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Difference between revisions of "Indian Buddhist cosmology"

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[[File:Meru-47.JPG|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:Meru-47.JPG|thumb|250px|]]
The most [[interesting]] aspects of self-consistent {{Wiki|ancient}} [[Indian]] [[Buddhist cosmology]] are the [[conceptualizations]] of vast [[space]], incomprehensible [[time]] and the considerations of [[life]] [[existence]]. [[Buddhist cosmology]] is well expressed in a category of [[Buddhist scriptures]] that explains all [[worldly]] [[phenomena]] called the [[Abhidharmakoßa-bhásya]] by [[Vasubandhu]] ([[Seshin]]) in 5 A.D. The vast [[cosmology]] is described allegorically where Mt. [[Sumeru]] ([[Shumisen]]) is located at the center amongst a ring of seven mountains ranges and dividing seas. There are also [[four continents]] surrounding the rings of mountain ranges and seas. [[Human beings]] [[live]] on one of the [[four continents]] shaped in the [[form]] of a trapezoid called the [[Embudai]] ([[Senbushu]]). The [[world]] of the [[Hell]] [[exists]] vertically under the [[Embudai]] continent, while [[Heaven]] (Ten) and [[Meditator]] (Zenjo-sha) [[exists]] vertically above it. The {{Wiki|sun}} and {{Wiki|moon}} rotate around the entire one-world system.
+
The most [[interesting]] aspects of self-consistent {{Wiki|ancient}} [[Indian]] [[Buddhist cosmology]] are the [[conceptualizations]] of vast [[space]], incomprehensible [[time]] and the considerations of [[life]] [[existence]]. [[Buddhist cosmology]] is well expressed in a category of [[Buddhist scriptures]] that explains all [[worldly]] [[phenomena]] called the [[Abhidharmakoßa-bhásya]] by [[Vasubandhu]] ([[Seshin]]) in 5 A.D. The vast [[cosmology]] is described allegorically where Mt. [[Sumeru]] ([[Shumisen]]) is located at the center amongst a ring of seven [[mountains]] ranges and dividing seas. There are also [[four continents]] surrounding the rings of {{Wiki|mountain ranges}} and seas. [[Human beings]] [[live]] on one of the [[four continents]] shaped in the [[form]] of a trapezoid called the [[Embudai]] ([[Senbushu]]). The [[world]] of the [[Hell]] [[exists]] vertically under the [[Embudai]] continent, while [[Heaven]] (Ten) and [[Meditator]] (Zenjo-sha) [[exists]] vertically above it. The {{Wiki|sun}} and {{Wiki|moon}} rotate around the entire one-world system.
 
[[File:Buddha2.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:Buddha2.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
The allegoric {{Wiki|concept}} of the one-world system in [[Buddhism]] with Mt. [[Sumeru]] at its center extends 13 million [[Yojana]] (Yujun) or 90 million km, which is comparable to the distance between the [[Earth]] and {{Wiki|Sun}}. This is in exact accordance with our {{Wiki|solar system}} both in [[name]] and [[reality]]. Further, 1000 one-world systems are called a small-thousand-world system, 1000 small-thousand-world systems are called a medium-thousand- world-system, and 1000 medium-thousand-world systems are called a large-thousand-world system. This system is called a three-thousand- [[world]] system which equates to 1 billion one-world systems! The galaxy including our {{Wiki|solar system}} has about 200 billion fixed stars. There may be several hundred million {{Wiki|planet}} systems in the galaxy. In this [[sense]], the galaxy corresponds to the medium-thousand-world system in [[Buddhism]] and the large-thousand-world system may correspond to the whole [[universe]]. There is no other {{Wiki|ancient}} [[cosmology]] that [[grasps]] the vastness of the [[universe]] like [[Buddhism]] at a [[time]] when [[scientific]] [[knowledge]] was {{Wiki|non-existent}}. When considering other {{Wiki|ancient}} [[cosmology]], i.e. {{Wiki|ancient}} Babylonia, {{Wiki|Egypt}}, {{Wiki|Greece}}, and [[China]], we find that these cultures were only able to [[grasp]] a limited one [[world]] centered on the {{Wiki|planet}} [[Earth]]. In comparison, [[Buddhist cosmology]] is astronomically robust.
+
The allegoric {{Wiki|concept}} of the one-world system in [[Buddhism]] with Mt. [[Sumeru]] at its center extends 13 million [[Yojana]] (Yujun) or 90 million km, which is comparable to the distance between the [[Earth]] and {{Wiki|Sun}}. This is in exact accordance with our {{Wiki|solar system}} both in [[name]] and [[reality]]. Further, 1000 one-world systems are called a small-thousand-world system, 1000 small-thousand-world systems are called a medium-thousand- [[world-system]], and 1000 medium-thousand-world systems are called a large-thousand-world system. This system is called a three-thousand- [[world]] system which equates to 1 billion one-world systems! The {{Wiki|galaxy}} including our {{Wiki|solar system}} has about 200 billion {{Wiki|fixed stars}}. There may be several hundred million {{Wiki|planet}} systems in the {{Wiki|galaxy}}. In this [[sense]], the {{Wiki|galaxy}} corresponds to the medium-thousand-world system in [[Buddhism]] and the large-thousand-world system may correspond to the whole [[universe]]. There is no other {{Wiki|ancient}} [[cosmology]] that [[grasps]] the vastness of the [[universe]] like [[Buddhism]] at a [[time]] when [[scientific]] [[knowledge]] was {{Wiki|non-existent}}. When considering other {{Wiki|ancient}} [[cosmology]], i.e. {{Wiki|ancient}} {{Wiki|Babylonia}}, {{Wiki|Egypt}}, {{Wiki|Greece}}, and [[China]], we find that these cultures were only able to [[grasp]] a limited one [[world]] centered on the {{Wiki|planet}} [[Earth]]. In comparison, [[Buddhist cosmology]] is astronomically robust.
  
There are other concepts of [[worlds]] and [[universes]] in [[Buddhism]]. For example, allegorically [[Aksobhya]]-[[Buddha]] ([[Ashuku-butsu]]) [[lives]] in the [[Abhirata]]-[[Buddha]] land ([[Myoki-koku]]) located one thousand [[Buddha lands]] to the {{Wiki|east}} of the {{Wiki|planet}} [[Earth]], [[Amitabha]]-[[Buddha]] ([[Amida-butsu]]) [[lives]] in the [[Sukhavati]] land ([[Gokuraku-jodo]]) 10 trillion [[Buddha lands]] to the {{Wiki|west}} while [[Bhaisajya-Guru]] ([[Yakushi-nyorai]]) [[lives]] in the [[Vaid Ëryanirbhåsa]] land ([[Joruri-sekai]]) over ten [[Ganga-nadi-valuka]] ([[Gogasha]]) [[Buddha lands]] to the {{Wiki|east}}. Here the distance of [[Ganga-nadi-valuka]] [[Buddha lands]] is 1052 which is equivalent to the number of sand granules in the [[Ganges]] [[River]]. Current [[cosmology]] suggests there are 200 billion galaxies each of which includes the 200 billion fixed stars. Therefore, there are 4×1022 fixed stars. In short, the [[universal]] [[view]] of the [[Buddha land]] suggested in [[Buddhism]] [[grasps]] a far larger [[world]] than those prescribed by {{Wiki|modern}} [[science]]. One {{Wiki|concept}} in present [[cosmology]] is the [[idea]] of a multi-dimensional [[cosmology]] which includes many [[universes]]. [[Thus]], [[Buddhist cosmology]] can be said to be most similar to or resemble the multi-dimensional [[cosmology]].
+
There are other [[Wikipedia:concept|concepts]] of [[worlds]] and [[universes]] in [[Buddhism]]. For example, allegorically [[Aksobhya]]-[[Buddha]] ([[Ashuku-butsu]]) [[lives]] in the [[Abhirata]]-[[Buddha]] land ([[Myoki-koku]]) located one thousand [[Buddha lands]] to the {{Wiki|east}} of the {{Wiki|planet}} [[Earth]], [[Amitabha]]-[[Buddha]] ([[Amida-butsu]]) [[lives]] in the [[Sukhavati]] land ([[Gokuraku-jodo]]) 10 trillion [[Buddha lands]] to the {{Wiki|west}} while [[Bhaisajya-Guru]] ([[Yakushi-nyorai]]) [[lives]] in the [[Vaid Ëryanirbhåsa]] land ([[Joruri-sekai]]) over ten [[Ganga-nadi-valuka]] ([[Gogasha]]) [[Buddha lands]] to the {{Wiki|east}}. Here the distance of [[Ganga-nadi-valuka]] [[Buddha lands]] is 1052 which is {{Wiki|equivalent}} to the number of sand granules in the [[Ganges]] [[River]]. Current [[cosmology]] suggests there are 200 billion {{Wiki|galaxies}} each of which includes the 200 billion {{Wiki|fixed stars}}. Therefore, there are 4×1022 {{Wiki|fixed stars}}. In short, the [[universal]] [[view]] of the [[Buddha land]] suggested in [[Buddhism]] [[grasps]] a far larger [[world]] than those prescribed by {{Wiki|modern}} [[science]]. One {{Wiki|concept}} in {{Wiki|present}} [[cosmology]] is the [[idea]] of a multi-dimensional [[cosmology]] which includes many [[universes]]. [[Thus]], [[Buddhist cosmology]] can be said to be most similar to or resemble the multi-dimensional [[cosmology]].
  
[[Buddhism]] also discusses the {{Wiki|concept}} of the [[time]] {{Wiki|continuum}} using the four [[kalpa]] periods, i.e., [[jo-ko]], [[ju-ko]], [[e-ko]] and [[kuu-ko]] which are the four steps from construction to [[destruction]] of a star, galaxy and [[universe]]. Individually, they are; [[jo-ko]]: a period of creation, [[ju-ko]]: a period of continuity at a {{Wiki|stable}} state, [[e-ko]]: a period of [[destruction]], and k[[uu-ko:]] a period of transition in a state of [[emptiness]]. Each period is 20 [[kalpas]]. The term [[kalpas]] literally means a very long [[time]] in [[Buddhism]], but in [[Hinduism]] it means 4.32 billion years. From this context, each step or period is about 80 billion years equating to a full cycle at 320 billion years, which is an extremely long [[time]]. These four periods are one cycle and continues eternally; the {{Wiki|history}} from creation to [[extinction]] drawn in [[Buddhism]]. Therefore, the period from creation to [[extinction]] of the [[universe]] in [[Buddhism]] is about 13.7 billion years in accordance with {{Wiki|modern}} [[cosmology]].
+
[[Buddhism]] also discusses the {{Wiki|concept}} of the [[time]] {{Wiki|continuum}} using the four [[kalpa]] periods, i.e., [[jo-ko]], [[ju-ko]], [[e-ko]] and [[kuu-ko]] which are the four steps from construction to [[destruction]] of a [[star]], {{Wiki|galaxy}} and [[universe]]. Individually, they are; [[jo-ko]]: a period of creation, [[ju-ko]]: a period of continuity at a {{Wiki|stable}} [[state]], [[e-ko]]: a period of [[destruction]], and k[[uu-ko:]] a period of transition in a [[state]] of [[emptiness]]. Each period is 20 [[kalpas]]. The term [[kalpas]] literally means a very long [[time]] in [[Buddhism]], but in [[Hinduism]] it means 4.32 billion years. From this context, each step or period is about 80 billion years equating to a full cycle at 320 billion years, which is an extremely long [[time]]. These four periods are one cycle and continues eternally; the {{Wiki|history}} from creation to [[extinction]] drawn in [[Buddhism]]. Therefore, the period from creation to [[extinction]] of the [[universe]] in [[Buddhism]] is about 13.7 billion years in accordance with {{Wiki|modern}} [[cosmology]].
  
Here it is important to note some [[interesting]] points about the relationship between [[life]] and the four [[kalpa]] periods. During the pre- [[jo-ko]] stage a faint [[wind]] begins to blow creating a one-world system with Mt.[[Sumeru]] at the center. The faint [[wind]] is generated from the [[Karma]] of sen- tient [[beings]]. Once the one-world system is created the [[Sentient beings]] are [[reborn]], returning and descending, for example, from [[heaven]] or the [[kuu-ko]] stage. When all [[Sentient beings]] are [[reborn]] from the [[e-ko]] stage via the [[kuu-ko]] stage, the [[jo-ko]] is completed. In [[Buddhism]], the expression of the faint [[wind]] is the force of {{Wiki|increasing}} [[Karma]], the common [[Karma]] of [[Sentient beings]] which creates their own environment, such as a {{Wiki|planet}}, a star, a galaxy and the [[universe]]. Furthermore, the living {{Wiki|entity}} is [[constructed]] by [[the five aggregates]] (i.e., [[body]], [[mind]] and their behaviors of [[sentient being]]) from {{Wiki|individual}} [[Karma]]. In the [[Buddhism]], the [[body]] and [[mind]] of [[life]] is temporarily harmonized.
+
Here it is important to note some [[interesting]] points about the relationship between [[life]] and the four [[kalpa]] periods. During the pre- [[jo-ko]] stage a faint [[wind]] begins to blow creating a one-world system with Mt.[[Sumeru]] at the center. The faint [[wind]] is generated from the [[Karma]] of sen- tient [[beings]]. Once the one-world system is created the [[Sentient beings]] are [[reborn]], returning and descending, for example, from [[heaven]] or the [[kuu-ko]] stage. When all [[Sentient beings]] are [[reborn]] from the [[e-ko]] stage via the [[kuu-ko]] stage, the [[jo-ko]] is completed. In [[Buddhism]], the expression of the faint [[wind]] is the force of {{Wiki|increasing}} [[Karma]], the common [[Karma]] of [[Sentient beings]] which creates their [[own]] {{Wiki|environment}}, such as a {{Wiki|planet}}, a [[star]], a {{Wiki|galaxy}} and the [[universe]]. Furthermore, the living {{Wiki|entity}} is [[constructed]] by [[the five aggregates]] (i.e., [[body]], [[mind]] and their behaviors of [[sentient being]]) from {{Wiki|individual}} [[Karma]]. In the [[Buddhism]], the [[body]] and [[mind]] of [[life]] is temporarily harmonized.
 
{{R}}
 
{{R}}
By Shuichi Yamamoto and Victor S. Kuwahara <br/>
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By Shuichi [[Yamamoto]] and Victor S. Kuwahara <br/>
 
[http://www.iop.or.jp/0818/yamamoto_kuwahara2.pdf iop.or.jp]
 
[http://www.iop.or.jp/0818/yamamoto_kuwahara2.pdf iop.or.jp]
 
[[Category:Buddhist Cosmology]]
 
[[Category:Buddhist Cosmology]]
 
[[Category:Buddhist Terms]]
 
[[Category:Buddhist Terms]]
 
[[Category:India]]
 
[[Category:India]]

Latest revision as of 00:46, 19 September 2015

Meru-47.JPG

The most interesting aspects of self-consistent ancient Indian Buddhist cosmology are the conceptualizations of vast space, incomprehensible time and the considerations of life existence. Buddhist cosmology is well expressed in a category of Buddhist scriptures that explains all worldly phenomena called the Abhidharmakoßa-bhásya by Vasubandhu (Seshin) in 5 A.D. The vast cosmology is described allegorically where Mt. Sumeru (Shumisen) is located at the center amongst a ring of seven mountains ranges and dividing seas. There are also four continents surrounding the rings of mountain ranges and seas. Human beings live on one of the four continents shaped in the form of a trapezoid called the Embudai (Senbushu). The world of the Hell exists vertically under the Embudai continent, while Heaven (Ten) and Meditator (Zenjo-sha) exists vertically above it. The sun and moon rotate around the entire one-world system.

Buddha2.jpg

The allegoric concept of the one-world system in Buddhism with Mt. Sumeru at its center extends 13 million Yojana (Yujun) or 90 million km, which is comparable to the distance between the Earth and Sun. This is in exact accordance with our solar system both in name and reality. Further, 1000 one-world systems are called a small-thousand-world system, 1000 small-thousand-world systems are called a medium-thousand- world-system, and 1000 medium-thousand-world systems are called a large-thousand-world system. This system is called a three-thousand- world system which equates to 1 billion one-world systems! The galaxy including our solar system has about 200 billion fixed stars. There may be several hundred million planet systems in the galaxy. In this sense, the galaxy corresponds to the medium-thousand-world system in Buddhism and the large-thousand-world system may correspond to the whole universe. There is no other ancient cosmology that grasps the vastness of the universe like Buddhism at a time when scientific knowledge was non-existent. When considering other ancient cosmology, i.e. ancient Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, and China, we find that these cultures were only able to grasp a limited one world centered on the planet Earth. In comparison, Buddhist cosmology is astronomically robust.

There are other concepts of worlds and universes in Buddhism. For example, allegorically Aksobhya-Buddha (Ashuku-butsu) lives in the Abhirata-Buddha land (Myoki-koku) located one thousand Buddha lands to the east of the planet Earth, Amitabha-Buddha (Amida-butsu) lives in the Sukhavati land (Gokuraku-jodo) 10 trillion Buddha lands to the west while Bhaisajya-Guru (Yakushi-nyorai) lives in the Vaid Ëryanirbhåsa land (Joruri-sekai) over ten Ganga-nadi-valuka (Gogasha) Buddha lands to the east. Here the distance of Ganga-nadi-valuka Buddha lands is 1052 which is equivalent to the number of sand granules in the Ganges River. Current cosmology suggests there are 200 billion galaxies each of which includes the 200 billion fixed stars. Therefore, there are 4×1022 fixed stars. In short, the universal view of the Buddha land suggested in Buddhism grasps a far larger world than those prescribed by modern science. One concept in present cosmology is the idea of a multi-dimensional cosmology which includes many universes. Thus, Buddhist cosmology can be said to be most similar to or resemble the multi-dimensional cosmology.

Buddhism also discusses the concept of the time continuum using the four kalpa periods, i.e., jo-ko, ju-ko, e-ko and kuu-ko which are the four steps from construction to destruction of a star, galaxy and universe. Individually, they are; jo-ko: a period of creation, ju-ko: a period of continuity at a stable state, e-ko: a period of destruction, and kuu-ko: a period of transition in a state of emptiness. Each period is 20 kalpas. The term kalpas literally means a very long time in Buddhism, but in Hinduism it means 4.32 billion years. From this context, each step or period is about 80 billion years equating to a full cycle at 320 billion years, which is an extremely long time. These four periods are one cycle and continues eternally; the history from creation to extinction drawn in Buddhism. Therefore, the period from creation to extinction of the universe in Buddhism is about 13.7 billion years in accordance with modern cosmology.

Here it is important to note some interesting points about the relationship between life and the four kalpa periods. During the pre- jo-ko stage a faint wind begins to blow creating a one-world system with Mt.Sumeru at the center. The faint wind is generated from the Karma of sen- tient beings. Once the one-world system is created the Sentient beings are reborn, returning and descending, for example, from heaven or the kuu-ko stage. When all Sentient beings are reborn from the e-ko stage via the kuu-ko stage, the jo-ko is completed. In Buddhism, the expression of the faint wind is the force of increasing Karma, the common Karma of Sentient beings which creates their own environment, such as a planet, a star, a galaxy and the universe. Furthermore, the living entity is constructed by the five aggregates (i.e., body, mind and their behaviors of sentient being) from individual Karma. In the Buddhism, the body and mind of life is temporarily harmonized.

Source

By Shuichi Yamamoto and Victor S. Kuwahara
iop.or.jp