Difference between revisions of "Moksha"
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In [[Indian]] [[religions]] [[moksha]] ([[Sanskrit]]: [[मोक्ष]] [[mokṣa]] "[[liberation]]") or [[mukti]] ([[Sanskrit]]: [[मुक्ति]] "[[release]]") is the [[liberation]] from [[samsara]], the cycle of [[death]] and [[rebirth]]. | In [[Indian]] [[religions]] [[moksha]] ([[Sanskrit]]: [[मोक्ष]] [[mokṣa]] "[[liberation]]") or [[mukti]] ([[Sanskrit]]: [[मुक्ति]] "[[release]]") is the [[liberation]] from [[samsara]], the cycle of [[death]] and [[rebirth]]. | ||
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[[Moksha]] is the [[liberation]] from [[rebirth]] or [[samsara]]. This [[liberation]] can be attained while one is on [[earth]] (jivanmukti) or eschatologically (karmamukti). The idea of [[samsara]] originated with new [[religious]] movements in the first millennium | [[Moksha]] is the [[liberation]] from [[rebirth]] or [[samsara]]. This [[liberation]] can be attained while one is on [[earth]] (jivanmukti) or eschatologically (karmamukti). The idea of [[samsara]] originated with new [[religious]] movements in the first millennium | ||
| − | BCE. These new movements saw [[human]] [[life]] as bondage to a repeated process of [[rebirth]]. This idea was incorporated into [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], and eventually also into [[Hinduism]]. By release from this cycle, the [[suffering]] involved in this | + | BCE. These new movements saw [[human]] [[life]] as bondage to a repeated process of [[rebirth]]. This idea was incorporated into [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], and eventually also into [[Hinduism]]. By release from this cycle, the [[suffering]] involved in this cycle is also ended. |
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[[Hinduism]] | [[Hinduism]] | ||
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* [[duality]] ([[Madhva’s dvaita]]) | * [[duality]] ([[Madhva’s dvaita]]) | ||
| − | Each contain their own [[view]] on the {{Wiki|concept}} of moksa, or [[liberation]], that is consistent with their [[philosophies]]; however, all three schools remain loyal to the overall understanding and worship of [[Brahman]], and claim to hold the [[truths]] in | + | Each contain their own [[view]] on the {{Wiki|concept}} of moksa, or [[liberation]], that is consistent with their [[philosophies]]; however, all three schools remain loyal to the overall understanding and worship of [[Brahman]], and claim to hold the [[truths]] in reference to the {{Wiki|Upanishads}}. |
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| − | reference to the {{Wiki|Upanishads}}. | ||
{{Wiki|Advaita Vedanta}} | {{Wiki|Advaita Vedanta}} | ||
| − | According to the Advaita-tradition [[moksha]] is achieved by removing [[avidya]] ([[ignorance]]) regarding our misidentification with the five koshas and [[maya]]d comes to an understanding that the observable [[world]] is unreal and [[impermanent]], and | + | According to the Advaita-tradition [[moksha]] is achieved by removing [[avidya]] ([[ignorance]]) regarding our misidentification with the five koshas and [[maya]]d comes to an understanding that the observable [[world]] is unreal and [[impermanent]], and that [[atman]] or [[consciousness]] is the only true [[existence]]. [[Moksha]] is seen as a final release from [[illusion]], and the [[knowledge]] (anubhava) of one's own fundamental nature, which is Satcitananda. |
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| − | that [[atman]] or [[consciousness]] is the only true [[existence]]. [[Moksha]] is seen as a final release from [[illusion]], and the [[knowledge]] (anubhava) of one's own fundamental nature, which is Satcitananda. | ||
[[Advaita]] holds that [[Atman]], [[Brahman]], and Paramatman are all one and the same - the [[formless]] Nirguna [[Brahman]] which is beyond the being/non-being distinction, tangibility, and [[comprehension]]. | [[Advaita]] holds that [[Atman]], [[Brahman]], and Paramatman are all one and the same - the [[formless]] Nirguna [[Brahman]] which is beyond the being/non-being distinction, tangibility, and [[comprehension]]. | ||
| − | [[Advaita]] focuses on the [[knowledge]] of [[Brahman]] provided by [[traditional]] {{Wiki|Vedanta}} literature and the teachings of its founder, Adi Shankara. {{Wiki|Advaita Vedanta}} emphasizes [[Jnana]] [[Yoga]] as the [[ultimate]] means of achieving [[moksha]], and other [[yogas]] (such | + | [[Advaita]] focuses on the [[knowledge]] of [[Brahman]] provided by [[traditional]] {{Wiki|Vedanta}} literature and the teachings of its founder, Adi Shankara. {{Wiki|Advaita Vedanta}} emphasizes [[Jnana]] [[Yoga]] as the [[ultimate]] means of achieving [[moksha]], and other [[yogas]] (such as [[Bhakti]] [[Yoga]]) are means to the [[knowledge]], by which [[moksha]] is achieved. |
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Dvaita | Dvaita | ||
| − | In Dvaita ([[dualism]]) [[traditions]], [[moksha]] is defined as the [[loving]], [[eternal]] union with [[God]] ([[Vishnu]]) and considered the highest [[perfection]] of [[existence]]. The bhakta (devotee) attains the abode of the Supreme [[Lord]] in a perfected state but | + | In Dvaita ([[dualism]]) [[traditions]], [[moksha]] is defined as the [[loving]], [[eternal]] union with [[God]] ([[Vishnu]]) and considered the highest [[perfection]] of [[existence]]. The bhakta (devotee) attains the abode of the Supreme [[Lord]] in a perfected state but maintains his or her {{Wiki|individual}} identity, with a [[spiritual]] [[form]], [[personality]], tastes, pastimes, and so on. |
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| − | maintains his or her {{Wiki|individual}} identity, with a [[spiritual]] [[form]], [[personality]], tastes, pastimes, and so on. | ||
Dvaita explains that every [[soul]] encounters [[liberation]] differently, and each [[soul]] requires a different level of [[satisfaction]] to reach moska. | Dvaita explains that every [[soul]] encounters [[liberation]] differently, and each [[soul]] requires a different level of [[satisfaction]] to reach moska. | ||
| − | Dualist schools (e.g. Gaudiya Vaishnava) see [[God]] as the most worshippable [[object]] of [[love]], for example, a personified [[monotheistic]] conception of {{Wiki|Shiva}} or [[Vishnu]]. Unlike Abrahamic [[traditions]], Dvaita/Hinduism does not prevent worship of | + | Dualist schools (e.g. Gaudiya Vaishnava) see [[God]] as the most worshippable [[object]] of [[love]], for example, a personified [[monotheistic]] conception of {{Wiki|Shiva}} or [[Vishnu]]. Unlike Abrahamic [[traditions]], Dvaita/Hinduism does not prevent worship of other aspects of [[God]], as they are all seen as rays from a single source. The {{Wiki|concept}} is [[essentially]] of devotional service in [[love]], since the ideal nature of [[being]] is seen as that of [[harmony]], euphony, its [[manifest]] [[essence]] [[being]] [[love]]. By immersing oneself in the [[love]] of [[God]], one's [[karmas]] (good or bad, regardless) slough off, one's [[illusions]] about [[beings]] [[decay]] and '[[truth]]' is soon known and lived. Both the worshiped and worshiper gradually lose their [[illusory]] [[sense]] of separation and only One beyond all names remains. |
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| − | other aspects of [[God]], as they are all seen as rays from a single source. The {{Wiki|concept}} is [[essentially]] of devotional service in [[love]], since the ideal nature of [[being]] is seen as that of [[harmony]], euphony, its [[manifest]] [[essence]] [[being]] [[love]]. By | ||
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| − | immersing oneself in the [[love]] of [[God]], one's [[karmas]] (good or bad, regardless) slough off, one's [[illusions]] about [[beings]] [[decay]] and '[[truth]]' is soon known and lived. Both the worshiped and worshiper gradually lose their [[illusory]] [[sense]] of | ||
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| − | separation and only One beyond all names remains. | ||
Vishistadvaita | Vishistadvaita | ||
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Ramanuja's Vishistadvaita (qualified {{Wiki|monism}}) states that [[Brahman]] makes up every [[being]], and to find [[liberation]] one must give up his will to the [[Lord]]. Here too [[moksha]] is defined as the [[loving]], [[eternal]] union with [[God]] ([[Vishnu]]) | Ramanuja's Vishistadvaita (qualified {{Wiki|monism}}) states that [[Brahman]] makes up every [[being]], and to find [[liberation]] one must give up his will to the [[Lord]]. Here too [[moksha]] is defined as the [[loving]], [[eternal]] union with [[God]] ([[Vishnu]]) | ||
[[Buddhism]] | [[Buddhism]] | ||
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| − | In [[Buddhism]] the {{Wiki|concept}} of [[liberation]] is [[Nirvana]]. It is referred to as "the highest [[happiness]]" and is the goal of the Theravada-Buddhist [[path]], while in the [[Mahayana]] it is seen as a secondary effect of [[becoming]] a fully [[enlightened]] [[Buddha]] | + | In [[Buddhism]] the {{Wiki|concept}} of [[liberation]] is [[Nirvana]]. It is referred to as "the highest [[happiness]]" and is the goal of the Theravada-Buddhist [[path]], while in the [[Mahayana]] it is seen as a secondary effect of [[becoming]] a fully [[enlightened]] [[Buddha]] ([[Samyaksambuddha]]). |
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| − | ([[Samyaksambuddha]]). | ||
[[Jainism]] | [[Jainism]] | ||
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| − | In [[Jainism]], moksa and [[nirvana]] are one and the same. When a [[soul]] ([[atman]]) achieves moksa, it is released from the cycle of [[births]] and [[deaths]], and achieves its pure [[self]]. It then becomes a [[siddha]] (literally means one who has accomplished | + | In [[Jainism]], moksa and [[nirvana]] are one and the same. When a [[soul]] ([[atman]]) achieves moksa, it is released from the cycle of [[births]] and [[deaths]], and achieves its pure [[self]]. It then becomes a [[siddha]] (literally means one who has accomplished his [[ultimate]] [[objective]]). Attaining Moksa requires {{Wiki|annihilation}} of all [[karmas]], good and bad, because if [[karma]] is left, it must bear fruit. |
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Sikhism | Sikhism | ||
| − | The Sikh {{Wiki|concept}} of mukti ([[moksha]]) is [[essentially]] that of jivan mukti, the one attainable in one’s lifetime itself. Sikhism rejects the idea of considering [[renunciation]] as the vesture of a jivan mukta. Contrast with it, for example, the | + | The Sikh {{Wiki|concept}} of mukti ([[moksha]]) is [[essentially]] that of jivan mukti, the one attainable in one’s lifetime itself. Sikhism rejects the idea of considering [[renunciation]] as the vesture of a jivan mukta. Contrast with it, for example, the [[Jain]] [[view]] according to which “The liberated persons… have to lead a mendicant’s [[life]], for, otherwise, they cannot keep themselves free from [[karma]]” (G. N. Joshi: [[Atman]] and Mokhsa. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 1965, p. 260). |
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| − | [[Jain]] [[view]] according to which “The liberated persons… have to lead a mendicant’s [[life]], for, otherwise, they cannot keep themselves free from [[karma]]” (G. N. Joshi: [[Atman]] and Mokhsa. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 1965, p. 260 | ||
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| − | + | Jivan mukti itself brings one to the brink of videha mukti (incorporeal [[emancipation]]) which is freedom not from the present [[body]], but from any corporeal state hereafter. It spells for the mukta a final [[cessation]] of the weals and woes of the cycle of birth-death-birth (janam-maran). This [[ultimate]] mukti is a continuation of jivan mukti, going on after the shedding away of the corporeal frame to the final absorption into the One Absolute—the blending of [[light]] with [[Light]] (joti jot [[samana]]). | |
| − | [[fearless]] (nirbhai) and devoid of rancor (nirvair), upright yet humble, treating all creatures as if they were he himself, wanting [[nothing]], [[clinging]] to [[nothing]]. | + | The Sikh mukti is positive {{Wiki|concept}} in two important ways. First it stands for the [[realization]] of the [[ultimate]] [[Reality]], a real [[enlightenment]] ([[jnana]]). The mukta is not just free from this or that, he is the [[master]] of [[sense]] and [[self]], [[fearless]] (nirbhai) and devoid of rancor (nirvair), upright yet humble, treating all creatures as if they were he himself, wanting [[nothing]], [[clinging]] to [[nothing]]. |
| − | In Sikhism, one rises from the [[life]] of do’s and don'ts to that of [[perfection]] — a state of "at-one-ment" with the All-self. Secondly, the mukta is not just a friend for all, he even strives for their freedom as well. He no longer [[lives]] | + | In Sikhism, one rises from the [[life]] of do’s and don'ts to that of [[perfection]] — a state of "at-one-ment" with the All-self. Secondly, the mukta is not just a friend for all, he even strives for their freedom as well. He no longer [[lives]] for himself, he [[lives]] for others. |
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{{W}} | {{W}} | ||
{{SanskritTerminology}} | {{SanskritTerminology}} | ||
Revision as of 05:25, 26 August 2013
In Indian religions moksha (Sanskrit: मोक्ष mokṣa "liberation") or mukti (Sanskrit: मुक्ति "release") is the liberation from samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth.
Origins
Moksha is the liberation from rebirth or samsara. This liberation can be attained while one is on earth (jivanmukti) or eschatologically (karmamukti). The idea of samsara originated with new religious movements in the first millennium
BCE. These new movements saw human life as bondage to a repeated process of rebirth. This idea was incorporated into Buddhism and Jainism, and eventually also into Hinduism. By release from this cycle, the suffering involved in this cycle is also ended.
Moksha is attained by disidentification with the body and mind, which are temporary and subject to change, and realization of our true identity. Different philosophies or sects of Hinduism sometimes use different phrases for moksha.
Keval jnana or kaivalya ("state of Absolute") are used by the Samkhya and Yoga. Cittavrtti-nirodha was also used by Yoga. Apavarga has been used by Nyaya. Nihsreyasa ("cessation of suffering) has been used by Mimamsa, Nyaya and Vaisesika. Paramapada ("supreme state") has been used by Vaishnavism. Because Hinduism recognizes that moksha means a union (sayujya) with Brahman, the state of moksha is also known as Brahmabhava, Brahmajnana and Brahmastithi. Achieving moksha through yoga
There are four forms of yoga, which can be used to realize supreme reality:
- Bhakti, the way of devotion
- Karma, the way of action
- Jnana, the way of knowledge
- Raja, the eightfold or eight-limbed path of the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali
There are three main approaches in Vedanta:
- Shankara's strict non-duality (advaita)
- non-duality with qualifications (such as Ramanuja’s vishishtadvaita)
- duality (Madhva’s dvaita)
Each contain their own view on the concept of moksa, or liberation, that is consistent with their philosophies; however, all three schools remain loyal to the overall understanding and worship of Brahman, and claim to hold the truths in reference to the Upanishads.
According to the Advaita-tradition moksha is achieved by removing avidya (ignorance) regarding our misidentification with the five koshas and mayad comes to an understanding that the observable world is unreal and impermanent, and that atman or consciousness is the only true existence. Moksha is seen as a final release from illusion, and the knowledge (anubhava) of one's own fundamental nature, which is Satcitananda.
Advaita holds that Atman, Brahman, and Paramatman are all one and the same - the formless Nirguna Brahman which is beyond the being/non-being distinction, tangibility, and comprehension.
Advaita focuses on the knowledge of Brahman provided by traditional Vedanta literature and the teachings of its founder, Adi Shankara. Advaita Vedanta emphasizes Jnana Yoga as the ultimate means of achieving moksha, and other yogas (such as Bhakti Yoga) are means to the knowledge, by which moksha is achieved.
Dvaita
In Dvaita (dualism) traditions, moksha is defined as the loving, eternal union with God (Vishnu) and considered the highest perfection of existence. The bhakta (devotee) attains the abode of the Supreme Lord in a perfected state but maintains his or her individual identity, with a spiritual form, personality, tastes, pastimes, and so on.
Dvaita explains that every soul encounters liberation differently, and each soul requires a different level of satisfaction to reach moska.
Dualist schools (e.g. Gaudiya Vaishnava) see God as the most worshippable object of love, for example, a personified monotheistic conception of Shiva or Vishnu. Unlike Abrahamic traditions, Dvaita/Hinduism does not prevent worship of other aspects of God, as they are all seen as rays from a single source. The concept is essentially of devotional service in love, since the ideal nature of being is seen as that of harmony, euphony, its manifest essence being love. By immersing oneself in the love of God, one's karmas (good or bad, regardless) slough off, one's illusions about beings decay and 'truth' is soon known and lived. Both the worshiped and worshiper gradually lose their illusory sense of separation and only One beyond all names remains.
Vishistadvaita
Ramanuja's Vishistadvaita (qualified monism) states that Brahman makes up every being, and to find liberation one must give up his will to the Lord. Here too moksha is defined as the loving, eternal union with God (Vishnu)
In Buddhism the concept of liberation is Nirvana. It is referred to as "the highest happiness" and is the goal of the Theravada-Buddhist path, while in the Mahayana it is seen as a secondary effect of becoming a fully enlightened Buddha (Samyaksambuddha).
In Jainism, moksa and nirvana are one and the same. When a soul (atman) achieves moksa, it is released from the cycle of births and deaths, and achieves its pure self. It then becomes a siddha (literally means one who has accomplished his ultimate objective). Attaining Moksa requires annihilation of all karmas, good and bad, because if karma is left, it must bear fruit.
Sikhism
The Sikh concept of mukti (moksha) is essentially that of jivan mukti, the one attainable in one’s lifetime itself. Sikhism rejects the idea of considering renunciation as the vesture of a jivan mukta. Contrast with it, for example, the Jain view according to which “The liberated persons… have to lead a mendicant’s life, for, otherwise, they cannot keep themselves free from karma” (G. N. Joshi: Atman and Mokhsa. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 1965, p. 260).
Jivan mukti itself brings one to the brink of videha mukti (incorporeal emancipation) which is freedom not from the present body, but from any corporeal state hereafter. It spells for the mukta a final cessation of the weals and woes of the cycle of birth-death-birth (janam-maran). This ultimate mukti is a continuation of jivan mukti, going on after the shedding away of the corporeal frame to the final absorption into the One Absolute—the blending of light with Light (joti jot samana).
The Sikh mukti is positive concept in two important ways. First it stands for the realization of the ultimate Reality, a real enlightenment (jnana). The mukta is not just free from this or that, he is the master of sense and self, fearless (nirbhai) and devoid of rancor (nirvair), upright yet humble, treating all creatures as if they were he himself, wanting nothing, clinging to nothing.
In Sikhism, one rises from the life of do’s and don'ts to that of perfection — a state of "at-one-ment" with the All-self. Secondly, the mukta is not just a friend for all, he even strives for their freedom as well. He no longer lives for himself, he lives for others.
