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− | [[Buddha]] [[word]] is a title, not a name. [[Buddha]] is derived from the [[Sanskrit]]: "[[Budh]]", to know. means "one who [[is awake]]" in the [[sense]] of having "woken up to [[reality]]." This title "[[Buddha]]" was first given to a man named [[Siddartha]] [[Gautama]], who lived 2,500 years ago in [[Nepal]]. On the [[full moon]] day of May, in the year 623 B.C., a [[noble]] {{Wiki|prince}} destined to be the greatest [[religious]] [[teacher]] of the [[world]] was born in the [[Lumbini]] (NEPAL). | + | [[Buddha]] [[word]] is a title, not a [[name]]. [[Buddha]] is derived from the [[Sanskrit]]: "[[Budh]]", to know. means "one who [[is awake]]" in the [[sense]] of having "woken up to [[reality]]." This title "[[Buddha]]" was first given to a man named [[Siddartha]] [[Gautama]], who lived 2,500 years ago in [[Nepal]]. On the [[full moon]] day of May, in the year 623 B.C., a [[noble]] {{Wiki|prince}} destined to be the greatest [[religious]] [[teacher]] of the [[world]] was born in the [[Lumbini]] (NEPAL). |
− | [[BUDDHA]] BIRTH ::: [[Siddartha]] [[Gautama]] [[Buddha]] was son of the Rajah (ruler) of the [[Sakya]] tribe of [[Kapilavastu]], [[Nepal]]. [[Buddha]] father was [[King]] [[Suddhodana]] of the {{Wiki|aristocratic}} [[Sakya]] clan and his mother was {{Wiki|Queen}} [[Maha Maya]]. The beloved {{Wiki|queen}} [[died]] seven days after his [[birth]]. Her younger sister, [[Maha Pajapati Gotami]], who was also married to the [[King]], adopted the child while entrusting her own son, [[Nanda]], to the care of the nurses. | + | [[BUDDHA]] [[BIRTH]] ::: [[Siddartha]] [[Gautama]] [[Buddha]] was son of the [[Rajah]] ([[ruler]]) of the [[Sakya]] tribe of [[Kapilavastu]], [[Nepal]]. [[Buddha]] father was [[King]] [[Suddhodana]] of the {{Wiki|aristocratic}} [[Sakya]] {{Wiki|clan}} and his mother was {{Wiki|Queen}} [[Maha Maya]]. The beloved {{Wiki|queen}} [[died]] seven days after his [[birth]]. Her younger sister, [[Maha Pajapati Gotami]], who was also [[married]] to the [[King]], adopted the child while entrusting her [[own]] son, [[Nanda]], to the care of the nurses. |
− | Great were the rejoicings of the [[people]] over the [[birth]] of this illustrious {{Wiki|prince}} ([[buddha]]). An [[ascetic]] of high [[spiritual]] attainments, named [[Asita]] (also known as [[Kaladevala]]), was particularly pleased to hear this [[happy]] news. [[Being]] a tutor of the [[King]], he visited the palace to see the Royal baby. The [[King]], who felt honoured by his unexpected visit, carried the child up to him in [[order]] to make the child pay him due reverence. To the surprise of all, the child's legs turned and rested on the matted locks of the [[ascetic]]. Instantly, the {{Wiki|ascetic}} rose from his seat and, foreseeing with his supernormal [[vision]] the child's future greatness, saluted him with clasped hands. The Royal father did likewise. | + | Great were the rejoicings of the [[people]] over the [[birth]] of this illustrious {{Wiki|prince}} ([[buddha]]). An [[ascetic]] of high [[spiritual]] [[attainments]], named [[Asita]] (also known as [[Kaladevala]]), was particularly [[pleased]] to hear this [[happy]] news. [[Being]] a tutor of the [[King]], he visited the palace to see the {{Wiki|Royal}} baby. The [[King]], who felt honoured by his unexpected visit, carried the child up to him in [[order]] to make the child pay him due reverence. To the surprise of all, the child's {{Wiki|legs}} turned and rested on the matted locks of the [[ascetic]]. Instantly, the {{Wiki|ascetic}} rose from his seat and, foreseeing with his {{Wiki|supernormal}} [[vision]] the child's {{Wiki|future}} greatness, saluted him with clasped hands. The {{Wiki|Royal}} father did likewise. |
− | The great [[ascetic]] smiled at first and then was [[sad]]. Questioned regarding his mingled [[feelings]], he answered that he smiled because the {{Wiki|prince}} would eventually become a [[Buddha]], an [[Enlightened One]], and he was [[sad]] because he would not be able to benefit from the superior [[wisdom]] of the [[Enlightened One]] owing to his prior [[death]] and [[rebirth]] in a [[Formless]] Plane ([[Arupaloka]]). | + | The great [[ascetic]] smiled at first and then was [[sad]]. Questioned regarding his mingled [[feelings]], he answered that he smiled because the {{Wiki|prince}} would eventually become a [[Buddha]], an [[Enlightened One]], and he was [[sad]] because he would not be able to [[benefit]] from the {{Wiki|superior}} [[wisdom]] of the [[Enlightened One]] owing to his prior [[death]] and [[rebirth]] in a [[Formless]] Plane ([[Arupaloka]]). |
− | [[BUDDHA]] NAMING CEREMONY ::: On the fifth day after the prince's ([[buddha]]) [[birth]] he was named [[Siddhattha]] which means "wish fulfilled". [[Buddha]] family name was [[Gotama]]. In accordance with the ancient Nepali custom, many learned {{Wiki|brahmins}} were invited to the palace for the naming ceremony. Amongst them there were eight distinguished men. Examining the [[characteristic]] marks of the child, seven of them raised two fingers each, indicative of two alternative possibilities, that he would either become a [[Universal Monarch]] or a [[Buddha]]. But the youngest, [[Kondanna]], who excelled others in [[wisdom]], noticing the [[hair]] on the forehead turned to the right, raised only one finger and convincingly declared that the {{Wiki|prince}} would definitely retire from the [[world]] and become a [[Buddha]]. | + | [[BUDDHA]] NAMING CEREMONY ::: On the fifth day after the prince's ([[buddha]]) [[birth]] he was named [[Siddhattha]] which means "wish fulfilled". [[Buddha]] [[family]] [[name]] was [[Gotama]]. In accordance with the [[ancient]] {{Wiki|Nepali}} {{Wiki|custom}}, many learned {{Wiki|brahmins}} were invited to the palace for the naming {{Wiki|ceremony}}. Amongst them there were eight {{Wiki|distinguished}} men. Examining the [[characteristic]] marks of the child, seven of them raised two fingers each, indicative of two alternative possibilities, that he would either become a [[Universal Monarch]] or a [[Buddha]]. But the youngest, [[Kondanna]], who excelled others in [[wisdom]], noticing the [[hair]] on the {{Wiki|forehead}} turned to the right, raised only one finger and convincingly declared that the {{Wiki|prince}} would definitely retire from the [[world]] and become a [[Buddha]]. |
− | [[BUDDHA]] EDUCATION ::: As a Royal child, {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Siddhartha]] ([[buddha]]) must have received a royal education, although no details are given about it. As a scion of the [[warrior]] race he also received special training in the art of warfare. | + | [[BUDDHA]] EDUCATION ::: As a {{Wiki|Royal}} child, {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Siddhartha]] ([[buddha]]) must have received a {{Wiki|royal}} [[education]], although no details are given about it. As a scion of the [[warrior]] race he also received special {{Wiki|training}} in the [[art]] of warfare. |
− | [[BUDDHA]] MARRIED LIFE ::: At the early age of sixteen, [[Buddha]] married his [[beautiful]] cousin of equal age, {{Wiki|Princess}} [[Yasodhara]]. For nearly thirteen years, after his [[happy]] [[marriage]], [[Buddha]] led a luxurious [[life]], blissfully [[ignorant]] of the vicissitudes of [[life]] outside the palace gates. Of his luxurious [[life]] as {{Wiki|prince}}, [[Buddha]] states: | + | [[BUDDHA]] MARRIED LIFE ::: At the early age of sixteen, [[Buddha]] [[married]] his [[beautiful]] cousin of {{Wiki|equal}} age, {{Wiki|Princess}} [[Yasodhara]]. For nearly thirteen years, after his [[happy]] [[marriage]], [[Buddha]] led a luxurious [[life]], blissfully [[ignorant]] of the vicissitudes of [[life]] outside the palace gates. Of his luxurious [[life]] as {{Wiki|prince}}, [[Buddha]] states: |
[[File:Fasting.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Fasting.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
"I was delicate, excessively delicate. In my father's dwelling three lotus-ponds were made purposely for me. Blue [[lotuses]] bloomed in one, red in another, and white in another. I used no sandal-wood that was not of [[Kasi]]. My turban, tunic, dress and cloak, were all from [[Kasi]]." | "I was delicate, excessively delicate. In my father's dwelling three lotus-ponds were made purposely for me. Blue [[lotuses]] bloomed in one, red in another, and white in another. I used no sandal-wood that was not of [[Kasi]]. My turban, tunic, dress and cloak, were all from [[Kasi]]." | ||
"Night and day a white [[parasol]] was held over me so that I might not be touched by heat or cold, dust, leaves or dew." | "Night and day a white [[parasol]] was held over me so that I might not be touched by heat or cold, dust, leaves or dew." | ||
− | "There were three palaces built for me -- one for the cold season, one for the [[hot]] season, and one for the rainy season. During the four rainy months, I lived in the palace for the rainy season without ever coming down from it, entertained all the while by {{Wiki|female}} musicians. Just as, in the houses of others, [[food]] from the husks of rice together with [[sour]] gruel is given to the slaves and workmen, even so, in my father's dwelling [[food]] with rice and meat was given to the slaves and workmen." | + | "There were three {{Wiki|palaces}} built for me -- one for the cold season, one for the [[hot]] season, and one for the [[rainy season]]. During the four rainy months, I lived in the palace for the [[rainy season]] without ever coming down from it, entertained all the while by {{Wiki|female}} musicians. Just as, in the houses of others, [[food]] from the husks of {{Wiki|rice}} together with [[sour]] gruel is given to the slaves and workmen, even so, in my father's dwelling [[food]] with {{Wiki|rice}} and meat was given to the slaves and workmen." |
− | With the march of [[time]], [[truth]] gradually dawned upon him. [[Siddhartha]] [[Gautama]] [[Buddha]] contemplative nature and [[boundless]] [[compassion]] did not permit him to spend his [[time]] in the mere [[enjoyment]] of the fleeting [[pleasures]] of the Royal palace. [[Buddha]] knew no personal [[grief]] but [[Buddha]] felt a deep pity for [[suffering]] [[humanity]]. Amidst {{Wiki|comfort}} and prosperity, [[Buddha]] [[realized]] the universality of [[sorrow]]. | + | With the march of [[time]], [[truth]] gradually dawned upon him. [[Siddhartha]] [[Gautama]] [[Buddha]] {{Wiki|contemplative}} [[nature]] and [[boundless]] [[compassion]] did not permit him to spend his [[time]] in the mere [[enjoyment]] of the fleeting [[pleasures]] of the {{Wiki|Royal}} palace. [[Buddha]] knew no personal [[grief]] but [[Buddha]] felt a deep [[pity]] for [[suffering]] [[humanity]]. Amidst {{Wiki|comfort}} and [[prosperity]], [[Buddha]] [[realized]] the universality of [[sorrow]]. |
− | [[BUDDHA]] RENUNCIATION ::: One glorious day as [[buddha]] went out of the palace to the [[pleasure]] park to see the [[world]] outside, [[Buddha]] came in direct [[contact]] with the stark [[realities]] of [[life]]. Within the narrow confines of the palace he saw only the rosy side of [[life]], but the dark side, the common lot of mankind, was purposely veiled from him. What was previously conceived only [[mentally]], he now saw in vivid {{Wiki|reality}} for the first [[time]]. On his way to the park his observant [[eyes]] met the strange sights of a decrepit old man, a diseased [[person]], a corpse and a dignified [[hermit]]. The first three sights convincingly proved to him, the inexorable nature of [[life]], and the [[universal]] ailment of [[humanity]]. The fourth signified the means to overcome the ills of [[life]] and to attain [[calm]] and [[peace]]. These four unexpected sights served to increase the [[urge]] in him to loathe and renounce the [[world]]. | + | [[BUDDHA]] RENUNCIATION ::: One glorious day as [[buddha]] went out of the palace to the [[pleasure]] park to see the [[world]] outside, [[Buddha]] came in direct [[contact]] with the stark [[realities]] of [[life]]. Within the narrow confines of the palace he saw only the rosy side of [[life]], but the dark side, the common lot of mankind, was purposely [[veiled]] from him. What was previously [[conceived]] only [[mentally]], he now saw in vivid {{Wiki|reality}} for the first [[time]]. On his way to the park his observant [[eyes]] met the strange sights of a decrepit old man, a diseased [[person]], a corpse and a dignified [[hermit]]. The first three sights convincingly proved to him, the inexorable [[nature]] of [[life]], and the [[universal]] ailment of [[humanity]]. The fourth signified the means to overcome the ills of [[life]] and to attain [[calm]] and [[peace]]. These four unexpected sights served [[to increase]] the [[urge]] in him to loathe and {{Wiki|renounce}} the [[world]]. |
− | [[Realizing]] the worthlessness of sensual [[pleasures]], so highly prized by the worldling, and appreciating the value of [[renunciation]] in which the [[wise]] seek [[delight]], [[Buddha]] decided to leave the [[world]] in search of [[Truth]] and [[Eternal]] [[Peace]]. | + | [[Realizing]] the worthlessness of {{Wiki|sensual}} [[pleasures]], so highly prized by the [[worldling]], and appreciating the value of [[renunciation]] in which the [[wise]] seek [[delight]], [[Buddha]] decided to leave the [[world]] in search of [[Truth]] and [[Eternal]] [[Peace]]. |
− | When this final decision was taken after much {{Wiki|deliberation}}, the news of the [[birth]] of a son was conveyed to him while [[buddha]] was about to leave the park. Contrary to expectations, [[buddha]] was not overjoyed, but regarded his first and only offspring as an impediment. An ordinary father would have welcomed the [[joyful]] tidings, but {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Siddhattha]], the [[extraordinary]] father as he was, exclaimed -- "An impediment ([[rahu]]) has been born; a [[fetter]] has arisen". The infant son was accordingly named [[Rahula]] by his grandfather. | + | When this final [[decision]] was taken after much {{Wiki|deliberation}}, the news of the [[birth]] of a son was conveyed to him while [[buddha]] was about to leave the park. Contrary to expectations, [[buddha]] was not overjoyed, but regarded his first and only offspring as an impediment. An ordinary father would have welcomed the [[joyful]] tidings, but {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Siddhattha]], the [[extraordinary]] father as he was, exclaimed -- "An impediment ([[rahu]]) has been born; a [[fetter]] has arisen". The {{Wiki|infant}} son was accordingly named [[Rahula]] by his grandfather. |
− | The palace was no longer a congenial place to the contemplative {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Siddhattha]] [[Gautama]] [[Buddha]]. Neither his charming young wife nor his lovable infant son could deter him from altering the decision he had taken to renounce the [[world]]. He was destined to play an infinitely more important and beneficial role than a dutiful husband and father, or even as a [[king]] of {{Wiki|kings}}. The allurements of the palace were no more cherished [[objects]] of [[delight]] to him. [[Time]] was ripe to depart. | + | The palace was no longer a congenial place to the {{Wiki|contemplative}} {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Siddhattha]] [[Gautama]] [[Buddha]]. Neither his [[charming]] young wife nor his lovable {{Wiki|infant}} son could deter him from altering the [[decision]] he had taken to {{Wiki|renounce}} the [[world]]. He was destined to play an infinitely more important and beneficial role than a dutiful husband and father, or even as a [[king]] of {{Wiki|kings}}. The allurements of the palace were no more cherished [[objects]] of [[delight]] to him. [[Time]] was ripe to depart. |
[[File:Damaru.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Damaru.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | [[Buddha]] ordered his favourite charioteer [[Channa]] to saddle the [[horse]] [[Kanthaka]], and went to the suite of apartments occupied by the {{Wiki|princess}}. Opening the door of the chamber, [[Buddha]] stood on the threshold and cast his dispassionate glance on the wife and child who were fast asleep. Great was his [[compassion]] for the two dear ones at this parting moment. Greater was his [[compassion]] for [[suffering]] [[humanity]]. He was not worried about the future [[worldly]] [[happiness]] and {{Wiki|comfort}} of the mother and child as they had everything in abundance and were well protected. It was not that he loved them the less, but that he loved [[humanity]] more. | + | [[Buddha]] ordered his favourite charioteer [[Channa]] to saddle the [[horse]] [[Kanthaka]], and went to the suite of apartments occupied by the {{Wiki|princess}}. Opening the door of the chamber, [[Buddha]] stood on the threshold and cast his dispassionate glance on the wife and child who were fast asleep. Great was his [[compassion]] for the two dear ones at this parting [[moment]]. Greater was his [[compassion]] for [[suffering]] [[humanity]]. He was not worried about the {{Wiki|future}} [[worldly]] [[happiness]] and {{Wiki|comfort}} of the mother and child as they had everything in abundance and were well protected. It was not that he loved them the less, but that he loved [[humanity]] more. |
− | Leaving all behind, he stole away with a [[light]] [[heart]] from the palace at midnight, and rode into the dark, attended only by his loyal charioteer. Alone and penniless he set out in search of [[Truth]] and [[Peace]]. [[Thus]] did he renounce the [[world]]. It was not the [[renunciation]] of an old man who has had his fill of [[worldly]] [[life]]. It was not the [[renunciation]] of a poor man who had [[nothing]] to leave behind. It was the [[renunciation]] of a {{Wiki|prince}} in the full bloom of youth and in the plenitude of [[wealth]] and prosperity -- a [[renunciation]] unparalleled in {{Wiki|history}}. | + | Leaving all behind, he stole away with a [[light]] [[heart]] from the palace at midnight, and rode into the dark, attended only by his loyal charioteer. Alone and penniless he set out in search of [[Truth]] and [[Peace]]. [[Thus]] did he {{Wiki|renounce}} the [[world]]. It was not the [[renunciation]] of an old man who has had his fill of [[worldly]] [[life]]. It was not the [[renunciation]] of a poor man who had [[nothing]] to leave behind. It was the [[renunciation]] of a {{Wiki|prince}} in the full bloom of youth and in the plenitude of [[wealth]] and [[prosperity]] -- a [[renunciation]] unparalleled in {{Wiki|history}}. |
It was in his twenty-ninth year that {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Siddhattha]] [[Gautama]] [[Buddha]] made this historic journey. | It was in his twenty-ninth year that {{Wiki|Prince}} [[Siddhattha]] [[Gautama]] [[Buddha]] made this historic journey. | ||
− | [[Buddha]] journeyed far and, crossing the [[river]] [[Anoma]], rested on its banks. Here [[Buddha]] shaved his [[hair]] and beard and handing over his garments and ornaments to [[Channa]] with instructions to return to the palace, assumed the simple yellow garb of an {{Wiki|ascetic}} and led a [[life]] of voluntary poverty. | + | [[Buddha]] journeyed far and, crossing the [[river]] [[Anoma]], rested on its banks. Here [[Buddha]] shaved his [[hair]] and beard and handing over his garments and ornaments to [[Channa]] with instructions to return to the palace, assumed the simple [[yellow]] garb of an {{Wiki|ascetic}} and led a [[life]] of voluntary {{Wiki|poverty}}. |
− | The [[ascetic]] [[Siddhattha]], who once lived in the lap of luxury, now became a penniless wanderer, living on what little the charitably-minded gave of their own accord. | + | The [[ascetic]] [[Siddhattha]], who once lived in the lap of {{Wiki|luxury}}, now became a penniless {{Wiki|wanderer}}, living on what little the charitably-minded gave of their [[own]] accord. |
− | [[Buddha]] had no permanent [[abode]]. A shady [[tree]] or a lonely {{Wiki|cave}} sheltered him by day or night. Bare-footed and bare-headed, [[Buddha]] walked in the scorching {{Wiki|sun}} and in the piercing cold. With no possessions to call his own, but a bowl to collect his [[food]] and [[robes]] just sufficient to cover the [[body]], he [[concentrated]] all his energies on the quest of [[Truth]]. | + | [[Buddha]] had no [[permanent]] [[abode]]. A shady [[tree]] or a lonely {{Wiki|cave}} sheltered him by day or night. Bare-footed and bare-headed, [[Buddha]] walked in the scorching {{Wiki|sun}} and in the piercing cold. With no possessions to call his [[own]], but a [[bowl]] to collect his [[food]] and [[robes]] just sufficient to cover the [[body]], he [[concentrated]] all his energies on the quest of [[Truth]]. |
− | [[BUDDHA]] SEARCH FOR TRUTH ::: [[Thus]] as a wanderer, a seeker after what is good, searching for the [[unsurpassed]] [[Peace]], [[Buddha]] approached [[Alara Kalama]], a distinguished {{Wiki|ascetic}}, and said: "I [[desire]], friend [[Kalama]] to lead the Holy [[Life]] in this Dispensation of yours." Thereupon [[Alara Kalama]] told him: "You may stay with me, O [[Venerable One]]. Of such sort is this [[teaching]] that an {{Wiki|intelligent}} man before long may realize by his own intuitive [[wisdom]] his [[master]]'s [[doctrine]], and abide in the [[attainment]] thereof." | + | [[BUDDHA]] SEARCH FOR [[TRUTH]] ::: [[Thus]] as a {{Wiki|wanderer}}, a seeker after what is good, searching for the [[unsurpassed]] [[Peace]], [[Buddha]] approached [[Alara Kalama]], a {{Wiki|distinguished}} {{Wiki|ascetic}}, and said: "I [[desire]], [[friend]] [[Kalama]] to lead the {{Wiki|Holy}} [[Life]] in this Dispensation of yours." Thereupon [[Alara Kalama]] told him: "You may stay with me, O [[Venerable One]]. Of such sort is this [[teaching]] that an {{Wiki|intelligent}} man before long may realize by his [[own]] intuitive [[wisdom]] his [[master]]'s [[doctrine]], and abide in the [[attainment]] thereof." |
− | Before long, he learnt his [[doctrine]], but it brought him no [[realization]] of the highest [[Truth]]. | + | Before long, he learnt his [[doctrine]], but it brought him no [[realization]] of the [[highest]] [[Truth]]. |
Then there came to him the [[thought]]: When [[Alara Kalama]] declared: "Having myself [[realized]] by intuitive [[knowledge]] the [[doctrine]], I -- 'abide in the [[attainment]] thereof --, it could not have been a mere profession of [[faith]]; surely [[Alara Kalama]] [[lives]] having understood and [[perceived]] this [[doctrine]]." | Then there came to him the [[thought]]: When [[Alara Kalama]] declared: "Having myself [[realized]] by intuitive [[knowledge]] the [[doctrine]], I -- 'abide in the [[attainment]] thereof --, it could not have been a mere profession of [[faith]]; surely [[Alara Kalama]] [[lives]] having understood and [[perceived]] this [[doctrine]]." | ||
[[File:EarLobes.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:EarLobes.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | So he went to him and said "How far, friend [[Kalama]], does this [[doctrine]] extend which you yourself have with intuitive [[wisdom]] [[realized]] and attained?" | + | So he went to him and said "How far, [[friend]] [[Kalama]], does this [[doctrine]] extend which you yourself have with intuitive [[wisdom]] [[realized]] and [[attained]]?" |
Upon this [[Alara Kalama]] made known to him the [[Realm]] of [[Nothingness]] ([[Akincannayatana]]), an advanced stage of [[Concentration]]. | Upon this [[Alara Kalama]] made known to him the [[Realm]] of [[Nothingness]] ([[Akincannayatana]]), an advanced stage of [[Concentration]]. | ||
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Then it occurred to him: "Not only in [[Alara Kalama]] are to be found [[faith]], [[energy]], [[mindfulness]], [[concentration]], and [[wisdom]]. I too possess these [[virtues]]. How now if I strive to realize that [[doctrine]] whereof [[Alara Kalama]] says that he himself has [[realized]] and abides in the [[attainment]] thereof!" | Then it occurred to him: "Not only in [[Alara Kalama]] are to be found [[faith]], [[energy]], [[mindfulness]], [[concentration]], and [[wisdom]]. I too possess these [[virtues]]. How now if I strive to realize that [[doctrine]] whereof [[Alara Kalama]] says that he himself has [[realized]] and abides in the [[attainment]] thereof!" | ||
− | So, before long, he [[realized]] by his own intuitive [[wisdom]] that [[doctrine]] and attained to that state, but it brought him no [[realization]] of the highest [[Truth]]. Then he approached [[Alara Kalama]] and said; "Is this the full extent, friend [[Kalama]], of this [[doctrine]] of which you say that you yourself have [[realized]] by your [[wisdom]] and abide in the [[attainment]] thereof? | + | So, before long, he [[realized]] by his [[own]] intuitive [[wisdom]] that [[doctrine]] and [[attained]] to that [[state]], but it brought him no [[realization]] of the [[highest]] [[Truth]]. Then he approached [[Alara Kalama]] and said; "Is this the full extent, [[friend]] [[Kalama]], of this [[doctrine]] of which you say that you yourself have [[realized]] by your [[wisdom]] and abide in the [[attainment]] thereof? |
− | "But I also, friend, have [[realized]] thus far in this [[doctrine]], and abide in the [[attainment]] thereof." | + | "But I also, [[friend]], have [[realized]] thus far in this [[doctrine]], and abide in the [[attainment]] thereof." |
− | The unenvious [[teacher]] was [[delighted]] to hear of the success of his distinguished pupil. He honoured him by placing him on a perfect level with himself and admiringly said: | + | The unenvious [[teacher]] was [[delighted]] to hear of the [[success]] of his {{Wiki|distinguished}} pupil. He honoured him by placing him on a {{Wiki|perfect}} level with himself and admiringly said: |
− | "[[Happy]], friend, are we, extremely [[happy]]; in that we look upon such a [[venerable]] fellow-{{Wiki|ascetic}} like you! That same [[doctrine]] which I have [[realized]] by my [[wisdom]] and proclaim, having attained thereunto, you have [[realized]] by your [[wisdom]] and abide in the [[attainment]] thereof; ..... [[Thus]] the [[doctrine]] which I [[know]], you [[know]] too; ..... As I am, so are you; as you are, so am I. Come, friend, let both of us lead the company of [[ascetics]]." | + | "[[Happy]], [[friend]], are we, extremely [[happy]]; in that we look upon such a [[venerable]] fellow-{{Wiki|ascetic}} like you! That same [[doctrine]] which I have [[realized]] by my [[wisdom]] and proclaim, having [[attained]] thereunto, you have [[realized]] by your [[wisdom]] and abide in the [[attainment]] thereof; ..... [[Thus]] the [[doctrine]] which I [[know]], you [[know]] too; ..... As I am, so are you; as you are, so am I. Come, [[friend]], let both of us lead the company of [[ascetics]]." |
− | The [[ascetic]] [[Gotama]] was [[not satisfied]] with a [[discipline]] and a [[doctrine]] which only led to a high degree of [[mental]] [[concentration]], but did not lead to "disgust, [[detachment]], [[cessation]] (of [[suffering]]), {{Wiki|tranquillity}}; {{Wiki|intuition}}, [[enlightenment]], and [[Nibbana]]." Nor was he anxious to lead a company of {{Wiki|ascetics}} even with the co-operation of another generous [[teacher]] of equal [[spiritual]] [[attainment]], without first perfecting himself. It was, he felt, a case of the blind leading the blind. Dissatisfied with his [[teaching]], he politely took his leave from him. | + | The [[ascetic]] [[Gotama]] was [[not satisfied]] with a [[discipline]] and a [[doctrine]] which only led to a high [[degree]] of [[mental]] [[concentration]], but did not lead to "{{Wiki|disgust}}, [[detachment]], [[cessation]] (of [[suffering]]), {{Wiki|tranquillity}}; {{Wiki|intuition}}, [[enlightenment]], and [[Nibbana]]." Nor was he anxious to lead a company of {{Wiki|ascetics}} even with the co-operation of another generous [[teacher]] of {{Wiki|equal}} [[spiritual]] [[attainment]], without first perfecting himself. It was, he felt, a case of the [[blind]] leading the [[blind]]. Dissatisfied with his [[teaching]], he politely took his leave from him. |
− | In those [[happy]] days when there were no {{Wiki|political}} disturbances, the intellectuals of [[India]] were preoccupied with the study and exposition of some [[religious]] system or other. All facilities were provided for those more [[spiritually]] inclined to lead holy [[lives]] in [[solitude]] in accordance with their temperaments, hence most of these [[teachers]] had large followings of [[disciples]]. It was not difficult for the [[ascetic]] [[Gotama]] to find another [[religious]] [[teacher]] who was more competent than the former. | + | In those [[happy]] days when there were no {{Wiki|political}} {{Wiki|disturbances}}, the intellectuals of [[India]] were preoccupied with the study and [[exposition]] of some [[religious]] system or other. All facilities were provided for those more [[spiritually]] inclined to lead {{Wiki|holy}} [[lives]] in [[solitude]] in accordance with their temperaments, hence most of these [[teachers]] had large followings of [[disciples]]. It was not difficult for the [[ascetic]] [[Gotama]] to find another [[religious]] [[teacher]] who was more competent than the former. |
[[File:Lamrim-images.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Lamrim-images.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | On this occasion he approached one Uddaha Ramaputta and expressed his [[desire]] to lead the Holy [[Life]] in his Dispensation. He was readily admitted as a pupil. | + | On this occasion he approached one Uddaha Ramaputta and expressed his [[desire]] to lead the {{Wiki|Holy}} [[Life]] in his Dispensation. He was readily admitted as a pupil. |
− | Before long the {{Wiki|intelligent}} [[ascetic]] [[Gotama]], mastered his [[doctrine]] and attained the final stage of [[mental]] [[concentration]], the [[Realm]] of Neither [[Perception]] nor Non-Perception (N'eva [[Sanna]] N'asannayatana), revealed by his [[teacher]]. This was the highest stage in [[worldly]] [[concentration]] when [[consciousness]] becomes so subtle and refined that it cannot be said that a [[consciousness]] either [[exists]] or not. Ancient [[Indian]] [[sages]] could not proceed further in [[spiritual]] development. | + | Before long the {{Wiki|intelligent}} [[ascetic]] [[Gotama]], mastered his [[doctrine]] and [[attained]] the final stage of [[mental]] [[concentration]], the [[Realm]] of Neither [[Perception]] nor Non-Perception (N'eva [[Sanna]] N'asannayatana), revealed by his [[teacher]]. This was the [[highest]] stage in [[worldly]] [[concentration]] when [[consciousness]] becomes so {{Wiki|subtle}} and refined that it cannot be said that a [[consciousness]] either [[exists]] or not. [[Ancient]] [[Indian]] [[sages]] could not proceed further in [[spiritual]] [[development]]. |
− | The [[noble]] [[teacher]] was [[delighted]] to hear of the success of his illustrious royal pupil. Unlike his former [[teacher]] the present one honored him by inviting him to take full charge of all the [[disciples]] as their [[teacher]]. He said: "[[Happy]] friend, are we; yea, extremely [[happy]], in that we see such a [[venerable]] fellow-{{Wiki|ascetic}} as you. The [[doctrine]] which {{Wiki|Rama}} knew, you [[know]]; the [[doctrine]] which you [[know]], {{Wiki|Rama}} knew. As was {{Wiki|Rama}} so are you; as you are, so was {{Wiki|Rama}}. Come, friend, henceforth you shall lead this company of {{Wiki|ascetics}}." | + | The [[noble]] [[teacher]] was [[delighted]] to hear of the [[success]] of his illustrious {{Wiki|royal}} pupil. Unlike his former [[teacher]] the {{Wiki|present}} one honored him by inviting him to take full charge of all the [[disciples]] as their [[teacher]]. He said: "[[Happy]] [[friend]], are we; yea, extremely [[happy]], in that we see such a [[venerable]] fellow-{{Wiki|ascetic}} as you. The [[doctrine]] which {{Wiki|Rama}} knew, you [[know]]; the [[doctrine]] which you [[know]], {{Wiki|Rama}} knew. As was {{Wiki|Rama}} so are you; as you are, so was {{Wiki|Rama}}. Come, [[friend]], henceforth you shall lead this company of {{Wiki|ascetics}}." |
− | Still he felt that his quest of the highest [[Truth]] was not achieved. He had gained complete [[mastery]] of his [[mind]], but his [[ultimate]] goal was far ahead. He was seeking for the Highest, the [[Nibbana]], the complete [[cessation]] of [[suffering]], the total eradication of all [[forms]] of [[craving]]. "Dissatisfied with this [[doctrine]] too, he departed thence, content therewith no longer." | + | Still he felt that his quest of the [[highest]] [[Truth]] was not achieved. He had gained complete [[mastery]] of his [[mind]], but his [[ultimate]] goal was far ahead. He was seeking for the [[Highest]], the [[Nibbana]], the complete [[cessation]] of [[suffering]], the total eradication of all [[forms]] of [[craving]]. "Dissatisfied with this [[doctrine]] too, he departed thence, content therewith no longer." |
− | [[Buddha]] [[realized]] that his [[spiritual]] aspirations were far higher than those under whom he chose to learn. [[Buddha]] [[realized]] that there was none capable enough to teach him what he yearned for -- the highest [[Truth]]. [[Buddha]] also [[realized]] that the highest [[Truth]] is to be found within oneself and ceased to seek external aid. | + | [[Buddha]] [[realized]] that his [[spiritual]] [[aspirations]] were far higher than those under whom he chose to learn. [[Buddha]] [[realized]] that there was none capable enough to teach him what he yearned for -- the [[highest]] [[Truth]]. [[Buddha]] also [[realized]] that the [[highest]] [[Truth]] is to be found within oneself and ceased to seek external aid. |
− | According to [[Buddhist]] [[tradition]], [[Buddha]] sat through the night until a glimpse of the morning star suddenly provoked a state of perfect clarity and understanding. [[Buddha]] [[experienced]] unexcelled, complete, [[awakening]]. For the next 40 years he taught the principles of his [[teaching]], gaining many [[disciples]] and followers. [[Buddha]] [[died]] at the age of about 80 in Kusinagara, Oudh. | + | According to [[Buddhist]] [[tradition]], [[Buddha]] sat through the night until a glimpse of the [[morning star]] suddenly provoked a [[state]] of [[perfect clarity]] and [[understanding]]. [[Buddha]] [[experienced]] unexcelled, complete, [[awakening]]. For the next 40 years he [[taught]] the {{Wiki|principles}} of his [[teaching]], gaining many [[disciples]] and followers. [[Buddha]] [[died]] at the age of about 80 in [[Kusinagara]], Oudh. |
− | [[Buddha]]'s [[teaching]] is summarized in the [[Four Noble Truths]], the last of which affirms the [[existence]] of a [[path]] leading to [[deliverance]] from the [[universal]] [[human]] [[experience]] of [[suffering]]. The goal is [[Nirvana]], which means "the blowing out" of the fires of all [[desires]], and the absorption of the [[self]] into the [[infinite]]. | + | [[Buddha]]'s [[teaching]] is summarized in the [[Four Noble Truths]], the last of which affirms the [[existence]] of a [[path]] leading to [[deliverance]] from the [[universal]] [[human]] [[experience]] of [[suffering]]. The goal is [[Nirvana]], which means "the blowing out" of the fires of all [[desires]], and the [[absorption]] of the [[self]] into the [[infinite]]. |
[[Buddha]] said: | [[Buddha]] said: | ||
− | Do not believe in anything simply because you have [[heard]] it. Do not believe in [[traditions]] because they have been handed down for many generations. Do not believe anything because it is spoken and rumored by many. Do not believe in anything because it is written in your [[religious]] [[books]]. Do not believe in anything merely on the authority of your [[teachers]] and [[elders]]. But after observation and analysis, when you find that anything agrees with [[reason]] and is conducive to the good and the benefit of one and all, then accept it and [[live]] up to it. | + | Do not believe in anything simply because you have [[heard]] it. Do not believe in [[traditions]] because they have been handed down for many generations. Do not believe anything because it is spoken and rumored by many. Do not believe in anything because it is written in your [[religious]] [[books]]. Do not believe in anything merely on the authority of your [[teachers]] and [[elders]]. But after observation and analysis, when you find that anything agrees with [[reason]] and is conducive to the good and the [[benefit]] of one and all, then accept it and [[live]] up to it. |
− | The following prose, attributed to [[Buddha]], is a poetic expression of the way he saw the [[world]]. | + | The following prose, attributed to [[Buddha]], is a {{Wiki|poetic}} expression of the way he saw the [[world]]. |
[[Buddha]] said: | [[Buddha]] said: | ||
Line 91: | Line 91: | ||
[[Buddha]] look upon the finest silken [[robes]] as tattered rags. | [[Buddha]] look upon the finest silken [[robes]] as tattered rags. | ||
− | [[Buddha]] see myriad [[worlds]] of the [[universe]] as small [[seeds]] of [[fruit]], and the greatest lake in [[India]] as a drop of oil upon my foot. | + | [[Buddha]] see {{Wiki|myriad}} [[worlds]] of the [[universe]] as small [[seeds]] of [[fruit]], and the greatest lake in [[India]] as a drop of oil upon my foot. |
− | [[Buddha]] perceive the teachings of the [[world]] as the [[illusions]] of {{Wiki|magicians}}. | + | [[Buddha]] {{Wiki|perceive}} the teachings of the [[world]] as the [[illusions]] of {{Wiki|magicians}}. |
− | [[Buddha]] discern the highest conception of {{Wiki|emancipation}} as a golden brocade in a [[dream]], and [[view]] the holy [[path]] of the [[illuminated]] ones as flowers appearing in one's [[eyes]]. | + | [[Buddha]] discern the [[highest]] {{Wiki|conception}} of {{Wiki|emancipation}} as a golden brocade in a [[dream]], and [[view]] the {{Wiki|holy}} [[path]] of the [[illuminated]] ones as [[flowers]] appearing in one's [[eyes]]. |
[[Buddha]] see [[meditation]] as a pillar of a mountain, [[nirvana]] as a nightmare of daytime. | [[Buddha]] see [[meditation]] as a pillar of a mountain, [[nirvana]] as a nightmare of daytime. | ||
− | [[Buddha]] look upon the judgments of right and wrong as the serpentine dance of a [[dragon]], and the rise and fall of [[belief]] as traces left by the four seasons. | + | [[Buddha]] look upon the judgments of right and wrong as the [[serpentine]] [[dance]] of a [[dragon]], and the rise and fall of [[belief]] as traces left by the four seasons. |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
{{R}} | {{R}} |
Revision as of 10:16, 30 September 2015
Buddha word is a title, not a name. Buddha is derived from the Sanskrit: "Budh", to know. means "one who is awake" in the sense of having "woken up to reality." This title "Buddha" was first given to a man named Siddartha Gautama, who lived 2,500 years ago in Nepal. On the full moon day of May, in the year 623 B.C., a noble prince destined to be the greatest religious teacher of the world was born in the Lumbini (NEPAL).
BUDDHA BIRTH ::: Siddartha Gautama Buddha was son of the Rajah (ruler) of the Sakya tribe of Kapilavastu, Nepal. Buddha father was King Suddhodana of the aristocratic Sakya clan and his mother was Queen Maha Maya. The beloved queen died seven days after his birth. Her younger sister, Maha Pajapati Gotami, who was also married to the King, adopted the child while entrusting her own son, Nanda, to the care of the nurses.
Great were the rejoicings of the people over the birth of this illustrious prince (buddha). An ascetic of high spiritual attainments, named Asita (also known as Kaladevala), was particularly pleased to hear this happy news. Being a tutor of the King, he visited the palace to see the Royal baby. The King, who felt honoured by his unexpected visit, carried the child up to him in order to make the child pay him due reverence. To the surprise of all, the child's legs turned and rested on the matted locks of the ascetic. Instantly, the ascetic rose from his seat and, foreseeing with his supernormal vision the child's future greatness, saluted him with clasped hands. The Royal father did likewise.
The great ascetic smiled at first and then was sad. Questioned regarding his mingled feelings, he answered that he smiled because the prince would eventually become a Buddha, an Enlightened One, and he was sad because he would not be able to benefit from the superior wisdom of the Enlightened One owing to his prior death and rebirth in a Formless Plane (Arupaloka).
BUDDHA NAMING CEREMONY ::: On the fifth day after the prince's (buddha) birth he was named Siddhattha which means "wish fulfilled". Buddha family name was Gotama. In accordance with the ancient Nepali custom, many learned brahmins were invited to the palace for the naming ceremony. Amongst them there were eight distinguished men. Examining the characteristic marks of the child, seven of them raised two fingers each, indicative of two alternative possibilities, that he would either become a Universal Monarch or a Buddha. But the youngest, Kondanna, who excelled others in wisdom, noticing the hair on the forehead turned to the right, raised only one finger and convincingly declared that the prince would definitely retire from the world and become a Buddha.
BUDDHA EDUCATION ::: As a Royal child, Prince Siddhartha (buddha) must have received a royal education, although no details are given about it. As a scion of the warrior race he also received special training in the art of warfare.
BUDDHA MARRIED LIFE ::: At the early age of sixteen, Buddha married his beautiful cousin of equal age, Princess Yasodhara. For nearly thirteen years, after his happy marriage, Buddha led a luxurious life, blissfully ignorant of the vicissitudes of life outside the palace gates. Of his luxurious life as prince, Buddha states:
"I was delicate, excessively delicate. In my father's dwelling three lotus-ponds were made purposely for me. Blue lotuses bloomed in one, red in another, and white in another. I used no sandal-wood that was not of Kasi. My turban, tunic, dress and cloak, were all from Kasi."
"Night and day a white parasol was held over me so that I might not be touched by heat or cold, dust, leaves or dew."
"There were three palaces built for me -- one for the cold season, one for the hot season, and one for the rainy season. During the four rainy months, I lived in the palace for the rainy season without ever coming down from it, entertained all the while by female musicians. Just as, in the houses of others, food from the husks of rice together with sour gruel is given to the slaves and workmen, even so, in my father's dwelling food with rice and meat was given to the slaves and workmen."
With the march of time, truth gradually dawned upon him. Siddhartha Gautama Buddha contemplative nature and boundless compassion did not permit him to spend his time in the mere enjoyment of the fleeting pleasures of the Royal palace. Buddha knew no personal grief but Buddha felt a deep pity for suffering humanity. Amidst comfort and prosperity, Buddha realized the universality of sorrow.
BUDDHA RENUNCIATION ::: One glorious day as buddha went out of the palace to the pleasure park to see the world outside, Buddha came in direct contact with the stark realities of life. Within the narrow confines of the palace he saw only the rosy side of life, but the dark side, the common lot of mankind, was purposely veiled from him. What was previously conceived only mentally, he now saw in vivid reality for the first time. On his way to the park his observant eyes met the strange sights of a decrepit old man, a diseased person, a corpse and a dignified hermit. The first three sights convincingly proved to him, the inexorable nature of life, and the universal ailment of humanity. The fourth signified the means to overcome the ills of life and to attain calm and peace. These four unexpected sights served to increase the urge in him to loathe and renounce the world.
Realizing the worthlessness of sensual pleasures, so highly prized by the worldling, and appreciating the value of renunciation in which the wise seek delight, Buddha decided to leave the world in search of Truth and Eternal Peace.
When this final decision was taken after much deliberation, the news of the birth of a son was conveyed to him while buddha was about to leave the park. Contrary to expectations, buddha was not overjoyed, but regarded his first and only offspring as an impediment. An ordinary father would have welcomed the joyful tidings, but Prince Siddhattha, the extraordinary father as he was, exclaimed -- "An impediment (rahu) has been born; a fetter has arisen". The infant son was accordingly named Rahula by his grandfather.
The palace was no longer a congenial place to the contemplative Prince Siddhattha Gautama Buddha. Neither his charming young wife nor his lovable infant son could deter him from altering the decision he had taken to renounce the world. He was destined to play an infinitely more important and beneficial role than a dutiful husband and father, or even as a king of kings. The allurements of the palace were no more cherished objects of delight to him. Time was ripe to depart.
Buddha ordered his favourite charioteer Channa to saddle the horse Kanthaka, and went to the suite of apartments occupied by the princess. Opening the door of the chamber, Buddha stood on the threshold and cast his dispassionate glance on the wife and child who were fast asleep. Great was his compassion for the two dear ones at this parting moment. Greater was his compassion for suffering humanity. He was not worried about the future worldly happiness and comfort of the mother and child as they had everything in abundance and were well protected. It was not that he loved them the less, but that he loved humanity more.
Leaving all behind, he stole away with a light heart from the palace at midnight, and rode into the dark, attended only by his loyal charioteer. Alone and penniless he set out in search of Truth and Peace. Thus did he renounce the world. It was not the renunciation of an old man who has had his fill of worldly life. It was not the renunciation of a poor man who had nothing to leave behind. It was the renunciation of a prince in the full bloom of youth and in the plenitude of wealth and prosperity -- a renunciation unparalleled in history.
It was in his twenty-ninth year that Prince Siddhattha Gautama Buddha made this historic journey.
Buddha journeyed far and, crossing the river Anoma, rested on its banks. Here Buddha shaved his hair and beard and handing over his garments and ornaments to Channa with instructions to return to the palace, assumed the simple yellow garb of an ascetic and led a life of voluntary poverty.
The ascetic Siddhattha, who once lived in the lap of luxury, now became a penniless wanderer, living on what little the charitably-minded gave of their own accord.
Buddha had no permanent abode. A shady tree or a lonely cave sheltered him by day or night. Bare-footed and bare-headed, Buddha walked in the scorching sun and in the piercing cold. With no possessions to call his own, but a bowl to collect his food and robes just sufficient to cover the body, he concentrated all his energies on the quest of Truth.
BUDDHA SEARCH FOR TRUTH ::: Thus as a wanderer, a seeker after what is good, searching for the unsurpassed Peace, Buddha approached Alara Kalama, a distinguished ascetic, and said: "I desire, friend Kalama to lead the Holy Life in this Dispensation of yours." Thereupon Alara Kalama told him: "You may stay with me, O Venerable One. Of such sort is this teaching that an intelligent man before long may realize by his own intuitive wisdom his master's doctrine, and abide in the attainment thereof."
Before long, he learnt his doctrine, but it brought him no realization of the highest Truth.
Then there came to him the thought: When Alara Kalama declared: "Having myself realized by intuitive knowledge the doctrine, I -- 'abide in the attainment thereof --, it could not have been a mere profession of faith; surely Alara Kalama lives having understood and perceived this doctrine."
So he went to him and said "How far, friend Kalama, does this doctrine extend which you yourself have with intuitive wisdom realized and attained?"
Upon this Alara Kalama made known to him the Realm of Nothingness (Akincannayatana), an advanced stage of Concentration.
Then it occurred to him: "Not only in Alara Kalama are to be found faith, energy, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom. I too possess these virtues. How now if I strive to realize that doctrine whereof Alara Kalama says that he himself has realized and abides in the attainment thereof!"
So, before long, he realized by his own intuitive wisdom that doctrine and attained to that state, but it brought him no realization of the highest Truth. Then he approached Alara Kalama and said; "Is this the full extent, friend Kalama, of this doctrine of which you say that you yourself have realized by your wisdom and abide in the attainment thereof?
"But I also, friend, have realized thus far in this doctrine, and abide in the attainment thereof."
The unenvious teacher was delighted to hear of the success of his distinguished pupil. He honoured him by placing him on a perfect level with himself and admiringly said:
"Happy, friend, are we, extremely happy; in that we look upon such a venerable fellow-ascetic like you! That same doctrine which I have realized by my wisdom and proclaim, having attained thereunto, you have realized by your wisdom and abide in the attainment thereof; ..... Thus the doctrine which I know, you know too; ..... As I am, so are you; as you are, so am I. Come, friend, let both of us lead the company of ascetics."
The ascetic Gotama was not satisfied with a discipline and a doctrine which only led to a high degree of mental concentration, but did not lead to "disgust, detachment, cessation (of suffering), tranquillity; intuition, enlightenment, and Nibbana." Nor was he anxious to lead a company of ascetics even with the co-operation of another generous teacher of equal spiritual attainment, without first perfecting himself. It was, he felt, a case of the blind leading the blind. Dissatisfied with his teaching, he politely took his leave from him.
In those happy days when there were no political disturbances, the intellectuals of India were preoccupied with the study and exposition of some religious system or other. All facilities were provided for those more spiritually inclined to lead holy lives in solitude in accordance with their temperaments, hence most of these teachers had large followings of disciples. It was not difficult for the ascetic Gotama to find another religious teacher who was more competent than the former.
On this occasion he approached one Uddaha Ramaputta and expressed his desire to lead the Holy Life in his Dispensation. He was readily admitted as a pupil.
Before long the intelligent ascetic Gotama, mastered his doctrine and attained the final stage of mental concentration, the Realm of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception (N'eva Sanna N'asannayatana), revealed by his teacher. This was the highest stage in worldly concentration when consciousness becomes so subtle and refined that it cannot be said that a consciousness either exists or not. Ancient Indian sages could not proceed further in spiritual development.
The noble teacher was delighted to hear of the success of his illustrious royal pupil. Unlike his former teacher the present one honored him by inviting him to take full charge of all the disciples as their teacher. He said: "Happy friend, are we; yea, extremely happy, in that we see such a venerable fellow-ascetic as you. The doctrine which Rama knew, you know; the doctrine which you know, Rama knew. As was Rama so are you; as you are, so was Rama. Come, friend, henceforth you shall lead this company of ascetics."
Still he felt that his quest of the highest Truth was not achieved. He had gained complete mastery of his mind, but his ultimate goal was far ahead. He was seeking for the Highest, the Nibbana, the complete cessation of suffering, the total eradication of all forms of craving. "Dissatisfied with this doctrine too, he departed thence, content therewith no longer."
Buddha realized that his spiritual aspirations were far higher than those under whom he chose to learn. Buddha realized that there was none capable enough to teach him what he yearned for -- the highest Truth. Buddha also realized that the highest Truth is to be found within oneself and ceased to seek external aid.
According to Buddhist tradition, Buddha sat through the night until a glimpse of the morning star suddenly provoked a state of perfect clarity and understanding. Buddha experienced unexcelled, complete, awakening. For the next 40 years he taught the principles of his teaching, gaining many disciples and followers. Buddha died at the age of about 80 in Kusinagara, Oudh.
Buddha's teaching is summarized in the Four Noble Truths, the last of which affirms the existence of a path leading to deliverance from the universal human experience of suffering. The goal is Nirvana, which means "the blowing out" of the fires of all desires, and the absorption of the self into the infinite.
Buddha said:
Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it. Do not believe in traditions because they have been handed down for many generations. Do not believe anything because it is spoken and rumored by many. Do not believe in anything because it is written in your religious books. Do not believe in anything merely on the authority of your teachers and elders. But after observation and analysis, when you find that anything agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and the benefit of one and all, then accept it and live up to it.
The following prose, attributed to Buddha, is a poetic expression of the way he saw the world.
Buddha said:
Buddha consider the positions of kings and rulers as that of dust motes.
Buddha observe treasures of gold and gems as so many bricks and pebbles.
Buddha look upon the finest silken robes as tattered rags.
Buddha see myriad worlds of the universe as small seeds of fruit, and the greatest lake in India as a drop of oil upon my foot.
Buddha perceive the teachings of the world as the illusions of magicians.
Buddha discern the highest conception of emancipation as a golden brocade in a dream, and view the holy path of the illuminated ones as flowers appearing in one's eyes.
Buddha see meditation as a pillar of a mountain, nirvana as a nightmare of daytime.
Buddha look upon the judgments of right and wrong as the serpentine dance of a dragon, and the rise and fall of belief as traces left by the four seasons.