Difference between revisions of "Smaller Sukhāvatīvyūha Sutra"
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− | + | [[Smaller Sukhāvatīvyūha Sutra]] | |
− | The | + | The [[Smaller Sukhāvatīvyūha Sutra]] or else known as [[Amitābha Sūtra]] is one of the three most significant [[Buddhist]] [[Sūtras]] in the [[Pure Land Buddhism]] school, extolling the story of [[Buddha Amitābha]] ([[Amitāyus]]), his wows to help [[all living beings]] in the [[after-death state]] and how to reach his Land of {{Wiki|Ultimate}} [[Happiness]] ([[Sukha]]) or otherwise known as the [[Pure Land]] of [[Amitābha]]. |
− | + | [[Smaller Sukhāvatīvyūha Sutra]] is considerably shorter than other [[Pure Land Buddhism]] [[sutras]] and consists of a [[discourse]] which [[Gautama Buddha]] gave at [[Jetavana]] in [[Śrāvastī]] to his [[disciple]] [[Śāriputra]]: | |
The talk concerned the wondrous adornments that await the righteous in the [[western pure land]] of [[Sukhāvatī]] as well as the [[beings]] that reside there, including the [[Buddha Amitābha]]. The text also describes what one must do to be [[reborn]] there. | The talk concerned the wondrous adornments that await the righteous in the [[western pure land]] of [[Sukhāvatī]] as well as the [[beings]] that reside there, including the [[Buddha Amitābha]]. The text also describes what one must do to be [[reborn]] there. | ||
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It is frequently recited at {{Wiki|Chinese}}, [[Japanese]] and [[Vietnamese]] [[Buddhist]] [[funeral]] services in the {{Wiki|hope}} that the [[merit]] generated by reciting the [[sutra]] may be transmitted to the departed. | It is frequently recited at {{Wiki|Chinese}}, [[Japanese]] and [[Vietnamese]] [[Buddhist]] [[funeral]] services in the {{Wiki|hope}} that the [[merit]] generated by reciting the [[sutra]] may be transmitted to the departed. | ||
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[[Thus have I heard]]: | [[Thus have I heard]]: | ||
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All were great [[Arhats]] well known to the assembly: | All were great [[Arhats]] well known to the assembly: | ||
− | Among them were | + | Among them were [[Elder Śāriputra]], [[Mahā Maudgalyayana]], [[Mahā Kāśyapa]], [[Mahā Katyāyana]], [[Mahākauṣṭhila]], [[Revata]], [[Śuddhipanthakena]], [[Nanda]], [[Ānanda]], [[Rāhula]], [[Gavāṁpati]], [[Piṇḍola Bhāradvāja]], [[Kālodayin]], [[Mahākapphiṇa]], [[Vakkula]], [[Aniruddha]], and many other such great [[Śrāvakas]]. |
With them were [[bodhisattva-mahāsattvas]] such as [[Dharma]] {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Mañjuśrī]], [[Ajita]] [[Bodhisattva]], [[Gandhahastin]] [[Bodhisattva]], [[Nityodyukta]] [[Bodhisattva]], and many other such [[bodhisattva-mahāsattvas]]. | With them were [[bodhisattva-mahāsattvas]] such as [[Dharma]] {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Mañjuśrī]], [[Ajita]] [[Bodhisattva]], [[Gandhahastin]] [[Bodhisattva]], [[Nityodyukta]] [[Bodhisattva]], and many other such [[bodhisattva-mahāsattvas]]. | ||
− | There was also [[Śakra]] Devānāmindra, along with {{Wiki|innumerable}} multitudes from all the [[heavens]]. | + | There was also [[Śakra]] [[Devānāmindra]], along with {{Wiki|innumerable}} multitudes from all the [[heavens]]. |
At that [[time]], the [[Buddha]] addressed Elder [[Śāriputra]], saying: | At that [[time]], the [[Buddha]] addressed Elder [[Śāriputra]], saying: | ||
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“Moreover, [[Śāriputra]], this land always has all kinds of marvellous, many-coloured birds: swans, [[peacocks]], parrots, egrets, [[kalaviṅkas]], and two-headed birds. | “Moreover, [[Śāriputra]], this land always has all kinds of marvellous, many-coloured birds: swans, [[peacocks]], parrots, egrets, [[kalaviṅkas]], and two-headed birds. | ||
− | There are many multitudes of birds, and they produce harmonious [[music]] in the [[six periods]] of the day and night. Their [[music]] elucidates the [[Five Roots]], the [[Five Powers]], the Seven Factors of [[Bodhi]], the factors of the [[Noble] | + | There are many multitudes of birds, and they produce harmonious [[music]] in the [[six periods]] of the day and night. |
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+ | Their [[music]] elucidates the [[Five Roots]], the [[Five Powers]], the Seven Factors of [[Bodhi]], the factors of the [[Noble] Eightfold way]], and thusly the [[Dharma]]. | ||
In this land, all [[sentient beings]] who hear such {{Wiki|sounds}} are altogether [[mindful]] of the [[Buddha]], [[mindful]] of the [[Dharma]], and [[mindful]] of the [[Sangha]]. | In this land, all [[sentient beings]] who hear such {{Wiki|sounds}} are altogether [[mindful]] of the [[Buddha]], [[mindful]] of the [[Dharma]], and [[mindful]] of the [[Sangha]]. | ||
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‘All you [[sentient beings]] should believe this [[sūtra]], which all [[Buddhas]] praise for its [[inconceivable]] [[merit and virtue]], and are truly [[protective]] and [[mindful]] of.’ | ‘All you [[sentient beings]] should believe this [[sūtra]], which all [[Buddhas]] praise for its [[inconceivable]] [[merit and virtue]], and are truly [[protective]] and [[mindful]] of.’ | ||
− | “[[Śāriputra]], in the [[zenith]] [[world]] [[realm]] there are [[Brahmā]] [[Sound Buddha]], [[Constellation]] [[King]] [[Buddha]], {{Wiki|Fragrance}} Above [[Buddha]], Fragrant Radiance [[Buddha]], [[Great Flaming Shoulders Buddha]], Assorted [[Jewel]] [[Flower]] Adorned [[Body]] [[Buddha]], [[Sāla | + | “[[Śāriputra]], in the [[zenith]] [[world]] [[realm]] there are [[Brahmā]] [[Sound Buddha]], [[Constellation]] [[King]] [[Buddha]], {{Wiki|Fragrance}} Above [[Buddha]], Fragrant Radiance [[Buddha]], [[Great Flaming Shoulders Buddha]], Assorted [[Jewel]] [[Flower]] Adorned [[Body]] [[Buddha]], [[Sāla Tree]] [[King]] [[Buddha]], [[Jewel]] [[Flowers]] of [[Virtue]] [[Buddha]], [[Seeing]] Every Meaning [[Buddha]], Śumeru Likeness [[Buddha]], and thusly as many [[Buddhas]] as there are sand grains in the [[Ganges River]]. |
Each in his [[own]] land sends out a broad and long {{Wiki|tongue}} completely covering three thousand great thousand-worlds, {{Wiki|speaking}} these true words: | Each in his [[own]] land sends out a broad and long {{Wiki|tongue}} completely covering three thousand great thousand-worlds, {{Wiki|speaking}} these true words: | ||
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[[Śāriputra]], if there are [[virtuous]] men and [[virtuous]] women who hear, accept, and maintain this [[sūtra]], and hear the names of all these [[Buddhas]], these [[virtuous]] men and [[virtuous]] women will truly be protected and watched over by every [[Buddha]]. | [[Śāriputra]], if there are [[virtuous]] men and [[virtuous]] women who hear, accept, and maintain this [[sūtra]], and hear the names of all these [[Buddhas]], these [[virtuous]] men and [[virtuous]] women will truly be protected and watched over by every [[Buddha]]. | ||
− | In all cases they attain [[non-regression]] from Anuttarā Samyakṣaṁbodhi. For this [[reason]], [[Śāriputra]], all of you should accept and believe my words, which are truly spoken by all [[Buddhas]]. | + | In all cases they attain [[non-regression]] from [[Anuttarā Samyakṣaṁbodhi]]. For this [[reason]], [[Śāriputra]], all of you should accept and believe my words, which are truly spoken by all [[Buddhas]]. |
− | “[[Śāriputra]], if there are [[people]] who have already made the [[vow]], who are making the [[vow]] presently, or who will make the [[vow]] to be born in the land of [[Amitābha Buddha]], then these [[people]] all attain [[non-regression]] from [[Anuttara]] | + | “[[Śāriputra]], if there are [[people]] who have already made the [[vow]], who are making the [[vow]] presently, or who will make the [[vow]] to be born in the land of [[Amitābha Buddha]], then these [[people]] all attain [[non-regression]] from [[Anuttara Samyakṣaṁbodhi]]. |
Whether in a [[past life]], [[present life]], or {{Wiki|future}} [[life]], they will be in this land. | Whether in a [[past life]], [[present life]], or {{Wiki|future}} [[life]], they will be in this land. | ||
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‘[[Śākyamuni Buddha]] is able to accomplish what is extremely difficult and exceedingly rare! | ‘[[Śākyamuni Buddha]] is able to accomplish what is extremely difficult and exceedingly rare! | ||
− | Within this [[Sahā Land]], in the [[world]] of the five impurities—the [[impurity]] of the [[kalpa]], the [[impurity]] of [[views]], the [[impurity]] of [[afflictions]], the [[impurity]] of [[sentient beings]], and the [[impurity]] of life—he attains [[Anuttara]] | + | Within this [[Sahā Land]], in the [[world]] of the five impurities—the [[impurity]] of the [[kalpa]], the [[impurity]] of [[views]], the [[impurity]] of [[afflictions]], the [[impurity]] of [[sentient beings]], and the [[impurity]] of life—he attains [[Anuttara Samyakṣaṁbodhi]] and speaks this [[Dharma]] that is so difficult to believe!’ |
− | [[Śāriputra]], understand that in the [[world]] of the [[five impurities]], I perform this difficult task, [[attaining]] [[Anuttara]] | + | [[Śāriputra]], understand that in the [[world]] of the [[five impurities]], I perform this difficult task, [[attaining]] [[Anuttara Samyakṣaṁbodhi]], and in every [[world]] {{Wiki|speaking}} this [[Dharma]] that is difficult to believe, so very difficult!” |
After the [[Buddha]] had spoken this [[sūtra]], [[Śāriputra]] along with all the [[Bhikṣus]], as well as the [[devas]], [[humans]], and [[asuras]] from every [[world]], heard what the [[Buddha]] had said. | After the [[Buddha]] had spoken this [[sūtra]], [[Śāriputra]] along with all the [[Bhikṣus]], as well as the [[devas]], [[humans]], and [[asuras]] from every [[world]], heard what the [[Buddha]] had said. | ||
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For one who recites this [[mantra]], [[Amitābha Buddha]] will constantly abide at the {{Wiki|crown}} of the head, and after dying, he or she will be assigned this [[rebirth]]. | For one who recites this [[mantra]], [[Amitābha Buddha]] will constantly abide at the {{Wiki|crown}} of the head, and after dying, he or she will be assigned this [[rebirth]]. | ||
− | [[Nāgārjuna]] [[Bodhisattva]], [[wishing]] to give rise to [[peace]], [[perceived]] this [[mantra]] in a [[dream]]. [[Gandharvas]] recites this [[mantra]], and [[Dharma Master]] Xiu from | + | [[Nāgārjuna]] [[Bodhisattva]], [[wishing]] to give rise to [[peace]], [[perceived]] this [[mantra]] in a [[dream]]. [[Gandharvas]] recites this [[mantra]], and [[Dharma Master]] [[Xiu]] from [[Tianping Monastery]] heard this [[mantra]] straight from the {{Wiki|mouth}} of [[Gandharvas]]. |
He says, “The [[sūtra]] originally was of a foreign land and had not arrived. Accept and maintain this [[mantra]] [[dharma]] in the [[six periods]] of the day and night, thirty-seven times at each. | He says, “The [[sūtra]] originally was of a foreign land and had not arrived. Accept and maintain this [[mantra]] [[dharma]] in the [[six periods]] of the day and night, thirty-seven times at each. |
Revision as of 00:14, 25 October 2015
Smaller Sukhāvatīvyūha Sutra
The Smaller Sukhāvatīvyūha Sutra or else known as Amitābha Sūtra is one of the three most significant Buddhist Sūtras in the Pure Land Buddhism school, extolling the story of Buddha Amitābha (Amitāyus), his wows to help all living beings in the after-death state and how to reach his Land of Ultimate Happiness (Sukha) or otherwise known as the Pure Land of Amitābha.
Smaller Sukhāvatīvyūha Sutra is considerably shorter than other Pure Land Buddhism sutras and consists of a discourse which Gautama Buddha gave at Jetavana in Śrāvastī to his disciple Śāriputra:
The talk concerned the wondrous adornments that await the righteous in the western pure land of Sukhāvatī as well as the beings that reside there, including the Buddha Amitābha. The text also describes what one must do to be reborn there.
In Pure Land and Chan Buddhism, the sutra is often recited as part of the evening service, and is also recited as practice for practitioners.
It is frequently recited at Chinese, Japanese and Vietnamese Buddhist funeral services in the hope that the merit generated by reciting the sutra may be transmitted to the departed.
Thus have I heard:
At one time the Buddha was dwelling in the Jeta Grove, in Anāthapiṇḍika’s park, along with a great Sangha of twelve hundred and fifty Bhikṣus.
All were great Arhats well known to the assembly:
Among them were Elder Śāriputra, Mahā Maudgalyayana, Mahā Kāśyapa, Mahā Katyāyana, Mahākauṣṭhila, Revata, Śuddhipanthakena, Nanda, Ānanda, Rāhula, Gavāṁpati, Piṇḍola Bhāradvāja, Kālodayin, Mahākapphiṇa, Vakkula, Aniruddha, and many other such great Śrāvakas.
With them were bodhisattva-mahāsattvas such as Dharma Prince Mañjuśrī, Ajita Bodhisattva, Gandhahastin Bodhisattva, Nityodyukta Bodhisattva, and many other such bodhisattva-mahāsattvas.
There was also Śakra Devānāmindra, along with innumerable multitudes from all the heavens.
At that time, the Buddha addressed Elder Śāriputra, saying:
“From here, going to the west past ten trillion Buddha-lands, there is a world realm called Sukhāvatī. In this land there is a Buddha called Amitābha who is presently expounding the Dharma.
Śāriputra, for what reason is this land called Sukhāvatī?
In this land, all sentient beings do not have a multitude of afflictions, but rather experience every type of bliss, and for this reason it is called Sukhāvatī.
Moreover, Śāriputra, this land is completely encircled and surrounded by seven tiers of railings, seven layers of netting, and seven rows of trees. These are all made of four kinds of precious jewels, and therefore this land is called Sukhāvatī.
“Moreover, Śāriputra, Sukhāvatī has pools of the Seven Precious Jewels, filled with waters of the Eight Meritorious Qualities, and the bottoms of these pools are pure because they are gold sand.
On the four sides there are steps made of combined gold, silver, beryl, and crystal.
Above, there is a tower gloriously adorned with gold, silver, beryl, crystal, mother of pearl, ruby, and coral.
Within the pools there are lotus flowers as large as chariot wheels. They shine with green, yellow, red, and white rays of light, and have a subtle fragrance.
Śāriputra, Sukhāvatī is accomplished thusly, adorned with these merits.
“Moreover, Śāriputra, this Buddha-land continuously produces heavenly music, and the ground is yellow gold. In the six periods of the day and night, the heavens rain down māndārava flowers.
In this land throughout the early morning, due to the precepts, all sentient beings have an abundant multitude of exquisite flowers. With these flowers, they make offerings to the ten trillion Buddhas of the other directions. At mealtime, each returns to his original land to eat and walk about.
Śāriputra, Sukhāvatī is accomplished thusly, adorned with these merits.
“Moreover, Śāriputra, this land always has all kinds of marvellous, many-coloured birds: swans, peacocks, parrots, egrets, kalaviṅkas, and two-headed birds.
There are many multitudes of birds, and they produce harmonious music in the six periods of the day and night.
Their music elucidates the Five Roots, the Five Powers, the Seven Factors of Bodhi, the factors of the [[Noble] Eightfold way]], and thusly the Dharma.
In this land, all sentient beings who hear such sounds are altogether mindful of the Buddha, mindful of the Dharma, and mindful of the Sangha.
Śāriputra, you should not speak of such birds as being produced as retribution for evil actions. Why?
This Buddha-land does not have the Three Evil Destinies. Śāriputra, in this Buddha-land, there are not even the names of the Three Evil Destinies, let alone their actual existence.
These many multitudes of birds were created by Amitābha Buddha by transformation, in order for the sound of the Dharma to be proclaimed everywhere.
Śāriputra, in this Buddha-land, a gentle breeze is expelled, causing the rows of jeweled trees and jeweled nets to produce subtle music, as though 100,000 notes were in harmony.
The minds of all those who hear such sounds are naturally mindful of the Buddha, mindful of the Dharma, and mindful of the Sangha. Śāriputra, this Buddha-land is accomplished thusly, adorned with these merits.
“Śāriputra, what do you think? For what reason is this Buddha called Amitābha?
Śāriputra, the radiance of this Buddha is immeasurable, illuminating the lands of the ten directions without obstruction, and for this reason he is called Amitābha.
Moreover, Śāriputra, the lifespan of this Buddha extends for immeasurable, limitless eons, and for this reason he is also called Amitāyus. Śāriputra, since Amitābha Buddha attained Buddhahood, ten eons have passed.
Moreover, Śāriputra, this Buddha has innumerable, limitless śrāvaka disciples, all Arhats with unfathomable true abilities and knowledge. The many bodhisattvas are also such as this. Śāriputra, this Buddha-land is accomplished thusly, adorned with these merits.
“Moreover, Śāriputra, in the land of Sukhāvatī, all sentient beings are avinivartanīya. Those who have only one more birth are also extremely many, innumerable and inconceivable in number. Only in innumerable, limitless, incalculable eons could their number be spoken.
Śāriputra, all sentient beings hearing this should vow to be born in this land. For what reason?
When they gather thusly, many high and virtuous people are able to join together in one place.
Śāriputra, those with few good roots and the causes of merit, may not attain birth in this land.
Śāriputra, if there is a virtuous man or virtuous woman who hears and speaks ‘Amitābha Buddha,’ holding and maintaining his name for one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven days single-mindedly without confusion, then at the end of his or her life, Amitābha Buddha will appear with the multitude of holy beings. At the end of this person’s life, with a mind unconfused, he or she will quickly attain rebirth in Amitābha Buddha’s land of Sukhāvatī.
Śāriputra, because I see this benefit, I speak these words: if there are sentient beings who hear this teaching, they should vow to be born in this land.
“Śāriputra, thus do I now praise and extoll the inconceivable merit of Amitābha Buddha:
In the East there are also Akṣobhya Buddha, Appearance of Śumeru Buddha, Great Śumeru Buddha, Radiance of Śumeru Buddha, Wondrous Sound Buddha, and thusly as many Buddhas as there are sand grains in the Ganges River.
Each in his own land sends out a broad and long tongue completely covering three thousand great thousand-worlds, speaking these true words:
‘All you sentient beings should believe this sūtra, which all Buddhas praise for its inconceivable merit and virtue, and are truly protective and mindful of.’
“Śāriputra, in the southern world realm there are Lamp of the Sun and Moon Buddha, Renowned Radiance Buddha, Great Flaming Shoulders Buddha, Lamp of Śumeru Buddha, Immeasurable Vigour Buddha, and thusly as many Buddhas as there are sand grains in the Ganges River.
Each in his own land sends out a broad and long tongue completely covering three thousand great thousand worlds, speaking these true words:
‘All you sentient beings should believe this sūtra, which all Buddhas praise for its inconceivable merit and virtue, and are truly protective and mindful of.’
“Śāriputra, in the western world realm there are Amitāyus Buddha, Innumerable Qualities Buddha, Immeasurable Banner Buddha, Great Radiance Buddha, Great Brilliance Buddha, Jeweled Characteristics Buddha, Clear Light Buddha, and thusly as many Buddhas as there are sand grains in the Ganges River.
Each in his own land sends out a broad and long tongue completely covering three thousand great thousand-worlds, speaking these true words:
‘All you sentient beings should believe this sūtra, which all Buddhas praise for its inconceivable merit and virtue, and are truly protective and mindful of.’
“Śāriputra, in the northern world realm there are Flaming Shoulders Buddha, Most Victorious Sound Buddha, Indestructible Buddha, Born of the Sun Buddha, Net of Brilliance Buddha, and thusly as many Buddhas as there are sand grains in the Ganges River.
Each in his own land sends out a broad and long tongue completely covering three thousand great thousand-worlds, speaking these true words:
‘All you sentient beings should believe this sūtra, which all Buddhas praise for its inconceivable merit and virtue, and are truly protective and mindful of.’
“Śāriputra, in the nadir world realm there are Lion Buddha, Renown Buddha, Renowned Radiance Buddha, Dharma Buddha, Dharma Banner Buddha, Dharma Maintainer Buddha, and thusly as many Buddhas as there are sand grains in the Ganges River.
Each in his own land sends out a broad and long tongue completely covering three thousand great thousand-worlds, speaking these true words:
‘All you sentient beings should believe this sūtra, which all Buddhas praise for its inconceivable merit and virtue, and are truly protective and mindful of.’
“Śāriputra, in the zenith world realm there are Brahmā Sound Buddha, Constellation King Buddha, Fragrance Above Buddha, Fragrant Radiance Buddha, Great Flaming Shoulders Buddha, Assorted Jewel Flower Adorned Body Buddha, Sāla Tree King Buddha, Jewel Flowers of Virtue Buddha, Seeing Every Meaning Buddha, Śumeru Likeness Buddha, and thusly as many Buddhas as there are sand grains in the Ganges River.
Each in his own land sends out a broad and long tongue completely covering three thousand great thousand-worlds, speaking these true words:
‘All you sentient beings should believe this sūtra, which all Buddhas praise for its inconceivable merit and virtue, and are truly protective and mindful of.’
“Śāriputra, with regard to the meaning, why is it called a sūtra that all Buddhas are truly protective and mindful of?
Śāriputra, if there are virtuous men and virtuous women who hear, accept, and maintain this sūtra, and hear the names of all these Buddhas, these virtuous men and virtuous women will truly be protected and watched over by every Buddha.
In all cases they attain non-regression from Anuttarā Samyakṣaṁbodhi. For this reason, Śāriputra, all of you should accept and believe my words, which are truly spoken by all Buddhas.
“Śāriputra, if there are people who have already made the vow, who are making the vow presently, or who will make the vow to be born in the land of Amitābha Buddha, then these people all attain non-regression from Anuttara Samyakṣaṁbodhi.
Whether in a past life, present life, or future life, they will be in this land.
Śāriputra, it is for this reason that all virtuous men and virtuous women who believe this should vow to be born in this land.
“Śāriputra, as I now praise the inconceivable merits of all Buddhas thusly, they also speak of my inconceivable merit, saying,
‘Śākyamuni Buddha is able to accomplish what is extremely difficult and exceedingly rare!
Within this Sahā Land, in the world of the five impurities—the impurity of the kalpa, the impurity of views, the impurity of afflictions, the impurity of sentient beings, and the impurity of life—he attains Anuttara Samyakṣaṁbodhi and speaks this Dharma that is so difficult to believe!’
Śāriputra, understand that in the world of the five impurities, I perform this difficult task, attaining Anuttara Samyakṣaṁbodhi, and in every world speaking this Dharma that is difficult to believe, so very difficult!”
After the Buddha had spoken this sūtra, Śāriputra along with all the Bhikṣus, as well as the devas, humans, and asuras from every world, heard what the Buddha had said.
Blissfully believing and accepting, they paid their respects and departed.
Pure Land Rebirth Mantra:
namo amitābhāya tathāgatāya tadyathā
amṛtabhave amṛtasaṁbhave
amṛtavikrānte amṛtavikrāntagāmini
gagana kīrtīchare svāhā
For one who recites this mantra, Amitābha Buddha will constantly abide at the crown of the head, and after dying, he or she will be assigned this rebirth.
Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva, wishing to give rise to peace, perceived this mantra in a dream. Gandharvas recites this mantra, and Dharma Master Xiu from Tianping Monastery heard this mantra straight from the mouth of Gandharvas.
He says, “The sūtra originally was of a foreign land and had not arrived. Accept and maintain this mantra dharma in the six periods of the day and night, thirty-seven times at each.
In the morning and at night, one should bathe, rinse his or her mouth, and chew a willow twig. Make proper offerings of incense before an image, kneeling with palms joined, and recite this mantra thirty-seven times.
Persist in this way every day, and it will annihilate the four grave acts, the five terrible crimes, and the ten evils. Every sort of offense can be eliminated.
Being without the many evil ghosts and spirits of anger and confusion, at the end of one’s life, rebirth will be assigned in the land of Amitābha. Moreover, for those who continuously accept, maintain, recite, and study, the merits are truly inconceivable!”