Difference between revisions of "Saṃjñā"
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[[File:288099501.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:288099501.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
| − | Saṃjñā (Sanskrit; Pali: [[Sañña]]) is a Buddhist term that is typically translated as "perception" or "cognition." It can be defined as grasping at the distinguishing features or characteristics. | + | Saṃjñā ([[Sanskrit]]; [[Pali]]: [[Sañña]]) is a [[Buddhist]] term that is typically translated as "[[perception]]" or "[[cognition]]." It can be defined as [[grasping]] at the distinguishing {{Wiki|features}} or characteristics. |
| − | Saṃjñā is identified within the Buddhist teachings as follows: | + | Saṃjñā is identified within the [[Buddhist teachings]] as follows: |
* One of the [[Skandha|five aggregates]] | * One of the [[Skandha|five aggregates]] | ||
* One of the [[Mental_factors#Seven_universal_mental_factors|''seven universal mental factors'']] in the [[Theravada]] [[Abhidharma]]. | * One of the [[Mental_factors#Seven_universal_mental_factors|''seven universal mental factors'']] in the [[Theravada]] [[Abhidharma]]. | ||
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===[[Theravada]]=== | ===[[Theravada]]=== | ||
[[Bhikkhu]] [[Bodhi]] states: | [[Bhikkhu]] [[Bodhi]] states: | ||
| − | :The characteristic of perception is the perceiving of the qualities of the object. Its function is to make a sign as a condition for perceiving again that "this is the same," or its function is recognizing what has been previously perceived. It becomes manifest as the interpreting of the object...by way of the features that had been apprehended. Its proximate cause is the object as it appears. Its procedure is compared to a carpenter's recognition of certain kinds of wood by the mark he has made on each. | + | :The [[characteristic]] of [[perception]] is the perceiving of the qualities of the [[object]]. Its [[function]] is to make a sign as a [[condition]] for perceiving again that "this is the same," or its [[function]] is [[recognizing]] what has been previously [[perceived]]. It becomes [[manifest]] as the interpreting of the object...by way of the {{Wiki|features}} that had been apprehended. Its proximate [[cause]] is the [[object]] as it appears. Its procedure is compared to a carpenter's [[recognition]] of certain kinds of [[wood]] by the mark he has made on each. |
| − | According to the [[Theravada]] tradition, saññā experiences the same object as the [[Citta]] it accompanies but it performs its own task: it 'perceives' or 'recognizes' the object and it 'marks' it so that it can be recognized again. | + | According to the [[Theravada]] [[tradition]], [[saññā]] [[experiences]] the same [[object]] as the [[Citta]] it accompanies but it performs its own task: it '[[perceives]]' or '[[recognizes]]' the [[object]] and it '[[marks]]' it so that it can be [[recognized]] again. |
| − | The Atthasālinī (I, Part IV, Chapter 1, 110) provides the following two definitions for saññā: | + | The [[Atthasālinī]] (I, Part IV, Chapter [[1]], 110) provides the following two definitions for saññā: |
| − | * ...It has the characteristic of noting and the function of recognizing what has been previously noted. There is no such thing as perception in the four planes of existence without the characteristic of noting. All perceptions have the characteristic of noting. Of them, that perceiving which knows by specialized knowledge has the function of recognizing what has been noted previously. We may see this procedure when the carpenter recognizes a piece of wood which he has marked by specialized knowledge... | + | * ...It has the [[characteristic]] of noting and the [[function]] of [[recognizing]] what has been previously noted. There is no such thing as [[perception]] in the four planes of [[existence]] without the [[characteristic]] of noting. All [[perceptions]] have the [[characteristic]] of noting. Of them, that perceiving which [[knows]] by specialized [[knowledge]] has the [[function]] of [[recognizing]] what has been noted previously. We may see this procedure when the carpenter [[recognizes]] a piece of [[wood]] which he has marked by specialized knowledge... |
| − | * Perception has the characteristic of perceiving by an act of general inclusion, and the function of making marks as a condition for repeated perception (for recognizing or remembering), as when woodcutters 'perceive' logs and so forth. Its manifestation is the action of interpreting by means of the sign as apprehended, as in the case of blind persons who 'see' an elephant. Or, it has briefness as manifestation, like lightning, owing to its inability to penetrate the object. Its proximate cause is whatever object has appeared, like the perception which arises in young deer mistaking scarecrows for men. | + | * [[Perception]] has the [[characteristic]] of perceiving by an act of general inclusion, and the [[function]] of making [[marks]] as a [[condition]] for repeated [[perception]] (for [[recognizing]] or remembering), as when woodcutters 'perceive' logs and so forth. Its [[manifestation]] is the [[action]] of interpreting by means of the sign as apprehended, as in the case of blind persons who 'see' an elephant. Or, it has briefness as [[manifestation]], like {{Wiki|lightning}}, owing to its inability to penetrate the [[object]]. Its proximate [[cause]] is whatever [[object]] has appeared, like the [[perception]] which arises in young [[deer]] mistaking scarecrows for men. |
[[File:33.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:33.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
=== [[Mahayana]] === | === [[Mahayana]] === | ||
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The [[Abhidharma-samuccaya]] states: | The [[Abhidharma-samuccaya]] states: | ||
| − | : What is the absolutely specific characteristic of conceptualization (saṃjñā)? It is to know by association. It is to see, hear, specify, and to know by way of taking up the defining characteristics and distinguishing them. | + | : What is the absolutely specific [[characteristic]] of [[conceptualization]] ([[saṃjñā]])? It is to know by association. It is to see, hear, specify, and to know by way of taking up the defining characteristics and distinguishing them. |
[[Mipham Rinpoche]] states: | [[Mipham Rinpoche]] states: | ||
| − | : Perception consists of the grasping of distinguishing features. | + | : [[Perception]] consists of the [[grasping]] of distinguishing features. |
| − | : In terms of support, they can be divided into six types: perceptions resulting from contact, the meeting of the eye and so forth, up until the mind. | + | : In terms of support, they can be divided into six types: [[perceptions]] resulting from [[contact]], the [[meeting]] of the [[eye]] and so forth, up until the mind. |
| − | : Furthermore, the are distinguishing characteristics in regard to sense objects... and... in regard to names... | + | : Furthermore, the are distinguishing characteristics in regard to [[sense]] [[objects]]... and... in regard to names... |
[[Alexander Berzin]] gives the following informal explanation: | [[Alexander Berzin]] gives the following informal explanation: | ||
| − | : Then there is distinguishing (’du-shes, Skt. [[Samjna]]). And so it takes a special feature of the object, of the appearing object—so, the hologram—and it gives some significance to it, some conventional significance to it. In other words, within a sense field it distinguishes between, for instance, light and dark. I mean, we’re seeing a huge amount of information, and in order to deal with it we need to distinguish one little piece from everything else. That’s distinguishing. | + | : Then there is distinguishing (’du-shes, Skt. [[Samjna]]). And so it takes a special feature of the [[object]], of the appearing object—so, the hologram—and it gives some significance to it, some conventional significance to it. In other words, within a [[sense]] field it distinguishes between, for instance, [[light]] and dark. I mean, we’re [[seeing]] a huge amount of [[information]], and in [[order]] to deal with it we need to distinguish one little piece from everything else. That’s distinguishing. |
| − | == Within the five aggregates == | + | == Within the [[five aggregates]] == |
[[File:Brain-D 300.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Brain-D 300.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
| − | Saṃjñā is identified as one of the five aggregates, as shown in the following diagram | + | Saṃjñā is identified as one of the [[five aggregates]], as shown in the following diagram |
[[File:PancaKhandha.jpg|frame|left|400px|]]<br/> | [[File:PancaKhandha.jpg|frame|left|400px|]]<br/> | ||
<br/> | <br/> | ||
| Line 74: | Line 74: | ||
<br/> | <br/> | ||
<br/> | <br/> | ||
| − | == In the Early Buddhist literature == | + | == In the Early [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|literature}} == |
| − | In the early Buddhism [[Theravadin]] texts of the [[Nikayas]]/Āgamas, saṃjñā/[[Sañña]] is the third of the five aggregates (Skt.: [[Skandha]]; Pali: khandha) which can be used to skillfully delineate phenomenological experiences during meditation. Whether as one of the five aggregates, meditative concentration ([[Samādhi]]) on the passing and rising (P. vipassana, S. vipaśyanā) of [[Sañña]] can lead to [[Mindfulness]] (P.sati, S. smṛti), clear comprehension (P. [[Sampajanna]], S. samprajaña) [[Enlightenment]] and Arhantship (see Table). | + | In the [[early Buddhism]] [[Theravadin]] texts of the [[Nikayas]]/[[Āgamas]], [[saṃjñā]]/[[Sañña]] is the third of the [[five aggregates]] (Skt.: [[Skandha]]; [[Pali]]: [[khandha]]) which can be used to skillfully delineate {{Wiki|phenomenological}} [[experiences]] during [[meditation]]. Whether as one of the [[five aggregates]], [[meditative]] [[concentration]] ([[Samādhi]]) on the passing and rising (P. [[vipassana]], S. [[vipaśyanā]]) of [[Sañña]] can lead to [[Mindfulness]] (P.sati, S. [[smṛti]]), [[clear comprehension]] (P. [[Sampajanna]], S. [[samprajaña]]) [[Enlightenment]] and [[Arhantship]] (see Table). |
| − | In the Pali Canon, [[Sañña]] is frequently defined as: | + | In the [[Pali Canon]], [[Sañña]] is frequently defined as: |
| − | : "It perceives blue, it perceives yellow, it perceives red, it perceives white." | + | : "It [[perceives]] [[blue]], it [[perceives]] yellow, it [[perceives]] red, it [[perceives]] white." |
[[File:Control1.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Control1.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
| − | In post-canonical Pali commentaries, the Visuddhimagga likens [[Sañña]] to "a child without discretion." | + | In post-canonical [[Pali commentaries]], the [[Visuddhimagga]] likens [[Sañña]] to "a child without discretion." |
==Alternate translations== | ==Alternate translations== | ||
Alternate translations for the term [[Vedana]] are: | Alternate translations for the term [[Vedana]] are: | ||
| − | * Conceptualization (Herbert Guenther) | + | * [[Conceptualization]] (Herbert Guenther) |
* Distinguishing ([[Alexander Berzin]]) | * Distinguishing ([[Alexander Berzin]]) | ||
| − | * Perception (Erik Kunsang, Nina van Gorkom) | + | * [[Perception]] (Erik Kunsang, Nina van Gorkom) |
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| − | * Buddhist meditation | + | * [[Buddhist]] meditation |
| − | * Siddhas (Mahasiddas) | + | * [[Siddhas]] (Mahasiddas) |
* [[Skandha]] (Five Aggregates) | * [[Skandha]] (Five Aggregates) | ||
* [[Vedana]] (Feelings/Sensations) | * [[Vedana]] (Feelings/Sensations) | ||
Revision as of 14:11, 7 September 2013
Saṃjñā (Sanskrit; Pali: Sañña) is a Buddhist term that is typically translated as "perception" or "cognition." It can be defined as grasping at the distinguishing features or characteristics.
Saṃjñā is identified within the Buddhist teachings as follows:
- One of the five aggregates
- One of the seven universal mental factors in the Theravada Abhidharma.
- One of the five universal mental factors in the Mahayana Abhidharma
Definitions
Theravada
- The characteristic of perception is the perceiving of the qualities of the object. Its function is to make a sign as a condition for perceiving again that "this is the same," or its function is recognizing what has been previously perceived. It becomes manifest as the interpreting of the object...by way of the features that had been apprehended. Its proximate cause is the object as it appears. Its procedure is compared to a carpenter's recognition of certain kinds of wood by the mark he has made on each.
According to the Theravada tradition, saññā experiences the same object as the Citta it accompanies but it performs its own task: it 'perceives' or 'recognizes' the object and it 'marks' it so that it can be recognized again.
The Atthasālinī (I, Part IV, Chapter 1, 110) provides the following two definitions for saññā:
- ...It has the characteristic of noting and the function of recognizing what has been previously noted. There is no such thing as perception in the four planes of existence without the characteristic of noting. All perceptions have the characteristic of noting. Of them, that perceiving which knows by specialized knowledge has the function of recognizing what has been noted previously. We may see this procedure when the carpenter recognizes a piece of wood which he has marked by specialized knowledge...
- Perception has the characteristic of perceiving by an act of general inclusion, and the function of making marks as a condition for repeated perception (for recognizing or remembering), as when woodcutters 'perceive' logs and so forth. Its manifestation is the action of interpreting by means of the sign as apprehended, as in the case of blind persons who 'see' an elephant. Or, it has briefness as manifestation, like lightning, owing to its inability to penetrate the object. Its proximate cause is whatever object has appeared, like the perception which arises in young deer mistaking scarecrows for men.
Mahayana
The Abhidharma-samuccaya states:
- What is the absolutely specific characteristic of conceptualization (saṃjñā)? It is to know by association. It is to see, hear, specify, and to know by way of taking up the defining characteristics and distinguishing them.
Mipham Rinpoche states:
- Perception consists of the grasping of distinguishing features.
- In terms of support, they can be divided into six types: perceptions resulting from contact, the meeting of the eye and so forth, up until the mind.
- Furthermore, the are distinguishing characteristics in regard to sense objects... and... in regard to names...
Alexander Berzin gives the following informal explanation:
- Then there is distinguishing (’du-shes, Skt. Samjna). And so it takes a special feature of the object, of the appearing object—so, the hologram—and it gives some significance to it, some conventional significance to it. In other words, within a sense field it distinguishes between, for instance, light and dark. I mean, we’re seeing a huge amount of information, and in order to deal with it we need to distinguish one little piece from everything else. That’s distinguishing.
Within the five aggregates
Saṃjñā is identified as one of the five aggregates, as shown in the following diagram
In the Early Buddhist literature
In the early Buddhism Theravadin texts of the Nikayas/Āgamas, saṃjñā/Sañña is the third of the five aggregates (Skt.: Skandha; Pali: khandha) which can be used to skillfully delineate phenomenological experiences during meditation. Whether as one of the five aggregates, meditative concentration (Samādhi) on the passing and rising (P. vipassana, S. vipaśyanā) of Sañña can lead to Mindfulness (P.sati, S. smṛti), clear comprehension (P. Sampajanna, S. samprajaña) Enlightenment and Arhantship (see Table).
In the Pali Canon, Sañña is frequently defined as:
In post-canonical Pali commentaries, the Visuddhimagga likens Sañña to "a child without discretion."
Alternate translations
Alternate translations for the term Vedana are:
- Conceptualization (Herbert Guenther)
- Distinguishing (Alexander Berzin)
- Perception (Erik Kunsang, Nina van Gorkom)
