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(Created page with "In Buddhism, samādhi (Pali / Sanskrit: समाधि) is mental concentration or composing the mind. It is one of three divisions of the Noble Eightfold Path. == Etymology...") |
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| − | In Buddhism, | + | [[File:Url-te.jpg|thumb|250px|]] |
| + | In Buddhism, [[Samādhi]] (Pali / [[Sanskrit]]: समाधि) is mental concentration or composing the mind. It is one of three divisions of the [[Noble Eightfold Path]]. | ||
== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
| − | The term | + | The term [[Samādhi]] is common to the [[Sanskrit]] and Pali languages. |
| − | Common Chinese terms for | + | Common Chinese terms for [[Samādhi]] include the transliterations sanmei (三昧) and sanmodi (三摩地 or 三摩提), as well as the translation of the term literally as ding (定 "fixity"). Kumarajiva's translations typically use sanmei (三昧), while the translations of [[Xuanzang]] tend to use ding (定 "fixity"). [[The Chinese Buddhist Canon]] includes these as well as other translations and transliterations of the term. |
| − | ==Pali Nikayas and Chinese Āgamas== | + | ==Pali [[Nikayas]] and Chinese Āgamas== |
| − | Upon development of | + | Upon development of [[Samādhi]], one's mind becomes purified of defilements, calm, tranquil, and luminous. Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration, his mind is ready to penetrate and see into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all [[Suffering]]. |
=== Lists of topics === | === Lists of topics === | ||
| − | In the Pāli | + | In the [[Pāli Canon]] of the [[Theravada]] tradition and the related Āgamas of other early Buddhist schools, [[Samādhi]] is found in various lists of topics: |
| − | * In the | + | * In the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], "[[Right concentration]]" (samma-[[Samādhi]], S. samyak-[[Samādhi]]) is the eighth path factor. [[Right concentration]] ([[Pāli]]: sammā-[[Samādhi]]; Skt.: samyak-[[Samādhi]]) involves attainment of the successively higher meditative states known as the four jhānas. |
| − | * Similarly, | + | * Similarly, [[Samādhi]] is the second part of [[The Buddha]]'s threefold training: [[Sīla]] (morality or virtue), [[Samādhi]], and [[Pañña]] ([[Wisdom]]; S. prajña). |
| − | * In the development of the four jhānas, the second | + | * In the development of the four jhānas, the second [[Jhāna]] (S. [[Dhyāna]]) is "born" from [[Samādhi]] (samādhija). |
=== Four types of samadhi === | === Four types of samadhi === | ||
| − | In [[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] IV.41, | + | In [[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] IV.41, [[The Buddha]] identifies four types of concentration development, each with a different goal: |
| − | # A pleasant abiding in this current | + | # A pleasant abiding in this current [[Life]] — achieved through concentrative development of the four jhānas |
| − | # Knowledge and the divine eye — achieved by concentration on | + | # Knowledge and the divine eye — achieved by concentration on [[Light]] |
| − | # Mindfulness and clear comprehension — achieved through concentrative | + | # [[Mindfulness]] and clear comprehension — achieved through concentrative [[Mindfulness]] of the rise and fall of feelings, perceptions and thoughts. |
| − | # The destruction of the taints — achieved through concentrative | + | # The destruction of the taints — achieved through concentrative [[Mindfulness]] of the rise and fall of [[THE FIVE AGGREGATES]]. |
=== Supernatural powers === | === Supernatural powers === | ||
| + | [[File:Url-u.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
| + | The Buddhist suttas mention that [[Samādhi]] practitioners may develop supernormal powers ([[Abhijna]], cf. [[Siddhis]]), and list several that [[The Buddha]] developed, but warn that these should not be allowed to distract the practitioner from the larger goal of complete freedom from [[Suffering]]. | ||
| − | + | == [[Theravada]] commentarial tradition == | |
| − | + | According to the Visuddhimagga, [[Samādhi]] is the "proximate cause" to the obtainment of [[Wisdom]]. In the Buddhist tradition, [[Samādhi]] is traditionally developed by contemplating one of 40 different objects, which are mentioned throughout the Pali canon, but explicitly enumerated in the Visuddhimagga, such as [[Mindfulness]] of breathing (anapanasati) and loving [[Kindness]] ([[Metta]]). | |
| − | + | ==[[Samādhi]] in [[Mahāyāna]] teachings== | |
| + | === Indian [[Mahāyāna]] === | ||
| − | + | In the Indian [[Mahāyāna]] traditions [[Samādhi]] is used in the earlier sense, but | |
| − | |||
| − | + | : There also appear in [[Mahayana]] literature references to a number of specific samadhi, each with a name and associated benefits, and a number of which are associated with specific sutras [...] one notes the appearance of lengthy lists of samadhi names, which one suspects have acquired their own aura of magical potency. Thus we can find samadhi-name lists, some of considerable length, in the Akṣayavamatinirdeśa, Bodhisattvapiṭaka, Daśabhhūmīśvara, Gaṇḍavyūha, Kāraṇḍavyūha, Mahāvyutpatti, and various [[Prajñā]]pāramitā texts. Section 21 of the Mahāvyutpatti records some 118 [[Samādhi]]. | |
| − | + | === [[Heart]] [[Sutra]] === | |
| − | + | This is reflected in [[The Heart Sutra]], a famous [[Mahāyāna]] discourse, in which [[Avalokiteśvara]] gives a teaching in the presence of [[The Buddha]] after [[The Buddha]] enters "the [[Samādhi]] which expresses [[THE DHARMA]] called Profound Illumination," which provides the context for the teaching. | |
| − | + | === [[Samādhirāja Sūtra]] === | |
| − | + | Likewise, the [[Samādhirāja Sūtra]] | |
| − | + | : ... declares its main theme to be a particular [[Samādhi]] that is supposed to be the key to all elements in the path and to all the virtues and merits of [[Buddhas]] and bodhisattvas. This state of mind, or spiritual practice, is called 'the [[Samādhi]] that is manifested as the sameness of the essential nature of all dharmas' (sarva-[[Dharma]]-svabhavā-samatā-vipañcita-[[Samādhi]]). One may be tempted to assume that this refers to one particular form or state of contemplation; however, here the term '[[Samādhi]]' is understood in its broadest signification. This [[Samādhi]] is at the same time the cognitive experience of [[Emptiness]], the attainment of the attributes of [[Buddhahood]], and the performance of a variety of practices or daily activities of a [[Bodhisattva]]—including service and adoration at the feet of all [[Buddhas]]. The word [[Samādhi]] is also used to mean the [[Sūtra]] itself. Consequently, we can speak of an equation, [[Sūtra]] = [[Samādhi]] = śūnyatā, underlying the text. In this sense the title Samādhirāja expresses accurately the content of the [[Sūtra]]. | |
| + | [[File:Url-gh.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
| + | === [[Zen]] === | ||
| − | + | {{see}} [[Zen]], Chinese Chán, Japanese [[Zen]], and [[Zen]] in the United States | |
| − | + | Ideologically the [[Zen]]-tradition stresses [[Prajna]] and sudden insight, but in the actual practice [[Prajna]] and samadhi, or sudden insight and gradual cultivation, are paired to each other. The distinction between sudden and gradual awakening was first introduced in China in the beginning of the 5th century CE by Tao Sheng. In the 8th century it became part of a struggle for influence at the Chinese court by Shenhui, a student of Huineng. Here-after "sudden [[Enlightenment]]" became on of the hallmarks of Chinese Chán, though the sharp distinction was softened by subsequent generations of [[Zen]]-practitioners. | |
| − | + | This softening is reflected in The Platform [[Sutra]], a text ascribed to Hui Neng, but composed by later writers of various schools. In chapter 4 Huineng, the renowned Sixth Ancestor of Chinese Chan ([[Zen]]), teaches that [[Samādhi]] and prajñā are not different: | |
| − | + | : Learned Audience, in my system Samadhi and [[Prajna]] are fundamental. But do not be under the wrong impression that these two are independent of each other, for they are inseparably united and are not two entities. Samadhi is the quintessence of [[Prajna]], while [[Prajna]] is the activity of Samadhi. At the very moment that we attain [[Prajna]], Samadhi is therewith; and vice versa. If you understand this principle, you understand the equilibrium of Samadhi and [[Prajna]]. A disciple should not think that there is a distinction between 'Samadhi begets [[Prajna]]' and '[[Prajna]] begets Samadhi'. To hold such an opinion would imply that there are two characteristics in [[THE DHARMA]]. | |
| − | + | In Chapter 5 of the Platform [[Sutra]], Huineng described the role of [[Samādhi]] in meditation practice as follows: | |
| − | + | : When we are free from attachment to all outer objects, the mind will be in peace. Our Essence of Mind is intrinsically pure, and the reason why we are perturbed is because we allow ourselves to be carried away by the circumstances we are in. He who is able to keep his mind unperturbed, irrespective of circumstances, has attained Samadhi. To be free from attachment to all outer objects is [[Dhyana]], and to attain inner peace is Samadhi. When we are in a position to deal with [[Dhyana]] and to keep our inner mind in Samadhi, then we are said to have attained [[Dhyana]] and Samadhi. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | : When we are free from attachment to all outer objects, the mind will be in peace. Our Essence of Mind is intrinsically pure, and the reason why we are perturbed is because we allow ourselves to be carried away by the circumstances we are in. He who is able to keep his mind unperturbed, irrespective of circumstances, has attained Samadhi. To be free from attachment to all outer objects is Dhyana, and to attain inner peace is Samadhi. When we are in a position to deal with Dhyana and to keep our inner mind in Samadhi, then we are said to have attained Dhyana and Samadhi. | ||
== Intelligence == | == Intelligence == | ||
| − | According to B. Alan Wallace, | + | According to B. Alan Wallace, [[Samādhi]] is also viewed as serving as the basis for increasing intelligence. Wallace also maintains that Buddhist psychology suggests that concentration may be a factor in the emergence of extraordinary intelligence. |
{{R}} | {{R}} | ||
Revision as of 06:59, 25 March 2013
In Buddhism, Samādhi (Pali / Sanskrit: समाधि) is mental concentration or composing the mind. It is one of three divisions of the Noble Eightfold Path.
Etymology
The term Samādhi is common to the Sanskrit and Pali languages.
Common Chinese terms for Samādhi include the transliterations sanmei (三昧) and sanmodi (三摩地 or 三摩提), as well as the translation of the term literally as ding (定 "fixity"). Kumarajiva's translations typically use sanmei (三昧), while the translations of Xuanzang tend to use ding (定 "fixity"). The Chinese Buddhist Canon includes these as well as other translations and transliterations of the term.
Pali Nikayas and Chinese Āgamas
Upon development of Samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilements, calm, tranquil, and luminous. Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration, his mind is ready to penetrate and see into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all Suffering.
Lists of topics
In the Pāli Canon of the Theravada tradition and the related Āgamas of other early Buddhist schools, Samādhi is found in various lists of topics:
- In the Noble Eightfold Path, "Right concentration" (samma-Samādhi, S. samyak-Samādhi) is the eighth path factor. Right concentration (Pāli: sammā-Samādhi; Skt.: samyak-Samādhi) involves attainment of the successively higher meditative states known as the four jhānas.
- Similarly, Samādhi is the second part of The Buddha's threefold training: Sīla (morality or virtue), Samādhi, and Pañña (Wisdom; S. prajña).
- In the development of the four jhānas, the second Jhāna (S. Dhyāna) is "born" from Samādhi (samādhija).
Four types of samadhi
In AN IV.41, The Buddha identifies four types of concentration development, each with a different goal:
- A pleasant abiding in this current Life — achieved through concentrative development of the four jhānas
- Knowledge and the divine eye — achieved by concentration on Light
- Mindfulness and clear comprehension — achieved through concentrative Mindfulness of the rise and fall of feelings, perceptions and thoughts.
- The destruction of the taints — achieved through concentrative Mindfulness of the rise and fall of THE FIVE AGGREGATES.
Supernatural powers
The Buddhist suttas mention that Samādhi practitioners may develop supernormal powers (Abhijna, cf. Siddhis), and list several that The Buddha developed, but warn that these should not be allowed to distract the practitioner from the larger goal of complete freedom from Suffering.
Theravada commentarial tradition
According to the Visuddhimagga, Samādhi is the "proximate cause" to the obtainment of Wisdom. In the Buddhist tradition, Samādhi is traditionally developed by contemplating one of 40 different objects, which are mentioned throughout the Pali canon, but explicitly enumerated in the Visuddhimagga, such as Mindfulness of breathing (anapanasati) and loving Kindness (Metta).
Samādhi in Mahāyāna teachings
Indian Mahāyāna
In the Indian Mahāyāna traditions Samādhi is used in the earlier sense, but
- There also appear in Mahayana literature references to a number of specific samadhi, each with a name and associated benefits, and a number of which are associated with specific sutras [...] one notes the appearance of lengthy lists of samadhi names, which one suspects have acquired their own aura of magical potency. Thus we can find samadhi-name lists, some of considerable length, in the Akṣayavamatinirdeśa, Bodhisattvapiṭaka, Daśabhhūmīśvara, Gaṇḍavyūha, Kāraṇḍavyūha, Mahāvyutpatti, and various Prajñāpāramitā texts. Section 21 of the Mahāvyutpatti records some 118 Samādhi.
Heart Sutra
This is reflected in The Heart Sutra, a famous Mahāyāna discourse, in which Avalokiteśvara gives a teaching in the presence of The Buddha after The Buddha enters "the Samādhi which expresses THE DHARMA called Profound Illumination," which provides the context for the teaching.
Samādhirāja Sūtra
Likewise, the Samādhirāja Sūtra
- ... declares its main theme to be a particular Samādhi that is supposed to be the key to all elements in the path and to all the virtues and merits of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. This state of mind, or spiritual practice, is called 'the Samādhi that is manifested as the sameness of the essential nature of all dharmas' (sarva-Dharma-svabhavā-samatā-vipañcita-Samādhi). One may be tempted to assume that this refers to one particular form or state of contemplation; however, here the term 'Samādhi' is understood in its broadest signification. This Samādhi is at the same time the cognitive experience of Emptiness, the attainment of the attributes of Buddhahood, and the performance of a variety of practices or daily activities of a Bodhisattva—including service and adoration at the feet of all Buddhas. The word Samādhi is also used to mean the Sūtra itself. Consequently, we can speak of an equation, Sūtra = Samādhi = śūnyatā, underlying the text. In this sense the title Samādhirāja expresses accurately the content of the Sūtra.
Zen
Ideologically the Zen-tradition stresses Prajna and sudden insight, but in the actual practice Prajna and samadhi, or sudden insight and gradual cultivation, are paired to each other. The distinction between sudden and gradual awakening was first introduced in China in the beginning of the 5th century CE by Tao Sheng. In the 8th century it became part of a struggle for influence at the Chinese court by Shenhui, a student of Huineng. Here-after "sudden Enlightenment" became on of the hallmarks of Chinese Chán, though the sharp distinction was softened by subsequent generations of Zen-practitioners.
This softening is reflected in The Platform Sutra, a text ascribed to Hui Neng, but composed by later writers of various schools. In chapter 4 Huineng, the renowned Sixth Ancestor of Chinese Chan (Zen), teaches that Samādhi and prajñā are not different:
- Learned Audience, in my system Samadhi and Prajna are fundamental. But do not be under the wrong impression that these two are independent of each other, for they are inseparably united and are not two entities. Samadhi is the quintessence of Prajna, while Prajna is the activity of Samadhi. At the very moment that we attain Prajna, Samadhi is therewith; and vice versa. If you understand this principle, you understand the equilibrium of Samadhi and Prajna. A disciple should not think that there is a distinction between 'Samadhi begets Prajna' and 'Prajna begets Samadhi'. To hold such an opinion would imply that there are two characteristics in THE DHARMA.
In Chapter 5 of the Platform Sutra, Huineng described the role of Samādhi in meditation practice as follows:
- When we are free from attachment to all outer objects, the mind will be in peace. Our Essence of Mind is intrinsically pure, and the reason why we are perturbed is because we allow ourselves to be carried away by the circumstances we are in. He who is able to keep his mind unperturbed, irrespective of circumstances, has attained Samadhi. To be free from attachment to all outer objects is Dhyana, and to attain inner peace is Samadhi. When we are in a position to deal with Dhyana and to keep our inner mind in Samadhi, then we are said to have attained Dhyana and Samadhi.
Intelligence
According to B. Alan Wallace, Samādhi is also viewed as serving as the basis for increasing intelligence. Wallace also maintains that Buddhist psychology suggests that concentration may be a factor in the emergence of extraordinary intelligence.
