Difference between revisions of "Buddhism: Chronology and History"
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− | ==Buddhism in India== | + | ==[[Buddhism in India]]== |
===Before 2200 BCE:=== | ===Before 2200 BCE:=== | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | - Indus Valley Civilization | + | - {{Wiki|Indus Valley}} {{Wiki|Civilization}} |
− | - refers to people living in the Indus River Valley in India in the third millenium BCE (c. 2500 BCE) | + | - refers to [[people]] living in the {{Wiki|Indus River}} Valley in [[India]] in the third millenium BCE (c. 2500 BCE) |
− | - significant evidence for the worship of goddesses in conjunction with bull or ram figures | + | - significant {{Wiki|evidence}} for the {{Wiki|worship}} of [[goddesses]] in {{Wiki|conjunction}} with [[bull]] or ram figures |
− | - Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were the principle cities of the region, c. 2500-1250 BCE | + | - {{Wiki|Harappa}} and Mohenjo-Daro were the [[principle]] cities of the region, c. 2500-1250 BCE |
− | - the region was well-organized with evidence of well-developed societies, scholarship, etc. | + | - the region was well-organized with {{Wiki|evidence}} of well-developed {{Wiki|societies}}, {{Wiki|scholarship}}, etc. |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
===2200-1500 BCE:=== | ===2200-1500 BCE:=== | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -Indus Valley civilization disappears (due to possible invasion by Aryans arriving c.1500 BCE?) | + | -{{Wiki|Indus Valley}} {{Wiki|civilization}} disappears (due to possible invasion by [[Aryans]] arriving c.1500 BCE?) |
− | -Religious oral traditions and hymns began to be collected | + | -[[Religious]] [[oral traditions]] and hymns began to be collected |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
===1000-500 BCE:=== | ===1000-500 BCE:=== | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -The Vedas and the religious diversity of Hinduism is rooted in the Indus Valley civilization | + | -The [[Vedas]] and the [[religious]] diversity of [[Hinduism]] is rooted in the {{Wiki|Indus Valley}} {{Wiki|civilization}} |
− | -Collection of Expositions, which include Brahmanas and Upanisads, which are also included in the scriptures of Hinduism | + | -Collection of Expositions, which include [[Brahmanas]] and [[Upanisads]], which are also included in the [[scriptures]] of [[Hinduism]] |
− | -The upanisads are a written composite and philosophical exploration on works orally composed. | + | -The [[upanisads]] are a written composite and [[philosophical]] exploration on works orally composed. |
− | -They intend to present the meaning of religious practice and thought up against or in response to the Vedas. | + | -They intend to {{Wiki|present}} the meaning of [[religious]] practice and [[thought]] up against or in response to the [[Vedas]]. |
− | -a few centuries before the life of Buddha, a tradition of Wanderers wanted liberation, and were the early roots of Buddhism. | + | -a few centuries before the [[life]] of [[Buddha]], a [[tradition]] of [[Wanderers]] wanted [[liberation]], and were the early [[roots]] of [[Buddhism]]. |
− | -Two kinds of Wanderers: | + | -Two kinds of [[Wanderers]]: |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | * Orthodox: Brahmanas | + | * {{Wiki|Orthodox}}: [[Brahmanas]] |
− | * Heterodox: Samanas | + | * Heterodox: [[Samanas]] |
===563-483 BCE:=== | ===563-483 BCE:=== | ||
− | Life of The Buddha, or Siddhartha Gautama, "The Buddha" | + | [[Life]] of The [[Buddha]], or [[Siddhartha Gautama]], "The [[Buddha]]" |
− | * Buddha is the great teacher from the Buddhist tradition | + | * [[Buddha]] is the [[great teacher]] from the [[Buddhist tradition]] |
− | * his teachings are based in the Vedic tradition | + | * his teachings are based in the {{Wiki|Vedic}} [[tradition]] |
− | * referred to as the "enlightened one" or "one who has awakened" | + | * referred to as the "[[enlightened one]]" or "one who has [[awakened]]" |
− | Brief chronology of Siddhartha's life: | + | Brief {{Wiki|chronology}} of [[Siddhartha's]] [[life]]: |
− | * born into the ksatriya varna as son and heir of a local ruler | + | * born into the [[ksatriya]] [[varna]] as son and heir of a local [[ruler]] |
− | * accidentally attained a meditational experience in youth | + | * accidentally [[attained]] a [[meditational]] [[experience]] in youth |
− | * sneaks out of the palace and finds and old man, a sick man, a corpse, and an ascetic; IE: the Four Passing Sights | + | * sneaks out of the palace and finds and old man, a sick man, a corpse, and an [[ascetic]]; IE: the Four Passing Sights |
− | * wants to overcome the sickness, suffering, and death in the world that he witnessed in those 4 people | + | * wants to overcome the [[sickness]], [[suffering]], and [[death]] in the [[world]] that he witnessed in those 4 [[people]] |
− | * age 29, Siddhartha renounces the world and begins the path to enlightenment | + | * age 29, [[Siddhartha]] renounces the [[world]] and begins the [[path]] to [[enlightenment]] |
− | * when enlightened, Siddhartha, now "The Buddha," experiences the cornerstone of the 4 Noble Truths and the 4 dhyanas | + | * when [[enlightened]], [[Siddhartha]], now "The [[Buddha]]," [[experiences]] the cornerstone of the [[4 Noble Truths]] and the 4 [[dhyanas]] |
− | * Buddha dies around 483 BCE | + | * [[Buddha]] [[dies]] around 483 BCE |
− | * Note: Siddhartha's birth and death dates are controversial. It is widely held in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia that Siddhartha's life spanned from 624-544 BCE, and in Europe, America, and India from c.566-486 BCE, and further in Japan from 448-368 BCE. | + | * Note: [[Siddhartha's]] [[birth]] and [[death]] dates are controversial. It is widely held in [[Sri Lanka]] and {{Wiki|Southeast Asia}} that [[Siddhartha's]] [[life]] spanned from 624-544 BCE, and in {{Wiki|Europe}}, {{Wiki|America}}, and [[India]] from c.566-486 BCE, and further in [[Japan]] from 448-368 BCE. |
===500-250 BCE=== | ===500-250 BCE=== | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -period of the 4 Councils of Buddhism | + | -period of the 4 Councils of [[Buddhism]] |
− | * First Council (after Buddha's death c. 483 BCE) | + | * [[First Council]] (after [[Buddha's]] [[death]] c. 483 BCE) |
− | --location: Rajagrha | + | --location: [[Rajagrha]] |
− | --500 monks gathered to compile Siddhartha's teachings (into a sort of canon), establishing a direction for Buddhism after Siddhartha's death | + | --500 [[monks]] [[gathered]] to compile [[Siddhartha's]] teachings (into a sort of [[canon]]), establishing a [[direction]] for [[Buddhism]] after [[Siddhartha's]] [[death]] |
− | * Second Council (c.383 or 373 BCE) | + | * [[Second Council]] (c.383 or 373 BCE) |
− | --location: Vaisali | + | --location: [[Vaisali]] |
--questioning of the 10 points | --questioning of the 10 points | ||
− | --possible time of the Great Schism according to some sources | + | --possible [[time]] of the Great {{Wiki|Schism}} according to some sources |
− | * "Second" Second Council, or 2/3 Council (around 346 BCE) | + | * "Second" [[Second Council]], or 2/3 Council (around 346 BCE) |
− | --location: Pataliputra | + | --location: [[Pataliputra]] |
− | --first true Great Schism of Buddhism, where the Samgha, or Buddhist order/group split into two separate schools, called Mahasamghikas and Sthaviras | + | --first true Great {{Wiki|Schism}} of [[Buddhism]], where the [[Samgha]], or [[Buddhist]] order/group split into two separate schools, called Mahasamghikas and [[Sthaviras]] |
− | * Third Council (c.250 BCE) | + | * [[Third Council]] (c.250 BCE) |
− | --location: Pataliputra | + | --location: [[Pataliputra]] |
− | --schism again occurs to separate a third school called sarastivadins | + | --{{Wiki|schism}} again occurs to separate a third school called sarastivadins |
--Asoka(c. 270-230 BCE) was overseer | --Asoka(c. 270-230 BCE) was overseer | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
===269-232 BCE=== | ===269-232 BCE=== | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -Asoka is the third monarch of the Mauryan Dynasty in India | + | -[[Asoka]] is the third {{Wiki|monarch}} of the [[wikipedia:Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] Dynasty in [[India]] |
− | * c.258, Asoka leads a bloody military campaign in the village/region of Kalinga | + | * c.258, [[Asoka]] leads a bloody {{Wiki|military}} campaign in the village/region of [[Kalinga]] |
− | * the witness of such carnage inspired his conversion to Buddhism | + | * the {{Wiki|witness}} of such carnage inspired his [[conversion]] to [[Buddhism]] |
− | * as a king, he brought India together | + | * as a [[king]], he brought [[India]] together |
− | * referred to as the pious ruler, establishing a sense of social justice in the region (ie. social service, medical care, humane treatment of the masses) | + | * referred to as the pious [[ruler]], establishing a [[sense]] of {{Wiki|social}} justice in the region (ie. {{Wiki|social}} service, {{Wiki|medical}} care, humane treatment of the masses) |
− | * became a lay disciple | + | * became a lay [[disciple]] |
− | * ruled over the third council | + | * ruled over the [[third council]] |
− | * sent out missionary efforts to spread Buddhism to other places, i.g: Indian sub-continent, Burma, Sri Lanka, etc. | + | * sent out {{Wiki|missionary}} efforts to spread [[Buddhism]] to other places, i.g: [[Indian]] sub-continent, [[Burma]], [[Sri Lanka]], etc. |
− | * Dharma-conquest -- reigned with good moral principles | + | * Dharma-conquest -- reigned with good [[moral]] {{Wiki|principles}} |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | ===Nagarjuna (c.150-250 CE):=== | + | ===[[Nagarjuna]] (c.150-250 CE):=== |
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -associated with the Madhyamika school of Mahayana Buddhism | + | -associated with the [[Madhyamika school]] of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] |
− | -advocate of the Middle Way between asceticism and hedonism in Buddhist practice | + | -advocate of the [[Middle Way]] between [[asceticism]] and {{Wiki|hedonism}} in [[Buddhist practice]] |
− | -remembered for his teachings on emptiness or sunyata | + | -remembered for his teachings on [[emptiness]] or [[sunyata]] |
− | -confusion about the biography of Nagarjuna persists, as texts are attributed to him over a five hundred year period | + | -{{Wiki|confusion}} about the {{Wiki|biography}} of [[Nagarjuna]] persists, as texts are attributed to him over a five hundred year period |
− | -his principle work is Mulamadhyamikakariakas, in which he critically examines other schools of Buddhism of his time period | + | -his [[principle]] work is Mulamadhyamikakariakas, in which he critically examines other [[schools of Buddhism]] of his [[time]] period |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | ===Asanga (c.315-390 CE):=== | + | ===[[Asanga]] (c.315-390 CE):=== |
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -founder of the yogacara school of Mahayana Buddhism | + | -founder of the [[yogacara]] school of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] |
− | -emphasized the practice of Yoga or meditation (hence, Yogacara) | + | -emphasized the practice of [[Yoga]] or [[meditation]] (hence, [[Yogacara]]) |
− | -the elder brother of the prominent Buddhist philosopher, Vasubandhu | + | -the elder brother of the prominent [[Buddhist]] [[philosopher]], [[Vasubandhu]] |
− | -known for his treatise on The Seventeen Stages of yoga, as instructed by bodhisattva Maitreya | + | -known for his treatise on The Seventeen Stages of [[yoga]], as instructed by [[bodhisattva Maitreya]] |
− | -also, Asanga's Abhidharmasamuccaya attempts to exlicate the elements of phenomenal existence from the perspective of the Yogacara school | + | -also, [[Asanga's]] [[Abhidharmasamuccaya]] attempts to exlicate the [[elements]] of [[phenomenal existence]] from the {{Wiki|perspective}} of the [[Yogacara]] school |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | ===Vasubandhu (forth or fifth century CE):=== | + | ===[[Vasubandhu]] (forth or fifth century CE):=== |
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -converted from Abhidharma Buddhism to Mahayana | + | -converted from [[Abhidharma]] [[Buddhism]] to [[Mahayana]] |
− | -followed his brother Asanga in converting from Abhidhgarma Buddhism to Mahayan Buddhism, in particular, the Yogacara school (eventually the Vijnanavada school for Vasubandhu) | + | -followed his brother [[Asanga]] in converting from Abhidhgarma [[Buddhism]] to Mahayan [[Buddhism]], in particular, the [[Yogacara]] school (eventually the [[Vijnanavada school]] for [[Vasubandhu]]) |
− | -he is connected historically to three distinct persons, and thus his biography is not clear | + | -he is connected historically to three {{Wiki|distinct}} persons, and thus his {{Wiki|biography}} is not clear |
− | -later in life he moves from a concentration on Yoga practice to Buddhist theory | + | -later in [[life]] he moves from a [[concentration]] on [[Yoga practice]] to [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|theory}} |
− | -he was the author of Abhidharmakosa, an encyclopedic work on Buddhist doctrines and philosophy | + | -he was the author of [[Abhidharmakosa]], an {{Wiki|encyclopedic}} work on [[Buddhist]] [[doctrines]] and [[philosophy]] |
-Author of Vimsatika (20 verses) and Trimsika (30 verses) | -Author of Vimsatika (20 verses) and Trimsika (30 verses) | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | ===Dignaga (c.480-540 CE:)=== | + | ===[[Dignaga]] (c.480-540 CE:)=== |
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -the ascribed founder of Buddhist logic | + | -the ascribed founder of [[Buddhist logic]] |
− | -early on, affiliated with the vatsiputriya school of Abhidhgarma Buddhism, later the Nayaya school | + | -early on, affiliated with the [[vatsiputriya]] school of Abhidhgarma [[Buddhism]], later the Nayaya school |
− | -studied under the great buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu (Vijnana-vada phiosophy) | + | -studied under the great [[buddhist]] [[philosopher]] [[Vasubandhu]] (Vijnana-vada phiosophy) |
− | -thought to have written more than a hundred treatises on logic | + | -[[thought]] to have written more than a hundred treatises on [[logic]] |
− | -was the first Buddhist thinker to consider seriously the "validity or invalidity" of knowledge | + | -was the first [[Buddhist]] thinker to consider seriously the "validity or invalidity" of [[knowledge]] |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | ===Paramartha (c.498-569 CE):=== | + | ===[[Paramartha]] (c.498-569 CE):=== |
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -a notable biographer, missionary and translater of the Buddhist tradition | + | -a notable biographer, {{Wiki|missionary}} and translater of the [[Buddhist tradition]] |
− | -studied at the famous Universtity of Nalanda | + | -studied at the famous Universtity of [[Nalanda]] |
− | -spent a considerable amount of time "on mission" in china | + | -spent a considerable amount of [[time]] "on [[mission]]" in [[china]] |
− | -while in China he sitinguished himself as a translator of Sanskrit scriptures into chinese (translating the equivalent of 275 volumes in Chinese) | + | -while in [[China]] he sitinguished himself as a [[translator]] of [[Sanskrit]] [[scriptures]] into {{Wiki|chinese}} (translating the {{Wiki|equivalent}} of 275 volumes in {{Wiki|Chinese}}) |
− | -he was largely responsible for the introduction of Vasubandhu's philosophy to China | + | -he was largely responsible for the introduction of [[Vasubandhu's]] [[philosophy]] to [[China]] |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | ===Dharmapala (c.530-561 CE):=== | + | ===[[Dharmapala]] (c.530-561 CE):=== |
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -associated with the yogacara school of Mahayana Buddhism | + | -associated with the [[yogacara]] school of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] |
− | -his most influential work is the Parmattha-dipani | + | -his most influential work is the [[Parmattha-dipani]] |
-principally responded to the work of an earlier thinker, that of Buddhagosha | -principally responded to the work of an earlier thinker, that of Buddhagosha | ||
− | -studied at the famous University of Nalanda, later becoming its abbot | + | -studied at the famous {{Wiki|University}} of [[Nalanda]], later becoming its [[abbot]] |
− | -made significant contributions to the Buddhist discussion of "self" and consciousness from a Yogacara school perspective | + | -made significant contributions to the [[Buddhist]] [[discussion]] of "[[self]]" and [[consciousness]] from a [[Yogacara]] school {{Wiki|perspective}} |
− | -a Chinese pilgrim-monk who travelled to India in search of the roots of the Mahayana buddhist tradition (late Sui and early T'ang dynasties) | + | -a {{Wiki|Chinese}} pilgrim-monk who travelled to [[India]] in search of the [[roots]] of the [[Mahayana buddhist tradition]] (late Sui and early T'ang dynasties) |
− | -great Buddhist scholar and advisor to the emperor of China | + | -great [[Buddhist scholar]] and advisor to the [[emperor]] of [[China]] |
− | -studied extensively both the Abhidhgarma and Mahayana Buddhist traditions, as well as the contemporary, standard Vedic curriculum | + | -studied extensively both the Abhidhgarma and [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist traditions]], as well as the contemporary, standard {{Wiki|Vedic}} {{Wiki|curriculum}} |
− | -he contributed significanly to the Chinese Buddhist canon as a translator of Indian texts into chinese (this was well funded bye the Chinese government, as he had excellent connections) | + | -he contributed significanly to the [[Chinese Buddhist canon]] as a [[translator]] of [[Indian]] texts into {{Wiki|chinese}} (this was well funded bye the {{Wiki|Chinese government}}, as he had {{Wiki|excellent}} connections) |
− | -his work in its more pure form lives on in the Hosso school of Japanese Buddhism | + | -his work in its more [[pure]] [[form]] [[lives]] on in the [[Hosso school]] of [[Japanese Buddhism]] |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | ===Dharmakirti (c.600-660 CE):=== | + | ===[[Dharmakirti]] (c.600-660 CE):=== |
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -in early life Dharmakirti studied extensively the scholarship of the Vedas and other buddhist phiosophy | + | -in early [[life]] [[Dharmakirti]] studied extensively the {{Wiki|scholarship}} of the [[Vedas]] and other [[buddhist]] phiosophy |
− | -he eventually pursued the study of logic, following in the footsteps of his predecessor, Dignaga | + | -he eventually pursued the study of [[logic]], following in the footsteps of his predecessor, [[Dignaga]] |
− | -was the student of a direct pupil's of Dignaga | + | -was the student of a direct pupil's of [[Dignaga]] |
− | -widely considered a genius of his time, Dharmakirti's theory of knowledge forced numerous revisions within the works of other thinkers and other traditions | + | -widely considered a genius of his [[time]], [[Dharmakirti's]] {{Wiki|theory}} of [[knowledge]] forced numerous revisions within the works of other thinkers and other [[traditions]] |
− | -significantly, he challenged the divine infallibility of the Vedas | + | -significantly, he challenged the [[divine]] infallibility of the [[Vedas]] |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
Schools12344412.jpg | Schools12344412.jpg | ||
− | ==Buddhism Outside India: Southeast Asia== | + | ==[[Buddhism]] Outside [[India]]: {{Wiki|Southeast Asia}}== |
− | ===Ceylon (Sri Lanka)=== | + | ===[[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]])=== |
<poem> | <poem> | ||
'''247 BCE | '''247 BCE | ||
− | -One possible view of Buddhism in spread into Ceylon | + | -One possible [[view]] of [[Buddhism]] in spread into [[Ceylon]] |
− | -Asoka, emperor of India, sends Mahinda to Ceylon on a missionary trip, who introduces Buddhism to Ceylon | + | -[[Asoka]], [[emperor]] of [[India]], sends [[Mahinda]] to [[Ceylon]] on a {{Wiki|missionary}} trip, who introduces [[Buddhism]] to [[Ceylon]] |
'''250-210 BCE: | '''250-210 BCE: | ||
− | -Second possible view of Buddhism is spread into Ceylon | + | -Second possible [[view]] of [[Buddhism]] is spread into [[Ceylon]] |
− | -Devanampiyatissa leads the conversion of the island | + | -[[Devanampiyatissa]] leads the [[conversion]] of the island |
'''3rd Century CE: | '''3rd Century CE: | ||
− | -A sect of Vaitulyavada makes an enterance into Ceylon | + | -A sect of Vaitulyavada makes an enterance into [[Ceylon]] |
'''4th Century CE: | '''4th Century CE: | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | ===Vietnam=== | + | ===[[Vietnam]]=== |
<poem> | <poem> | ||
'''111 BCE: | '''111 BCE: | ||
− | -Meu-Po, a Buddhist fugitive from China, propogates Mahayana Sutras in Vietnam | + | -Meu-Po, a [[Buddhist]] fugitive from [[China]], propogates [[Mahayana Sutras]] in [[Vietnam]] |
2nd Century CE: | 2nd Century CE: | ||
''' | ''' | ||
− | -A-Ham, one of the 2 major Vietnamese sects of Buddhism, begins to take shape | + | -A-Ham, one of the 2 major [[Vietnamese]] sects of [[Buddhism]], begins to take shape |
'''3rd Century CE: | '''3rd Century CE: | ||
− | -Mahayana and Abhidhgarma missionaries travel through Vietnam | + | -[[Mahayana]] and Abhidhgarma [[missionaries]] travel through [[Vietnam]] |
'''580 CE: | '''580 CE: | ||
− | -Vinitaruci spreads second major Vietnamese Buddhist school, called Thien | + | -[[Vinitaruci]] spreads second major [[Vietnamese]] [[Buddhist]] school, called [[Thien]] |
'''820 CE: | '''820 CE: | ||
− | -Vo-ngon-Thong continues to develop the Thien school of Buddhism | + | -Vo-ngon-Thong continues to develop the [[Thien]] school of [[Buddhism]] |
'''968-980 CE: | '''968-980 CE: | ||
− | -Dinh Bo-Linh spreads a form of Buddhism known as Amidism | + | -[[Dinh]] Bo-Linh spreads a [[form]] of [[Buddhism]] known as {{Wiki|Amidism}} |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | ===Korea=== | + | ===[[Korea]]=== |
<poem> | <poem> | ||
'''1st Century CE: | '''1st Century CE: | ||
− | -Korea's early development is intimately tied to its relations with China (keeping in mind that the process of development is interactive) | + | -[[Korea's]] early development is intimately tied to its relations with [[China]] (keeping in [[mind]] that the process of development is interactive) |
− | -Earliest form of religion in Korea is called Shamanism | + | -Earliest [[form]] of [[religion]] in [[Korea]] is called [[Shamanism]] |
− | -Chinese colonies spring up in Korea | + | -{{Wiki|Chinese}} colonies spring up in [[Korea]] |
− | -Buddhism is transmitted to Korea during the Three Kingdoms Period (c.370-670CE) | + | -[[Buddhism]] is transmitted to [[Korea]] during the {{Wiki|Three Kingdoms}} Period (c.370-670CE) |
'''372-384 CE: | '''372-384 CE: | ||
− | -Monk Shun-tao from china introduces Buddhism to Korea | + | -[[Monk]] Shun-tao from [[china]] introduces [[Buddhism]] to [[Korea]] |
− | -Monk Malanada spreads Buddhism farther in 384 CE | + | -[[Monk]] Malanada spreads [[Buddhism]] farther in 384 CE |
− | -the first Buddhist monastery erected on Korean soil (c.376) | + | -the first [[Buddhist monastery]] erected on [[Korean]] soil (c.376) |
− | -broad regional reception and acceptance of Buddhism under the Seradian monk Maranani'a (c.384-onward) | + | -broad regional {{Wiki|reception}} and [[acceptance]] of [[Buddhism]] under the Seradian [[monk]] Maranani'a (c.384-onward) |
'''528 CE: | '''528 CE: | ||
− | -Monk Ichadon was martyred, and therefore this is the "official" date of introduction | + | -[[Monk]] [[Ichadon]] was martyred, and therefore this is the "official" date of introduction |
− | -the last of the Three Kingdoms, that of Silla, embraces Buddhism | + | -the last of the {{Wiki|Three Kingdoms}}, that of [[Silla]], embraces [[Buddhism]] |
'''6th and 7th Centuries CE: | '''6th and 7th Centuries CE: | ||
− | -in conquering the other two kingdoms, that of Koguryo and Paekehe, Silla found it politically advantageous to support the spread of Buddhism | + | -in conquering the other two {{Wiki|kingdoms}}, that of Koguryo and Paekehe, [[Silla]] found it {{Wiki|politically}} advantageous to support the spread of [[Buddhism]] |
− | -Korean monks are sent to China to bring back Buddhist teachings | + | -[[Korean]] [[monks]] are sent to [[China]] to bring back [[Buddhist teachings]] |
− | -the scholastic schools of Chinese Buddhism were introduced into Korea | + | -the {{Wiki|scholastic}} schools of [[Chinese Buddhism]] were introduced into [[Korea]] |
− | -ideologies were consolidated and new schools were organized | + | -ideologies were consolidated and [[new schools]] were organized |
− | -Pomnany brings Ch'an (in Korean: "Son") school of Budddhism, taught by Tao-hsin, the fourth patriarch of the Chinese Ch'an school, back to Korea | + | -Pomnany brings [[Ch'an]] (in [[Korean]]: "Son") school of Budddhism, taught by [[Tao-hsin]], the [[fourth patriarch]] of the {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Ch'an school]], back to [[Korea]] |
'''935-1392 CE: | '''935-1392 CE: | ||
-called Koryo Period | -called Koryo Period | ||
− | -Buddhism reaches its peak importance at this time in Korea | + | -[[Buddhism]] reaches its peak importance at this [[time]] in [[Korea]] |
− | -the Koryo School of Buddhism inspires a reconciliation between the Son and scholastic schools | + | -the Koryo School of [[Buddhism]] inspires a reconciliation between the Son and {{Wiki|scholastic}} schools |
− | -the unification of these two schools would occupy numerous religious figures over the next centuries | + | -the unification of these two schools would occupy numerous [[religious]] figures over the next centuries |
'''14th and 15th Centuries CE: | '''14th and 15th Centuries CE: | ||
-{{Wiki|Yi dynasty}} in power (c.1392) | -{{Wiki|Yi dynasty}} in power (c.1392) | ||
− | -Kings were hostile toward Buddhists | + | -[[Kings]] were {{Wiki|hostile}} toward [[Buddhists]] |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | ==Buddhism In China == | + | ==[[Buddhism In China]] == |
'''Table of {{Wiki|Chinese Dynasties}}'''<br><br> | '''Table of {{Wiki|Chinese Dynasties}}'''<br><br> | ||
{| border="1" | {| border="1" | ||
− | | Shang | + | | [[Shang]] |
| 1766-1125 BCE | | 1766-1125 BCE | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 243: | Line 243: | ||
| 206 BCE -220 CE | | 206 BCE -220 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | colspan="2" | <strong>The Three Kingdoms</strong> | + | | colspan="2" | <strong>The {{Wiki|Three Kingdoms}}</strong> |
|- | |- | ||
| Wu | | Wu | ||
Line 256: | Line 256: | ||
| colspan="2" | _ | | colspan="2" | _ | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Western Chin | + | | {{Wiki|Western}} Chin |
| 265-316 CE | | 265-316 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 265: | Line 265: | ||
| 420-479 CE | | 420-479 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ch'i | + | | [[Ch'i]] |
| 479-502 CE | | 479-502 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 280: | Line 280: | ||
| 618-907 CE | | 618-907 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Wu-Tai | + | | [[Wu-Tai]] |
| 907-960 CE | | 907-960 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sung North | + | | Sung [[North]] |
| 960-1127 CE | | 960-1127 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sung South | + | | Sung [[South]] |
| 1127-1279 CE | | 1127-1279 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 292: | Line 292: | ||
| 1280-1368 CE | | 1280-1368 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ming | + | | [[Ming]] |
| 1368-1644 CE | | 1368-1644 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 301: | Line 301: | ||
'''Centuries Before 1st Century BCE: | '''Centuries Before 1st Century BCE: | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -Taoism and Confucianism are existing religions in China | + | -[[Taoism]] and [[Wikipedia:Confucianism|Confucianism]] are [[existing]] [[religions]] in [[China]] |
'''1st Century BCE - 1st Century CE: | '''1st Century BCE - 1st Century CE: | ||
− | -Buddhism begins to enter China along trade routes | + | -[[Buddhism]] begins to enter [[China]] along trade routes |
− | -Buddhism was often mistaken for a simple form of Taoism | + | -[[Buddhism]] was often mistaken for a simple [[form]] of [[Taoism]] |
− | -Mahayana was preferred over Abhidhgarma | + | -[[Mahayana]] was preferred over Abhidhgarma |
'''61-64 CE: | '''61-64 CE: | ||
− | -Emperor Ming sends embassy to import Buddhism into China | + | -[[Wikipedia:Emperor Ming of Han|Emperor Ming]] sends {{Wiki|embassy}} to import [[Buddhism]] into [[China]] |
'''2nd Century CE: | '''2nd Century CE: | ||
− | -Emperor Huan mentioned to worship Buddha | + | -[[Emperor]] Huan mentioned to {{Wiki|worship}} [[Buddha]] |
− | -Monks arrived in China to produce texts and translations | + | -[[Monks]] arrived in [[China]] to produce texts and translations |
'''200-400 CE: | '''200-400 CE: | ||
− | -Buddhism officially introduced at 219 CE | + | -[[Buddhism]] officially introduced at 219 CE |
− | -Buddhism adapts to China, and to taoist religion, from 220-419 CE | + | -[[Buddhism]] adapts to [[China]], and to {{Wiki|taoist}} [[religion]], from 220-419 CE |
− | -Sun-Lun school in China-founded by Kumarujiva (343-413) - was a master of translation, translating many influential Mahayana texts into Chinese | + | -Sun-Lun school in China-founded by Kumarujiva (343-413) - was a [[master]] of translation, translating many influential [[Mahayana texts]] into {{Wiki|Chinese}} |
'''420-588 CE: | '''420-588 CE: | ||
− | -Buddhism divides into sects. | + | -[[Buddhism]] divides into sects. |
− | -the death of Bodhidharma, first Chinese Ch'an patriarch (c.527 CE) | + | -the [[death]] of [[Bodhidharma]], first {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Ch'an]] [[patriarch]] (c.527 CE) |
'''589-617CE: | '''589-617CE: | ||
− | -Hsuan-i, or hidden significance commentaries are written revelaing the characteristics of each sect | + | -Hsuan-i, or hidden significance commentaries are written revelaing the [[characteristics]] of each sect |
− | -known as the period of consolidation of Buddhism in China | + | -known as the period of consolidation of [[Buddhism in China]] |
'''618-906 CE: | '''618-906 CE: | ||
− | -In 845, Taoist Emperor Wu-tsung sends Buddhism into a decline | + | -In 845, [[Wikipedia:Taoism|Taoist]] [[Emperor Wu-tsung]] sends [[Buddhism]] into a {{Wiki|decline}} |
− | -The scholastic sects of Buddhism disappeared during this time-"official" representation of Buddhism | + | -The {{Wiki|scholastic}} sects of [[Buddhism]] disappeared during this time-"official" [[representation]] of [[Buddhism]] |
− | -After the death of Wu-tsung, the popular sects of Buddhism were revived | + | -After the [[death]] of [[Wu-tsung]], the popular sects of [[Buddhism]] were revived |
− | -A new school called chen-yen was started as well | + | -A [[new school]] called [[chen-yen]] was started as well |
'''907-Present | '''907-Present | ||
− | -printing of the Buddhist canon begins (c.972 CE) | + | -[[printing]] of the [[Buddhist canon]] begins (c.972 CE) |
− | -the popular schools of Chinese Buddhism continued on through this period | + | -the popular schools of [[Chinese Buddhism]] continued on through this period |
− | -a Buddhist revival occured from 1890-1947, led by T'ai-hsu | + | -a [[Buddhist]] revival occured from 1890-1947, led by T'ai-hsu |
− | -in 1949, Buddhism was suppressed by Communist leaders | + | -in 1949, [[Buddhism]] was suppressed by {{Wiki|Communist}} leaders |
− | -Both Honen and Shinran were Japanese | + | -Both [[Honen]] and [[Shinran]] were [[Japanese]] |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
{| border="1" | {| border="1" | ||
| Chu-she | | Chu-she | ||
− | | -founded by Paramartha in 6th century CE<br> | + | | -founded by [[Paramartha]] in 6th century CE<br> |
− | -organized by Hsuan-tsang from 596-664 CE<br> | + | -organized by [[Hsuan-tsang]] from 596-664 CE<br> |
− | -corresponds to the Indian school Abhiharma | + | -corresponds to the [[Indian]] school Abhiharma |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Fa-hsiang | + | | [[Fa-hsiang]] |
− | | -founded by Paramartha<br> | + | | -founded by [[Paramartha]]<br> |
− | -organized by Hsuan-tsang and K'uei-chi from 632-682 CE<br> | + | -organized by [[Hsuan-tsang]] and [[K'uei-chi]] from 632-682 CE<br> |
− | -corresponds to Indian school Yogacara | + | -corresponds to [[Indian]] school [[Yogacara]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | San-lun | + | | [[San-lun]] |
− | | -founded by Kumarajiva, who lived from 344-413 CE<br> | + | | -founded by [[Kumarajiva]], who lived from 344-413 CE<br> |
− | -organized by Tao-sheng from 360-434 CE<br> | + | -organized by [[Tao-sheng]] from 360-434 CE<br> |
− | -corresponds to Indian school Madhyamika | + | -corresponds to [[Indian]] school [[Madhyamika]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Chen-yen | + | | [[Chen-yen]] |
| -founded by subhakarsimba<br> | | -founded by subhakarsimba<br> | ||
− | -corresponds to Indian word 'mantra', which means 'true word'<br> | + | -corresponds to [[Indian]] [[word]] '[[mantra]]', which means 'true [[word]]'<br> |
-founded between 618-906 CE | -founded between 618-906 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
| A-pi-to-mo | | A-pi-to-mo | ||
− | | -founded during the Liang Dynasty | + | | -founded during the [[Liang Dynasty]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | She-lun | + | | [[She-lun]] |
− | | -founded during the Liang Dynasty | + | | -founded during the [[Liang Dynasty]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | San-Lun | + | | [[San-Lun]] |
| -founded between 344-413 CE | | -founded between 344-413 CE | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Lu | | Lu | ||
− | | -founded during the T'ang Dynasty | + | | -founded during the {{Wiki|T'ang Dynasty}} |
|- | |- | ||
| A-pi-ta-mo | | A-pi-ta-mo | ||
| -founded in 645 | | -founded in 645 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ch'eng-shih T'ien-t'ai | + | | [[Ch'eng-shih]] [[T'ien-t'ai]] |
− | | -founder: Hui-ssu (515-576 CE)<br> | + | | -founder: [[Hui-ssu]] (515-576 CE)<br> |
− | -no corresponding Indian school<br> | + | -no corresponding [[Indian]] school<br> |
− | -organizer: Chih-i (538-597 CE) | + | -organizer: [[Chih-i]] (538-597 CE) |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Hua-yen | + | | [[Hua-yen]] |
− | | -founder: Tu-shun (557-640 CE)<br> | + | | -founder: [[Tu-shun]] (557-640 CE)<br> |
− | -organizer: Fa-tsang (643-712 CE)<br> | + | -organizer: [[Fa-tsang]] (643-712 CE)<br> |
− | -no corresponding Indian school | + | -no corresponding [[Indian]] school |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ch'an | + | | [[Ch'an]] |
− | | -founder: Bodhidharma (470-520 CE?)<br> | + | | -founder: [[Bodhidharma]] (470-520 CE?)<br> |
− | -Bodhidharma: first Chinese patriarch<br> | + | -[[Bodhidharma]]: first {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[patriarch]]<br> |
− | -Indian correspondence: dhyana, the word for meditation<br> | + | -[[Indian]] correspondence: [[dhyana]], the [[word]] for [[meditation]]<br> |
− | -divided into 2 schools that later reunited under the Ming Dynasty | + | -divided into 2 schools that later reunited under the {{Wiki|Ming Dynasty}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Lin-chi | + | | [[Lin-chi]] |
− | | -founded by Lin-chi I-hsuan (867 CE)<br> | + | | -founded by [[Lin-chi]] I-hsuan (867 CE)<br> |
− | -taken to Japan by Eisai (1141-1215 CE)<br> | + | -taken to [[Japan]] by [[Eisai]] (1141-1215 CE)<br> |
− | -known in Japan as Rinzai Zen | + | -known in [[Japan]] as [[Rinzai Zen]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ts'ao-tung | + | | [[Ts'ao-tung]] |
− | | -founded by Tung-shan Liang-Chich (807-869 CE) and Ts'ao-shan Pan-chi (840-901 CE)<br> | + | | -founded by [[Tung-shan]] Liang-Chich (807-869 CE) and Ts'ao-shan Pan-chi (840-901 CE)<br> |
− | -taken to Japan by Dogen (1200-1253 CE)<br> | + | -taken to [[Japan]] by [[Dogen]] (1200-1253 CE)<br> |
− | -known in Japan as Soto Zen | + | -known in [[Japan]] as [[Soto Zen]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ching-t'u | + | | [[Ching-t'u]] |
− | | -founder: Hui-yuan (334-416 CE)<br> | + | | -founder: [[Hui-yuan]] (334-416 CE)<br> |
− | -organizer: T'an-luan (476-542 CE)<br> | + | -organizer: [[T'an-luan]] (476-542 CE)<br> |
− | -2 sects in Japan:<br> | + | -2 sects in [[Japan]]:<br> |
− | *Jodo Shu: - pure land Buddhism started by Honen (1133-1212 CE)<br> | + | *[[Jodo Shu]]: - [[pure land]] [[Buddhism]] started by [[Honen]] (1133-1212 CE)<br> |
− | *Jodo Shinshu - true pure land Buddhism started by Shinran (1173-1262 CE) | + | *[[Jodo Shinshu]] - [[true pure land]] [[Buddhism]] started by [[Shinran]] (1173-1262 CE) |
|} | |} | ||
− | ==Buddism In Japan == | + | ==Buddism In [[Japan]] == |
− | <strong>Chronology of Japanese Historical Periods:</strong><br> | + | <strong>{{Wiki|Chronology}} of [[Japanese]] Historical Periods:</strong><br> |
{| border="1" | {| border="1" | ||
| Jomon, Yayoi, and Kofun | | Jomon, Yayoi, and Kofun | ||
Line 433: | Line 433: | ||
| 710-784 | | 710-784 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Heian | + | | {{Wiki|Heian}} |
| 794-1185 | | 794-1185 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Kamakura | + | | [[Wikipedia:Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]] |
| 1185-1333 | | 1185-1333 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Muromachi | + | | [[Muromachi]] |
| 1333-1568 | | 1333-1568 | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 445: | Line 445: | ||
| 1568-1600 | | 1568-1600 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Tokugawa | + | | {{Wiki|Tokugawa}} |
| 1600-1867 | | 1600-1867 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Meiji | + | | {{Wiki|Meiji}} |
| 1868-1911 | | 1868-1911 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Taisho | + | | [[Taisho]] |
| 1912-1925 | | 1912-1925 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Showa | + | | [[Showa]] |
| 1926-1945 | | 1926-1945 | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 463: | Line 463: | ||
'''538 CE: | '''538 CE: | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -official introduction date of Buddhism into Japan | + | -official introduction date of [[Buddhism]] into [[Japan]] |
− | -Korean religious figures visit Japan during the 6th century with envoys spreading Buddhism in order to obtain peace with Japan | + | -[[Korean]] [[religious]] figures visit [[Japan]] during the 6th century with envoys spreading [[Buddhism]] in order to obtain [[peace]] with [[Japan]] |
− | -distinguishable beginning for Buddhism in Japan (c.552 CE) | + | -distinguishable beginning for [[Buddhism in Japan]] (c.552 CE) |
− | -prince regent Shotoku (died 621) helped with the early development of Japanese Buddhism by writing commentaries of scriptures | + | -{{Wiki|prince}} regent [[Shotoku]] ([[died]] 621) helped with the early development of [[Japanese Buddhism]] by [[writing]] commentaries of [[scriptures]] |
− | -Buddhism is declared the state religion of Japan (c.594 CE) | + | -[[Buddhism]] is declared the state [[religion]] of [[Japan]] (c.594 CE) |
'''710-794 CE: | '''710-794 CE: | ||
− | -known as Nara Period | + | -known as [[Nara Period]] |
− | -a new phase in the development of Japanese Buddhism | + | -a new phase in the development of [[Japanese Buddhism]] |
− | -Nara Buddhism: a combination of 6 academic schools from China, sprung up during this period | + | -Nara [[Buddhism]]: a combination of 6 {{Wiki|academic}} schools from [[China]], sprung up during this period |
− | -6 schools of Nara Buddhism: | + | -6 schools of Nara [[Buddhism]]: |
− | * Kusha (Abhidharmakosa sect) | + | * [[Kusha]] ([[Abhidharmakosa]] sect) |
* Joitsu | * Joitsu | ||
− | * Ritsu (based on vinaya) | + | * [[Ritsu]] (based on [[vinaya]]) |
− | * Sanron (Madhyamika, San-lun) | + | * [[Sanron]] ([[Madhyamika]], [[San-lun]]) |
− | * Hosso (Yogacara, Fa-hsiang) | + | * [[Hosso]] ([[Yogacara]], [[Fa-hsiang]]) |
− | * Kegon (Hua-Yen) | + | * [[Kegon]] ([[Hua-Yen]]) |
− | -Emperor Shomu, Empress Shotoku, and Hosso monk Gyogi, aided in the growth of Buddhism at this time | + | -[[Wikipedia:Emperor Shōmu|Emperor Shomu]], {{Wiki|Empress}} [[Shotoku]], and [[Hosso]] [[monk]] Gyogi, aided in the growth of [[Buddhism]] at this [[time]] |
− | -the Taiho reforms of 702 CE caused some resistance to Buddhism | + | -the Taiho reforms of 702 CE [[caused]] some resistance to [[Buddhism]] |
'''794 CE: | '''794 CE: | ||
− | -beginning of the Heian Period in Japan | + | -beginning of the {{Wiki|Heian Period}} in [[Japan]] |
− | -capital of Japan is changed to Kyoto (794) | + | -capital of [[Japan]] is changed to {{Wiki|Kyoto}} (794) |
− | -ruler at time is Emperor Kammu | + | -[[ruler]] at [[time]] is {{Wiki|Emperor Kammu}} |
− | -the "high water mark" of Japanese Buddhism | + | -the "high [[water]] mark" of [[Japanese Buddhism]] |
− | -2 schools came from China: --1. Tendai (T'ien-T'ai) -- brought by Saicho (767-822 CE) | + | -2 schools came from [[China]]: --1. [[Tendai]] ([[T'ien-T'ai]]) -- brought by [[Saicho]] (767-822 CE) |
− | --2. Shingon (Chen-yen) -- brought by Kukai (774-835 CE) | + | --2. [[Shingon]] ([[Chen-yen]]) -- brought by [[Kukai]] (774-835 CE) |
− | -esoteric Buddhism (mikkyo) | + | -[[esoteric Buddhism]] ([[mikkyo]]) |
− | -these 2 schools did clash along with the success they both found in this time period | + | -these 2 schools did clash along with the [[success]] they both found in this [[time]] period |
'''1192 CE: | '''1192 CE: | ||
− | -beginning of Kamakura Period | + | -beginning of [[Kamakura Period]] |
− | -power held by a group of Samurai | + | -power held by a group of {{Wiki|Samurai}} |
− | -new schools of Buddhism begin that are strictly Japanese: | + | -[[new schools]] of [[Buddhism]] begin that are strictly [[Japanese]]: |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
{| border="1" | {| border="1" | ||
− | | <strong>NAME:</strong> | + | | <strong>[[NAME]]:</strong> |
| <strong>FOUNDER:</strong> | | <strong>FOUNDER:</strong> | ||
| <strong>NOTES:</strong> | | <strong>NOTES:</strong> | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Pure Land (Jodo) | + | | [[Pure Land]] ([[Jodo]]) |
− | | Honen (1133-1212 CE) | + | | [[Honen]] (1133-1212 CE) |
| _ | | _ | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | True Pure Land (Jodo Shinshu) | + | | [[True Pure Land]] ([[Jodo Shinshu]]) |
− | | Shinran (1173-1263) | + | | [[Shinran]] (1173-1263) |
− | | Shinran was a disciple of Honen | + | | [[Shinran]] was a [[disciple]] of [[Honen]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Nichiren | + | | [[Nichiren]] |
− | | Nichiren (1222-1282 CE) | + | | [[Nichiren]] (1222-1282 CE) |
− | | Sokagakki school founded after 1945 defeat of Japan by Tsunesaburo Makiguchi as Nichiren spinoff | + | | Sokagakki school founded after 1945 defeat of [[Japan]] by [[Tsunesaburo Makiguchi]] as [[Nichiren]] spinoff |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Rinzai Zen (Lin-ch'i) | + | | [[Rinzai Zen]] (Lin-ch'i) |
− | | Eisai | + | | [[Eisai]] |
| _ | | _ | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Soto Zen (Ts'ao-tung) | + | | [[Soto Zen]] ([[Ts'ao-tung]]) |
− | | Dogen (1200-1253 CE) | + | | [[Dogen]] (1200-1253 CE) |
| _ | | _ | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | ==Buddhism In Tibet== | + | ==[[Buddhism]] In [[Tibet]]== |
− | ===Origins of Tibetan Buddhism=== | + | ===Origins of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]=== |
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | -two origins: --1. Indian Buddhism coming from Gupta Dynasty | + | -two origins: --1. [[Indian Buddhism]] coming from {{Wiki|Gupta Dynasty}} |
− | --2. Native religions of Tibet | + | --2. Native [[religions]] of [[Tibet]] |
− | -Indian Buddhism was spread to Tibet in 2 ways: | + | -[[Indian Buddhism]] was spread to [[Tibet]] in 2 ways: |
− | --1. scholars (Santarakshita) of monastic universities bringing it back | + | --1. [[scholars]] ([[Santarakshita]]) of [[monastic]] {{Wiki|universities}} bringing it back |
− | --2. wandering Tantric saints introducing it (Padma Sambhava) | + | --2. wandering [[Tantric]] [[saints]] introducing it ([[Padma Sambhava]]) |
− | <nowiki>----</nowiki>Tantric Buddhism was also influenced by Tantric Hinduism -most of Buddhist transmission occurred during the 8th century CE | + | <nowiki>----</nowiki>[[Tantric Buddhism]] was also influenced by [[Tantric]] [[Hinduism]] -most of [[Buddhist]] [[transmission]] occurred during the 8th century CE |
− | -Buddhism declared the state religion of Tibet (791 CE) | + | -[[Buddhism]] declared the state [[religion]] of [[Tibet]] (791 CE) |
− | -4 main sects, which are lineages of transmission from masters to diciples exist in Tibetan Buddhism | + | -4 main sects, which are [[lineages]] of [[transmission]] from [[masters]] to [[diciples]] [[exist]] in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] |
-two major sects include: | -two major sects include: | ||
− | --1. rNying-ma - introduced in the 7th and 8th centuries CE | + | --1. [[rNying-ma]] - introduced in the 7th and 8th centuries CE |
− | --2. dGe-lugs - introduced by Tsung-kha-pa (1357-1419 CE) | + | --2. [[dGe-lugs]] - introduced by Tsung-kha-pa (1357-1419 CE) |
− | -based upon Bon, Mahayana, and Tantra | + | -based upon [[Bon]], [[Mahayana]], and [[Tantra]] |
− | -bases itself on the "four baskets": | + | -bases itself on the "four [[baskets]]": |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
− | * vinaya | + | * [[vinaya]] |
* surtras | * surtras | ||
− | * abhidharma | + | * [[abhidharma]] |
* getri | * getri | ||
− | -four nine vehicles of Buddhism: | + | -four [[nine vehicles]] of [[Buddhism]]: |
− | * Hinayana | + | * [[Hinayana]] |
− | * Mahayana | + | * [[Mahayana]] |
* Vajryana | * Vajryana | ||
− | * Mantrayana | + | * [[Mantrayana]] |
− | * 5 books of Yogacara | + | * 5 [[books]] of [[Yogacara]] |
− | ===Lineage Of The Dalai Lama=== | + | ===[[Lineage]] Of [[The Dalai Lama]]=== |
{| border="1" | {| border="1" | ||
Line 571: | Line 571: | ||
| 1475-1542 | | 1475-1542 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sonam Gyatso | + | | [[Sonam Gyatso]] |
| 1543-1588 | | 1543-1588 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Yonten Gyatso | + | | [[Yonten Gyatso]] |
| 1589-1617 | | 1589-1617 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso | + | | [[Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso]] |
| 1617-1682 | | 1617-1682 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Tsangyang Gyatso | + | | [[Tsangyang Gyatso]] |
| 1683-1706 | | 1683-1706 | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 586: | Line 586: | ||
| 1708-1757 | | 1708-1757 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Jampel Gyatso | + | | [[Jampel Gyatso]] |
| 1758-1804 | | 1758-1804 | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 592: | Line 592: | ||
| 1806-1815 | | 1806-1815 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Tsultrim Gyatso | + | | [[Tsultrim Gyatso]] |
| 1816-1837 | | 1816-1837 | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 598: | Line 598: | ||
| 1838-1856 | | 1838-1856 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Trinley Gyatso | + | | [[Trinley Gyatso]] |
| 1856-1875 | | 1856-1875 | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 604: | Line 604: | ||
| 1876-1933 | | 1876-1933 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Tenzin Gyatso | + | | [[Tenzin Gyatso]] |
| 1935-Present | | 1935-Present | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 14:01, 2 March 2014
Buddhism in India
Before 2200 BCE:
- Indus Valley Civilization
- refers to people living in the Indus River Valley in India in the third millenium BCE (c. 2500 BCE)
- significant evidence for the worship of goddesses in conjunction with bull or ram figures
- Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were the principle cities of the region, c. 2500-1250 BCE
- the region was well-organized with evidence of well-developed societies, scholarship, etc.
2200-1500 BCE:
-Indus Valley civilization disappears (due to possible invasion by Aryans arriving c.1500 BCE?)
-Religious oral traditions and hymns began to be collected
1000-500 BCE:
-The Vedas and the religious diversity of Hinduism is rooted in the Indus Valley civilization
-Collection of Expositions, which include Brahmanas and Upanisads, which are also included in the scriptures of Hinduism
-The upanisads are a written composite and philosophical exploration on works orally composed.
-They intend to present the meaning of religious practice and thought up against or in response to the Vedas.
-a few centuries before the life of Buddha, a tradition of Wanderers wanted liberation, and were the early roots of Buddhism.
-Two kinds of Wanderers:
563-483 BCE:
Life of The Buddha, or Siddhartha Gautama, "The Buddha"
- Buddha is the great teacher from the Buddhist tradition
- his teachings are based in the Vedic tradition
- referred to as the "enlightened one" or "one who has awakened"
Brief chronology of Siddhartha's life:
- born into the ksatriya varna as son and heir of a local ruler
- accidentally attained a meditational experience in youth
- sneaks out of the palace and finds and old man, a sick man, a corpse, and an ascetic; IE: the Four Passing Sights
- wants to overcome the sickness, suffering, and death in the world that he witnessed in those 4 people
- age 29, Siddhartha renounces the world and begins the path to enlightenment
- when enlightened, Siddhartha, now "The Buddha," experiences the cornerstone of the 4 Noble Truths and the 4 dhyanas
- Buddha dies around 483 BCE
- Note: Siddhartha's birth and death dates are controversial. It is widely held in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia that Siddhartha's life spanned from 624-544 BCE, and in Europe, America, and India from c.566-486 BCE, and further in Japan from 448-368 BCE.
500-250 BCE
-period of the 4 Councils of Buddhism
- First Council (after Buddha's death c. 483 BCE)
--location: Rajagrha
--500 monks gathered to compile Siddhartha's teachings (into a sort of canon), establishing a direction for Buddhism after Siddhartha's death
- Second Council (c.383 or 373 BCE)
--location: Vaisali
--questioning of the 10 points
--possible time of the Great Schism according to some sources
- "Second" Second Council, or 2/3 Council (around 346 BCE)
--location: Pataliputra
--first true Great Schism of Buddhism, where the Samgha, or Buddhist order/group split into two separate schools, called Mahasamghikas and Sthaviras
- Third Council (c.250 BCE)
--location: Pataliputra
--schism again occurs to separate a third school called sarastivadins
--Asoka(c. 270-230 BCE) was overseer
269-232 BCE
-Asoka is the third monarch of the Mauryan Dynasty in India
- c.258, Asoka leads a bloody military campaign in the village/region of Kalinga
- the witness of such carnage inspired his conversion to Buddhism
- as a king, he brought India together
- referred to as the pious ruler, establishing a sense of social justice in the region (ie. social service, medical care, humane treatment of the masses)
- became a lay disciple
- ruled over the third council
- sent out missionary efforts to spread Buddhism to other places, i.g: Indian sub-continent, Burma, Sri Lanka, etc.
- Dharma-conquest -- reigned with good moral principles
Nagarjuna (c.150-250 CE):
-associated with the Madhyamika school of Mahayana Buddhism
-advocate of the Middle Way between asceticism and hedonism in Buddhist practice
-remembered for his teachings on emptiness or sunyata
-confusion about the biography of Nagarjuna persists, as texts are attributed to him over a five hundred year period
-his principle work is Mulamadhyamikakariakas, in which he critically examines other schools of Buddhism of his time period
Asanga (c.315-390 CE):
-founder of the yogacara school of Mahayana Buddhism
-emphasized the practice of Yoga or meditation (hence, Yogacara)
-the elder brother of the prominent Buddhist philosopher, Vasubandhu
-known for his treatise on The Seventeen Stages of yoga, as instructed by bodhisattva Maitreya
-also, Asanga's Abhidharmasamuccaya attempts to exlicate the elements of phenomenal existence from the perspective of the Yogacara school
Vasubandhu (forth or fifth century CE):
-converted from Abhidharma Buddhism to Mahayana
-followed his brother Asanga in converting from Abhidhgarma Buddhism to Mahayan Buddhism, in particular, the Yogacara school (eventually the Vijnanavada school for Vasubandhu)
-he is connected historically to three distinct persons, and thus his biography is not clear
-later in life he moves from a concentration on Yoga practice to Buddhist theory
-he was the author of Abhidharmakosa, an encyclopedic work on Buddhist doctrines and philosophy
-Author of Vimsatika (20 verses) and Trimsika (30 verses)
Dignaga (c.480-540 CE:)
-the ascribed founder of Buddhist logic
-early on, affiliated with the vatsiputriya school of Abhidhgarma Buddhism, later the Nayaya school
-studied under the great buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu (Vijnana-vada phiosophy)
-thought to have written more than a hundred treatises on logic
-was the first Buddhist thinker to consider seriously the "validity or invalidity" of knowledge
Paramartha (c.498-569 CE):
-a notable biographer, missionary and translater of the Buddhist tradition
-studied at the famous Universtity of Nalanda
-spent a considerable amount of time "on mission" in china
-while in China he sitinguished himself as a translator of Sanskrit scriptures into chinese (translating the equivalent of 275 volumes in Chinese)
-he was largely responsible for the introduction of Vasubandhu's philosophy to China
Dharmapala (c.530-561 CE):
-associated with the yogacara school of Mahayana Buddhism
-his most influential work is the Parmattha-dipani
-principally responded to the work of an earlier thinker, that of Buddhagosha
-studied at the famous University of Nalanda, later becoming its abbot
-made significant contributions to the Buddhist discussion of "self" and consciousness from a Yogacara school perspective
-a Chinese pilgrim-monk who travelled to India in search of the roots of the Mahayana buddhist tradition (late Sui and early T'ang dynasties)
-great Buddhist scholar and advisor to the emperor of China
-studied extensively both the Abhidhgarma and Mahayana Buddhist traditions, as well as the contemporary, standard Vedic curriculum
-he contributed significanly to the Chinese Buddhist canon as a translator of Indian texts into chinese (this was well funded bye the Chinese government, as he had excellent connections)
-his work in its more pure form lives on in the Hosso school of Japanese Buddhism
Dharmakirti (c.600-660 CE):
-in early life Dharmakirti studied extensively the scholarship of the Vedas and other buddhist phiosophy
-he eventually pursued the study of logic, following in the footsteps of his predecessor, Dignaga
-was the student of a direct pupil's of Dignaga
-widely considered a genius of his time, Dharmakirti's theory of knowledge forced numerous revisions within the works of other thinkers and other traditions
-significantly, he challenged the divine infallibility of the Vedas
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Buddhism Outside India: Southeast Asia
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
247 BCE
-One possible view of Buddhism in spread into Ceylon
-Asoka, emperor of India, sends Mahinda to Ceylon on a missionary trip, who introduces Buddhism to Ceylon
250-210 BCE:
-Second possible view of Buddhism is spread into Ceylon
-Devanampiyatissa leads the conversion of the island
3rd Century CE:
-A sect of Vaitulyavada makes an enterance into Ceylon
4th Century CE:
Vietnam
111 BCE:
-Meu-Po, a Buddhist fugitive from China, propogates Mahayana Sutras in Vietnam
2nd Century CE:
-A-Ham, one of the 2 major Vietnamese sects of Buddhism, begins to take shape
3rd Century CE:
-Mahayana and Abhidhgarma missionaries travel through Vietnam
580 CE:
-Vinitaruci spreads second major Vietnamese Buddhist school, called Thien
820 CE:
-Vo-ngon-Thong continues to develop the Thien school of Buddhism
968-980 CE:
-Dinh Bo-Linh spreads a form of Buddhism known as Amidism
Korea
1st Century CE:
-Korea's early development is intimately tied to its relations with China (keeping in mind that the process of development is interactive)
-Earliest form of religion in Korea is called Shamanism
-Chinese colonies spring up in Korea
-Buddhism is transmitted to Korea during the Three Kingdoms Period (c.370-670CE)
372-384 CE:
-Monk Shun-tao from china introduces Buddhism to Korea
-Monk Malanada spreads Buddhism farther in 384 CE
-the first Buddhist monastery erected on Korean soil (c.376)
-broad regional reception and acceptance of Buddhism under the Seradian monk Maranani'a (c.384-onward)
528 CE:
-Monk Ichadon was martyred, and therefore this is the "official" date of introduction
-the last of the Three Kingdoms, that of Silla, embraces Buddhism
6th and 7th Centuries CE:
-in conquering the other two kingdoms, that of Koguryo and Paekehe, Silla found it politically advantageous to support the spread of Buddhism
-Korean monks are sent to China to bring back Buddhist teachings
-the scholastic schools of Chinese Buddhism were introduced into Korea
-ideologies were consolidated and new schools were organized
-Pomnany brings Ch'an (in Korean: "Son") school of Budddhism, taught by Tao-hsin, the fourth patriarch of the Chinese Ch'an school, back to Korea
935-1392 CE:
-called Koryo Period
-Buddhism reaches its peak importance at this time in Korea
-the Koryo School of Buddhism inspires a reconciliation between the Son and scholastic schools
-the unification of these two schools would occupy numerous religious figures over the next centuries
14th and 15th Centuries CE:
-Yi dynasty in power (c.1392)
-Kings were hostile toward Buddhists
Buddhism In China
Table of Chinese Dynasties
Shang | 1766-1125 BCE |
Chou | 1122-256 BCE |
Ch'in | 221-206 BCE |
Han | 206 BCE -220 CE |
The Three Kingdoms | |
Wu | 222-280 CE |
Wei | 220-265 CE |
Shu | 221-263 CE |
_ | |
Western Chin | 265-316 CE |
Eastern Chin | 317-420 CE |
Liu Sung | 420-479 CE |
Ch'i | 479-502 CE |
Liang | 502-557 CE |
Ch'en | 557-589 CE |
Sui | 581-618 CE |
T'ang | 618-907 CE |
Wu-Tai | 907-960 CE |
Sung North | 960-1127 CE |
Sung South | 1127-1279 CE |
Yuan | 1280-1368 CE |
Ming | 1368-1644 CE |
Ch'ing | 1644-1912 CE |
Centuries Before 1st Century BCE:
-Taoism and Confucianism are existing religions in China
1st Century BCE - 1st Century CE:
-Buddhism begins to enter China along trade routes
-Buddhism was often mistaken for a simple form of Taoism
-Mahayana was preferred over Abhidhgarma
61-64 CE:
-Emperor Ming sends embassy to import Buddhism into China
2nd Century CE:
-Emperor Huan mentioned to worship Buddha
-Monks arrived in China to produce texts and translations
200-400 CE:
-Buddhism officially introduced at 219 CE
-Buddhism adapts to China, and to taoist religion, from 220-419 CE
-Sun-Lun school in China-founded by Kumarujiva (343-413) - was a master of translation, translating many influential Mahayana texts into Chinese
420-588 CE:
-Buddhism divides into sects.
-the death of Bodhidharma, first Chinese Ch'an patriarch (c.527 CE)
589-617CE:
-Hsuan-i, or hidden significance commentaries are written revelaing the characteristics of each sect
-known as the period of consolidation of Buddhism in China
618-906 CE:
-In 845, Taoist Emperor Wu-tsung sends Buddhism into a decline
-The scholastic sects of Buddhism disappeared during this time-"official" representation of Buddhism
-After the death of Wu-tsung, the popular sects of Buddhism were revived
-A new school called chen-yen was started as well
907-Present
-printing of the Buddhist canon begins (c.972 CE)
-the popular schools of Chinese Buddhism continued on through this period
-a Buddhist revival occured from 1890-1947, led by T'ai-hsu
-in 1949, Buddhism was suppressed by Communist leaders
-Both Honen and Shinran were Japanese
Chu-she | -founded by Paramartha in 6th century CE -organized by Hsuan-tsang from 596-664 CE |
Fa-hsiang | -founded by Paramartha -organized by Hsuan-tsang and K'uei-chi from 632-682 CE |
San-lun | -founded by Kumarajiva, who lived from 344-413 CE -organized by Tao-sheng from 360-434 CE |
Chen-yen | -founded by subhakarsimba -corresponds to Indian word 'mantra', which means 'true word' |
A-pi-to-mo | -founded during the Liang Dynasty |
She-lun | -founded during the Liang Dynasty |
San-Lun | -founded between 344-413 CE |
Lu | -founded during the T'ang Dynasty |
A-pi-ta-mo | -founded in 645 |
Ch'eng-shih T'ien-t'ai | -founder: Hui-ssu (515-576 CE) -no corresponding Indian school |
Hua-yen | -founder: Tu-shun (557-640 CE) -organizer: Fa-tsang (643-712 CE) |
Ch'an | -founder: Bodhidharma (470-520 CE?) -Bodhidharma: first Chinese patriarch |
Lin-chi | -founded by Lin-chi I-hsuan (867 CE) -taken to Japan by Eisai (1141-1215 CE) |
Ts'ao-tung | -founded by Tung-shan Liang-Chich (807-869 CE) and Ts'ao-shan Pan-chi (840-901 CE) -taken to Japan by Dogen (1200-1253 CE) |
Ching-t'u | -founder: Hui-yuan (334-416 CE) -organizer: T'an-luan (476-542 CE)
|
Buddism In Japan
Chronology of Japanese Historical Periods:
Jomon, Yayoi, and Kofun | (prehistoric and protohistoric up to 6th century CE) |
Taika | 645-710 |
Nara | 710-784 |
Heian | 794-1185 |
Kamakura | 1185-1333 |
Muromachi | 1333-1568 |
Momoyama | 1568-1600 |
Tokugawa | 1600-1867 |
Meiji | 1868-1911 |
Taisho | 1912-1925 |
Showa | 1926-1945 |
Postwar | 1945-Present |
538 CE:
-official introduction date of Buddhism into Japan
-Korean religious figures visit Japan during the 6th century with envoys spreading Buddhism in order to obtain peace with Japan
-distinguishable beginning for Buddhism in Japan (c.552 CE)
-prince regent Shotoku (died 621) helped with the early development of Japanese Buddhism by writing commentaries of scriptures
-Buddhism is declared the state religion of Japan (c.594 CE)
710-794 CE:
-known as Nara Period
-a new phase in the development of Japanese Buddhism
-Nara Buddhism: a combination of 6 academic schools from China, sprung up during this period
-6 schools of Nara Buddhism:
- Kusha (Abhidharmakosa sect)
- Joitsu
- Ritsu (based on vinaya)
- Sanron (Madhyamika, San-lun)
- Hosso (Yogacara, Fa-hsiang)
- Kegon (Hua-Yen)
-Emperor Shomu, Empress Shotoku, and Hosso monk Gyogi, aided in the growth of Buddhism at this time
-the Taiho reforms of 702 CE caused some resistance to Buddhism
794 CE:
-beginning of the Heian Period in Japan
-capital of Japan is changed to Kyoto (794)
-ruler at time is Emperor Kammu
-the "high water mark" of Japanese Buddhism
-2 schools came from China: --1. Tendai (T'ien-T'ai) -- brought by Saicho (767-822 CE)
--2. Shingon (Chen-yen) -- brought by Kukai (774-835 CE)
-esoteric Buddhism (mikkyo)
-these 2 schools did clash along with the success they both found in this time period
1192 CE:
-beginning of Kamakura Period
-power held by a group of Samurai
-new schools of Buddhism begin that are strictly Japanese:
NAME: | FOUNDER: | NOTES: |
Pure Land (Jodo) | Honen (1133-1212 CE) | _ |
True Pure Land (Jodo Shinshu) | Shinran (1173-1263) | Shinran was a disciple of Honen |
Nichiren | Nichiren (1222-1282 CE) | Sokagakki school founded after 1945 defeat of Japan by Tsunesaburo Makiguchi as Nichiren spinoff |
Rinzai Zen (Lin-ch'i) | Eisai | _ |
Soto Zen (Ts'ao-tung) | Dogen (1200-1253 CE) | _ |
Buddhism In Tibet
Origins of Tibetan Buddhism
-two origins: --1. Indian Buddhism coming from Gupta Dynasty
--2. Native religions of Tibet
-Indian Buddhism was spread to Tibet in 2 ways:
--1. scholars (Santarakshita) of monastic universities bringing it back
--2. wandering Tantric saints introducing it (Padma Sambhava)
----Tantric Buddhism was also influenced by Tantric Hinduism -most of Buddhist transmission occurred during the 8th century CE
-Buddhism declared the state religion of Tibet (791 CE)
-4 main sects, which are lineages of transmission from masters to diciples exist in Tibetan Buddhism
-two major sects include:
--1. rNying-ma - introduced in the 7th and 8th centuries CE
--2. dGe-lugs - introduced by Tsung-kha-pa (1357-1419 CE)
-based upon Bon, Mahayana, and Tantra
-bases itself on the "four baskets":
- vinaya
- surtras
- abhidharma
- getri
-four nine vehicles of Buddhism:
- Hinayana
- Mahayana
- Vajryana
- Mantrayana
- 5 books of Yogacara
Lineage Of The Dalai Lama
Gedun Truppa | 1391-1475 CE |
Gedun Gyatso | 1475-1542 |
Sonam Gyatso | 1543-1588 |
Yonten Gyatso | 1589-1617 |
Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso | 1617-1682 |
Tsangyang Gyatso | 1683-1706 |
Kesang Gyatso | 1708-1757 |
Jampel Gyatso | 1758-1804 |
Luntok Gyatso | 1806-1815 |
Tsultrim Gyatso | 1816-1837 |
Khendrup Gyatso | 1838-1856 |
Trinley Gyatso | 1856-1875 |
Thupten Gyatso | 1876-1933 |
Tenzin Gyatso | 1935-Present |