Vimāna

Vimāna is a word with several meanings ranging from temple or palace to mythological flying machines described in Sanskrit epics.

Etymology and usage

Sanskrit विमान vi-Māna literally means "measuring out, traversing" or "having been measured out". It can refer to (ref Monier-Williams ):

    The palace of an emperor or supreme monarch
    The adytum of a Rama temple, or of any other temple
    A temple or shrine of a particular Form, see Vimanam (tower)
    From that meaning, "a God's palace"
    From that meaning Pushpaka or Dandumonara; the flying machine (flying palace) of king Rāvana of Lanka.
    From that, a chariot of the Gods, any mythical self-moving aerial car (sometimes serving as a seat or throne, sometimes self-moving and carrying its occupant through the air; other descriptions make the Vimana more like a house or palace, and one kind is said to be seven stories high).
    From that, any chariot or vehicle (especially a bier)
    In medicine, the science of (right) measure or proportion (e.g. of the right relation between the humours of the Body, of medicines and remedies etc.)
    In the Vimanavatthu, a small piece of text used as the inspiration for a Buddhist sermon.
    In some modern Indian languages, vimāna or vimān means "aircraft", for example in the town name Vimanapura (a suburb of Bangalore).

In Sanskrit literature
Vedas

The predecessors of the flying Vimanas of the Sanskrit epics are the flying chariots employed by various Gods in the Vedas: the Sun (see Sun chariot) and Indra and several other Vedic Deities are transported by flying wheeled chariots depicted to be pulled by Animals, usually horses.

The Rigveda does not mention Vimanas, but verses RV 1.164.47-48 have been taken as evidence for the idea of "mechanical birds":

    47. kṛṣṇáṃ niyânaṃ hárayaḥ suparṇâ / apó vásānā dívam út patanti
    tá âvavṛtran sádanād ṛtásyâd / íd ghṛténa pṛthivî vy ùdyate
    48. dvâdaśa pradháyaś cakrám ékaṃ / trîṇi nábhyāni ká u tác ciketa
    tásmin sākáṃ triśatâ ná śaṅkávo / 'rpitâḥ ṣaṣṭír ná calācalâsaḥ

    "Dark the descent: the birds are golden-coloured; up to the Heaven they fly robed in the waters.
    Again descend they from the seat of Order, and all the Earth is moistened with their fatness."
    "Twelve are the fellies, and the Wheel is single; three are the naves. What man hath understood it?
    Therein are set together spokes three hundred and sixty, which in nowise can be loosened." ("trans." Griffith)

In Swami Dayananda Saraswati's "translation", these verses become:

    "jumping into space speedily with a craft using Fire and water ... containing twelve stamghas (pillars), one Wheel, three machines, 300 pivots, and 60 instruments."

although the 'Wheel' is likeliest a metaphorical description of the yearly cycle, and '12' and the '360' are likeliest its months and days.
Ramayana

In the Ramayana, the pushpaka ("flowery") Vimana of Ravana is described as follows:

    "The Pushpaka chariot that resembles the Sun and belongs to my brother was brought by the powerful Ravana; that aerial and excellent chariot going everywhere at will .... that chariot resembling a bright cloud in the sky ... and the King [Rama] got in, and the excellent chariot at the command of the Raghira, rose up into the higher atmosphere.'"

It is the first flying Vimana mentioned in Hindu mythology (as distinct from the Gods' flying Horse-drawn chariots).

Pushpaka was originally made by Vishwakarma for Brahma the Hindu God of creation, later Brahma gifted it to Kubera, the God of Wealth, but was later stolen, along with Lanka, by his half-brother, the demon king Ravana.
Mahabharata

One example in the Mahabharata is that the Asura Maya had a Vimana measuring twelve cubits in circumference, with four strong wheels.

The Mahabharata compliments "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajnaa yavanaa), as the creators of the Vimanas: The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so (sarvajnā yavanā rajan shurāz caiva vishesatah).
Jaina literature

Vimāna-vāsin ('dweller in vimāna') is a class of Deities who served the tīrthaṃkara Mahā-vīra. These Vaimānika Deities dwell in the Ūrdhva Loka heavens.

According to the Kalpa Sūtra of Bhadra-bāhu, the 24th tīrthaṃkara Mahā-vīra himself emerged out of the great vimāna Puṣpa-uttara; whereas the 22nd tīrthaṃkara Ariṣṭa-nemi emerged out of the great vimāna Aparijita. The tīrthaṃkara-s Abhinandana (4th) and Sumati-nātha (5th) both traveled through the sky in the "Jayanta-vimāna", namely the great vimāna Sarva-artha-Siddhi, which was owned by the Jayanta Deities; whereas the tīrthaṃkara Dharma-nātha (15th) traveled through the sky in the "Vijaya-vimāna".

A vimāna may be seen in a dream, such as the nalinī-gulma.
Vimanas and the Vaimanika Shastra

An illustration of the Shakuna Vimana that is supposed to fly like a bird with hinged wings and tail.

The Vaimānika Shāstra is an early 20th century Sanskrit text on aeronautics, obtained allegedly by Mental channeling, about the construction of Vimānas, the "chariots of the Gods".

The existence of the text was revealed in 1952 by G. R. Josyer, according to whom it is due to one Pandit Subbaraya Shastry, who dictated it in 1918–1923. A Hindi translation was published in 1959, the Sanskrit text with an English translation in 1973. It has 3000 shlokas in 8 chapters and was attributed by Shastry to Maharishi Bharadvaja, which makes it of purportedly "ancient" origin, and hence it has a certain notability in ancient astronaut theories.

A study by aeronautical and mechanical engineering at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1974 concluded that the aircraft described in the text were "poor concoctions" and that the author showed complete lack of understanding of aeronautics.
In popular culture

Vimanas have appeared in Books, films, internet and games including:

    Grant Morrison's Vimanarama features Vimanas.
    Vimana is an arcade game from Toaplan wherein the player's ship earns the name.
    Interstellar propulsion system called "Vimana Drive" is used in the space exploration game Noctis
    The psy-trance producers Etnica released 'Vimana' in 1997 with samples drawn from the film 'Roswell', which includes references to UFOs and alien Life forms.
    Gouryella, a former trance duo, used Vimana as one of their aliases.
    In Fate/zero, Archer has a Vimana in his arsenal.
    In The Objective, a US Special Forces ODA searches for Vimanas in Afghanistan
    In the game Deep Labyrinth, the labyrinth is referred to as Vimana by its caretakers.
    There was a Brazilian progressive rock group (1974–1979) called Vímana (stress on the first syllable) that, in spite of achieving little success, is particularly interesting because three of its former members later became music stars in Brazil: Lobão (drummer), Ritchie (bassist), Lulu Santos (guitarist/vocalist). The band also had in its ranks, for two years (1977/1979), Swiss keyboardist Patrick Moraz, then fresh from Yes. They issued one record, in 1976, and disbanded shortly after finishing recording the second.
    Michael Scott (Irish author) wrote The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel, a fantasy series that included flying Vimanas in the later Books.
    Mainak Dhar wrote Vimana, a fantasy fiction novel.
    The album Space & Time released in 2000 by the Canadian neo-psychedelic band Orange Alabaster Mushroom features a track called "Aim the Vimana Toward the Dorian Sector".

Source

Wikipedia:Vimāna