination of monks in their kingdom. Many rulers also took an active role in resolving disputes over the status and regulation of The Sangha, as Ashoka had in calling a conclave to settle a number of contentious issues during his reign. This development ultimately lead to a close association in many Southeast Asian countries between the monarchy and the religious hierarchy, an association that can still be seen today in the state-supported Buddhism of Thailand and the traditional role of the Thai king as both a religious and secular leader. Ashoka also said that all his courtiers were true to their self and always governed the people in a moral manner.
Historical sources
Western sources
Ashoka was almost forgotten by the historians of the early British India, but James Prinsep contributed in the revelation of historical sources. Another important historian was British archaeologist John Hubert Marshall who was director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. His main interests were Sanchi and Sarnath besides Harappa and Mohenjodaro. Sir Alexander Cunningham, a British archaeologist and army engineer and often known as the father of the Archaeological Survey of India, unveiled heritage sites like the Bharhut Stupa, Sarnath, Sanchi, and the Mahabodhi Temple; thus, his contribution is recognizable in realms of historical sources. Mortimer Wheeler, a British archaeologist, also exposed Ashokan historical sources, especially the Taxila.
Eastern sources
Information about the Life and reign of Ashoka primarily comes from a relatively small number of Buddhist sources. In particular, the Sanskrit Ashokavadana ('Story of Ashoka'), written in the 2nd century, and the two Pāli chronicles of Sri Lanka (the Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa) provide most of the currently known information about Ashoka. Additional information is contributed by the Edicts of Asoka, whose authorship was finally attributed to the Ashoka of Buddhist legend after the discovery of dynastic lists that gave the name used in the edicts (Priyadarsi – 'favored by the Gods') as a title or additional name of Ashoka Mauriya. Architectural remains of his period have been found at Kumhrar, Patna, which include an 80-pillar hypostyle hall.
Edicts of Asoka - The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 272 to 231 BC. These inscriptions are dispersed throughout the areas of modern-day Pakistan and India, and represent the first tangible evidence of Buddhism. The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism through the sponsorship of one of the most powerful kings of Indian history.It give more information about Ashoka's proselytism, Moral precepts, Religious precepts, Social and animal welfare .
Ashokavadana - The Ashokavadana is a 2nd century CE text related to the legend of the Maurya Emperor Ashoka. The legend was translated into Chinese by Fa Hien in 300 CE.
Mahavamsa -The Mahavamsa ("Great Chronicle") is a historical poem written in the Pali Language, of the kings of Sri Lanka. It covers the period from the coming of King Vijaya of Kalinga (ancient Orissa) in 543 BC to the reign of King Mahasena (334–361). As it often refers to the royal dynasties of India, the Mahavamsa is also valuable for historians who wish to date and relate contemporary royal dynasties in the Indian subcontinent. It is very important in dating the consecration of the Maurya emperor Ashoka.
Dipavamsa -The Dipavamsa, or "Deepavamsa", (i.e., Chronicle of the Island, in Pali) is the oldest historical record of Sri Lanka. The chronicle is believe to be compiled from Atthakatha and other sources around the 3–4th century, King Dhatusena (4th century CE) had ordered that the Dipavamsa be recited at the Mahinda (son to Ashoka) festival held annually in Anuradhapura.
The use of Buddhist sources in reconstructing the Life of Ashoka has had a strong influence on perceptions of Ashoka, as well as the interpretations of his edicts. Building on traditional accounts, early scholars regarded Ashoka as a primarily Buddhist monarch who underwent a Conversion to Buddhism and was actively engaged in sponsoring and supporting the Buddhist monastic institution. Some scholars have tended to question this assessment. The only source of information not attributable to Buddhist sources are the Ashokan edicts, and these do not explicitly state that Ashoka was a Buddhist. In his edicts, Ashoka expresses support for all the major religions of his time: Buddhism, Brahmanism, Jainism, and Ajivikaism, and his edicts addressed to the population at large (there are some addressed specifically to Buddhists; this is not the case for the other religions) generally focus on moral themes members of all the religions would accept.
However, there is strong evidence in the edicts alone that he was a Buddhist. In one edict he belittles rituals, and he banned Vedic animal sacrifices; these strongly suggest that he at least did not look to the Vedic tradition for guidance. Furthermore, there are many edicts expressed to Buddhists alone; in one, Ashoka declares himself to be an "Upasaka", and in another he demonstrates a close familiarity with Buddhist texts. He erected rock pillars at Buddhist holy sites, but did not do so for the sites of other religions. He also used the word "dhamma" to refer to qualities of the Heart that underlie moral action; this was an exclusively Buddhist use of the word. Finally, the ideals he promotes correspond to the first three steps of The Buddha's graduated discourse.
Contributions
Global spread of Buddhism
Ashoka, now a Buddhist emperor, believed that Buddhism is beneficial for all human beings as well as Animals and plants, so he built 84,000 stupas, Sangharama, viharas, Chaitya, and residences for Buddhist monks all over South Asia and Central Asia. He gave donations to viharas and mathas. He sent his only daughter Sanghamitta and son Mahindra to spread Buddhism in Sri Lanka (ancient name Tamraparni). Ashoka also sent many prominent Buddhist monks (bhikshus) Sthaviras like Madhyamik Sthavira to modern Kashmir and Afghanistan; Maharaskshit Sthavira to Syria, Persia / Iran, Egypt, Greece, Italy and Turkey; Massim Sthavira to Nepal, Bhutan, China and Mongolia; Sohn Uttar Sthavira to modern Cambodia, Laos, Burma (old name Suvarnabhumi for Burma and Thailand), Thailand and Vietnam; Mahadhhamarakhhita stahvira to Maharashtra (old name Maharatthha); Maharakhhit Sthavira and Yavandhammarakhhita Sthavira to South India. Ashoka also invited Buddhists and non-Buddhists for religious conferences. Ashoka inspired the Buddhist monks to compose the sacred religious texts, and also gave all types of help to that end. Ashoka also helped to develop viharas (intellectual hubs) such as Nalanda and Taxila. Ashoka helped to construct Sanchi and Mahabodhi Temple. Ashoka never tried to harm or to destroy non-Buddhist religions, and indeed gave donations to non-Buddhists. As his reign continued his even-handedness was replaced with special inclination towards Buddhism. Ashoka helped and respected both Sramans (Buddhists monks) and Brahmins (Vedic monks). Ashoka also helped to organize the Third Buddhist Council (c. 250 BC) at Pataliputra (today's Patna). It was conducted by the Monk Moggaliputta-Tissa who was the spiritual teacher of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.
As administrator
Ashoka's military Power was so strong that he was able to crush those empires that went to war against him. Still, he was on friendly terms with kingdoms in the South like Cholas, Pandya, Keralputra, the post Alexandrian empire, Tamraparni, and Suvarnabhumi who were strong enough to remain outside his empire and continued to profess Hinduism. According to his edicts we know that he provided humanitarian help including Doctors, hospitals, inns, wells, medical herbs and engineers to his neighboring countries. In neighboring countries, Ashoka helped humans as well as Animals. Ashoka also planted trees in his empire and his neighboring countries. Ashoka was perhaps the first emperor in human history to ban slavery, Hunting, fishing and deforestation. Ashoka also banned the Death sentence and asked the same for the neighboring countries.
Ashoka commanded his people to serve the orders of their elders parents and religious monks (shramana and Brahmin). Ashoka also recommended his people study and respect all religions. According to Ashoka, to harm another's religion is a harm to one's own religion. Ashoka asserted his people to live with Dharmmacharana. Ashoka asked people to live with Harmony, peace, Love and tolerance. Ashoka called his people as his children, and they could call him when they need him. He also asked people to save money and not to spend for immoral causes. Ashoka also believed in dharmacharana (dhammacharana) and dharmavijaya (dhammavijaya). According to many European and Asian historians the age of Ashoka was the age of Light and delightment. He was the first emperor in human history who has taught the lesson of unity, peace, equality and Love. Ashoka's aim was not to expand the territories but the welfare of all of his subjects (sarvajansukhay). In his vast empire there was no evidence of recognizable mutiny or civil war. Ashoka was the true devotee of nonviolence, peace and Love. This made him different from other emperors. Ashoka also helped Buddhism as well as religions like Jainism, Hinduism, Hellenic polytheism and Ajivikas. Ashoka was against any discrimination among humans. He helped students, the poor, orphans and the elderly with social, political and economic help. According to Ashoka, hatred gives birth to hatred and a feeling of Love gives birth to Love and mercy. According to him the Happiness of people is the Happiness of the ruler. His opinion was that the sword is not as powerful as Love. Ashoka was also kind to prisoners, and respected animal Life and tree Life. Ashoka allowed females to be educated. He also permitted females to enter religious institutions. He allowed female Buddhist monastics such as Bhikkhuni. He combined in himself the complexity of a king and a simplicity of a Buddhist monk. Because of these reasons he is known as the emperor of all ages and thus became a milestone in the History of the world.
Ashoka Chakra
The Ashoka Chakra (the wheel of Ashoka) is a depiction of the Dharmachakra or Dhammachakka in Pali, the Wheel of Dharma (Sanskrit: Chakra means wheel). The wheel has 24 spokes. The Ashoka Chakra has been widely inscribed on many relics of the Mauryan Emperor, most prominent among which is the Lion Capital of Sarnath and The Ashoka Pillar. The most visible use of the Ashoka Chakra today is at the centre of the National flag of the Republic of India (adopted on 22 July 1947), where it is rendered in a Navy-blue color on a White background, by replacing the symbol of Charkha (Spinning wheel) of the pre-independence versions of the flag. Ashoka Chakra can also been seen on the base of Lion Capital of Ashoka which has been adopted as the National Emblem of India.
The Ashoka Chakra was built by Ashoka during his reign. Chakra is a Sanskrit word which also means cycle or self repeating process. The process it signifies is the cycle of time as how the world changes with time.
A few days before India became independent on August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities. A flag with three colours, Saffron, White and Green with the Ashoka Chakra was selected.
Pillars of Ashoka (Ashokstambha)
The pillars of Ashoka are a series of columns dispersed throughout the northern Indian subcontinent, and erected by Ashoka during his reign in the 3rd century BC. Originally, there must have been many pillars of Ashoka although only ten with inscriptions still survive. Averaging between forty and fifty feet in height, and weighing up to fifty tons each, all the pillars were quarried at Chunar, just south of Varanasi and dragged, sometimes hundreds of miles, to where they were erected. The first Pillar of Ashoka was found in the 16th century by Thomas Coryat in the ruins of ancient Delhi. The wheel represents the sun time and Buddhist law, while the swastika stands for the cosmic dance around a fixed center and guards against Evil. There is no evidence of a swastika, or manji, on the pillars. [[File:Ashok Sthamba.jpg|thumb|right|180px|The Asokan pillar at Lumbini, Nepal)]
Lion Capital of Asoka (Ashokmudra)
The Lion capital of Ashoka is a sculpture of four "Indian lions" standing back to back. It was originally placed atop the Aśoka pillar at Sarnath, now in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The pillar, sometimes called the Aśoka Column is still in its original location, but the Lion Capital is now in the Sarnath Museum. This Lion Capital of Ashoka from Sarnath has been adopted as the National Emblem of India and the wheel "Ashoka Chakra" from its base was placed onto the center of the National Flag of India.
The capital contains four lions (Indian / Asiatic Lions), standing back to back, mounted on an abacus, with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull, and a lion, separated by intervening spoked chariot-wheels over a bell-shaped Lotus. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the capital was believed to be crowned by a 'Wheel of Dharma' (Dharmachakra popularly known in India as the "Ashoka Chakra").
The Ashoka Lion capital or the Sarnath lion capital is also known as the national symbol of India. The Sarnath pillar bears one of the Edicts of Ashoka, an inscription against division within the Buddhist community, which reads, "No one shall cause division in the order of monks". The Sarnath pillar is a column surmounted by a capital, which consists of a canopy representing an inverted bell-shaped Lotus flower, a short cylindrical abacus with four 24-spoked Dharma wheels with four Animals (an elephant, a bull, a horse, a lion).
The four Animals in the Sarnath capital are believed to symbolize different steps of Lord Buddha's Life.
- The Elephant represents The Buddha's idea in reference to the dream of Queen Maya of a white elephant entering her womb.
- The Bull represents desire during the Life of The Buddha as a prince.
- The Horse represents Buddha's departure from palatial Life.
- The Lion represents the accomplishment of Buddha.
Besides the religious interpretations, there are some non-religious interpretations also about the symbolism of the Ashoka capital pillar at Sarnath. According to them, the four lions symbolize Ashoka's rule over the four directions, the wheels as symbols of his enlightened rule (Chakravartin) and the four Animals as symbols of four adjoining territories of India.
Constructions credited to Ashoka
[[Image:Mahabodhitemple.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Mahabodhi Temple, constructed by Ashoka the Great, approximately 250 BCE; restoration by the British and India post independence]]
- Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Dhamek Stupa, Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Mahabodhi Temple, Bihar, India
- Barabar Caves, Bihar, India
- Nalanda University (Vishwaviddyalaya), (some portions like Sariputta Stupa), Bihar, India
- Taxila University (Vishwaviddyalaya), (some portions like Dharmarajika Stupa and Kunala Stupa), Taxila, Pakistan
- Bhir Mound, (reconstructed), Taxila, Pakistan
- Bharhut Stupa, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Deorkothar Stupa , Madhya Pradesh, India
- Butkara Stupa, Swat, Pakistan
- Sannati Stupa , Karnataka, India: The only known sculptural depiction of Ashoka
Attributed to Ashoka
- All men are my children. What I desire for my own children, and I desire their welfare and Happiness both in this world and the next, which I desire for all men. You do not understand to what extent I desire this, and if some of you do understand, you do not understand the full extent of my desire.
- Here (in my domain) no living beings are to be slaughtered or offered in sacrifice.
- Respect for mother and father is good, Generosity to friends, acquaintances, relatives, Brahmans and ascetics is good, not killing living beings is good, moderation in spending and moderation in saving is good.
- To do good is difficult. One who does good first does something hard to do. I have done many good deeds, and, if my sons, grandsons and their descendants up to the end of the world act in like manner, they too will do much good. But whoever amongst them neglects this, they will do Evil.Truly, it is easy to do Evil.
- All religions should reside everywhere, for all of them desire self-control and purity of Heart.
- King Piyadasi does not consider glory and Fame to be of great account unless they are achieved through having my subjects respect Dhamma and practice Dhamma, both now and in the future.
- Whoever praises his own religion, due to excessive devotion, and condemns others with the thought "Let me glorify my own religion," only harms his own religion. Therefore contact (between religions) is good. One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed by others.
- There is no gift like the gift of the Dhamma, (no acquaintance like) acquaintance with Dhamma, (no distribution like) distribution of Dhamma, and (no kinship like) kinship through Dhamma. And it consists of this: proper behavior towards servants and employees, respect for mother and father, Generosity to friends, companions, relations, Brahmans and ascetics, and not killing living beings.
- King Piyadasi, honors both ascetics and the householders of all religions, and he honors them with gifts and honors of various kinds.But Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, does not value gifts and honors as much as he values this—that there should be growth in the essentials of all religions.
- Along roads I have had banyan trees planted so that they can give shade to Animals and men, and I have had mango groves planted. At intervals of eight //krosas//, I have had wells dug, rest-houses built, and in various places, I have had watering-places made for the use of Animals and men. But these are but minor achievements. Such things to make the people happy have been done by former kings. I have done these things for this purpose, that the people might practice the Dhamma.
- It is my desire that there should be uniformity in law and uniformity in sentencing. I even go this far, to grant a three-day stay for those in prison who have been tried and sentenced to Death. During this time their relatives can make appeals to have the prisoners' lives spared. If there is none to appeal on their behalf, the prisoners can give gifts in order to make merit for the next world, or observe fasts.
Ashoka today
In Art, film and literature
- One of the most famous figures in modern Hindi literature, Jaishankar Prasad, composed Ashoka ki chinta (in English: Anxiety of Ashoka), a famous Hindi verse. The poem portrays Ashoka’s Heart during the war of Kalinga.
- Uttar-Priyadarshi (The Final Beatitude) a verse-play written by poet Agyeya, depicting his redemption, was adapted to stage in 1996 by theatre director, Ratan Thiyam and has since been performed in many parts of the world.
- In Piers Anthony’s series of space opera novels, the main character mentions Asoka as a model for administrators to strive for.
- Asoka is a 2001 epic Bollywood historical drama. It is a largely fictional version of the Life of the Indian emperor Ashoka. The film was directed by Santosh Sivan and stars Shahrukh Khan as Ashoka and Kareena Kapoor as Kaurwaki, a princess of Kalinga. The film ends with Asoka renouncing the sword and embracing Buddhism. The final narrative describes how Asoka not only built a large empire, but spread Buddhism and the winds of peace through it.
- The Legend of Kunal is an upcoming film based on the Life of Kunal, the son of the Indian emperor Ashoka. The movie will be directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi.