Difference between revisions of "Ayatana"
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[[File:00-4.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:00-4.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | [[Āyatana]] ([[Pāli]]; [[Sanskrit]]) is a [[Buddhist]] term that has been translated as "[[sense base]]", "sense-media" or "[[sense]] [[ | + | <poem> |
+ | [[Āyatana]] ([[Pāli]]; [[Sanskrit]]) is a [[Buddhist]] term that has been translated as "[[sense base]]", "[[sense-media]]" or "[[sense sphere]]." [[ayatana]] ([[kye che]]): | ||
+ | |||
+ | The [[eighteen constituents for perception]]: | ||
+ | the [[six sensory objects]] such as [[sight]], [[sound]], [[smell]], [[taste]], and [[body sensation]]; | ||
+ | the [[six sense faculties]] such as the [[visual]] sensory {{Wiki|faculty}}, the {{Wiki|auditory}} sensory {{Wiki|faculty}}, etc., and | ||
+ | the [[six sensory consciousnesses]] such as the [[visual consciousness]], the [[auditory consciousness]], etc. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In [[Buddhism]], there are [[six internal sense bases]] ([[Pali]]: [[ajjhattikāni]] āyatanāni; also known as, "{{Wiki|organs}}", "gates", "doors", "[[powers]]" or "[[roots]]") and [[six external sense bases]] ([[bāhirāni āyatanāni]] or "[[sense | ||
+ | objects]]"; also known as [[vishaya]] or "domains"). Thus, there are six internal-external (organ-object) pairs of [[sense]] bases: | ||
:* [[eye]] and [[rupa|visible objects]] | :* [[eye]] and [[rupa|visible objects]] | ||
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[[Saḷāyatana]] ([[Pāli]]; Skt. [[ṣaḍāyatana]]) refers to all [[six sense objects]] and [[six sense organs]] and is generally used in the context of the [[Twelve Causes]] ([[nidāna]]) of the chain of [[Dependent Origination]]. | [[Saḷāyatana]] ([[Pāli]]; Skt. [[ṣaḍāyatana]]) refers to all [[six sense objects]] and [[six sense organs]] and is generally used in the context of the [[Twelve Causes]] ([[nidāna]]) of the chain of [[Dependent Origination]]. | ||
− | 1) [[ayatana]] * " the sources, bases | + | 1) [[ayatana]] * " the sources, [[bases of cognition]], {{Wiki|faculty}}, [[sense fields]]/ factors/ spheres/ mediums/ bases, constituents of [[experience]], [[arising]] expansion as in [[mu bzhi]] entrances; |
2) [[perception]], [[state of mind]]; | 2) [[perception]], [[state of mind]]; | ||
− | 3) source | + | 3) [[source of perception]]]; |
− | 4) | + | 4) [[six objects]] and [[six sense powers]]/ [[sense bases]] [IW] |
source [thd] | source [thd] | ||
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[[sense]] field [RB] | [[sense]] field [RB] | ||
− | [[ayatanas]], (arise - spread), (interactional, operational, [[Wikipedia:cognition|cognitive]], [[sense]], [[psychological]] [[action]]) fields, sources, interactional bases, localized fields of | + | [[ayatanas]], (arise - spread), (interactional, operational, [[Wikipedia:cognition|cognitive]], [[sense]], [[psychological]] [[action]]) fields, sources, [[interactional bases]], [[localized fields of sensations]], [[sensory creation of one's world]], [[Vasubhandu]], SA [[ci yang med pa'i skye mched]], [[zil gyis gnon pa'i skye mched]], [[rnam shes mtha' yas skye mched]], [[sphere]] ([[name]] for the 4 [[formless]] [[dhyana]]), [[sense-bases]]/factors, [[sense bases]], sources and places of origin of the [[senses]], inner and outward {{Wiki|organs}} of [[sense]], field of extension ([[consciousness]] emerges and spreads), [[sense faculties]], experiential {{Wiki|medium}}, bases, [[sense]] sources [JV] |
constituent[s] of [[experience]], [[ayatanas]], [[arising]] expansion [IW] | constituent[s] of [[experience]], [[ayatanas]], [[arising]] expansion [IW] | ||
− | 1) [[ayatana]] "{{Wiki|medium}} for a [[sense]] [[perception]] to arise," the sources, bases, base of [[cognition]], {{Wiki|faculty}}, [[sense]] fields / factors / spheres, [[sense]] mediums, [[sour]] of [[perception]] constituent[s) of [[experience]]; [[arising]] expansion [as in [[mu bzhi]]. entrances. abbr. of [[skye mched bcu gnyis]]. 2) [[perception]], [[state of mind]]. 3) source. 4) six [[objects]] and the [[six sense]] [[powers]] or [[sense bases]]; [[nyer spyod | + | 1) [[ayatana]] "{{Wiki|medium}} for a [[sense]] [[perception]] to arise," the sources, bases, base of [[cognition]], {{Wiki|faculty}}, [[sense]] fields / factors / spheres, [[sense]] mediums, [[sour]] of [[perception]] constituent[s) of [[experience]]; [[arising]] expansion [as in [[mu bzhi]]. entrances. abbr. of [[skye mched bcu gnyis]]. 2) [[perception]], [[state of mind]]. 3) source. 4) six [[objects]] and the [[six sense]] [[powers]] or [[sense bases]]; [[nyer spyod rnam par shes pa skye ba'i sgo las yul gzhan la mched par byed pa'i]] ''[[don gyis na]]'' [[skye mched ces bya'o]] [[sense door]], [[sense-factors]], [[sense-field]], source, experiential {{Wiki|medium}} [RY] |
− | [experiential] | + | [[experiential medium]] [RY] |
[[Sense bases]], [[ayatana]]. The [[five senses]] and their five [[objects]] as well as the [[mental faculty]] and [[mental objects]] [RY] | [[Sense bases]], [[ayatana]]. The [[five senses]] and their five [[objects]] as well as the [[mental faculty]] and [[mental objects]] [RY] | ||
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Sources of [[perception]], the six [[objects]] and the [[six sense]] [[powers]] or [[sense bases]]; constituent[s] of [[experience]], [[arising]] expansion [as in [[mu bzhi]].] [RY] | Sources of [[perception]], the six [[objects]] and the [[six sense]] [[powers]] or [[sense bases]]; constituent[s] of [[experience]], [[arising]] expansion [as in [[mu bzhi]].] [RY] | ||
− | 1) [[ayatana]]; [[sense bases]], sense-field, source, the sources of | + | 1) [[ayatana]]; [[sense bases]], [[sense-field]], source, the [[sources of perception]]; The twelve [[sense]] factors are the [[five senses]] or the {{Wiki|organs}} of [[eye]], {{Wiki|ear}}, {{Wiki|nose}}, {{Wiki|tongue}}, [[body]] and the [[mental faculty]] as well as their corresponding [[objects]] which are [[visual]] [[form]], [[sound]], {{Wiki|smell}}, {{Wiki|taste}}, {{Wiki|texture}}, and the [[mental object]]. |
− | 2) [[perception-sphere]]/s. A variety of states of [[meditative absorption]], possibly lasting many [[aeons]] within the four [[formless realms]]. See also [[skye mched]] [[mu]] [[bzi]] 'fourfold spheres of [[perception]].' See under [[gzugs med khams]] '[[Formless Realms]].' | + | 2) [[perception-sphere]]/s. A variety of states of [[meditative absorption]], possibly lasting many [[aeons]] within the four [[formless realms]]. See also [[skye mched]] [[mu]] [[bzi]] 'fourfold spheres of [[perception]].' See under; [[gzugs med khams]] '[[Formless Realms]].' |
− | 3) base of | + | 3) [[base of perception]] [RY] |
− | [[ayatana]]; source; Sources of | + | [[ayatana]]; source; [[Sources of perception]], the six [[objects]] and the [[six sense powers]] or [[sense bases]]; [[sensory field]]; [[sense-field]] |
==In the [[Pali]] [[Canon]]== | ==In the [[Pali]] [[Canon]]== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
− | Throughout the [[Pali Canon]], the [[sense]] bases are referenced in hundreds of discourses. In these diverse discourses, the [[sense]] bases are contextualized in different ways including: | + | Throughout the [[Pali Canon]], the [[sense]] bases are referenced in hundreds of [[discourses]]. In these diverse [[discourses]], the [[sense]] bases are contextualized in different ways including: |
− | * '''Sextets'''(Pali: chakka): | + | * '''Sextets'''(Pali: [[chakka]]): |
: The [[sense]] bases include two sets of six: [[six sense organs]] (or internal [[sense]] bases) and [[six sense objects]] (or external [[sense]] bases). Based on these six pairs of [[sense]] bases, a number of [[mental factors]] arise. Thus, for instance, when an {{Wiki|ear}} and [[sound]] are {{Wiki|present}}, the associated [[consciousness]] ([[Pali]]: [[viññāṇa]]) arises. The [[arising]] of these three [[elements]] ([[dhātu]]) – {{Wiki|ear}}, [[sound]] and ear-related [[consciousness]] – lead to what is known as "[[contact]]" ([[phassa]]) which in turn [[causes]] a [[pleasant]] or [[unpleasant]] or [[neutral]] "[[feeling]]" or "[[sensation]]" ([[vedanā]]) to arise. It is from such a [[feeling]] that "[[craving]]" ([[taṇhā]]) arises. (See Figure 1.) Such an enumeration can be found, for instance, in the "Six Sextets" {{Wiki|discourse}} ([[Chachakka]] [[Sutta]], MN 148), where the "six sextets" ([[six sense organs]], [[six sense objects]], six sense-specific types of [[consciousness]], six sense-specific types of [[contact]], six sense-specific types of [[sensation]] and six sense-specific types of [[craving]]) are examined and found to be [[empty]] of [[self]]. | : The [[sense]] bases include two sets of six: [[six sense organs]] (or internal [[sense]] bases) and [[six sense objects]] (or external [[sense]] bases). Based on these six pairs of [[sense]] bases, a number of [[mental factors]] arise. Thus, for instance, when an {{Wiki|ear}} and [[sound]] are {{Wiki|present}}, the associated [[consciousness]] ([[Pali]]: [[viññāṇa]]) arises. The [[arising]] of these three [[elements]] ([[dhātu]]) – {{Wiki|ear}}, [[sound]] and ear-related [[consciousness]] – lead to what is known as "[[contact]]" ([[phassa]]) which in turn [[causes]] a [[pleasant]] or [[unpleasant]] or [[neutral]] "[[feeling]]" or "[[sensation]]" ([[vedanā]]) to arise. It is from such a [[feeling]] that "[[craving]]" ([[taṇhā]]) arises. (See Figure 1.) Such an enumeration can be found, for instance, in the "Six Sextets" {{Wiki|discourse}} ([[Chachakka]] [[Sutta]], MN 148), where the "six sextets" ([[six sense organs]], [[six sense objects]], six sense-specific types of [[consciousness]], six sense-specific types of [[contact]], six sense-specific types of [[sensation]] and six sense-specific types of [[craving]]) are examined and found to be [[empty]] of [[self]]. | ||
* '''"The All"''' ([[Pali]]: [[sabba]]): | * '''"The All"''' ([[Pali]]: [[sabba]]): | ||
− | : In a {{Wiki|discourse}} entitled, "The All" (SN 35.23), the [[Buddha]] states that there is no "all" outside of the six pairs of [[sense]] bases. In the next codified {{Wiki|discourse}} (SN 35.24), the [[Buddha]] elaborates that the All includes the first five aforementioned sextets ([[sense organs]], [[objects]], [[consciousness]], [[contact]] and [[sensations]]). References to the All can be found in a number of subsequent discourses. In addition, the [[Abhidhamma]] and post-canonical [[Pali literature]] further conceptualize the [[sense]] bases as a means for classifying all factors of [[existence]]. | + | : In a {{Wiki|discourse}} entitled, "The All" (SN 35.23), the [[Buddha]] states that there is no "all" outside of the six pairs of [[sense]] bases. In the next codified {{Wiki|discourse}} (SN 35.24), the [[Buddha]] elaborates that the All includes the first five aforementioned sextets ([[sense organs]], [[objects]], [[consciousness]], [[contact]] and [[sensations]]). References to the All can be found in a number of subsequent [[discourses]]. In addition, the [[Abhidhamma]] and post-canonical [[Pali literature]] further conceptualize the [[sense]] bases as a means for classifying all factors of [[existence]]. |
* '''[[Twelve Nidanas|The Twelve Causes]]''' ([[Pali]], Skt.: [[nidāna]]): | * '''[[Twelve Nidanas|The Twelve Causes]]''' ([[Pali]], Skt.: [[nidāna]]): | ||
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To foster this type of penetrative [[knowing]] and [[seeing]] and the resultant release from [[suffering]], in the [[Satipatthana Sutta]] (MN 10) the [[Buddha]] instructs [[monks]] to [[meditate]] on the [[sense]] bases and the dependently [[arising]] [[fetters]] as follows: | To foster this type of penetrative [[knowing]] and [[seeing]] and the resultant release from [[suffering]], in the [[Satipatthana Sutta]] (MN 10) the [[Buddha]] instructs [[monks]] to [[meditate]] on the [[sense]] bases and the dependently [[arising]] [[fetters]] as follows: | ||
− | : "How, O [[bhikkhus]], does a [[bhikkhu]] [[live]] contemplating [[mental]] [[object]] in the {{Wiki|mental objects}} of the six internal and the six external sense-bases? | + | : "How, O [[bhikkhus]], does a [[bhikkhu]] [[live]] contemplating [[mental]] [[object]] in the {{Wiki|mental objects}} of the six internal and the six external [[sense-bases]]? |
: "Here, O [[bhikkhus]], a [[bhikkhu]] [[understands]] the [[eye]] and material [[forms]] and the [[fetter]] that arises dependent on both ([[eye]] and [[forms]]); he [[understands]] how the [[arising]] of the non-arisen [[fetter]] comes to be; he [[understands]] how the [[abandoning]] of the arisen [[fetter]] comes to be; and he [[understands]] how the non-arising in the {{Wiki|future}} of the abandoned [[fetter]] comes to be. [In a similar [[manner]]:] He [[understands]] the {{Wiki|ear}} and {{Wiki|sounds}} ... the {{Wiki|organ}} of {{Wiki|smell}} and {{Wiki|odors}} ... the {{Wiki|organ}} of {{Wiki|taste}} and {{Wiki|flavors}} ... the {{Wiki|organ}} of {{Wiki|touch}} and tactual [[objects]] ... the [[consciousness]] and {{Wiki|mental objects}}.... | : "Here, O [[bhikkhus]], a [[bhikkhu]] [[understands]] the [[eye]] and material [[forms]] and the [[fetter]] that arises dependent on both ([[eye]] and [[forms]]); he [[understands]] how the [[arising]] of the non-arisen [[fetter]] comes to be; he [[understands]] how the [[abandoning]] of the arisen [[fetter]] comes to be; and he [[understands]] how the non-arising in the {{Wiki|future}} of the abandoned [[fetter]] comes to be. [In a similar [[manner]]:] He [[understands]] the {{Wiki|ear}} and {{Wiki|sounds}} ... the {{Wiki|organ}} of {{Wiki|smell}} and {{Wiki|odors}} ... the {{Wiki|organ}} of {{Wiki|taste}} and {{Wiki|flavors}} ... the {{Wiki|organ}} of {{Wiki|touch}} and tactual [[objects]] ... the [[consciousness]] and {{Wiki|mental objects}}.... | ||
: "Thus he [[lives]] contemplating [[mental]] [[object]] in {{Wiki|mental objects}} ... and clings to naught in the [[world]]." | : "Thus he [[lives]] contemplating [[mental]] [[object]] in {{Wiki|mental objects}} ... and clings to naught in the [[world]]." | ||
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<td>tangibles</td> | <td>tangibles</td> | ||
<td>tactual [[consciousness]]</td> | <td>tactual [[consciousness]]</td> | ||
− | <td style="text-align:left">"...in the entire [[body]], excepting the [[hair]] of the [[body]] and the head, nails teeth and other insensitive parts...." | + | <td style="text-align:left">"...in the entire [[body]], excepting the [[hair]] of the [[body]] and the head, {{Wiki|nails}} {{Wiki|teeth}} and other insensitive parts...." |
<td>[[earth]]</td> | <td>[[earth]]</td> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
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:Herein, the eye's [[characteristic]] is sensitivity of [[mahabhuta|primary elements]] that is ready for the impact of [[visible]] {{Wiki|data}}; or its [[characteristic]] is sensitivity of [[primary]] [[elements]] originated by [[Karma|kamma]] sourcing from [[desire]] to see. Its [[function]] is to pick up [an [[object]]] among [[visible]] {{Wiki|data}}. It is [[manifested]] as the footing of [[eye]]-[[vijnana|consciousness]]. Its proximate [[cause]] is [[primary]] [[elements]] born of [[kamma]] sourcing from [[desire]] to see. | :Herein, the eye's [[characteristic]] is sensitivity of [[mahabhuta|primary elements]] that is ready for the impact of [[visible]] {{Wiki|data}}; or its [[characteristic]] is sensitivity of [[primary]] [[elements]] originated by [[Karma|kamma]] sourcing from [[desire]] to see. Its [[function]] is to pick up [an [[object]]] among [[visible]] {{Wiki|data}}. It is [[manifested]] as the footing of [[eye]]-[[vijnana|consciousness]]. Its proximate [[cause]] is [[primary]] [[elements]] born of [[kamma]] sourcing from [[desire]] to see. | ||
− | In regards to the sixth internal [[sense base]] of [[mind]] (''[[mano]]''), [[Pali]] [[Subcommentaries, Theravada|subcommentaries]] (attributed to [[Dhammapāla]] [[Thera]]) distinguish between [[consciousness]] [[arising]] from the five [[physical]] [[sense]] bases and that [[arising]] from the primarily post-[[Pali Canon|canonical]] notion of a "life-continuum" or "{{Wiki|unconscious mind}}" (''bhavaṅga-mana''): | + | In regards to the sixth internal [[sense base]] of [[mind]] (''[[mano]]''), [[Pali]] [[Subcommentaries, Theravada|subcommentaries]] (attributed to [[Dhammapāla]] [[Thera]]) distinguish between [[consciousness]] [[arising]] from the five [[physical]] [[sense]] bases and that [[arising]] from the primarily post-[[Pali Canon|canonical]] notion of a "life-continuum" or "{{Wiki|unconscious mind}}" (''[[bhavaṅga-mana]]''): |
− | :"Of the [[consciousness]] or [[mind | + | :"Of the [[consciousness]] or [[mind aggregate]] included in a course of [[cognition]] of [[eye-consciousness]], just the [[eye-base]] [not the [[mind-base]]] is the 'door' of origin, and the external [[sense]] base of the material [[form]] is the [[visible]] [[object]]. So it is in the case of the others [that is, the {{Wiki|ear}}, {{Wiki|nose}}, {{Wiki|tongue}} and [[body]] [[sense bases]]. But of the sixth sense-base the part of the [[mind]] base called the life-continuum, the {{Wiki|unconscious mind}}, is the 'door' of origin...." |
===The [[roots]] of [[wisdom]]=== | ===The [[roots]] of [[wisdom]]=== | ||
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*'''[[Karma|Karma]]''' (Skt.; [[Pali]]: ''[[kamma]]''):<br>In a [[Samyutta Nikaya]] {{Wiki|discourse}}, the [[Buddha]] declares that the six internal [[senses]] bases ([[eye]], {{Wiki|ear}}, {{Wiki|nose}}, {{Wiki|tongue}}, [[body]] and [[mind]]) are "old [[kamma]], to be seen as generated and fashioned by [[volition]], as something to be felt." In this {{Wiki|discourse}}, "new [[kamma]]" is described as "whatever [[action]] one does now by [[body]], [[speech]], or [[mind]]." In this way, the internal [[sense]] bases provide a link between our [[volitional]] [[actions]] and subsequent [[perceptions]]. | *'''[[Karma|Karma]]''' (Skt.; [[Pali]]: ''[[kamma]]''):<br>In a [[Samyutta Nikaya]] {{Wiki|discourse}}, the [[Buddha]] declares that the six internal [[senses]] bases ([[eye]], {{Wiki|ear}}, {{Wiki|nose}}, {{Wiki|tongue}}, [[body]] and [[mind]]) are "old [[kamma]], to be seen as generated and fashioned by [[volition]], as something to be felt." In this {{Wiki|discourse}}, "new [[kamma]]" is described as "whatever [[action]] one does now by [[body]], [[speech]], or [[mind]]." In this way, the internal [[sense]] bases provide a link between our [[volitional]] [[actions]] and subsequent [[perceptions]]. | ||
− | + | </poem> | |
{{W}} | {{W}} | ||
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] | [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] | ||
[[Category:Buddhist Terms]] | [[Category:Buddhist Terms]] |
Revision as of 09:32, 2 April 2014
Āyatana (Pāli; Sanskrit) is a Buddhist term that has been translated as "sense base", "sense-media" or "sense sphere." ayatana (kye che):
The eighteen constituents for perception:
the six sensory objects such as sight, sound, smell, taste, and body sensation;
the six sense faculties such as the visual sensory faculty, the auditory sensory faculty, etc., and
the six sensory consciousnesses such as the visual consciousness, the auditory consciousness, etc.
In Buddhism, there are six internal sense bases (Pali: ajjhattikāni āyatanāni; also known as, "organs", "gates", "doors", "powers" or "roots") and six external sense bases (bāhirāni āyatanāni or "[[sense
objects]]"; also known as vishaya or "domains"). Thus, there are six internal-external (organ-object) pairs of sense bases:
* eye and visible objects
* ear and sound
* nose and odor
* tongue and taste
* body and touch
* mind and mental objects
Buddhism and other Indian epistemologies identify six "senses" as opposed to the Western identification of five. In Buddhism, "mind" denotes an internal sense organ which interacts with sense objects that include sense impressions, feelings, perceptions and volition.
Saḷāyatana (Pāli; Skt. ṣaḍāyatana) refers to all six sense objects and six sense organs and is generally used in the context of the Twelve Causes (nidāna) of the chain of Dependent Origination.
1) ayatana * " the sources, bases of cognition, faculty, sense fields/ factors/ spheres/ mediums/ bases, constituents of experience, arising expansion as in mu bzhi entrances;
2) perception, state of mind;
3) source of perception];
4) six objects and six sense powers/ sense bases [IW]
source [thd]
sense field [RB]
ayatanas, (arise - spread), (interactional, operational, cognitive, sense, psychological action) fields, sources, interactional bases, localized fields of sensations, sensory creation of one's world, Vasubhandu, SA ci yang med pa'i skye mched, zil gyis gnon pa'i skye mched, rnam shes mtha' yas skye mched, sphere (name for the 4 formless dhyana), sense-bases/factors, sense bases, sources and places of origin of the senses, inner and outward organs of sense, field of extension (consciousness emerges and spreads), sense faculties, experiential medium, bases, sense sources [JV]
constituent[s] of experience, ayatanas, arising expansion [IW]
1) ayatana "medium for a sense perception to arise," the sources, bases, base of cognition, faculty, sense fields / factors / spheres, sense mediums, sour of perception constituent[s) of experience; arising expansion [as in mu bzhi. entrances. abbr. of skye mched bcu gnyis. 2) perception, state of mind. 3) source. 4) six objects and the six sense powers or sense bases; nyer spyod rnam par shes pa skye ba'i sgo las yul gzhan la mched par byed pa'i don gyis na skye mched ces bya'o sense door, sense-factors, sense-field, source, experiential medium [RY]
experiential medium [RY]
Sense bases, ayatana. The five senses and their five objects as well as the mental faculty and mental objects [RY]
Sources of perception, the six objects and the six sense powers or sense bases; constituent[s] of experience, arising expansion [as in mu bzhi.] [RY]
1) ayatana; sense bases, sense-field, source, the sources of perception; The twelve sense factors are the five senses or the organs of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and the mental faculty as well as their corresponding objects which are visual form, sound, smell, taste, texture, and the mental object.
2) perception-sphere/s. A variety of states of meditative absorption, possibly lasting many aeons within the four formless realms. See also skye mched mu bzi 'fourfold spheres of perception.' See under; gzugs med khams 'Formless Realms.'
3) base of perception [RY]
ayatana; source; Sources of perception, the six objects and the six sense powers or sense bases; sensory field; sense-field
==In the Pali Canon==
In the Four Noble Truths, the Buddha identifies that the origin of suffering (Pali, Skt.: dukkha) is craving (Pali: taṇhā; Skt.: tṛṣṇā). In the chain of Dependent Origination, the Buddha identifies that craving arises from sensations that result from contact at the six sense bases. (See Figure 2 below.) Therefore, to overcome craving and its resultant suffering, one should develop restraint of and insight into the sense bases.
=== Sense-base contexts ===
|
Throughout the Pali Canon, the sense bases are referenced in hundreds of discourses. In these diverse discourses, the sense bases are contextualized in different ways including:
- Sextets(Pali: chakka):
The sense bases include two sets of six: six sense organs (or internal sense bases) and six sense objects (or external sense bases). Based on these six pairs of sense bases, a number of mental factors arise. Thus, for instance, when an ear and sound are present, the associated consciousness (Pali: viññāṇa) arises. The arising of these three elements (dhātu) – ear, sound and ear-related consciousness – lead to what is known as "contact" (phassa) which in turn causes a pleasant or unpleasant or neutral "feeling" or "sensation" (vedanā) to arise. It is from such a feeling that "craving" (taṇhā) arises. (See Figure 1.) Such an enumeration can be found, for instance, in the "Six Sextets" discourse (Chachakka Sutta, MN 148), where the "six sextets" (six sense organs, six sense objects, six sense-specific types of consciousness, six sense-specific types of contact, six sense-specific types of sensation and six sense-specific types of craving) are examined and found to be empty of self.
In a discourse entitled, "The All" (SN 35.23), the Buddha states that there is no "all" outside of the six pairs of sense bases. In the next codified discourse (SN 35.24), the Buddha elaborates that the All includes the first five aforementioned sextets (sense organs, objects, consciousness, contact and sensations). References to the All can be found in a number of subsequent discourses. In addition, the Abhidhamma and post-canonical Pali literature further conceptualize the sense bases as a means for classifying all factors of existence.
- The Twelve Causes (Pali, Skt.: nidāna):
As described in the "Related Buddhist concepts" section below and illustrated in Figure 2, the sense bases are a critical link in the endless round of rebirth known as the Twelve Causes and as depicted in the Wheel of Becoming (Skt.: bhavacakra).
==="Aflame with lust, hate and delusion"===
In "The Vipers" discourse (Asivisa Sutta, SN 35.197), the Buddha likens the internal sense bases to an "empty village" and the external sense bases to "village-plundering bandits." Using this metaphor, the Buddha characterizes the "empty" sense organs as being "attacked by agreeable & disagreeable" sense objects.
Elsewhere in the same collection of discourses (SN 35.191), the Buddha's Great Disciple Sariputta clarifies that the actual suffering associated with sense organs and sense objects is not inherent to these sense bases but is due to the "fetters" (here identified as "desire and lust") that arise when there is contact between a sense organ and sense object.
In the "Fire Sermon" (Adittapariyaya Sutta, SN 35.28), delivered several months after the Buddha's awakening, the Buddha describes all sense bases and related mental processes in the following manner:
"Monks, the All is aflame. What All is aflame? The eye is aflame. Forms are aflame. Consciousness at the eye is aflame. Contact at the eye is aflame. And whatever there is that arises in dependence on contact at the eye – experienced as pleasure, pain or neither-pleasure-nor-pain – that too is aflame. Aflame with what? Aflame with the fire of passion, the fire of aversion, the fire of delusion. Aflame, I tell you, with birth, aging & death, with sorrows, lamentations, pains, distresses, & despairs."
===Extinguishing suffering's flame===
The Buddha taught that, in order to escape the dangers of the sense bases, one must be able to apprehend the sense bases without defilement. In "Abandoning the Fetters" (SN 35.54), the Buddha states that one abandons the fetters "when one knows and sees ... as impermanent" (Pali: anicca) the six sense organs, objects, sense-consciousness, contact and sensations. Similarly, in "Uprooting the Fetters" (SN 35.55), the Buddha states that one uproots the fetters "when one knows and sees ... as nonself" (anatta) the aforementioned five sextets.
To foster this type of penetrative knowing and seeing and the resultant release from suffering, in the Satipatthana Sutta (MN 10) the Buddha instructs monks to meditate on the sense bases and the dependently arising fetters as follows:
"How, O bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu live contemplating mental object in the mental objects of the six internal and the six external sense-bases?
"Here, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu understands the eye and material forms and the fetter that arises dependent on both (eye and forms); he understands how the arising of the non-arisen fetter comes to be; he understands how the abandoning of the arisen fetter comes to be; and he understands how the non-arising in the future of the abandoned fetter comes to be. [In a similar manner:] He understands the ear and sounds ... the organ of smell and odors ... the organ of taste and flavors ... the organ of touch and tactual objects ... the consciousness and mental objects....
"Thus he lives contemplating mental object in mental objects ... and clings to naught in the world."
==In post-canonical Pali texts==
The Vimuttimagga, the Visuddhimagga, and associated Pali commentaries and subcommentaries all contribute to traditional knowledge about the sense bases.
===Understanding sense organs===
When the Buddha speaks of "understanding" the eye, ear, nose, tongue and body, what is meant?
According to the first-century CE Sinhalese meditation manual, Vimuttimagga, the sense organs can be understood in terms of the object sensed, the consciousness aroused, the underlying "sensory matter," and an associated primary or derived element that is present "in excess." These characteristics are summarized in the table below.
sense organ |
sense object |
sense consciousness |
sensory matter |
element in excess |
eye | visual objects | visual consciousness | "...the three small fleshy discs round the pupil, and the white and black of the eye-ball that is in five layers of flesh, blood, wind, phlegm and serum, is half a poppy-seed in size, is like the head of a louseling...." | heat (fire) |
ear | sounds | auditory consciousness | "...in the interior of the two ear-holes, is fringed by tawny hair, is dependent on the membrane, is like the stem of a blue-green bean...." | space |
nose | odors | olfactory consciousness | "...in the interior of the nose, where the three meet, is dependent on one small opening, is like a Koviḷāra (flower in shape)...." | air |
tongue | tastes | gustatory consciousness | "...two-finger breadths in size, is in shape like a blue lotus, is located in the flesh of the tongue...." | water |
body | tangibles | tactual consciousness | "...in the entire body, excepting the hair of the body and the head, nails teeth and other insensitive parts...." | earth |
Table 1. The Vimuttimagga's characterization of sense organs. |
The compendious fifth-century CE Visuddhimagga provides similar descriptors, such as "the size of a mere louse's head" for the location of the eye's "sensitivity" (Pali: pasāda; also known as, "sentient organ, sense agency, sensitive surface"), and "in the place shaped like a goat's hoof" regarding the nose sensitivity (Vsm. XIV, 47–52). In addition, the Visuddhimagga describes the sense organs in terms of the following four factors:
* characteristic or sign (lakkhaṇa)
* function or "taste" (rasa)
* manifestation (paccupaṭṭhāna)
* proximate cause (padaṭṭhāna)
Thus, for instance, it describes the eye as follows:
Herein, the eye's characteristic is sensitivity of primary elements that is ready for the impact of visible data; or its characteristic is sensitivity of primary elements originated by kamma sourcing from desire to see. Its function is to pick up [an object] among visible data. It is manifested as the footing of eye-consciousness. Its proximate cause is primary elements born of kamma sourcing from desire to see.
In regards to the sixth internal sense base of mind (mano), Pali subcommentaries (attributed to Dhammapāla Thera) distinguish between consciousness arising from the five physical sense bases and that arising from the primarily post-canonical notion of a "life-continuum" or "unconscious mind" (bhavaṅga-mana):
"Of the consciousness or mind aggregate included in a course of cognition of eye-consciousness, just the eye-base [not the mind-base] is the 'door' of origin, and the external sense base of the material form is the visible object. So it is in the case of the others [that is, the ear, nose, tongue and body sense bases. But of the sixth sense-base the part of the mind base called the life-continuum, the unconscious mind, is the 'door' of origin...."
===The roots of wisdom===
In the fifth-century CE exegetical Visuddhimagga, Buddhaghosa identifies knowing about the sense bases as part of the "soil" of liberating wisdom. Other components of this "soil" include the aggregates, the faculties, the Four Noble Truths and Dependent Origination.
==Related Buddhist concepts==
- Aggregates (Pali, khandha; Skt., skandha):
In a variety of suttas, the aggregates, elements (see below) and sense bases are identified as the "soil" in which craving and clinging grow. In general, in the Pali Canon, the aggregate of material form includes the five material sense organs (eye, ear, nose, tongue and body) and associated sense objects (visible forms, sounds, odors, tastes and tactile objects); the aggregate of consciousness is associated with the sense organ of mind; and, the mental aggregates (sensation, perception, mental formations) are mental sense objects. Both the aggregates and the sense bases are identified as objects of mindfulness meditation in the Satipatthana Sutta. In terms of pursuing liberation, meditating on the aggregates eradicates self-doctrine and wrong-view clinging while meditating on the sense bases eradicates sense-pleasure clinging.
- Dependent Origination (Pali: paṭicca-samuppāda; Skt.: pratitya-samutpada):
As indicated in Figure 2 above, the six sense bases (Pali: saḷāyatana; Skt.: ṣaḍāyatana) are the fifth link in the Twelve Causes (nidāna) of the chain of Dependent Origination and thus likewise are the fifth position on the Wheel of Becoming (bhavacakra). The arising of the six sense bases is dependent on the arising of material and mental objects (Pali, Skt.: nāmarūpa); and, the arising of the six sense bases leads to the arising of "contact" (Pali: phassa; Skt.: sparśa) between the sense bases and consciousness (Pali: viññāṇa; Skt.: visjñāna) which results in pleasant, unpleasant and neutral feelings (Pali, Skt.: vedanā).
- Elements (Pali, Skt.: dhātu):
The eighteen elements include the twelve sense bases. The eighteen elements are six triads of elements where each triad is composed of a sense object (the external sense bases), a sense organ (the internal sense bases) and the associated sense-organ-consciousness (viññāṇa). In other words, the eighteen elements are made up of the twelve sense bases and the six related sense-consciousnesses.
- Karma (Skt.; Pali: kamma):
In a Samyutta Nikaya discourse, the Buddha declares that the six internal senses bases (eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind) are "old kamma, to be seen as generated and fashioned by volition, as something to be felt." In this discourse, "new kamma" is described as "whatever action one does now by body, speech, or mind." In this way, the internal sense bases provide a link between our volitional actions and subsequent perceptions.