Difference between revisions of "What is “Citta” in English?"
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
the [[Tibetan]] version of this wonderful [[sutra]] intended specically for our era.The following segment is taken from the rst paragraph: “Having integrated his [[realization]] with skill in liberative technique, he was expert in [[knowing]] | the [[Tibetan]] version of this wonderful [[sutra]] intended specically for our era.The following segment is taken from the rst paragraph: “Having integrated his [[realization]] with skill in liberative technique, he was expert in [[knowing]] | ||
| + | |||
the [[thoughts]] and [[actions]] of [[living beings]].” The [[phrase]] “ | the [[thoughts]] and [[actions]] of [[living beings]].” The [[phrase]] “ | ||
the [[thoughts]] and [[actions]] | the [[thoughts]] and [[actions]] | ||
” in the above has its {{Wiki|equivalent}} in [[Kumarajiva’s]] {{Wiki|Chinese}} translationas “ | ” in the above has its {{Wiki|equivalent}} in [[Kumarajiva’s]] {{Wiki|Chinese}} translationas “ | ||
Xin | Xin | ||
| + | |||
”.Another example can be found in the extremely important {{Wiki|concept}} of “ | ”.Another example can be found in the extremely important {{Wiki|concept}} of “ | ||
bod-hicitta | bod-hicitta | ||
” or “ | ” or “ | ||
| + | |||
[[bodhichitta]] | [[bodhichitta]] | ||
”, the wish to [[attain enlightenment]] with the sole pur-pose of helping all [[sentient beings]] reach the same [[state]] of [[supreme bliss]] andliberation as [[Buddha]]. [[Ringu Tulku Rinpoche’s]] rendition of this term is “ | ”, the wish to [[attain enlightenment]] with the sole pur-pose of helping all [[sentient beings]] reach the same [[state]] of [[supreme bliss]] andliberation as [[Buddha]]. [[Ringu Tulku Rinpoche’s]] rendition of this term is “ | ||
| − | |||
| − | ”.The third [[proof]] is shown in Thomas Cleary’s “The [[Flower Ornament]] Sutra”,translated from Shikshananda’s {{Wiki|Chinese}} version of the ‘[[Avatamsaka Sutra]]” | + | compassion and [[wisdom]] |
| − | + | ||
| + | ”.The third [[proof]] is shown in Thomas Cleary’s “The [[Flower Ornament]] Sutra”,translated from Shikshananda’s {{Wiki|Chinese}} version of the ‘[[Avatamsaka Sutra]]” into English. In the very rst paragraph of [[Book]] Seventeen, [[Indra]] questions: “…what is he extent of the [[merit]] [[attained]] when the [[enlightening]] being rst | ||
| + | determines to become [[enlightened]] | ||
| − | .” That last [[phrase]] in the {{Wiki|Chinese}} translation | + | .” That last [[phrase]] in the {{Wiki|Chinese}} translation also mentions the [[awakening]] of “ |
[[bodhicitta]] | [[bodhicitta]] | ||
”.The above examples should show that translating “ | ”.The above examples should show that translating “ | ||
| Line 32: | Line 36: | ||
” or “ | ” or “ | ||
[[mind]] | [[mind]] | ||
| − | ” is quite inadequate, if not even inaccurate.Based on my modest [[understanding]] of key [[Buddhist]] [[Wikipedia:concept|concepts]], I believe | + | ” is quite inadequate, if not even inaccurate.Based on my modest [[understanding]] of key [[Buddhist]] [[Wikipedia:concept|concepts]], I believe the most appropriate [[word]] to translate “ |
[[citta]] | [[citta]] | ||
” into English is “ | ” into English is “ | ||
[[Wikipedia:Psyche (psychology)|psyche]] | [[Wikipedia:Psyche (psychology)|psyche]] | ||
| − | ”.What I am proposing is quite unusual considering the {{Wiki|present}} [[perception]] of the term. {{Wiki|Aristotle}} himself, in “De Anima”, has found it extremely dicult | + | ”.What I am proposing is quite unusual considering the {{Wiki|present}} [[perception]] of the term. {{Wiki|Aristotle}} himself, in “De Anima”, has found it extremely dicult to pinpoint what it is. In Western [[thought]], “[[Wikipedia:Psyche (psychology)|psyche]]” is usually associated with “[[soul]]”, considered |
| − | byThomas {{Wiki|Aquinas}} as potentially eternal in [[human beings]], an [[entity]] that lastsforever.Buddha teaches a completely dierent {{Wiki|concept}}. [[Acariya Anuruddha]], thegreat [[master]] of [[Theravada Buddhism]], author of [[Abhidhammattha Sangaha]], | + | byThomas {{Wiki|Aquinas}} as potentially eternal in [[human beings]], an [[entity]] that lastsforever.Buddha teaches a completely dierent {{Wiki|concept}}. [[Acariya Anuruddha]], thegreat [[master]] of [[Theravada Buddhism]], author of [[Abhidhammattha Sangaha]], has interpreted it as a spurt of |
[[energy]] the [[life]] of which lasts only one [[khanna]] (ksanain [[Sanskrit]]), the shortest length of time imaginable. But before disappearing,that “[[Wikipedia:Psyche (psychology)|psyche]]” bequeathes all its | [[energy]] the [[life]] of which lasts only one [[khanna]] (ksanain [[Sanskrit]]), the shortest length of time imaginable. But before disappearing,that “[[Wikipedia:Psyche (psychology)|psyche]]” bequeathes all its | ||
| − | “[[karma]]” to the following one which in turnspasses on its heritage to the next one, on and on to almost innity | + | “[[karma]]” to the following one which in turnspasses on its heritage to the next one, on and on to almost innity unless enlightenment comes about owing to [[awakening]]. |
{{Wiki|Academia}} Letters preprint.©2022 by the author – Open Access – Distributed under CC BY 4.0 | {{Wiki|Academia}} Letters preprint.©2022 by the author – Open Access – Distributed under CC BY 4.0 | ||
| − | [[Buddha’s teachings]] are all about [[Psyche]], and David J. Kalupahana’s | + | [[Buddha’s teachings]] are all about [[Psyche]], and David J. Kalupahana’s “The Principles of [[Buddhist Psychology]]” is a [[proof]] of that. Part Two (Revisions and Resurrections) pp. 103-147 even discusses works by the later schools of [[Buddhist]] [[thought]] revisiting this [[subject]] over and over again. Is |
| − | it | + | it possible and thinkable that the [[Great Teacher]] of all times would not allude to this key concept responsible for a total and complete [[understanding]] of everything in themultiverse?I believe I have found the answer in the mention of |
[[cittakkhana]] | [[cittakkhana]] | ||
| − | in Anu-ruddha’s seminal treatise that has been translated into English as “A | + | in Anu-ruddha’s seminal treatise that has been translated into English as “A Comprehensive [[Manual of Abhidhamma]]”, with [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]] as general editor. The authors of this translation used the term “ |
mind-moment | mind-moment | ||
| − | ” for this quantumentity. It is also mentioned that according to later commentators, in the | + | ” for this quantumentity. It is also mentioned that according to later commentators, in the blink of an [[eye]], billions of these quanta appear and then disappear, following one another in a discrete chain of happenings. Their lifetimes last |
one [[khanna]] | one [[khanna]] | ||
( | ( | ||
| Line 72: | Line 76: | ||
[[Wikipedia:cognition|cognitive]] | [[Wikipedia:cognition|cognitive]] | ||
| − | ”) process contains | + | ”) process contains seventeen psyches, within which seven of them constitute the “ |
[[Javana]] | [[Javana]] | ||
” process where“ | ” process where“ | ||
[[karma]] | [[karma]] | ||
| − | ” is created, (the sowing of [[seeds]] that bear {{Wiki|fruits}} in {{Wiki|future}} [[lives]]). | + | ” is created, (the sowing of [[seeds]] that bear {{Wiki|fruits}} in {{Wiki|future}} [[lives]]). The seeds can be [[wholesome]] or [[unwholesome]], so the {{Wiki|fruits}} would come in the form of suering or [[good fortune]], following the ineluctable [[law of cause]] and eect in unlimited time, through {{Wiki|innumerable}} [[lives]]. That is the rationale for continuing metamorphoses (and not [[reincarnation]]), meaning reappearance into one of sixr ealms of [[existence]], |
| − | four of which being [[spirit]] or {{Wiki|immaterial}} [[energy]], with | + | four of which being [[spirit]] or {{Wiki|immaterial}} [[energy]], with only two ([[humans]] and [[animals]]) taking on [[physical form]]. So, no [[eternal life]], and no end of [[existence]] at [[death]] either. [[Life]] goes on in {{Wiki|quantum}} time and quantum spurts of [[energy]]. [[Sentient beings]] keep on appearing and disappearing in various [[forms]] endlessly unless [[awakening]] |
| − | comes about, resulting in the denitivecessation to the ever-rolling cycle of suering, as has happened in the case of [[Shakyamuni Buddha]]. Specically, in case a [[human being]] has the good | + | comes about, resulting in the denitivecessation to the ever-rolling cycle of suering, as has happened in the case of [[Shakyamuni Buddha]]. Specically, in case a [[human being]] has the good fortune of being born [[human]] again, the last [[karma]] [[cittakkhana]] just before [[death]] will decide his or her entire [[fate]] in that next [[life]], the “blueprint” each [[human]] is |
{{Wiki|Academia}} Letters preprint.©2022 by the author – Open Access – Distributed under CC BY 4.0 | {{Wiki|Academia}} Letters preprint.©2022 by the author – Open Access – Distributed under CC BY 4.0 | ||
| − | born with that {{Wiki|Carl Jung}} has talked about.To point out the fact that this [[ksana]] can be legitimately considered as ameasurement of scientic signicance, I would like to note that the | + | born with that {{Wiki|Carl Jung}} has talked about.To point out the fact that this [[ksana]] can be legitimately considered as ameasurement of scientic signicance, I would like to note that the theoretical physicist {{Wiki|Max Planck}} has found out a similar shortest time length imaginable inthe [[physical world]]. It is ten to the minus forty three of a second, and is called a “ |
Planck time | Planck time | ||
| − | ”. A ‘zeptosecond’ is the trillionth of a billionth of a second,or 10−21 of a second. The [[Higgs boson]] “[[lives]]” for just 15.6 thousand-billion-billions (1.56x10-22) of a second. Both are way too long compared to the | + | ”. A ‘zeptosecond’ is the trillionth of a billionth of a second,or 10−21 of a second. The [[Higgs boson]] “[[lives]]” for just 15.6 thousand-billion-billions (1.56x10-22) of a second. Both are way too long compared to the time length of a skana, and this last one, amazingly, might even be sixteen times shorter than a Planck time, since [[spirit]] moves much faster than crude matter.In this way, [[metaphysics]] might very probably be united with {{Wiki|future}} physics to arrive at an [[Wikipedia:Authenticity|authentic]] and valid ” |
{{Wiki|Theory}} of Everything | {{Wiki|Theory}} of Everything | ||
| − | ”. For how can onehope to arrive at a true and accurate big picture of everything when the | + | ”. For how can onehope to arrive at a true and accurate big picture of everything when the search is focused solely on {{Wiki|matter}} without any slight [[attention]] paid to [[Wikipedia:Psyche (psychology)|psyche]] and consciousness, the [[spiritual]] content that is the all-encompassing control factor? |
| Line 100: | Line 104: | ||
[[Bodhi]], [[Bhikkhu]]. (Gen Ed). (2000). | [[Bodhi]], [[Bhikkhu]]. (Gen Ed). (2000). | ||
| − | [[Abhidhammattha Sangaha]] ( | + | [[Abhidhammattha Sangaha]] ([[A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma]] |
). (1st Ed.). Onalaska, WA: BPS PariyattiEditions.Buswell, Jr., Robert E. (Ed in Chief). (2004). | ). (1st Ed.). Onalaska, WA: BPS PariyattiEditions.Buswell, Jr., Robert E. (Ed in Chief). (2004). | ||
{{Wiki|Encyclopedia}} of [[Buddhism ]]. NewYork, NY: Macmillan Reference USA.Cleary, Thomas. (Trans.). (1993). | {{Wiki|Encyclopedia}} of [[Buddhism ]]. NewYork, NY: Macmillan Reference USA.Cleary, Thomas. (Trans.). (1993). | ||
Latest revision as of 21:58, 7 January 2022
Vumanhphat Vumanhphat (aka Kim Vu)
the Tibetan version of this wonderful sutra intended specically for our era.The following segment is taken from the rst paragraph: “Having integrated his realization with skill in liberative technique, he was expert in knowing
the thoughts and actions of living beings.” The phrase “
the thoughts and actions
” in the above has its equivalent in Kumarajiva’s Chinese translationas “
Xin
”.Another example can be found in the extremely important concept of “
bod-hicitta
” or “
bodhichitta
”, the wish to attain enlightenment with the sole pur-pose of helping all sentient beings reach the same state of supreme bliss andliberation as Buddha. Ringu Tulku Rinpoche’s rendition of this term is “
compassion and wisdom
”.The third proof is shown in Thomas Cleary’s “The Flower Ornament Sutra”,translated from Shikshananda’s Chinese version of the ‘Avatamsaka Sutra” into English. In the very rst paragraph of Book Seventeen, Indra questions: “…what is he extent of the merit attained when the enlightening being rst
determines to become enlightened
.” That last phrase in the Chinese translation also mentions the awakening of “
bodhicitta
”.The above examples should show that translating “
citta
” as “
conscious-ness
” or “
mind
” is quite inadequate, if not even inaccurate.Based on my modest understanding of key Buddhist concepts, I believe the most appropriate word to translate “
citta
” into English is “
psyche
”.What I am proposing is quite unusual considering the present perception of the term. Aristotle himself, in “De Anima”, has found it extremely dicult to pinpoint what it is. In Western thought, “psyche” is usually associated with “soul”, considered
byThomas Aquinas as potentially eternal in human beings, an entity that lastsforever.Buddha teaches a completely dierent concept. Acariya Anuruddha, thegreat master of Theravada Buddhism, author of Abhidhammattha Sangaha, has interpreted it as a spurt of
energy the life of which lasts only one khanna (ksanain Sanskrit), the shortest length of time imaginable. But before disappearing,that “psyche” bequeathes all its
“karma” to the following one which in turnspasses on its heritage to the next one, on and on to almost innity unless enlightenment comes about owing to awakening.
Academia Letters preprint.©2022 by the author – Open Access – Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Buddha’s teachings are all about Psyche, and David J. Kalupahana’s “The Principles of Buddhist Psychology” is a proof of that. Part Two (Revisions and Resurrections) pp. 103-147 even discusses works by the later schools of Buddhist thought revisiting this subject over and over again. Is
it possible and thinkable that the Great Teacher of all times would not allude to this key concept responsible for a total and complete understanding of everything in themultiverse?I believe I have found the answer in the mention of
cittakkhana
in Anu-ruddha’s seminal treatise that has been translated into English as “A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma”, with Bhikkhu Bodhi as general editor. The authors of this translation used the term “
mind-moment
” for this quantumentity. It is also mentioned that according to later commentators, in the blink of an eye, billions of these quanta appear and then disappear, following one another in a discrete chain of happenings. Their lifetimes last
one khanna
(
ksana
in sanskrit), the shortest time length imaginable.I am not happy with the vague term “
mind-moment
” that does not con- jure up the extremely eeting nature of a khanna, and would like to propose anew word for “
cittakkhana
”, namely a “
ksana psyche
”. The basic “
psychic
“ (the word used in the translation is “
cognitive
”) process contains seventeen psyches, within which seven of them constitute the “
Javana
” process where“
karma
” is created, (the sowing of seeds that bear fruits in future lives). The seeds can be wholesome or unwholesome, so the fruits would come in the form of suering or good fortune, following the ineluctable law of cause and eect in unlimited time, through innumerable lives. That is the rationale for continuing metamorphoses (and not reincarnation), meaning reappearance into one of sixr ealms of existence,
four of which being spirit or immaterial energy, with only two (humans and animals) taking on physical form. So, no eternal life, and no end of existence at death either. Life goes on in quantum time and quantum spurts of energy. Sentient beings keep on appearing and disappearing in various forms endlessly unless awakening
comes about, resulting in the denitivecessation to the ever-rolling cycle of suering, as has happened in the case of Shakyamuni Buddha. Specically, in case a human being has the good fortune of being born human again, the last karma cittakkhana just before death will decide his or her entire fate in that next life, the “blueprint” each human is
Academia Letters preprint.©2022 by the author – Open Access – Distributed under CC BY 4.0
born with that Carl Jung has talked about.To point out the fact that this ksana can be legitimately considered as ameasurement of scientic signicance, I would like to note that the theoretical physicist Max Planck has found out a similar shortest time length imaginable inthe physical world. It is ten to the minus forty three of a second, and is called a “
Planck time
”. A ‘zeptosecond’ is the trillionth of a billionth of a second,or 10−21 of a second. The Higgs boson “lives” for just 15.6 thousand-billion-billions (1.56x10-22) of a second. Both are way too long compared to the time length of a skana, and this last one, amazingly, might even be sixteen times shorter than a Planck time, since spirit moves much faster than crude matter.In this way, metaphysics might very probably be united with future physics to arrive at an authentic and valid ”
Theory of Everything
”. For how can onehope to arrive at a true and accurate big picture of everything when the search is focused solely on matter without any slight attention paid to psyche and consciousness, the spiritual content that is the all-encompassing control factor?
REFERENCES
Bodhi, Bhikkhu. (Gen Ed). (2000).
Abhidhammattha Sangaha (A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
). (1st Ed.). Onalaska, WA: BPS PariyattiEditions.Buswell, Jr., Robert E. (Ed in Chief). (2004).
Encyclopedia of Buddhism . NewYork, NY: Macmillan Reference USA.Cleary, Thomas. (Trans.). (1993).
The Flower Ornament Scripture
. Boulder,CO: Shambhala Publications, Inc.Hakeda, Yoshito S. (Trans.). (1967).
The Awakening of Faith
. New York, NY:Columbia University Press.Kaluaphana, David J. (1987).
The Principles of Buddhist Psychology
. Albany,NY: State University of New York Press.Narada Thera. (Trans.). (1978).
Dhammapada, Pali text & Translation.
KualaLumpur, Malaysia: Buddhist Missionary Society.Ringu Tulku Rinpoche. (2014).
Bodhichitta, Awakening Compassion and Wisdom
. (2nd Ed.). Oxford, UK: Bodhicharya Publications.Thurman, Robert A. F. (Trans.). (1976).
The Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti
.University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.******************
NOTE
- For a further understanding and deepened discussion of the subject onhand, I highly recommend a thorough reading of Robert Espiau’s “The True Origins of Psychology and the Inuence of Euro-American Ethnocentrism”(2013) which has been posted on academia.edu and can be downloaded bymembers.
Source
[[1]]
