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Difference between revisions of "Gotama"

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No comprehensive account of [[Gotama]] [[Buddha]] is as yet possible. The details given in this article are those generally accepted by {{Wiki|orthodox}} [[Theravādins]] and contained in their [[Books]], chiefly the [[Pāli]] Commentaries, more especially the [[Nidānakathā]] of the [[Jātaka]] and the [[Buddhavamsa]] Commentary.
 
No comprehensive account of [[Gotama]] [[Buddha]] is as yet possible. The details given in this article are those generally accepted by {{Wiki|orthodox}} [[Theravādins]] and contained in their [[Books]], chiefly the [[Pāli]] Commentaries, more especially the [[Nidānakathā]] of the [[Jātaka]] and the [[Buddhavamsa]] Commentary.
  
Biographical details are also found in the [[Mahā]] [[Vagga]] and the [[Culla]] [[Vagga]] of the [[Vinaya Pitaka]], the [[Buddhavamsa]] and in various scattered passages of the [[Nikayas]] of the [[Sutta]] [[Pitaka]]. References to these are given where considered useful. Controversy [[exists]] with regard to many of the matters mentioned; for [[discussion]] of the varying [[views]] regarding these, reference should be made to the works of [[Oldenberg]], {{Wiki|Rhys Davids}} (both {{Wiki|Professor}} and Mrs. {{Wiki|Rhys Davids}}), Kern, E. J. Thomas and other [[scholars]]. Further particulars of persons and places mentioned can be obtained by reference to the articles under the respective names.
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Biographical details are also found in the [[Mahā Vagga]] and the [[Culla Vagga]] of the [[Vinaya Pitaka]], the [[Buddhavamsa]] and in various scattered passages of the [[Nikayas]] of the [[Sutta]] [[Pitaka]].  
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References to these are given where considered useful. Controversy [[exists]] with regard to many of the matters mentioned; for [[discussion]] of the varying [[views]] regarding these, reference should be made to the works of [[Oldenberg]], {{Wiki|Rhys Davids}} (both {{Wiki|Professor}} and Mrs. {{Wiki|Rhys Davids}}), Kern, E. J. Thomas and other [[scholars]].  
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Further particulars of persons and places mentioned can be obtained by reference to the articles under the respective names.
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He was a [[Sākiyan]] (the [[Sākiyans]] were evidently [[subjects]] of the [[Kosala]] [[king]]; The [[Buddha]] calls himself a [[Kosalan]], M.ii.124), son of [[Suddhodana]] (all [[Pāli]] Commentaries and [[Sanskrit]] works represent The [[Buddha]] as the son of a [[king]], descendant of a long line of famous {{Wiki|ancestors}}), chief [[ruler]] of [[Kapilavatthu]], and of [[Mahā]] [[Māyā]], [[Suddhodana]]'s chief [[consort]], and he belonged to the [[Gotama-gotta]].
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Before his {{Wiki|conception}} he was in the [[Tusita]] [[Heaven]], waiting for the due [[time]] for his [[birth]] in his last [[existence]]. Then, having made the "five investigations" ([[pañcavilolcanāni]]) (see [[Buddha]]), he took leave of his companions and descended to [[earth]]. (According to the [[Lalitavistara]] he appointed the [[Bodhisatta]] [[Maitreya]] as [[king of Tusita]] in his place). Many wondrous and marvellous events attended his {{Wiki|conception}} and [[birth]].
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(Given in the [[Acchariyabbhutadhamma Sutta]], M.iii.118f; also D.ii.12f. A more detailed account is found in J.i.47ff; both the Lai. and the Mtu.ii.14ff differ as to the details given here of the {{Wiki|conception}} and the [[birth]]).
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The {{Wiki|conception}} takes place on the [[full-moon day]] of [[āsālha]], with the {{Wiki|moon}} in [[Uttarāsālha]], and [[Maya]] has no relations with her husband. She has a marvellous [[dream]] in which the [[Bodhisatta]], as a [[white elephant]], enters her [[womb]] through her side.
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When the [[dream]] is mentioned to the [[brahmins]], they foretell the [[birth]] of a son who will be either a [[universal monarch]] or a [[Buddha]]. An {{Wiki|earthquake}} takes place and [[thirty-two signs]] appear, presaging the [[birth]] of a [[great being]].
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The first of these [[signs]] is a [[boundless]], great [[Light]], flooding every corner of the ten thousand [[worlds]]; everyone beholds its glory, even the fires in all [[hells]] [[being]] [[extinguished]].
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Ten months after the {{Wiki|conception}}, in the month of [[Visākha]], [[Māyā]] wishes to visit her [[parents]] in [[Devadaha]].
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On the way thither from [[Kapilavatthu]] she passes the [[beautiful]] [[Lumbini]] grove, in which she [[desires]] to wander; she goes to a great sāla-tree and seizes a branch in her hand; labour [[pains]] start immediately, and, when the courtiers retire, having drawn a curtain round her, even while [[standing]], she is delivered of the child.
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It is the day of the [[full moon]] of [[Visākha]]; four [[Mahābrahmas]] receive the babe in a golden net, and streams of [[water]] descend from the sky to wash him.
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The boy stands on the [[earth]], takes seven steps north-wards and utters his lion-roar, "I am the chief in the [[world]]."
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On the same day seven other [[beings]] were born: the [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]], [[Rāhula's]] mother ([[Rāhulamātā]], his {{Wiki|future}} wife), the four Treasure-Troves (described at DA.i.284), his [[elephant]], his [[horse]] [[Kanthaka]], his charioteer [[Channa]], and [[Kāludāyī]].
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The babe is escorted back to [[Kapilavatthu]] on the day of his [[birth]] and his mother [[dies]] seven days later.
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He was a [[Sākiyan]] (the [[Sākiyans]] were evidently [[subjects]] of the [[Kosala]] [[king]]; The [[Buddha]] calls himself a [[Kosalan]], M.ii.124), son of [[Suddhodana]] (all [[Pāli]] Commentaries and [[Sanskrit]] works represent The [[Buddha]] as the son of a [[king]], descendant of a long line of famous {{Wiki|ancestors}}), chief [[ruler]] of [[Kapilavatthu]], and of [[Mahā]] [[Māyā]], [[Suddhodana]]'s chief [[consort]], and he belonged to the Gotama-gotta. Before his {{Wiki|conception}} he was in the [[Tusita]] [[Heaven]], waiting for the due [[time]] for his [[birth]] in his last [[existence]]. Then, having made the "five investigations" (pañcavilolcanāni) (see [[Buddha]]), he took leave of his companions and descended to [[earth]]. (According to the [[Lalitavistara]] he appointed the [[Bodhisatta]] [[Maitreya]] as [[king]] of [[Tusita]] in his place). Many wondrous and marvellous events attended his {{Wiki|conception}} and [[birth]]. (Given in the Acchariyabbhutadhamma [[Sutta]], M.iii.118f; also D.ii.12f. A more detailed account is found in J.i.47ff; both the Lai. and the Mtu.ii.14ff differ as to the details given here of the {{Wiki|conception}} and the [[birth]]).
 
  
The {{Wiki|conception}} takes place on the [[full-moon day]] of [[āsālha]], with the {{Wiki|moon}} in [[Uttarāsālha]], and [[Maya]] has no relations with her husband. She has a marvellous [[dream]] in which the [[Bodhisatta]], as a [[white elephant]], enters her [[womb]] through her side. When the [[dream]] is mentioned to the [[brahmins]], they foretell the [[birth]] of a son who will be either a [[universal monarch]] or a [[Buddha]]. An {{Wiki|earthquake}} takes place and [[thirty-two signs]] appear, presaging the [[birth]] of a [[great being]]. The first of these [[signs]] is a [[boundless]], great [[Light]], flooding every corner of the ten thousand [[worlds]]; everyone beholds its glory, even the fires in all [[hells]] [[being]] [[extinguished]]. Ten months after the {{Wiki|conception}}, in the month of [[Visākha]], [[Māyā]] wishes to visit her [[parents]] in [[Devadaha]]. On the way thither from [[Kapilavatthu]] she passes the [[beautiful]] [[Lumbini]] grove, in which she [[desires]] to wander; she goes to a great sāla-tree and seizes a branch in her hand; labour [[pains]] start immediately, and, when the courtiers retire, having drawn a curtain round her, even while [[standing]], she is delivered of the child. It is the day of the [[full moon]] of [[Visākha]]; four [[Mahābrahmas]] receive the babe in a golden net, and streams of [[water]] descend from the sky to wash him. The boy stands on the [[earth]], takes seven steps north-wards and utters his lion-roar, "I am the chief in the [[world]]." On the same day seven other [[beings]] were born: the [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]], [[Rāhula's]] mother ([[Rāhulamātā]], his {{Wiki|future}} wife), the four Treasure-Troves (described at DA.i.284), his [[elephant]], his [[horse]] [[Kanthaka]], his charioteer [[Channa]], and [[Kāludāyī]]. The babe is escorted back to [[Kapilavatthu]] on the day of his [[birth]] and his mother [[dies]] seven days later.
 
 
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The isi [[Asita]] (or Kāladevala), [[meditating]] in the [[Himālaya]], learns from the [[Tāvatimsa]] [[gods]] of [[The Birth of the Buddha]], visits [[Suddhodana]] the same day and sees the boy, whom they both {{Wiki|worship}}. [[Asita]] weeps for [[sorrow]] that he will not [[live]] to see the boy's [[Buddhahood]], but he instructs his nephew Nālaka (v.l. [[Naradatta]]) to prepare himself for that great day. On the fifth day after the [[birth]] is the {{Wiki|ceremony}} of name-giving. One hundred and eight [[brahmins]] are invited to the {{Wiki|festival}} at the palace; eight of them - {{Wiki|Rāma}}, [[Dhaja]], [[Lakkhana]], Manti, [[Kondañña]], [[Bhoja]], [[Suyāma]] and [[Sudatta]] - are interpreters of [[bodily]] marks, and all except [[Kondañña]] [[prophesy]] two possibilities for the boy; but [[Kondañña]], the youngest, says, quite decisively, that he will be a [[Buddha]]. The [[name]] given to the boy at this {{Wiki|ceremony}} is not actually mentioned, but from other passages it is inferred that it was [[Siddhattha]] (q.v.).
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The isi [[Asita]] (or [[Kāladevala]]), [[meditating]] in the [[Himālaya]], learns from the [[Tāvatimsa]] [[gods]] of [[The Birth of the Buddha]], visits [[Suddhodana]] the same day and sees the boy, whom they both {{Wiki|worship}}. [[Asita]] weeps for [[sorrow]] that he will not [[live]] to see the boy's [[Buddhahood]], but he instructs his nephew Nālaka (v.l.  
  
Among other incidents recounted of The [[Buddha]]'s boyhood is that of his [[attaining]] the first [[Jhāna]] under a [[jambu-tree]]. One day he is taken to the state {{Wiki|ploughing}} of the [[king]] where [[Suddhodana]] himself, with his golden plough, ploughs with the {{Wiki|farmers}}. The nurses, attracted by the festivities, leave the child under a [[jambu-tree]]. They return to find him seated, cross-legged, in a [[trance]], the shadow of the [[tree]] remaining still, in [[order]] to {{Wiki|protect}} him. The [[king]] is informed and, for the second [[time]], does reverence to his son. J.i.57f; MA.i.466f; the incident is alluded to in the [[Mahā]] [[Saccaka]] [[Sutta]] (M.i.246); the corresponding incident recounted in Mtu. (ii.45f.) takes place in a park, and the, details differ completely. The Lai. has two versions, one in prose and one in verse and both resemble the Mtu.; but in these The [[Buddha]] is represented as [[being]] much older. The Divy (391) and the [[Tibetan]] versions (e.g., Rockhill, p.22) put the incident very much later in The [[Buddha]]'s [[Life]]. Other incidents are given in Lai. and Mtu.
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[[Naradatta]]) to prepare himself for that great day. On the fifth day after the [[birth]] is the {{Wiki|ceremony}} of name-giving. One hundred and eight [[brahmins]] are invited to the {{Wiki|festival}} at the palace; eight of them - {{Wiki|Rāma}}, [[Dhaja]], [[Lakkhana]], Manti, [[Kondañña]], [[Bhoja]], [[Suyāma]] and [[Sudatta]] - are interpreters of [[bodily]] marks, and all except [[Kondañña]] [[prophesy]] two possibilities for the boy; but [[Kondañña]], the youngest, says, quite decisively, that he will be a [[Buddha]]. The [[name]] given to the boy at this {{Wiki|ceremony}} is not actually mentioned, but from other passages it is inferred that it was [[Siddhattha]] (q.v.).
  
The [[Bodhisatta]] is reported to have lived in the household for twenty-nine years a [[Life]] of great {{Wiki|luxury}} and excessive ease, surrounded by all imaginable comforts. He owns three {{Wiki|palaces}} - Ramma, Suramma and [[Subha]] - for the three seasons. Mention is made of his luxurious [[Life]] in A.i.145; also in M.i.504; further details are given in AA.i.378f.; J.i.58. See also Mtu.ii.115; cf. Vin.i.15; D.ii.21.
 
  
When the [[Bodhisatta]] is sixteen years old, [[Suddhodana]] sends messengers to the [[Sākyans]] asking that his son be allowed to seek a wife from among their daughters; but the [[Sākyans]] are reluctant to send them, for, they say, though the young man is hand-some, he [[knows]] no [[Art]]; how, then, can he support a wife? When this is reported to the {{Wiki|prince}}, he summons an assembly of the [[Sākyans]] and performs various feats, chief of these [[being]] twelve feats with a [[bow]] which needs the strength of one thousand men. (The feats with the [[bow]] are described in the [[Sarabhanga]] [[Jātaka]], J.v.129f ). The [[Sākyans]] are so impressed that each sends him a daughter, the total number so sent [[being]] forty thousand. The [[Bodhisatta]] appoints as his chief wife the daughter of [[Suppabuddha]], who, later, comes to be called [[Rāhulamātā]]. She is known under various names: Bhaddakaccā (or Kaccānā), [[Yasodharā]]. Bimbā, Bimbasundarī and Gopā. For a [[discussion]] see [[Rāhulamātā]].
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Among other incidents recounted of The [[Buddha]]'s boyhood is that of his [[attaining]] the first [[Jhāna]] under a [[jambu-tree]]. One day he is taken to the [[state]] {{Wiki|ploughing}} of the [[king]] where [[Suddhodana]] himself, with his golden plough, ploughs with the {{Wiki|farmers}}. The nurses, attracted by the festivities, leave the child under a [[jambu-tree]]. They return to find him seated, cross-legged, in a [[trance]], the shadow of the [[tree]] remaining still, in [[order]] to {{Wiki|protect}} him.
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The [[king]] is informed and, for the second [[time]], does reverence to his son. J.i.57f; MA.i.466f; the incident is alluded to in the [[Mahā]] [[Saccaka]] [[Sutta]] (M.i.246); the corresponding incident recounted in Mtu. (ii.45f.) takes place in a park, and the, details differ completely. The Lai. has two versions, one in prose and one in verse and both resemble the Mtu.; but in these The [[Buddha]] is represented as [[being]] much older. The Divy (391) and the [[Tibetan]] versions (e.g., Rockhill, p.22) put the incident very much later in The [[Buddha]]'s [[Life]]. Other incidents are given in Lai. and Mtu.
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The [[Bodhisatta]] is reported to have lived in the household for twenty-nine years a [[Life]] of great {{Wiki|luxury}} and excessive ease, surrounded by all imaginable comforts. He owns three {{Wiki|palaces}} - [[Ramma]], [[Suramma]] and [[Subha]] - for the three seasons. Mention is made of his luxurious [[Life]] in A.i.145; also in M.i.504; further details are given in AA.i.378f.; J.i.58. See also Mtu.ii.115; cf. Vin.i.15; D.ii.21.
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When the [[Bodhisatta]] is sixteen years old, [[Suddhodana]] sends messengers to the [[Sākyans]] asking that his son be allowed to seek a wife from among their daughters; but the [[Sākyans]] are reluctant to send them, for, they say, though the young man is hand-some, he [[knows]] no [[Art]]; how, then, can he support a wife? When this is reported to the {{Wiki|prince}}, he summons an assembly of the [[Sākyans]] and performs various feats, chief of these [[being]] twelve feats with a [[bow]] which needs the strength of one thousand men. (The feats with the [[bow]] are described in the [[Sarabhanga]] [[Jātaka]], J.v.129f ).  
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The [[Sākyans]] are so impressed that each sends him a daughter, the total number so sent [[being]] forty thousand. The [[Bodhisatta]] appoints as his chief wife the daughter of [[Suppabuddha]], who, later, comes to be called [[Rāhulamātā]]. She is known under various names: [[Bhaddakaccā]] (or [[Kaccānā]]), [[Yasodharā]]. [[Bimbā]], [[Bimbasundarī]] and [[Gopā]]. For a [[discussion]] see [[Rāhulamātā]].
 
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[[File:Imag456es.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
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According to the generally accepted account, [[Gotama]] is twenty-nine when the incidents occur which lead to final [[renunciation]]. Following the {{Wiki|prophecy}} of the eight [[brahmins]], his father had taken every precaution that his son should see no sign of [[old age]], [[sickness]] or [[Death]]. But the [[gods]] decide that the [[time]] is come for the [[enlightenment]], and instil into [[Gotama's]] [[Heart]] a [[desire]] to go into the park. On the way, the [[gods]] put before him a man showing [[signs]] of extreme age, and the [[Bodhisatta]] returns, filled with [[desire]] for [[renunciation]]. The [[king]], {{Wiki|learning}} this, surrounds him with even greater attractions, but on two other days [[Gotama]] goes to the park and the [[gods]] put before him a sick man and a corpse. (According to some accounts, e.g. that of the Dīghabhānakas, the four {{Wiki|omens}} were all seen on the same day, J.i.59)
 
According to the generally accepted account, [[Gotama]] is twenty-nine when the incidents occur which lead to final [[renunciation]]. Following the {{Wiki|prophecy}} of the eight [[brahmins]], his father had taken every precaution that his son should see no sign of [[old age]], [[sickness]] or [[Death]]. But the [[gods]] decide that the [[time]] is come for the [[enlightenment]], and instil into [[Gotama's]] [[Heart]] a [[desire]] to go into the park. On the way, the [[gods]] put before him a man showing [[signs]] of extreme age, and the [[Bodhisatta]] returns, filled with [[desire]] for [[renunciation]]. The [[king]], {{Wiki|learning}} this, surrounds him with even greater attractions, but on two other days [[Gotama]] goes to the park and the [[gods]] put before him a sick man and a corpse. (According to some accounts, e.g. that of the Dīghabhānakas, the four {{Wiki|omens}} were all seen on the same day, J.i.59)
  
On the [[full-moon day]] of [[āsālha]], the day appointed for the Great [[Renunciation]], [[Gotama]] sees a [[Monk]] and hears from his charioteer praise of the [[ascetic]] [[Life]]. [[Feeling]] very [[happy]], he goes to the park to enjoy himself. [[Sakka]] sends [[Vissakamma]] himself to bathe and adorn him, and as [[Gotama]] returns to the city in all his majesty, he receives news of the [[birth]] of his son. Foreseeing in this news a bond, he decides to call the babe [[Rāhula]] (q.v.). Kisā [[Gotamī]] (q.v.) sees [[Gotama]] on the way to the palace and, filled with longing for him, sings to him a song containing the [[word]] [[nibbuta]]. The significance of the [[word]] (=[[extinguished]], at [[peace]]) thrills him, and he sends to Kisā his priceless {{Wiki|gold}} necklace which she, however, accepts as a token of [[Love]]. [[Gotama]] enters the palace and sleeps. He wakes in the middle of the night to find his {{Wiki|female}} musicians [[sleeping]] in attitudes which fill him with {{Wiki|disgust}} and with loathing for the [[worldly]] [[Life]], and he decides to leave it. (In some versions the [[Renunciation]] takes place seven days after the [[birth]] of [[Rāhula]], J.i.62). He orders [[Channa]] to saddle [[Kanthaka]], and enters his wife's room for a last look at her and their son.
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On the [[full-moon day]] of [[āsālha]], the day appointed for the Great [[Renunciation]], [[Gotama]] sees a [[Monk]] and hears from his charioteer praise of the [[ascetic]] [[Life]].  
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[[Feeling]] very [[happy]], he goes to the park to enjoy himself. [[Sakka]] sends [[Vissakamma]] himself to bathe and adorn him, and as [[Gotama]] returns to the city in all his majesty, he receives news of the [[birth]] of his son.  
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Foreseeing in this news a bond, he decides to call the babe [[Rāhula]] (q.v.). [[Kisā Gotamī]] (q.v.) sees [[Gotama]] on the way to the palace and, filled with longing for him, sings to him a song containing the [[word]] [[nibbuta]].  
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The significance of the [[word]] (=[[extinguished]], at [[peace]]) thrills him, and he sends to [[Kisā]] his priceless {{Wiki|gold}} necklace which she, however, accepts as a token of [[Love]]. [[Gotama]] enters the palace and sleeps. He wakes in the middle of the night to find his {{Wiki|female}} musicians [[sleeping]] in attitudes which fill him with {{Wiki|disgust}} and with loathing for the [[worldly]] [[Life]], and he decides to leave it.  
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(In some versions the [[Renunciation]] takes place seven days after the [[birth]] of [[Rāhula]], J.i.62). He orders [[Channa]] to saddle [[Kanthaka]], and enters his wife's room for a last look at her and their son.
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He leaves the city on his [[horse]] [[Kanthaka]], with [[Channa]] [[clinging]] to its tail. The [[devas]] muffle the [[sound]] of the [[horse's]] hoofs and of his neighing and open the city gates for [[Gotama]] to pass. [[Māra]] appears before [[Gotama]] and seeks to stay him with a promise that he shall be [[universal monarch]] within seven days.
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On his offer [[being]] refused, [[Māra]] threatens to shadow him always. Outside the city, at the spot where later was erected the [[Kanthakanivattana-cetiya]], [[Gotama]] turns his [[horse]] round to take a last look at [[Kapilavatthu]]. It is said that the [[earth]] actually turned, to make it easy for him to do so.
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Then, accompanied by the [[gods]], he rides thirty leagues through {{Wiki|three kingdoms}} - those of the [[Sākyans]], the [[Koliyans]] and the {{Wiki|Mallas}} - and his [[horse]] crosses the [[river]] [[Anomā]] in one leap. On the other side, he gives all his ornaments to [[Channa]], and with his sword cuts off [[Hair]] and beard, throwing them up into the [[air]], where [[Sakka]] takes them and enshrines them in the Cūlāmani-cetiya in [[Tāvatimsa]].
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The [[Brahmā]] [[Ghatikāra]] offers [[Gotama]] the [[eight requisites]] of a [[Monk]], which he accepts and adopts. He then sends [[Channa]] and [[Kanthaka]] back to his father, but [[Kanthaka]], broken-hearted, [[dies]] on the spot and is [[reborn]] as [[Kanthaka-devaputta]].
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The account given here is taken mainly from the [[Nidānakathā]] (J.i.59ff) and evidently [[embodies]] later [[tradition]]; cp. D.ii.21ff. From passages found in the [[Pitakas]] (e.g., A.i.145; M.i.163, 240; M.ii.212f.) it would appear that the events leading up to the [[Renunciation]] were not so dramatic as given here, the process [[being]] more [[gradual]].  
  
He leaves the city on his [[horse]] [[Kanthaka]], with [[Channa]] [[clinging]] to its tail. The [[devas]] muffle the [[sound]] of the [[horse's]] hoofs and of his neighing and open the city gates for [[Gotama]] to pass. [[Māra]] appears before [[Gotama]] and seeks to stay him with a promise that he shall be [[universal monarch]] within seven days. On his offer [[being]] refused, [[Māra]] threatens to shadow him always. Outside the city, at the spot where later was erected the Kanthakanivattana-cetiya, [[Gotama]] turns his [[horse]] round to take a last look at [[Kapilavatthu]]. It is said that the [[earth]] actually turned, to make it easy for him to do so. Then, accompanied by the [[gods]], he rides thirty leagues through {{Wiki|three kingdoms}} - those of the [[Sākyans]], the [[Koliyans]] and the {{Wiki|Mallas}} - and his [[horse]] crosses the [[river]] [[Anomā]] in one leap. On the other side, he gives all his ornaments to [[Channa]], and with his sword cuts off [[Hair]] and beard, throwing them up into the [[air]], where [[Sakka]] takes them and enshrines them in the Cūlāmani-cetiya in [[Tāvatimsa]]. The [[Brahmā]] [[Ghatikāra]] offers [[Gotama]] the [[eight requisites]] of a [[Monk]], which he accepts and adopts. He then sends [[Channa]] and [[Kanthaka]] back to his father, but [[Kanthaka]], broken-hearted, [[dies]] on the spot and is [[reborn]] as Kanthaka-devaputta.
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I do not, however, agree with Thomas (op. cit., 58) that, according to these accounts, the [[Bodhisatta]] left the [[world]] when "quite a boy." I think the [[word]] [[dahara]] is used merely to indicate "the prime of youth," and not necessarily "boyhood." The description of the [[Renunciation]] in the Lal. is very much more elaborate and adds numerous incidents, no account of which is found in the [[Pāli]].
The account given here is taken mainly from the [[Nidānakathā]] (J.i.59ff) and evidently [[embodies]] later [[tradition]]; cp. D.ii.21ff. From passages found in the [[Pitakas]] (e.g., A.i.145; M.i.163, 240; M.ii.212f.) it would appear that the events leading up to the [[Renunciation]] were not so dramatic as given here, the process [[being]] more [[gradual]]. I do not, however, agree with Thomas (op. cit., 58) that, according to these accounts, the [[Bodhisatta]] left the [[world]] when "quite a boy." I think the [[word]] dahara is used merely to indicate "the prime of youth," and not necessarily "boyhood." The description of the [[Renunciation]] in the Lal. is very much more elaborate and adds numerous incidents, no account of which is found in the [[Pāli]].
 
 
[[File:Imag479es.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:Imag479es.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
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From [[Anomā]] the [[Bodhisatta]] goes to the mango-grove of [[Anupiya]], and after spending seven days there walks to [[Rājagaha]] (a distance of thirty leagues) in one day, and there starts his [[alms]] rounds. [[Bimbisāra's]] men, noticing him, report the {{Wiki|matter}} to the [[king]], who sends messengers to enquire who this [[ascetic]] is. The men follow [[Gotama]] to the foot of the [[Pandavapabbata]], where he eats his meal, and they then go and report to the [[king]]. [[Bimbisāra]] visits [[Gotama]], and, [[pleased]] with his [[hearing]], offers him the {{Wiki|sovereignty}}. On {{Wiki|learning}} the [[nature]] of [[Gotama's]] quest, he wins from him a promise to visit [[Rājagaha]] first after the [[enlightenment]].
 
From [[Anomā]] the [[Bodhisatta]] goes to the mango-grove of [[Anupiya]], and after spending seven days there walks to [[Rājagaha]] (a distance of thirty leagues) in one day, and there starts his [[alms]] rounds. [[Bimbisāra's]] men, noticing him, report the {{Wiki|matter}} to the [[king]], who sends messengers to enquire who this [[ascetic]] is. The men follow [[Gotama]] to the foot of the [[Pandavapabbata]], where he eats his meal, and they then go and report to the [[king]]. [[Bimbisāra]] visits [[Gotama]], and, [[pleased]] with his [[hearing]], offers him the {{Wiki|sovereignty}}. On {{Wiki|learning}} the [[nature]] of [[Gotama's]] quest, he wins from him a promise to visit [[Rājagaha]] first after the [[enlightenment]].
  
This incident is also mentioned in the [[Pabbajjā]] [[Sutta]] (SN.vv.405-24), but there it is the [[king]] who first sees [[Gotama]]. It is significant that, when asked his [[Wikipedia:Identity (social science)|identity]], [[Gotama]] does not say he is a king's son. The [[Pali]] version of tile [[Sutta]] contains [[nothing]] of [[Gotama's]] promise to visit [[Rājagaha]], but the Mtu. version (ii.198-200), which places the visit later, has two verses, one of which contains the request and the other the [[acceptance]]; and the SNA. (ii.385f.), too, mentions the promise and tells that [[Bimbisāra]] was informed of the {{Wiki|prophecy}} concerning [[Gotama]]. There is another version of the Mtu. (ii.117-20) which says that [[Gotama]] went straight to Vaisāli after [[leaving home]], joining Ālāra, and later visited [[Uddaka]] at [[Rājagaha]]. Here no mention is made of [[Bimbisāra]]. We are told in the Mhv. (ii.25ff) that [[Bimbisāra]] and [[Gotama]] ([[Siddhattha]]) had been playmates, [[Bimbisāra]] [[being]] the younger by five years. [[Bimbisāra's]] father (Bhātī) and [[Suddhodana]] were friends.
 
  
Journeying from [[Rājagaha]], [[Gotama]] in due course becomes a [[disciple]] of Ālāra-Kā[[Lāma]]. Having learnt and practised all that Ālāra has to teach, he finds it unsatisfying and joins [[Uddaka-Rāmaputta]]; but Uddaka's [[Doctrine]] leaves him still unconvinced and he abandons it. He then goes to Senānīgāma in [[Uruvelā]] and there, during six years, practises all [[manner]] of severe austerities, such as no man had previously undertaken. Once he falls fainting and a [[Deva]] informs [[Suddhodana]] that [[Gotama]] is [[dead]]. But [[Suddhodana]], relying on the {{Wiki|prophecy}} of Kāladevala, refuses to believe the news. [[Gotama's]] mother, now born as a [[devaputta]] in [[Tāvatimsa]], comes to him to encourage him. At [[Uruvelā]], the [[Pañcavaggiya]] [[monks]] are his companions, but now, having realised the folly of extreme [[asceticism]], he decides to abandon it, and starts again to take normal [[Food]]; thereupon the [[Pañcavaggiyas]], disappointed, leave him and go to [[Isipatana]].
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J.i.66f. The [[Therīgāthā]] Commentary (p.2) mentions another [[teacher]] of [[Gotama]], named Bhaggava, whom [[Gotama]] visited before Ālāra. Lal. (330 [264]) contains a very elaborate account of [[Gotama's]] visits to [[teachers]]; he goes first to two [[brahmin]] women, Sākī and Padmā, then to Raivata and Rajaka, son of Trimandika, and finally (as far as this [[chapter]] is concerned) to Ālāra at Vaisāli. A poem containing an account of the meeting of [[Gotama]] with [[Bimbisāra]] is inserted into this account. The next [[chapter]] tells of [[Uddaka]]. An account of [[Gotama's]] visits to [[teachers]] and of the details of his austerities is also given in the [[Mahā]] [[Saccaka]] [[Sutta]], already referred to (M.i.240ff); the [[Mahā]] Sīhanāda [[Sutta]] (M.i.77ff) contains a long and detailed account of his extreme asceticisms. See also M.i.163ff; ii.93f.
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This incident is also mentioned in the [[Pabbajjā]] [[Sutta]] (SN.vv.405-24), but there it is the [[king]] who first sees [[Gotama]]. It is significant that, when asked his [[Wikipedia:Identity (social science)|identity]], [[Gotama]] does not say he is a king's son.
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 +
The [[Pali]] version of tile [[Sutta]] contains [[nothing]] of [[Gotama's]] promise to visit [[Rājagaha]], but the Mtu. version (ii.198-200), which places the visit later, has two verses, one of which contains the request and the other the [[acceptance]]; and the SNA. (ii.385f.), too, mentions the promise and tells that [[Bimbisāra]] was informed of the {{Wiki|prophecy}} concerning [[Gotama]].
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 +
There is another version of the Mtu. (ii.117-20) which says that [[Gotama]] went straight to [[Vaisāli]] after [[leaving home]], joining [[Ālāra]], and later visited [[Uddaka]] at [[Rājagaha]]. Here no mention is made of [[Bimbisāra]]. We are told in the Mhv. (ii.25ff) that [[Bimbisāra]] and [[Gotama]] ([[Siddhattha]]) had been playmates, [[Bimbisāra]] [[being]] the younger by five years. [[Bimbisāra's]] father (Bhātī) and [[Suddhodana]] were friends.
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 +
 
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Journeying from [[Rājagaha]], [[Gotama]] in due course becomes a [[disciple]] of Ālāra-Kā[[Lāma]]. Having learnt and practised all that [[Ālāra]] has to teach, he finds it unsatisfying and joins [[Uddaka-Rāmaputta]]; but Uddaka's [[Doctrine]] leaves him still unconvinced and he abandons it. He then goes to [[Senānīgāma]] in [[Uruvelā]] and there, during six years, practises all [[manner]] of severe austerities, such as no man had previously undertaken. Once he falls fainting and a [[Deva]] informs [[Suddhodana]] that [[Gotama]] is [[dead]].  
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 +
But [[Suddhodana]], relying on the {{Wiki|prophecy}} of [[Kāladevala]], refuses to believe the news. [[Gotama's]] mother, now born as a [[devaputta]] in [[Tāvatimsa]], comes to him to encourage him. At [[Uruvelā]], the [[Pañcavaggiya]] [[monks]] are his companions, but now, having realised the folly of extreme [[asceticism]], he decides to abandon it, and starts again to take normal [[Food]]; thereupon the [[Pañcavaggiyas]], disappointed, leave him and go to [[Isipatana]].
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J.i.66f. The [[Therīgāthā]] Commentary (p.2) mentions another [[teacher]] of [[Gotama]], named [[Bhaggava]], whom [[Gotama]] visited before [[Ālāra]]. Lal. (330 [264]) contains a very elaborate account of [[Gotama's]] visits to [[teachers]]; he goes first to two [[brahmin]] women, Sākī and [[Padmā]], then to [[Raivata]] and Rajaka, son of [[Trimandika]], and finally (as far as this [[chapter]] is concerned) to [[Ālāra]] at [[Vaisāli]].  
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A poem containing an account of the meeting of [[Gotama]] with [[Bimbisāra]] is inserted into this account. The next [[chapter]] tells of [[Uddaka]]. An account of [[Gotama's]] visits to [[teachers]] and of the details of his austerities is also given in the [[Mahā Saccaka Sutta]], already referred to (M.i.240ff); the [[Mahā Sīhanāda Sutta]] (M.i.77ff) contains a long and detailed account of his extreme asceticisms. See also M.i.163ff; ii.93f.
 
[[File:5740449 n.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:5740449 n.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
[[Gotama's]] [[desire]] for normal [[Food]] is satisfied by an [[offering]] brought by [[Sujātā]] to the Ajapāla banyan [[tree]] under which he is seated. She had made a [[vow]] to the [[tree]], and her wish having been granted, she takes her slave-girl, Punnā, and goes to the [[tree]] prepared to fulfil her promise. They take [[Gotama]] to be the [[Tree]]-[[God]], come in [[person]] to accept her [[offering]] of [[milk-rice]]; the [[offering]] is made in a golden [[bowl]] and he takes it joyfully. Five [[Dreams]] he had the night before convince [[Gotama]] that he will that day become The [[Buddha]]. (The [[Dreams]] are, recounted in A.iii.240 and in Mtu.ii.136f). It is the [[full-moon day]] of [[Visākha]]; he bathes at Suppatittha in the [[Nerañjarā]], eats the [[Food]] and launches the [[bowl]] up {{Wiki|stream}}, where it sinks to the [[abode]] of the [[Nāga]] [[king]], [[Kāla]] ([[Mahākāla]]).
 
  
[[Gotama]] spends the rest of the day in a sāla-grove and, in the evening, goes to the foot of the [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]], accompanied by various [[divinities]]; there the grass-cutter [[Sotthiya]] gives him eight handfuls of grass; these, after [[Investigation]], [[Gotama]] spreads on the eastern side of the [[tree]], where it becomes a seat fourteen hands long, on which he sits cross-legged, determined not to rise before [[attaining]] [[Enlightenment]].
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[[Gotama's]] [[desire]] for normal [[Food]] is satisfied by an [[offering]] brought by [[Sujātā]] to the [[Ajapāla banyan tree]] under which he is seated. She had made a [[vow]] to the [[tree]], and her wish having been granted, she takes her slave-girl, [[Punnā]], and goes to the [[tree]] prepared to fulfil her promise.
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They take [[Gotama]] to be the [[Tree]]-[[God]], come in [[person]] to accept her [[offering]] of [[milk-rice]]; the [[offering]] is made in a golden [[bowl]] and he takes it joyfully.
 +
 
 +
Five [[Dreams]] he had the night before convince [[Gotama]] that he will that day become The [[Buddha]]. (The [[Dreams]] are, recounted in A.iii.240 and in Mtu.ii.136f). It is the [[full-moon day]] of [[Visākha]]; he bathes at [[Suppatittha]] in the [[Nerañjarā]], eats the [[Food]] and launches the [[bowl]] up {{Wiki|stream}}, where it sinks to the [[abode]] of the [[Nāga]] [[king]], [[Kāla]] ([[Mahākāla]]).
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[[Gotama]] spends the rest of the day in a [[sāla-grove]] and, in the evening, goes to the foot of the [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]], accompanied by various [[divinities]]; there the grass-cutter [[Sotthiya]] gives him eight handfuls of grass; these, after [[Investigation]], [[Gotama]] spreads on the eastern side of the [[tree]], where it becomes a seat fourteen hands long, on which he sits cross-legged, determined not to rise before [[attaining]] [[Enlightenment]].
  
J.i.69. The [[Pitakas]] [[know]] [[nothing]] of Sujātā's [[offering]] or of Sotthiya's [[gift]]. Lal. (334-7 [267-70]) mentions ten girls in all who provide him with [[Food]] during his austerities. Divy (392) mentions two, [[Nandā]] and Nandabalā.
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J.i.69. The [[Pitakas]] [[know]] [[nothing]] of Sujātā's [[offering]] or of [[Sotthiya's]] [[gift]]. Lal. (334-7 [267-70]) mentions ten girls in all who provide him with [[Food]] during his austerities. Divy (392) mentions two, [[Nandā]] and [[Nandabalā]].
  
[[Māra]], [[Lord]] of the [[world]] of [[passion]], is determined to prevent this [[fulfilment]], and attacks [[Gotama]] with all the strength at his command. His {{Wiki|army}} extends twelve leagues to the front, right, and left of him, to the end of the [[Cakkavāla]] behind him, and nine leagues into the sky above him. [[Māra]] himself carries numerous [[weapons]] and rides the [[elephant]] Girimekhala, one hundred and fifty leagues in height. At the [[sight]] of him all the [[divinities]] [[gathered]] at the [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]] to do honour to [[Gotama]] - the great [[Brahmā]], [[Sakka]], the [[Nāga]]-[[king]] [[Mahākāla]] - disappear in a flash, and [[Gotama]] is left alone with the ten [[pāramī]], long practised by him, as his sole [[protection]]. All [[Māra's]] attempts to frighten him by means of storms and {{Wiki|terrifying}} apparitions fail, and, in the end, [[Māra]] hurls at him the Cakkāvudha. It remains as a {{Wiki|canopy}} poised over [[Gotama]]. The very [[earth]] bears {{Wiki|witness}} to [[Gotama's]] fitness to be the [[Enlightened One]], and Girimekhala kneels before him. [[Māra]] is vanquished and flees headlong with his vast {{Wiki|army}}. The various [[divinities]] who had fled at the approach of [[Māra]] now return to [[Gotama]] and exult in his {{Wiki|triumph}}.
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[[Māra]], [[Lord]] of the [[world]] of [[passion]], is determined to prevent this [[fulfilment]], and attacks [[Gotama]] with all the strength at his command. His {{Wiki|army}} extends twelve leagues to the front, right, and left of him, to the end of the [[Cakkavāla]] behind him, and nine leagues into the sky above him. [[Māra]] himself carries numerous [[weapons]] and rides the [[elephant]] [[Girimekhala]], one hundred and fifty leagues in height. At the [[sight]] of him all the [[divinities]] [[gathered]] at the [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]] to do [[honor]] to [[Gotama]] - the great [[Brahmā]], [[Sakka]], the [[Nāga]]-[[king]] [[Mahākāla]] - disappear in a flash, and [[Gotama]] is left alone with the ten [[pāramī]], long practised by him, as his sole [[protection]]. All [[Māra's]] attempts to frighten him by means of storms and {{Wiki|terrifying}} apparitions fail, and, in the end, [[Māra]] hurls at him the [[Cakkāvudha]]. It remains as a {{Wiki|canopy}} poised over [[Gotama]]. The very [[earth]] bears {{Wiki|witness}} to [[Gotama's]] fitness to be the [[Enlightened One]], and [[Girimekhala]] kneels before him. [[Māra]] is vanquished and flees headlong with his vast {{Wiki|army}}. The various [[divinities]] who had fled at the approach of [[Māra]] now return to [[Gotama]] and exult in his {{Wiki|triumph}}.
  
The whole story of the contest with [[Māra]] is, obviously, a [[mythological]] [[development]]. It is significant that in the [[Majjhima]] passages referred to earlier there is no mention of [[Māra]], of a {{Wiki|temptation}}, or even of a [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]]; but see D.ii.4 and Thomas (op. cit., n.1). According to the Kālingabodhi [[Jātaka]], which, very probably, [[embodies]] an old [[tradition]], the [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]] was worshipped even in The [[Buddha]]'s [[Life]]-[[time]]. The [[Māra]] legend is, however, to be found in the {{Wiki|Canonical}} [[Padhāna]] [[Sutta]] of the [[Sutta]] [[Nipāta]]. This perhaps contains the first suggestion of the legend. For a [[discussion]] see [[Māra]].
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The whole story of the contest with [[Māra]] is, obviously, a [[mythological]] [[development]]. It is significant that in the [[Majjhima]] passages referred to earlier there is no mention of [[Māra]], of a {{Wiki|temptation}}, or even of a [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]]; but see D.ii.4 and Thomas (op. cit., n.1).  
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According to the [[Kālingabodhi Jātaka]], which, very probably, [[embodies]] an old [[tradition]], the [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]] was [[worshipped]] even in The [[Buddha's Life-time]].  
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The [[Māra]] legend is, however, to be found in the {{Wiki|Canonical}} [[Padhāna Sutta]] of the [[Sutta Nipāta]]. This perhaps contains the first suggestion of the legend. For a [[discussion]] see [[Māra]].
 
[[File:39.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:39.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
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[[Gotama]] spends that night in deep [[Meditation]]. In the first watch he gains [[remembrance]] of his former [[existences]]; in the middle watch he attains the [[divine eye]] ([[dibbacakkhu]]); in the last watch he revolves in his [[mind]] the [[Chain of Causation]] ([[Paticcasamuppāda]]). As he [[masters]] this, the [[earth]] trembles and, with the dawn, comes [[Enlightenment]]. He is now the supreme [[Buddha]], and he breaks forth into a paean of [[Joy]] ([[udāna]]).
 
[[Gotama]] spends that night in deep [[Meditation]]. In the first watch he gains [[remembrance]] of his former [[existences]]; in the middle watch he attains the [[divine eye]] ([[dibbacakkhu]]); in the last watch he revolves in his [[mind]] the [[Chain of Causation]] ([[Paticcasamuppāda]]). As he [[masters]] this, the [[earth]] trembles and, with the dawn, comes [[Enlightenment]]. He is now the supreme [[Buddha]], and he breaks forth into a paean of [[Joy]] ([[udāna]]).
  
There is great [[Doubt]] as to which were these [[Udāna]] verses. The [[Nidānakathā]] and the Commentaries generally quote two verses (153, 154) included in the [[Dhammapada]] collection (anekajāti samsāram, etc.). The [[Vinaya]] (i.2) quotes three different verses (as does also DhsA.17), and says that one verse was repeated at the end of each watch, all the watches [[being]] occupied with [[Meditation]] on the [[Paticcasamuppāda]]. Mtu. (ii.286) gives a completely different [[Udāna]], and in another place (ii.416) mentions a different verse as the first [[Udāna]]. The [[Tibetan]] [[Vinaya]] is, again, quite different (Rockhill, p.33). For a [[discussion]] see Thomas, op. cit., 75ff.
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There is great [[Doubt]] as to which were these [[Udāna]] verses. The [[Nidānakathā]] and the Commentaries generally quote two verses (153, 154) included in the [[Dhammapada]] collection ([[anekajāti samsāram]], etc.). The [[Vinaya]] (i.2) quotes three different verses (as does also DhsA.17), and says that one verse was repeated at the end of each watch, all the watches [[being]] occupied with [[Meditation]] on the [[Paticcasamuppāda]]. Mtu. (ii.286) gives a completely different [[Udāna]], and in another place (ii.416) mentions a different verse as the first [[Udāna]]. The [[Tibetan]] [[Vinaya]] is, again, quite different (Rockhill, p.33). For a [[discussion]] see Thomas, op. cit., 75ff.
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For the first [[week]] The [[Buddha]] remains under the [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]], [[meditating]] on the [[Paticcasamuppāda]]; the second [[week]] he spends at the [[Ajapālanigrodha]], where the "Huhuhka" [[Brahmin]] accosts him ([[Mara]] now comes again and asks The [[Buddha]] to [[die]] at once; D.ii.112) and where [[Mara]]'s daughters, [[Tanhā]], [[Aratī]] and [[Rāgā]], appear before The [[Buddha]] and make a last attempt to shake his resolution (J.i.78; S.i.124; Lal.490 (378)); the third [[week]] he spends under the hood of the [[Nāga-king]] [[Mucalinda]] (Vin.i.3); the fourth [[week]] is spent in [[Meditation]] under the [[Rājāyatana tree]]*; at the end of this period takes place the [[Conversion]] of [[Tapussa]] and [[Bhallika]]. They take [[Refuge]] in The [[Buddha]] and the [[Dhamma]], though The [[Buddha]] does not give them any instruction.
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*This is the [[Vinaya]] account (Vin.i.1ff); but the [[Jātaka]] (i.77ff, extends this period to seven weeks, the additional weeks [[being]] inserted between the first and second. The [[Buddha]] spends one [[week]] each at the [[Animisa-cetiya]], the [[Ratanacankama]] and the [[Ratanaghara]], and this last is where he [[thinks]] out The [[Abhidhamma Pitaka]].
  
For the first week The [[Buddha]] remains under the [[Bodhi]]-[[tree]], [[meditating]] on the [[Paticcasamuppāda]]; the second week he spends at the [[Ajapālanigrodha]], where the "Huhuhka" [[Brahmin]] accosts him ([[Mara]] now comes again and asks The [[Buddha]] to [[die]] at once; D.ii.112) and where [[Mara]]'s daughters, [[Tanhā]], [[Aratī]] and Rāgā, appear before The [[Buddha]] and make a last attempt to shake his resolution (J.i.78; S.i.124; Lal.490 (378)); the third week he spends under the hood of the [[Nāga]]-[[king]] [[Mucalinda]] (Vin.i.3); the fourth week is spent in [[Meditation]] under the Rājāyatana [[tree]]*; at the end of this period takes place the [[Conversion]] of [[Tapussa]] and [[Bhallika]]. They take [[Refuge]] in The [[Buddha]] and the [[Dhamma]], though The [[Buddha]] does not give them any instruction.
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[[Doubts]] now assail The [[Buddha]] as to whether he shall proclaim to the [[world]] his [[Doctrine]], so recondite, so hard to understand. The [[Brahma Sahampati]] (according to J.i.81, with the [[gods]] of the thousand [[worlds]], including [[Sakka]], [[Suyāma]], [[Santusita]], [[Sunimmita]], [[Vasavatti]], etc.) appears before him and assures him there are many prepared to listen to him and to profit by his [[teaching]], and so entreats him to teach the [[Dhamma]].  
  
*This is the [[Vinaya]] account (Vin.i.1ff); but the [[Jātaka]] (i.77ff, extends this period to seven weeks, the additional weeks [[being]] inserted between the first and second. The [[Buddha]] spends one week each at the Animisa-cetiya, the Ratanacankama and the [[Ratanaghara]], and this last is where he [[thinks]] out The [[Abhidhamma Pitaka]].
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The [[Buddha]] accedes to his request and, after [[consideration]], decides to teach the [[Dhamma]] first to the [[Pañcavaggiyas]] at [[Isipatana]]. On the way to [[Benares]] he meets the [[ājīvaka]] [[Upaka]] and tells him that he (The [[Buddha]]) is [[Jina]].  
  
[[Doubts]] now assail The [[Buddha]] as to whether he shall proclaim to the [[world]] his [[Doctrine]], so recondite, so hard to understand. The [[Brahma Sahampati]] (according to J.i.81, with the [[gods]] of the thousand [[worlds]], including [[Sakka]], [[Suyāma]], [[Santusita]], [[Sunimmita]], [[Vasavatti]], etc.) appears before him and assures him there are many prepared to listen to him and to profit by his [[teaching]], and so entreats him to teach the [[Dhamma]]. The [[Buddha]] accedes to his request and, after [[consideration]], decides to teach the [[Dhamma]] first to the [[Pañcavaggiyas]] at [[Isipatana]]. On the way to [[Benares]] he meets the [[ājīvaka]] [[Upaka]] and tells him that he (The [[Buddha]]) is [[Jina]]. On his arrival at [[Isipatana]] the [[Pañcavaggiyas]] are, at first, reluctant to [[acknowledge]] his claim to be the [[Tathāgata]], but they let themselves be won over and, on the [[full-moon day]] of [[āsālha]], The [[Buddha]] preaches to them the {{Wiki|sermon}} which came to be known as the [[Dhammacakkappavattana]] [[Sutta]]. (Vin.i.4ff; M.i.118ff; cp. D.ii.36ff. Regarding the claim of this [[Sutta]] to be The [[Buddha]]'s [[first sermon]], see Thomas, op. cit., p.86; see also [[Pañcavaggiyā]]). At the end of the {{Wiki|sermon}} [[Kondañña]] becomes a [[Sotāpanna]] and they all become [[monks]].
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On his arrival at [[Isipatana]] the [[Pañcavaggiyas]] are, at first, reluctant to [[acknowledge]] his claim to be the [[Tathāgata]], but they let themselves be won over and, on the [[full-moon day]] of [[āsālha]],  
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The [[Buddha]] preaches to them the {{Wiki|sermon}} which came to be known as the [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]. (Vin.i.4ff; M.i.118ff; cp. D.ii.36ff. Regarding the claim of this [[Sutta]] to be The [[Buddha]]'s [[first sermon]], see Thomas, op. cit., p.86; see also [[Pañcavaggiyā]]). At the end of the {{Wiki|sermon}} [[Kondañña]] becomes a [[Sotāpanna]] and they all become [[monks]].
 
[[File:41.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:41.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
This {{Wiki|sermon}} is followed five days later by the Anattalakkhana [[Sutta]], at the conclusion of which all five become [[Arahants]]. The following day The [[Buddha]] meets [[Yasa]], whom he converts. [[Yasa's]] father, who comes seeking him, is the first to take the threefold [[formula]] of [[Refuge]].
 
  
[[Yasa]] becomes an [[Arahant]] and is [[ordained]]. The [[Buddha]] accepts a meal at his house, and [[Yasa's]] mother and one of his former wives are the first two lay-women to become The [[Buddha]]'s [[disciples]]. Then four friends of [[Yasa]] and, afterwards, fifty more, enter the [[Order]] and become [[Arahants]]. There are now sixty [[Arahants]] besides The [[Buddha]], and they are sent in different [[directions]] to {{Wiki|preach}} the [[Dhamma]]. They return with many candidates for admission to the [[Order]], and The [[Buddha]], who up till now had [[ordained]] men with the "ehi [[Bhikkhu]]" [[formula]], now allows the [[monks]] themselves to perform the {{Wiki|ceremony}} of [[ordination]] (Vin.i.15ff; J.i.81f).
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This {{Wiki|sermon}} is followed five days later by the [[Anattalakkhana Sutta]], at the conclusion of which all five become [[Arahants]]. The following day The [[Buddha]] meets [[Yasa]], whom he converts. [[Yasa's]] father, who comes seeking him, is the first to take the threefold [[formula]] of [[Refuge]].
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[[Yasa]] becomes an [[Arahant]] and is [[ordained]]. The [[Buddha]] accepts a meal at his house, and [[Yasa's]] mother and one of his former wives are the first two lay-women to become The [[Buddha's disciples]]. Then four friends of [[Yasa]] and, afterwards, fifty more, enter the [[Order]] and become [[Arahants]].  
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There are now sixty [[Arahants]] besides The [[Buddha]], and they are sent in different [[directions]] to {{Wiki|preach}} the [[Dhamma]]. They return with many candidates for admission to the [[Order]], and The [[Buddha]], who up till now had [[ordained]] men with the "ehi [[Bhikkhu]]" [[formula]], now allows the [[monks]] themselves to perform the {{Wiki|ceremony}} of [[ordination]] (Vin.i.15ff; J.i.81f).
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After spending the [[rainy season]] at [[Benares]] (about this [[time]] [[Māra]] twice tries to tempt The [[Buddha]], once after he had sent the [[disciples]] out to {{Wiki|preach}} and once after the [[Retreat]], S.i.105, 111; Vin.i.21, 22), The [[Buddha]] returns to [[Senānigāma]] in [[Uruvela]], on the way converting and ordaining the thirty [[Bhaddavaggiyā]].
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At [[Uruvela]], after a long and protracted exercise of [[magical]] [[powers]], consisting in all of three thousand five hundred [[miracles]], The [[Buddha]] wins over the three [[Kassapa]] brothers, the [[Tebhātika Jatilā]], with their thousand followers, and ordains them.  
  
After spending the [[rainy season]] at [[Benares]] (about this [[time]] [[Māra]] twice tries to tempt The [[Buddha]], once after he had sent the [[disciples]] out to {{Wiki|preach}} and once after the [[Retreat]], S.i.105, 111; Vin.i.21, 22), The [[Buddha]] returns to Senānigāma in [[Uruvela]], on the way converting and ordaining the thirty Bhaddavaggiyā. At [[Uruvela]], after a long and protracted exercise of [[magical]] [[powers]], consisting in all of three thousand five hundred [[miracles]], The [[Buddha]] wins over the three [[Kassapa]] brothers, the Tebhātika Jatilā, with their thousand followers, and ordains them. They become [[Arahants]] after listening to the ādittapariyāya [[Sutta]] [[preached]] at [[Gayāsīsa]]; with these followers he visits [[Rājagaha]], where [[King]] Seniya [[Bimbisāra]] comes to see him at the [[Latthivanuyyāna]]. The following day The [[Buddha]] and the [[monks]] visit the palace, preceded by [[Sakka]] disguised as a youth and singing the praises of The [[Buddha]]. After the meal, the [[king]] gifts [[Veluvana]] to The [[Buddha]] and the [[Order]]. The [[Buddha]] stays for two months at [[Rājagaha]] (BuA.4), and it is during this [[time]] that [[Sāriputta]] and [[Moggallāna]] join the [[Order]], through the instrumentality of [[Assaji]] (Vin.i.23ff). It was probably during this year, at the beginning of the [[rainy season]], that The [[Buddha]] visited [[Vesāli]] at the request of the [[Licchavis]], conveyed through Mahāli. The city was [[Suffering]] from pestilence and famine. The [[Buddha]] went, [[preached]] the [[Ratana]] [[Sutta]] and dispelled all dangers (DhA.iii.436ff).
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They become [[Arahants]] after listening to the [[ādittapariyāya Sutta]] [[preached]] at [[Gayāsīsa]]; with these followers he visits [[Rājagaha]], where [[King]] [[Seniya Bimbisāra]] comes to see him at the [[Latthivanuyyāna]].  
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 +
The following day The [[Buddha]] and the [[monks]] visit the palace, preceded by [[Sakka]] disguised as a youth and singing the praises of The [[Buddha]]. After the meal, the [[king]] gifts [[Veluvana]] to The [[Buddha]] and the [[Order]]. The [[Buddha]] stays for two months at [[Rājagaha]] (BuA.4), and it is during this [[time]] that [[Sāriputta]] and [[Moggallāna]] join the [[Order]], through the instrumentality of [[Assaji]] (Vin.i.23ff).  
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 +
It was probably during this year, at the beginning of the [[rainy season]], that The [[Buddha]] visited [[Vesāli]] at the request of the [[Licchavis]], conveyed through [[Mahāli]]. The city was [[Suffering]] from pestilence and famine. The [[Buddha]] went, [[preached]] the [[Ratana Sutta]] and dispelled all dangers (DhA.iii.436ff).
  
 
The number of converts now rapidly increases and the [[people]] of [[Magadha]], alarmed by the prospect of childlessness, widow-hood, etc., blame The [[Buddha]] and his [[monks]]. The [[Buddha]], however, refutes their charges (Vin.i.42f).
 
The number of converts now rapidly increases and the [[people]] of [[Magadha]], alarmed by the prospect of childlessness, widow-hood, etc., blame The [[Buddha]] and his [[monks]]. The [[Buddha]], however, refutes their charges (Vin.i.42f).
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The account of the first twenty years of The [[Buddha]]'s ministry is summarised from various sources, chiefly from Thomas's admirable account in his [[Life]] and Legend of The [[Buddha]] (pp.97ff). The necessary references are to be found under the names mentioned.
 
The account of the first twenty years of The [[Buddha]]'s ministry is summarised from various sources, chiefly from Thomas's admirable account in his [[Life]] and Legend of The [[Buddha]] (pp.97ff). The necessary references are to be found under the names mentioned.
 
[[File:3mage005.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:3mage005.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
On the [[full-moon day]] of Phagguna (February-March) The [[Buddha]], accompanied by twenty thousand [[monks]], sets out for [[Kapilavatthu]] at the express request of his father, conveyed through [[Kāludāyī]]. (This visit is not mentioned in the [[Canon]]; but see Thag.527-36; AA.i.107, 167; J.i.87; DhA.i.96f; ThagA.i.997ff).
 
  
By slow stages he arrives at the city, where he stays at the [[Nigrodhārāma]], and, in [[order]] to convince his proud kinsmen of his [[Power]], performs the Yamakapātihārjya and then relates the [[Vessantara]] [[Jātaka]]. The next day, receiving no invitation to a meal, The [[Buddha]] begs in the streets of the city; this deeply grieves [[Suddhodana]], but later, {{Wiki|learning}} that it is the {{Wiki|custom}} of all [[Buddhas]], he becomes a [[Sotāpanna]] and conducts The [[Buddha]] and his [[monks]] to meal at the palace. There all the women of the palace, excepting only [[Rāhulamātā]], come and do reverence to The [[Buddha]]. [[Mahā Pajāpatī]] becomes a [[Sotāpanna]] and [[Suddhodana]] a [[sakadāgāmi]]. The [[Buddha]] visits [[Rāhulamātā]] in her own apartments and utters her praises in the Candakinnara [[Jātaka]]. The following day The [[Buddha]] persuades his half-brother, [[Nanda]], to come to the [[monastery]], where he ordains him and, on the seventh day, he does the same with [[Rāhula]]. This is too great a blow for [[Suddhodana]], and at his request The [[Buddha]] rules that no [[person]] shall be [[ordained]] without the consent of his [[parents]]. The next day The [[Buddha]] preaches to [[Suddhodana]], who becomes an [[anāgāmī]]. During The [[Buddha]]'s visit to [[Kapilavatthu]], eighty thousand [[Sākyans]] join the [[Order]], one from each family. With these he returns to [[Rājagaha]], stopping on the way at [[Anupiya]], where [[Anuruddha]], [[Bhaddiya]], [[Ananda]], [[Bhagu]], [[Kimbila]] and [[Devadatta]], together with their barber, [[Upāli]], visit him and seek [[ordination]].
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On the [[full-moon day]] of [[Phagguna]] (February-March) The [[Buddha]], accompanied by twenty thousand [[monks]], sets out for [[Kapilavatthu]] at the express request of his father, conveyed through [[Kāludāyī]]. (This visit is not mentioned in the [[Canon]]; but see Thag.527-36; AA.i.107, 167; J.i.87; DhA.i.96f; ThagA.i.997ff).
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By slow stages he arrives at the city, where he stays at the [[Nigrodhārāma]], and, in [[order]] to convince his proud kinsmen of his [[Power]], performs the [[Yamakapātihārjya]] and then relates the [[Vessantara]] [[Jātaka]]. The next day, receiving no invitation to a meal, The [[Buddha]] begs in the streets of the city; this deeply grieves [[Suddhodana]], but later, {{Wiki|learning}} that it is the {{Wiki|custom}} of all [[Buddhas]], he becomes a [[Sotāpanna]] and conducts The [[Buddha]] and his [[monks]] to meal at the palace. There all the women of the palace, excepting only [[Rāhulamātā]], come and do reverence to The [[Buddha]]. [[Mahā Pajāpatī]] becomes a [[Sotāpanna]] and [[Suddhodana]] a [[sakadāgāmi]].  
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The [[Buddha]] visits [[Rāhulamātā]] in her [[own]] apartments and utters her praises in the [[Candakinnara Jātaka]]. The following day The [[Buddha]] persuades his half-brother, [[Nanda]], to come to the [[monastery]], where he ordains him and, on the seventh day, he does the same with [[Rāhula]]. This is too great a blow for [[Suddhodana]], and at his request The [[Buddha]] {{Wiki|rules}} that no [[person]] shall be [[ordained]] without the consent of his [[parents]]. The next day The [[Buddha]] preaches to [[Suddhodana]], who becomes an [[anāgāmī]]. During The [[Buddha]]'s visit to [[Kapilavatthu]], eighty thousand [[Sākyans]] join the [[Order]], one from each [[family]]. With these he returns to [[Rājagaha]], stopping on the way at [[Anupiya]], where [[Anuruddha]], [[Bhaddiya]], [[Ananda]], [[Bhagu]], [[Kimbila]] and [[Devadatta]], together with their barber, [[Upāli]], visit him and seek [[ordination]].
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On his return to [[Rājagaha]] The [[Buddha]] resides in the [[Sītavana]]. (J.i.92, the story is also told in the [[Vinaya]] ii.154, but no date is indicated). There [[Sudatta]], later known as [[Anāthapindika]], visits him, is converted, and invites him to [[Sāvatthi]]. The [[Buddha]] accepts the invitation and journeys through [[Vesāli]] to [[Sāvatthi]], there to pass the [[rainy season]]. (Vin.ii.158; but see BuA.3, where The [[Buddha]] is mentioned as having spent the [[vassa]] in [[Rājagaha]]).  
  
On his return to [[Rājagaha]] The [[Buddha]] resides in the Sītavana. (J.i.92, the story is also told in the [[Vinaya]] ii.154, but no date is indicated). There [[Sudatta]], later known as [[Anāthapindika]], visits him, is converted, and invites him to [[Sāvatthi]]. The [[Buddha]] accepts the invitation and journeys through [[Vesāli]] to [[Sāvatthi]], there to pass the [[rainy season]]. (Vin.ii.158; but see BuA.3, where The [[Buddha]] is mentioned as having spent the [[vassa]] in [[Rājagaha]]). [[Anāthapindika]] gifts [[Jetavana]], provided with every necessity, for the residence of The [[Buddha]] and his [[monks]]. Probably to this period belongs the [[Conversion]] of Migāra, father-in-law of [[Visākhā]], and the construction, by [[Visākhā]], of the Pubbārāma at [[Sāvatthi]]. The [[vassa]] of the fourth year The [[Buddha]] spends at [[Veluvana]], where he converts [[Uggasena]]. (DhA.iv.59f). In the fifth year [[Suddhodana]] [[dies]], having realised [[Arahant]]-ship, and The [[Buddha]] flies through the [[air]], from the [[Kūtāgārasālā]] in [[Vesāli]] where he was staying, to {{Wiki|preach}} to his father on his [[Death]]-bed. According to one account it is at this [[time]] that the quarrel breaks out between the [[Sākyans]] and the [[Koliyans]] regarding the irrigation of the [[river]] [[Rohinī]]. (AA.i.186; SNA.i.357; ThigA.141; details of the quarrel are given in J.v.412ff). The [[Buddha]] persuades them to make [[peace]], and takes up his [[abode]] in the [[Nigrodhārāma]]. [[Mahā Pajāpatī Gotamī]], with other [[Sākiyan]] women, visits him there and asks that women may be allowed to join the [[Order]]. Three times the request is made, three times refused, The [[Buddha]] then returning to [[Vesāli]]. The women cut off their [[Hair]], don yellow [[robes]] and follow him thither. [[Ananda]] intercedes on their behalf and their request is granted. (Vin.ii.253ff; A.iv.274f.; for details see [[Mahā]] [[Pajāpati]]).
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[[Anāthapindika]] gifts [[Jetavana]], provided with every necessity, for the residence of The [[Buddha]] and his [[monks]]. Probably to this period belongs the [[Conversion]] of [[Migāra]], father-in-law of [[Visākhā]], and the construction, by [[Visākhā]], of the [[Pubbārāma]] at [[Sāvatthi]].  
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The [[vassa]] of the fourth year The [[Buddha]] spends at [[Veluvana]], where he converts [[Uggasena]]. (DhA.iv.59f). In the fifth year [[Suddhodana]] [[dies]], having realised [[Arahant]]-ship, and The [[Buddha]] flies through the [[air]], from the [[Kūtāgārasālā]] in [[Vesāli]] where he was staying, to {{Wiki|preach}} to his father on his [[Death]]-bed. According to one account it is at this [[time]] that the quarrel breaks out between the [[Sākyans]] and the [[Koliyans]] regarding the irrigation of the [[river]] [[Rohinī]].  
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(AA.i.186; SNA.i.357; ThigA.141; details of the quarrel are given in J.v.412ff). The [[Buddha]] persuades them to make [[peace]], and takes up his [[abode]] in the [[Nigrodhārāma]]. [[Mahā Pajāpatī Gotamī]], with other [[Sākiyan]] women, visits him there and asks that women may be allowed to join the [[Order]]. Three times the request is made, three times refused, The [[Buddha]] then returning to [[Vesāli]].  
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The women cut off their [[Hair]], don [[yellow]] [[robes]] and follow him thither. [[Ananda]] intercedes on their behalf and their request is granted. (Vin.ii.253ff; A.iv.274f.; for details see [[Mahā]] [[Pajāpati]]).
 
[[File:10.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:10.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
In the sixth year The [[Buddha]] again performs the [[Yamakapātihāriya]], this [[time]] at the foot of the [[Gandamba]] [[tree]] in [[Sāvatthi]]. Prior to this, The [[Buddha]] had forbidden any display of [[magic]] [[powers]], but makes an exception in his own case (DhA.iii.199f.; J.iv.265, etc.).
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In the sixth year The [[Buddha]] again performs the [[Yamakapātihāriya]], this [[time]] at the foot of the [[Gandamba]] [[tree]] in [[Sāvatthi]]. Prior to this, The [[Buddha]] had forbidden any display of [[magic]] [[powers]], but makes an exception in his [[own]] case (DhA.iii.199f.; J.iv.265, etc.).
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He spends the [[vassa]] at Mankulapabbata. After the performance of the [[miracle]] he follows the {{Wiki|custom}} of all [[Buddhas]] and ascends to [[Tāvatimsa]] in three strides to {{Wiki|preach}} the [[Abhidhamma]] to his mother who is born there as a [[Deva]], and there he keeps the seventh [[vassa]]. The multitude, [[gathered]] at [[Sāvatthi]] at the [[Yamakapātihāriya]], refuse to go away until they have seen him. For three months, therefore, [[Moggallāna]] expounds to them the [[Dhamma]], while [[Culla]] [[Anāthapindika]] provides them with [[Food]]. During the preaching of the [[Abhidhamma]], [[Sāriputta]] visits The [[Buddha]] daily and learns from him all that has been recited the previous day. At the end of the [[vassa]], The [[Buddha]] descends a jewelled staircase and comes to [[earth]] at [[Sankassa]], thirty leagues from [[Sāvatthi]]. (For details see Devorohana). It was about this [[time]], when The [[Buddha]]'s [[Fame]] was at its height, that the notorious Ciñcā-mānavikā was persuaded by members of some {{Wiki|hostile}} [[sect]] to bring a vile accusation against The [[Buddha]]. A similar story, told in connection with a paribbājikā named [[Sundarī]], probably refers to a later date.
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He spends the [[vassa]] at [[Mankulapabbata]]. After the performance of the [[miracle]] he follows the {{Wiki|custom}} of all [[Buddhas]] and ascends to [[Tāvatimsa]] in three strides to {{Wiki|preach}} the [[Abhidhamma]] to his mother who is born there as a [[Deva]], and there he keeps the seventh [[vassa]]. The multitude, [[gathered]] at [[Sāvatthi]] at the [[Yamakapātihāriya]], refuse to go away until they have seen him.  
  
The eighth year The [[Buddha]] spends in the country of the Bhaggas and there, while residing in Bhesakalāvana near Sumsumāragiri, he meets [[Nakulapitā]] and his wife, who had been his [[parents]] in five hundred former [[births]] (A.A.i.217).
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For three months, therefore, [[Moggallāna]] expounds to them the [[Dhamma]], while [[Culla]] [[Anāthapindika]] provides them with [[Food]].  
  
The same is told of another old couple in [[Sāketa]]. See the [[Sāketa]] [[Jātaka]]. The [[Buddha]] evidently stayed again at Sumsumāragiri many years later. It was during his second visit that Bodhirājakumāra (q.v.) invited him to a meal at his new palace in [[order]] that The [[Buddha]] might [[consecrate]] the building by his presence.
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During the preaching of the [[Abhidhamma]], [[Sāriputta]] visits The [[Buddha]] daily and learns from him all that has been recited the previous day. At the end of the [[vassa]], The [[Buddha]] descends a jewelled staircase and comes to [[earth]] at [[Sankassa]], thirty leagues from [[Sāvatthi]]. (For details see [[Devorohana]]).  
  
In the ninth year The [[Buddha]] is at [[Kosambī]]. While on a visit to the [[Kuru]] country he is [[offered]] in [[marriage]] Māgandiyā, the [[beautiful]] daughter of the [[brahmin]] Māgandiyā. The refusal of the offer, accompanied by insulting remarks about [[physical]] [[Beauty]], arouses the [[enmity]] of Māgandiyā who, thenceforward, cherishes [[hatred]] against The [[Buddha]].
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It was about this [[time]], when The [[Buddha]]'s [[Fame]] was at its height, that the notorious Ciñcā-mānavikā was persuaded by members of some {{Wiki|hostile}} [[sect]] to bring a vile accusation against The [[Buddha]]. A similar story, told in connection with a [[paribbājikā]] named [[Sundarī]], probably refers to a later date.
  
SN., pp.163ff; SNA.ii.542ff; DhA.i.199ff Thomas (op. cit., 109) assigns the Māgandiyā incident to the ninth year. I am not sure if this is correct, for the Commentaries say The [[Buddha]] was then living at [[Sāvatthi]].
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The eighth year The [[Buddha]] spends in the country of the [[Bhaggas]] and there, while residing in [[Bhesakalāvana]] near [[Sumsumāragiri]], he meets [[Nakulapitā]] and his wife, who had been his [[parents]] in five hundred former [[births]] (A.A.i.217).
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The same is told of another old couple in [[Sāketa]]. See the [[Sāketa]] [[Jātaka]]. The [[Buddha]] evidently stayed again at [[Sumsumāragiri]] many years later. It was during his second visit that [[Bodhirājakumāra]] (q.v.) invited him to a meal at his new palace in [[order]] that The [[Buddha]] might [[consecrate]] the building by his presence.
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In the ninth year The [[Buddha]] is at [[Kosambī]]. While on a visit to the [[Kuru]] country he is [[offered]] in [[marriage]] [[Māgandiyā]], the [[beautiful]] daughter of the [[brahmin]] [[Māgandiyā]]. The refusal of the offer, accompanied by insulting remarks about [[physical]] [[Beauty]], arouses the [[enmity]] of [[Māgandiyā]] who, thenceforward, cherishes [[hatred]] against The [[Buddha]].
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SN., pp.163ff; SNA.ii.542ff; DhA.i.199ff Thomas (op. cit., 109) assigns the [[Māgandiyā]] incident to the ninth year. I am not sure if this is correct, for the Commentaries say The [[Buddha]] was then living at [[Sāvatthi]].
 
[[File:145-io.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:145-io.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
In the tenth year there arises among the [[monks]] at [[Kosambī]] a {{Wiki|schism}} which threatens the very [[existence]] of the [[Order]]. The [[Buddha]], failing in his attempts to reconcile the disputants, retires in {{Wiki|disgust}} to the Pārileyyaka {{Wiki|forest}}, passing on his way through Bālakalonakāragāma and [[Pācīnavamsadāya]]. In the {{Wiki|forest}} he is protected and waited upon by a friendly [[elephant]] who has left the herd. The [[Buddha]] spends the [[rainy season]] there and returns to [[Sāvatthi]]. By this [[time]] the [[Kosambī]] [[monks]] have recovered their [[senses]] and ask The [[Buddha]]'s pardon. This is granted and the dispute settled. (Vin.i.337ff; J.iii.486f; DhA.i.44ff; but see Ud.iv.5; s.v. Pārileyyaka).
 
  
In the eleventh year The [[Buddha]] resides at the [[brahmin]] village of Ekanālā and converts Kasi-Bhāradvāja (SN., p.12f.; S.i.172f). The twelfth year he spends at [[Verañjā]], keeping the [[vassa]] there at the request of the [[brahmin]] Verañja. But Verañja forgets his obligations; there is a famine, and five hundred horse-merchants supply the [[monks]] with [[Food]]. [[Moggallāna's]] offer to obtain [[Food]] by means of [[magic]] [[Power]] is discouraged (Vin.iii.1ff; J.iii.494f; DhA.ii.153). The thirteenth [[Retreat]] is kept at Cālikapabbata, where [[Meghiya]] is The [[Buddha]]'s personal attendant (A.iv.354; Ud.iv.1). The fourteenth year is spent at [[Sāvatthi]], and there [[Rāhula]] receives the [[upasampadā]] [[ordination]].
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In the tenth year there arises among the [[monks]] at [[Kosambī]] a {{Wiki|schism}} which threatens the very [[existence]] of the [[Order]]. The [[Buddha]], failing in his attempts to reconcile the disputants, retires in {{Wiki|disgust}} to the [[Pārileyyaka]] {{Wiki|forest}}, passing on his way through [[Bālakalonakāragāma]] and [[Pācīnavamsadāya]].
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In the {{Wiki|forest}} he is protected and waited upon by a friendly [[elephant]] who has left the herd. The [[Buddha]] spends the [[rainy season]] there and returns to [[Sāvatthi]]. By this [[time]] the [[Kosambī]] [[monks]] have recovered their [[senses]] and ask The [[Buddha]]'s pardon. This is granted and the dispute settled. (Vin.i.337ff; J.iii.486f; DhA.i.44ff; but see Ud.iv.5; s.v. [[Pārileyyaka]]).
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In the eleventh year The [[Buddha]] resides at the [[brahmin]] village of [[Ekanālā]] and converts [[Kasi-Bhāradvāja]] (SN., p.12f.; S.i.172f). The twelfth year he spends at [[Verañjā]], keeping the [[vassa]] there at the request of the [[brahmin]] [[Verañja]]. But [[Verañja]] forgets his obligations; there is a famine, and five hundred horse-merchants supply the [[monks]] with [[Food]]. [[Moggallāna's]] offer to obtain [[Food]] by means of [[magic]] [[Power]] is discouraged (Vin.iii.1ff; J.iii.494f; DhA.ii.153). The thirteenth [[Retreat]] is kept at [[Cālikapabbata]], where [[Meghiya]] is The [[Buddha]]'s personal attendant (A.iv.354; Ud.iv.1). The fourteenth year is spent at [[Sāvatthi]], and there [[Rāhula]] receives the [[upasampadā]] [[ordination]].
  
 
In the fifteenth year The [[Buddha]] revisits [[Kapilavatthu]], and there his father-in-law, [[Suppabuddha]], in a drunken fit, refuses to let The [[Buddha]] pass through the streets. Seven days later he is swallowed up by the [[earth]] at the foot of his palace (DhA.iii.44).
 
In the fifteenth year The [[Buddha]] revisits [[Kapilavatthu]], and there his father-in-law, [[Suppabuddha]], in a drunken fit, refuses to let The [[Buddha]] pass through the streets. Seven days later he is swallowed up by the [[earth]] at the foot of his palace (DhA.iii.44).
  
The chief event of the sixteenth year, which The [[Buddha]] spent at ālavī, is the [[Conversion]] of the [[yakkha]] [[ālavaka]]. In the seventeenth year The [[Buddha]] is back at [[Sāvatthi]], but he visits ālavī again out of [[Compassion]] for a poor farmer who becomes a [[Sotāpanna]] after [[hearing]] him {{Wiki|preach}} (DhA.iii.262ff). He spends the [[rainy season]] at [[Rājagaha]]. In the next year he again comes to ālavī from [[Jetavana]] for the sake of a poor weaver's daughter. She had [[heard]] him {{Wiki|preach}}, three years earlier, on the desirability of [[meditating]] upon [[Death]]. She alone gave heed to his admonition and, when The [[Buddha]] [[knows]] of her imminent [[Death]], he journeys thirty leagues to {{Wiki|preach}} to her and establish her in the [[sotāpattiphala]] (DhA.iii.170ff).
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The chief event of the sixteenth year, which The [[Buddha]] spent at [[ālavī]], is the [[Conversion]] of the [[yakkha ālavaka]]. In the seventeenth year The [[Buddha]] is back at [[Sāvatthi]], but he visits [[ālavī]] again out of [[Compassion]] for a poor farmer who becomes a [[Sotāpanna]] after [[hearing]] him {{Wiki|preach}} (DhA.iii.262ff). He spends the [[rainy season]] at [[Rājagaha]]. In the next year he again comes to [[ālavī]] from [[Jetavana]] for the [[sake]] of a poor weaver's daughter. She had [[heard]] him {{Wiki|preach}}, three years earlier, on the desirability of [[meditating]] upon [[Death]]. She alone gave heed to his admonition and, when The [[Buddha]] [[knows]] of her imminent [[Death]], he journeys thirty leagues to {{Wiki|preach}} to her and establish her in the [[sotāpattiphala]] (DhA.iii.170ff).
  
The [[Retreat]] of this year and also that of the nineteenth are spent at Cālikapabbata. In the twentieth year takes place the miraculous [[Conversion]] of the robber [[Angulimāla]]. He becomes an [[Arahant]] and [[dies]] shortly after. It is in the same year that [[Ananda]] is appointed [[permanent]] attendant on The [[Buddha]], a position which he holds to the end of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Life]], twenty-five years later (For details see [[Ananda]]). The twentieth [[Retreat]] is spent at [[Rājagaha]].
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The [[Retreat]] of this year and also that of the nineteenth are spent at [[Cālikapabbata]]. In the twentieth year takes place the miraculous [[Conversion]] of the robber [[Angulimāla]]. He becomes an [[Arahant]] and [[dies]] shortly after.  
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It is in the same year that [[Ananda]] is appointed [[permanent]] attendant on The [[Buddha]], a position which he holds to the end of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Life]], twenty-five years later (For details see [[Ananda]]). The twentieth [[Retreat]] is spent at [[Rājagaha]].
 
[[File:0641 std.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:0641 std.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
With our {{Wiki|present}} [[Knowledge]] it is impossible to evolve any kind of {{Wiki|chronology}} for the remaining twenty-five years of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Life]]. The Commentaries state that they were spent at [[Sāvatthi]] in the [[monasteries]] of [[Jetavana]] and Pubbārāma. (E.g., BuA.3; SNA. p.336f, says that when The [[Buddha]] was at [[Sāvatthi]], he spent the day at the Migāramātupāsāda in the Pubbārāma, and the night at [[Jetavana]] or vice versa).
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With our {{Wiki|present}} [[Knowledge]] it is impossible to evolve any kind of {{Wiki|chronology}} for the remaining twenty-five years of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Life]]. The Commentaries [[state]] that they were spent at [[Sāvatthi]] in the [[monasteries]] of [[Jetavana]] and [[Pubbārāma]]. (E.g., BuA.3; SNA. p.336f, says that when The [[Buddha]] was at [[Sāvatthi]], he spent the day at the [[Migāramātupāsāda]] in the [[Pubbārāma]], and the night at [[Jetavana]] or [[vice versa]]).
  
 
This, probably, only implies that the [[Retreats]] were kept there and that they were made the head quarters of The [[Buddha]]. From there, during the dry season, he went every year on tour in various districts. Among the places visited by him during these tours are the following:
 
This, probably, only implies that the [[Retreats]] were kept there and that they were made the head quarters of The [[Buddha]]. From there, during the dry season, he went every year on tour in various districts. Among the places visited by him during these tours are the following:
  
Aggālavacetiya, [[Anotatta]], [[Andhakavinda]], Ambapālivana, Ambalatthikā, Ambasandā, Assapura, āpana, [[Icchānangala]], [[Ukkatthā]] (Subhagavana), Ukkācelā, [[Ugganagara]], [[Ujuññā]] (Kannakatthaka [[deer-park]]), [[Uttara]] in [[Koliya]], Uttarakā, [[Uttarakuru]], Uruvelakappa, {{Wiki|Ulumpa}}, Ekanālā, [[Opasāda]], Kakkarapatta, [[Kajangalā]] ([[Mukheluvana]]), Kammāssadhamma, [[Kalandakanivāpa]] (near [[Benares]]), Kimbilā, Kītāgiri, Kundadhānavana (near Kundakoli), [[Kesaputta]], Kotigāma, [[Kosambī]] ({{Wiki|Ghositārāma}} and Badarikārāma), Khānumata, {{Wiki|Khomadussa}}, Gosingasālavana, Candalakappa, Campā (Gaggarā), Cātuma, [[Cetiyagiri]] in [[Vesāli]], Jīvakambavana (in [[Rājagaha]]), Tapodārāma, Tindukkhānu (paribbājakārāma), [[Todeyya]], Thullakotthita, [[Dakkhināgiri]], Dandakappa, [[Devadaha]], [[Desaka]] in the Sumbha country, Nagaraka, Nagaravinda, Nādikā ([[Giñjakāvasatha]]), [[Nālandā]] (Pāvārika mango-grove), Nālakapāna (Palāsavana), Pankadhā, Pañcasalā, Pātikārāma, {{Wiki|Beluva}}, the [[Brahma world]], Bhaddavatī, [[Bhaddiya]] ([[Jātiyāvana]]), Bhaganagara (Anandacetiya), Maninālakacetiya, Mana-sākata, Mātulā, [[Mithilā]] (Makhā[[Deva]] mango-grove), Medatalumpa, Moranivāpa, Rammaka's [[hermitage]], [[Latthivana]], [[Videha]], Vedhañña-ambavana, [[Venāgapura]], [[Verañjā]], Veludvāra, [[Vesāli]] (also various [[shrines]] there, Udenacetiya, Gotamacetiya, Cāpalacetiya, Bahuputta-kacetiya, Sattambacetiya, Sārandadacetiya), {{Wiki|Sakkara}}, Sajjanela, Salalāgāraka in [[Sāvatthi]], [[Sāketa]] ([[Añjanavana]]), Sāmagāma, Sālavatikā, [[Sālā]], Simsapāvana, Silāvatī, Sītavana, Sūkarakhatalena, Setavyā, [[Hatthigāma]], Halidavassana and the region of the [[Himālaya]].
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[[Aggālavacetiya]], [[Anotatta]], [[Andhakavinda]], [[Ambapālivana]], [[Ambalatthikā]], [[Ambasandā]], [[Assapura]], [[āpana]], [[Icchānangala]], [[Ukkatthā]] (Subhagavana), [[Ukkācelā]], [[Ugganagara]], [[Ujuññā]] ([[Kannakatthaka deer-park]]), [[Uttara]] in [[Koliya]], [[Uttarakā]], [[Uttarakuru]], [[Uruvelakappa]], {{Wiki|Ulumpa}}, [[Ekanālā]], [[Opasāda]], [[Kakkarapatta]], [[Kajangalā]] ([[Mukheluvana]]), [[Kammāssadhamma]], [[Kalandakanivāpa]] (near [[Benares]]), [[Kimbilā]], [[Kītāgiri]], [[Kundadhānavana]] (near [[Kundakoli]]), [[Kesaputta]], [[Kotigāma]], [[Kosambī]] ({{Wiki|Ghositārāma}} and [[Badarikārāma]]), [[Khānumata]], {{Wiki|Khomadussa}}, [[Gosingasālavana]], [[Candalakappa]], [[Campā]] ([[Gaggarā]]), [[Cātuma]], [[Cetiyagiri]] in [[Vesāli]], [[Jīvakambavana]] (in [[Rājagaha]]), [[Tapodārāma]], [[Tindukkhānu]] ([[paribbājakārāma]]), [[Todeyya]], [[Thullakotthita]], [[Dakkhināgiri]], [[Dandakappa]], [[Devadaha]], [[Desaka]] in the [[Sumbha country]], [[Nagaraka]], [[Nagaravinda]], [[Nādikā]] ([[Giñjakāvasatha]]), [[Nālandā]] ([[Pāvārika [[mango-grove]]), [[Nālakapāna]] ([[Palāsavana]]), [[Pankadhā]], [[Pañcasalā]], [[Pātikārāma]], {{Wiki|Beluva}}, the [[Brahma world]], [[Bhaddavatī]], [[Bhaddiya]] ([[Jātiyāvana]]), [[Bhaganagara]] ([[Anandacetiya]]), [[Maninālakacetiya]], [[Mana-sākata]], [[Mātulā]], [[Mithilā]] ([[Makhā Deva]] [[mango-grove]]), [[Medatalumpa]], Moranivāpa, [[Rammaka's]] [[hermitage]], [[Latthivana]], [[Videha]], Vedhañña-ambavana, [[Venāgapura]], [[Verañjā]], [[Veludvāra]], [[Vesāli]] (also various [[shrines]] there, [[Udenacetiya]], [[Gotamacetiya]], [[Cāpalacetiya]], [[Bahuputta-kacetiya]], [[Sattambacetiya]], [[Sārandadacetiya]]), {{Wiki|Sakkara}}, [[Sajjanela]], [[Salalāgāraka]] in [[Sāvatthi]], [[Sāketa]] ([[Añjanavana]]), [[Sāmagāma]], [[Sālavatikā]], [[Sālā]], [[Simsapāvana]], [[Silāvatī]], [[Sītavana]], [[Sūkarakhatalena]], [[Setavyā]], [[Hatthigāma]], [[Halidavassana]] and the region of the [[Himālaya]].
  
There is a more or less continuous account of the last year of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Life]]. This is contained in three [[suttas]]: the [[Mahā]] [[Parinibbāna]], the [[Mahā]] [[Sudassana]] and the [[Janavasabha]]. These are not separate [[discourses]] but are intimately connected with each other. The only event prior to the incidents recounted in these [[suttas]], which can be fixed with any certainty, is the [[Death]] of The [[Buddha]]'s pious {{Wiki|patron}} and supporter, [[Bimbisāra]], which took place eight years before The [[Buddha]]'s [[Parinibbāna]] (Mhv.ii.32). It was at this [[time]] that [[Devadatta]] tried to obtain for himself a post of supremacy in the [[Order]], and, failing in this [[effort]], became the open enemy of The [[Buddha]]. [[Devadatta]]'s [[desire]] to deprive The [[Buddha]] of the [[leadership]] of [[The Sangha]] seems to have been conceived by him, according to the [[Vinaya]] account (Vin.ii.184), almost immediately after he joined the [[Order]], and The [[Buddha]] was warned of this by the [[devaputta]] [[Kakudha]]. This account lends point to the statement contained especially in the Northern [[Books]], that even in their lay [[Life]] [[Devadatta]] had always been [[Gotama's]] rival.
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There is a more or less continuous account of the last year of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Life]]. This is contained in three [[suttas]]: the [[Mahā]] [[Parinibbāna]], the [[Mahā]] [[Sudassana]] and the [[Janavasabha]]. These are not separate [[discourses]] but are intimately connected with each other. The only event prior to the incidents recounted in these [[suttas]], which can be fixed with any {{Wiki|certainty}}, is the [[Death]] of The [[Buddha]]'s pious {{Wiki|patron}} and supporter, [[Bimbisāra]], which took place eight years before The [[Buddha]]'s [[Parinibbāna]] (Mhv.ii.32). It was at this [[time]] that [[Devadatta]] tried to obtain for himself a post of supremacy in the [[Order]], and, failing in this [[effort]], became the open enemy of The [[Buddha]]. [[Devadatta]]'s [[desire]] to deprive The [[Buddha]] of the [[leadership]] of [[The Sangha]] seems to have been [[conceived]] by him, according to the [[Vinaya]] account (Vin.ii.184), almost immediately after he joined the [[Order]], and The [[Buddha]] was warned of this by the [[devaputta]] [[Kakudha]]. This account lends point to the statement contained especially in the [[Northern]] [[Books]], that even in their lay [[Life]] [[Devadatta]] had always been [[Gotama's]] rival.
 
[[File:0101.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:0101.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
Enlisting the support of [[Ajātasattu]], he tried in many ways to kill The [[Buddha]]. {{Wiki|Royal}} archers were bribed to shoot The [[Buddha]], but they were won over by his [[personality]] and confessed their {{Wiki|intentions}}. Then [[Devadatta]] hurled a great rock down [[Gijjhakūta]] on to The [[Buddha]] as he was walking in the shade of the hill; the hurtling rock was stopped by two peaks, but splinters struck The [[Buddha]]'s foot and [[caused]] {{Wiki|blood}} to flow; he [[suffered]] great [[pain]] and had to be taken to the [[Maddakucchi]] garden, where his injuries were dressed by the [[physician]] [[Jīvaka]] (S.i.27). The [[monks]] wished to provide a guard, but The [[Buddha]] reminded them that no man had the [[Power]] to deprive a [[Tathāgata]] of his [[Life]].
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Enlisting the support of [[Ajātasattu]], he tried in many ways to kill The [[Buddha]]. {{Wiki|Royal}} archers were bribed to shoot The [[Buddha]], but they were won over by his [[personality]] and confessed their {{Wiki|intentions}}. Then [[Devadatta]] hurled a great rock down [[Gijjhakūta]] on to The [[Buddha]] as he was walking in the shade of the hill; the hurtling rock was stopped by two peaks, but splinters struck The [[Buddha]]'s foot and [[caused]] {{Wiki|blood}} to flow; he [[suffered]] great [[pain]] and had to be taken to the [[Maddakucchi]] [[garden]], where his injuries were dressed by the [[physician]] [[Jīvaka]] (S.i.27). The [[monks]] wished to provide a guard, but The [[Buddha]] reminded them that no man had the [[Power]] to deprive a [[Tathāgata]] of his [[Life]].
  
 
[[Devadatta]] next bribed the {{Wiki|royal}} [[elephant]] keepers to let loose a fierce [[elephant]], [[Nālāgiri]], {{Wiki|intoxicated}} with toddy, on the road along which The [[Buddha]] would go, begging for [[alms]]. The [[Buddha]] was warned of this but disregarded the warning, and when the [[elephant]] appeared, [[Ananda]], against the strict orders of The [[Buddha]], threw himself in its [[path]], and only by an exercise of [[Iddhi]]-[[Power]], including the folding up of the [[earth]], could The [[Buddha]] come ahead of him. As the [[elephant]] approached, The [[Buddha]] addressed it, pervading it with his [[boundless]] [[Love]], until it became quite gentle. (This incident, with great [[wealth]] of detail, is related in several places - e.g., in J.v.333ff).
 
[[Devadatta]] next bribed the {{Wiki|royal}} [[elephant]] keepers to let loose a fierce [[elephant]], [[Nālāgiri]], {{Wiki|intoxicated}} with toddy, on the road along which The [[Buddha]] would go, begging for [[alms]]. The [[Buddha]] was warned of this but disregarded the warning, and when the [[elephant]] appeared, [[Ananda]], against the strict orders of The [[Buddha]], threw himself in its [[path]], and only by an exercise of [[Iddhi]]-[[Power]], including the folding up of the [[earth]], could The [[Buddha]] come ahead of him. As the [[elephant]] approached, The [[Buddha]] addressed it, pervading it with his [[boundless]] [[Love]], until it became quite gentle. (This incident, with great [[wealth]] of detail, is related in several places - e.g., in J.v.333ff).
  
These attempts to encompass The [[Buddha]]'s [[Death]] having failed, [[Devadatta]], with three others, decides to create a {{Wiki|schism}} in the [[Order]] and asks The [[Buddha]] that five rules should be laid down, whereby the [[monks]] would be compelled to lead a far more austere [[Life]] than hitherto. When this request is refused, [[Devadatta]] persuades five hundred recently [[ordained]] [[monks]] to leave [[Vesāli]] with him and take up their residence at [[Gayāsīsa]], where he would set up an organisation similar to that of The [[Buddha]]. But, at The [[Buddha]]'s request, [[Sāriputta]] and [[Moggallāna]] visit the renegade [[monks]]; [[Sāriputta]] preaches to them and they are persuaded to return. When [[Devadatta]] discovers this, he vomits [[hot]] {{Wiki|blood}} and lies ill for nine months. When his end approaches, he wishes to see The [[Buddha]], but he [[dies]] on the way to [[Jetavana]] - whither he is [[being]] conveyed in a litter - and is born in [[Avīci]].
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These attempts to encompass The [[Buddha]]'s [[Death]] having failed, [[Devadatta]], with three others, decides to create a {{Wiki|schism}} in the [[Order]] and asks The [[Buddha]] that five {{Wiki|rules}} should be laid down, whereby the [[monks]] would be compelled to lead a far more [[austere]] [[Life]] than hitherto. When this request is refused, [[Devadatta]] persuades five hundred recently [[ordained]] [[monks]] to leave [[Vesāli]] with him and take up their residence at [[Gayāsīsa]], where he would set up an organisation similar to that of The [[Buddha]]. But, at The [[Buddha]]'s request, [[Sāriputta]] and [[Moggallāna]] visit the renegade [[monks]]; [[Sāriputta]] preaches to them and they are persuaded to return. When [[Devadatta]] discovers this, he vomits [[hot]] {{Wiki|blood}} and lies ill for nine months. When his end approaches, he wishes to see The [[Buddha]], but he [[dies]] on the way to [[Jetavana]] - whither he is [[being]] conveyed in a litter - and is born in [[Avīci]].
  
From [[Gijjhakūta]], near [[Rājagaha]], The [[Buddha]] starts on his last journey. Just before his departure he is visited by Vassākāra, and the talk is of the [[Vajjians]]; The [[Buddha]] preaches to Vassākāra and the [[monks]] on the [[conditions]] that lead to [[prosperity]]. The [[Buddha]] proceeds with a large concourse of [[monks]] to Ambalatthikā and thence to [[Nālandā]], where [[Sāriputta]] utters his lion-roar (sīhanāda) regarding his [[Faith]] in The [[Buddha]]. The [[Buddha]] then goes to Pātaligāma, where he talks to the villagers on the [[Evil]] {{Wiki|consequences}} of immorality and the advantages of [[morality]]. He utters a {{Wiki|prophecy}} regarding the {{Wiki|future}} greatness of [[Pātaliputta]] and then, leaving by the [[Gotamadvāra]], he crosses the [[river]] [[Ganges]] at [[Gotamatittha]]. He proceeds to Kotigāma and thence to Ñātika, where he gives to [[Ananda]] the [[formula]] of the [[Dhammā]]dāsa, whereby the [[Rebirth]] of [[disciples]] could be ascertained. From Ñātika he goes to [[Vesāli]], staying in the park of the {{Wiki|courtesan}} [[Ambapāli]]. The following day he accepts a meal from [[Ambapāli]], refusing a similar offer from the [[Licchavis]]; [[Ambapāli]] makes a [[gift]] of her park to The [[Buddha]] and his [[monks]]. The [[Buddha]] journeys on to {{Wiki|Beluva}}, where he spends the [[rainy season]], his [[monks]] remaining in [[Vesāli]]. At {{Wiki|Beluva}} he falls dangerously ill but, with great [[determination]], fights against his [[sickness]]. He tells [[Ananda]] that his [[mission]] is finished, that when he is [[dead]] the [[Order]] must maintain itself, taking the [[Dhamma]] alone as its [[Refuge]], and he concludes by propounding the four [[subjects]] of [[Mindfulness]] (D.ii.100). The next day he begs in [[Vesāli]] and, with [[Ananda]], visits the Cāpāla-cetiya. There he gives to [[Ananda]] the opportunity of asking him to [[live]] until the end of the [[kappa]], but [[Ananda]] fails to take the hint. Soon afterwards [[Māra]] visits The [[Buddha]] and obtains the assurance that The [[Buddha]]'s [[Nibbāna]] will take place in three months. There is an {{Wiki|earthquake}}, and, in answer to [[Ananda]]'s questions, The [[Buddha]] explains to him the eight [[causes]] of earthquakes. This is followed by lists of the eight assemblies, the eight stages of [[Mastery]] and the eight stages of [[release]]. The [[Buddha]] then repeats to [[Ananda]] his [[conversation]] with [[Māra]], and [[Ananda]] now makes his request to The [[Buddha]] to prolong his [[Life]], but is told that it is now too late; several opportunities he has had, of which he has failed to avail himself. The [[monks]] are assembled in [[Vesāli]], in the Service Hall, and The [[Buddha]] exhorts them to practise the [[doctrines]] he has [[taught]], in [[order]] that the [[religious]] [[Life]] may last long. He then announces his impending [[Death]].
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From [[Gijjhakūta]], near [[Rājagaha]], The [[Buddha]] starts on his last journey. Just before his departure he is visited by Vassākāra, and the talk is of the [[Vajjians]]; The [[Buddha]] preaches to [[Vassākāra]] and the [[monks]] on the [[conditions]] that lead to [[prosperity]]. The [[Buddha]] proceeds with a large concourse of [[monks]] to [[Ambalatthikā]] and thence to [[Nālandā]], where [[Sāriputta]] utters his lion-roar ([[sīhanāda]]) regarding his [[Faith]] in The [[Buddha]]. The [[Buddha]] then goes to [[Pātaligāma]], where he talks to the villagers on the [[Evil]] {{Wiki|consequences}} of immorality and the advantages of [[morality]]. He utters a {{Wiki|prophecy}} regarding the {{Wiki|future}} greatness of [[Pātaliputta]] and then, leaving by the [[Gotamadvāra]], he crosses the [[river]] [[Ganges]] at [[Gotamatittha]]. He proceeds to [[Kotigāma]] and thence to [[Ñātika]], where he gives to [[Ananda]] the [[formula]] of the [[Dhammādāsa]], whereby the [[Rebirth]] of [[disciples]] could be ascertained. From [[Ñātika]] he goes to [[Vesāli]], staying in the park of the {{Wiki|courtesan}} [[Ambapāli]]. The following day he accepts a meal from [[Ambapāli]], refusing a similar offer from the [[Licchavis]]; [[Ambapāli]] makes a [[gift]] of her park to The [[Buddha]] and his [[monks]]. The [[Buddha]] journeys on to {{Wiki|Beluva}}, where he spends the [[rainy season]], his [[monks]] remaining in [[Vesāli]]. At {{Wiki|Beluva}} he falls dangerously ill but, with great [[determination]], fights against his [[sickness]]. He tells [[Ananda]] that his [[mission]] is finished, that when he is [[dead]] the [[Order]] must maintain itself, taking the [[Dhamma]] alone as its [[Refuge]], and he concludes by propounding the four [[subjects]] of [[Mindfulness]] (D.ii.100). The next day he begs in [[Vesāli]] and, with [[Ananda]], visits the [[Cāpāla-cetiya]]. There he gives to [[Ananda]] the opportunity of asking him to [[live]] until the end of the [[kappa]], but [[Ananda]] fails to take the hint. Soon afterwards [[Māra]] visits The [[Buddha]] and obtains the assurance that The [[Buddha]]'s [[Nibbāna]] will take place in three months. There is an {{Wiki|earthquake}}, and, in answer to [[Ananda]]'s questions, The [[Buddha]] explains to him the eight [[causes]] of earthquakes. This is followed by lists of the eight assemblies, the eight stages of [[Mastery]] and the eight stages of [[release]]. The [[Buddha]] then repeats to [[Ananda]] his [[conversation]] with [[Māra]], and [[Ananda]] now makes his request to The [[Buddha]] to prolong his [[Life]], but is told that it is now too late; several opportunities he has had, of which he has failed to avail himself. The [[monks]] are assembled in [[Vesāli]], in the Service Hall, and The [[Buddha]] exhorts them to practise the [[doctrines]] he has [[taught]], in [[order]] that the [[religious]] [[Life]] may last long. He then announces his impending [[Death]].
 
[[File:Rya 1.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:Rya 1.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
According to the Commentaries (e.g., DA.ii.549), after the [[rainy season]] spent at {{Wiki|Beluva}}, The [[Buddha]] goes back to [[Jetavana]], where he is visited by [[Sāriputta]], who is preparing for his own [[Parinibbāna]] at Nālakagāma. From [[Jetavana]] The [[Buddha]] went to [[Rājagaha]], where Mahā-Moggallāna [[died]]. Thence he proceeded to Ukkācelā, where he spoke in praise of the two chief [[disciples]]. From Ukkācelā he proceeded to [[Vesāli]] and thence to Bhandagāma. [[Rāhula]], too, predeceased The [[Buddha]] (DA.ii.549).
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According to the Commentaries (e.g., DA.ii.549), after the [[rainy season]] spent at {{Wiki|Beluva}}, The [[Buddha]] goes back to [[Jetavana]], where he is visited by [[Sāriputta]], who is preparing for his [[own]] [[Parinibbāna]] at [[Nālakagāma]]. From [[Jetavana]] The [[Buddha]] went to [[Rājagaha]], where Mahā-Moggallāna [[died]]. Thence he proceeded to Ukkācelā, where he spoke in praise of the two chief [[disciples]]. From [[Ukkācelā]] he proceeded to [[Vesāli]] and thence to [[Bhandagāma]]. [[Rāhula]], too, predeceased The [[Buddha]] (DA.ii.549).
  
The next day, returning from [[Vesāli]], he looks round at the city for the last [[time]] and goes on to Bhandagāma; there he preaches on the four things the [[comprehension]] of which destroys [[Rebirth]]-[[noble]] conduct, earnestness in [[Meditation]], [[Wisdom]] and freedom.
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The next day, returning from [[Vesāli]], he looks round at the city for the last [[time]] and goes on to [[Bhandagāma]]; there he preaches on the four things the [[comprehension]] of which destroys [[Rebirth]]-[[noble]] conduct, earnestness in [[Meditation]], [[Wisdom]] and freedom.
  
He then passes through the villages of [[Hatthigāma]], Ambagāma and Jambugama, and stays at Bhoganagara at the [[Ananda]]-[[cetiya]]. There he addresses the [[monks]] on the Four Great Authorities (Mahāpadesā), by reference to which the true [[Doctrine]] may be determined (Cf. A.ii.167ff). From Bhoganagara The [[Buddha]] goes to Pāvā and stays in the mango-grove of [[Cunda]], the smith. [[Cunda]] serves him with a meal which includes [[sūkaramaddava]]. (There is much dispute concerning this [[word]]. See Thomas, op. cit., 149, n.3). The [[Buddha]] alone partakes of the [[sūkaramaddava]], the remains [[being]] [[Wikipedia:burial|buried]]. This is The [[Buddha]]'s last meal; sharp [[sickness]] arises in him, with flow of {{Wiki|blood}} and [[violent]], deadly [[pains]], but The [[Buddha]] controls them and sets out for [[Kusinārā]]. On the way he has to sit down at the foot of a [[tree]]. [[Ananda]] fetches him [[water]] to drink from the {{Wiki|stream}} Kakutthā, over which five hundred carts had just passed; but, through the [[Power]] of The [[Buddha]], the [[water]] is quite clear. Here The [[Buddha]] is visited by Pukkusa, the Mallan, who is converted and presents The [[Buddha]] with a pair of gold-coloured [[robes]]. The [[Buddha]] puts them on and [[Ananda]] notices the marvellous [[brightness]] and clearness of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Body]]. The [[Buddha]] tells him that the [[Body]] of a [[Buddha]] takes on this hue on the night before his [[Enlightenment]] and on the night of his passing away, and that he will [[die]] that night at [[Kusinārā]]. He goes to the Kākutthā, bathes and drinks there and rests in a mango-grove. There he instructs [[Ananda]] that steps must be taken to dispel any {{Wiki|remorse}} that [[Cunda]] may [[feel]] regarding the meal he gave to The [[Buddha]].
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He then passes through the villages of [[Hatthigāma]], Ambagāma and Jambugama, and stays at Bhoganagara at the [[Ananda]]-[[cetiya]]. There he addresses the [[monks]] on the Four Great Authorities (Mahāpadesā), by reference to which the true [[Doctrine]] may be determined (Cf. A.ii.167ff). From Bhoganagara The [[Buddha]] goes to [[Pāvā]] and stays in the mango-grove of [[Cunda]], the smith. [[Cunda]] serves him with a meal which includes [[sūkaramaddava]]. (There is much dispute concerning this [[word]]. See Thomas, op. cit., 149, n.3). The [[Buddha]] alone partakes of the [[sūkaramaddava]], the remains [[being]] [[Wikipedia:burial|buried]]. This is The [[Buddha]]'s last meal; sharp [[sickness]] arises in him, with flow of {{Wiki|blood}} and [[violent]], deadly [[pains]], but The [[Buddha]] controls them and sets out for [[Kusinārā]]. On the way he has to sit down at the foot of a [[tree]]. [[Ananda]] fetches him [[water]] to drink from the {{Wiki|stream}} [[Kakutthā]], over which five hundred carts had just passed; but, through the [[Power]] of The [[Buddha]], the [[water]] is quite clear. Here The [[Buddha]] is visited by [[Pukkusa]], the Mallan, who is converted and presents The [[Buddha]] with a pair of gold-coloured [[robes]]. The [[Buddha]] puts them on and [[Ananda]] notices the marvellous [[brightness]] and clearness of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Body]]. The [[Buddha]] tells him that the [[Body]] of a [[Buddha]] takes on this hue on the night before his [[Enlightenment]] and on the night of his passing away, and that he will [[die]] that night at [[Kusinārā]]. He goes to the Kākutthā, bathes and drinks there and rests in a mango-grove. There he instructs [[Ananda]] that steps must be taken to dispel any {{Wiki|remorse}} that [[Cunda]] may [[feel]] regarding the meal he gave to The [[Buddha]].
  
From Kakutthā The [[Buddha]] crosses the Hiraññavatī to the Upavattana sāla-grove in [[Kusinārā]]. There [[Ananda]] prepares for him a bed with the head to the [[north]]. All the [[trees]] break forth into blossom and [[Flowers]] cover the [[Body]] of The [[Buddha]]. [[Divine]] mandārava-[[Flowers]] and {{Wiki|sandalwood}} powder fall from the sky, and [[divine]] [[music]] and singing [[sound]] through the [[air]]. But The [[Buddha]] says that the greater honour to him would be to follow his teachings.
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From [[Kakutthā]] The [[Buddha]] crosses the [[Hiraññavatī]] to the Upavattana [[sāla-grove]] in [[Kusinārā]]. There [[Ananda]] prepares for him a bed with the head to the [[north]]. All the [[trees]] break forth into blossom and [[Flowers]] cover the [[Body]] of The [[Buddha]]. [[Divine]] [[mandārava]]-[[Flowers]] and {{Wiki|sandalwood}} powder fall from the sky, and [[divine]] [[music]] and singing [[sound]] through the [[air]]. But The [[Buddha]] says that the greater honour to him would be to follow his teachings.
  
 
The [[gods]] of the ten thousand [[world systems]] assemble to pay their last homage to The [[Buddha]], and [[Upavāna]], who stands fanning him, is asked to move away as he obstructs their [[view]].
 
The [[gods]] of the ten thousand [[world systems]] assemble to pay their last homage to The [[Buddha]], and [[Upavāna]], who stands fanning him, is asked to move away as he obstructs their [[view]].
 
[[File:Tat-wale-baba-2.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:Tat-wale-baba-2.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
[[Ananda]] asks for instruction on several points, including how the [[funeral]] [[rites]] should be performed; he then goes out and abandons himself to a fit of weeping; The [[Buddha]] sends for him, consoles him and speaks his praises. [[Ananda]] tries to persuade The [[Buddha]] not to [[die]] in a mud-and-wattle village, such as is [[Kusinārā]], but The [[Buddha]] tells him how it was once the mighty Kusāvatī, capital of [[Mahāsudassana]].
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[[Ananda]] asks for instruction on several points, including how the [[funeral]] [[rites]] should be performed; he then goes out and abandons himself to a fit of weeping; The [[Buddha]] sends for him, consoles him and speaks his praises. [[Ananda]] tries to persuade The [[Buddha]] not to [[die]] in a mud-and-wattle village, such as is [[Kusinārā]], but The [[Buddha]] tells him how it was once the mighty [[Kusāvatī]], capital of [[Mahāsudassana]].
  
The {{Wiki|Mallas}} of Kusināra are informed that The [[Buddha]] will pass away in the third watch of the night, and they come with their families to pay their respects. The [[ascetic]] [[Subhadda]] comes to see The [[Buddha]] and is refused admission by [[Ananda]], but The [[Buddha]], overhearing, calls him in and converts him. Several minor rules of [[discipline]] are delivered, including the [[order]] for the excommunication of [[Channa]]. The [[Buddha]] finally asks the assembled [[monks]] to speak out any [[doubts]] they may have. All are [[silent]] and [[Ananda]] expresses his astonishment, but The [[Buddha]] tells him it is natural that the [[monks]] should have no [[doubts]]. Then, addressing the [[monks]] for the last [[time]], he admonishes them in these words: "[[Decay]] is [[inherent]] in all component things; work out your {{Wiki|salvation}} with [[diligence]]." These were The [[Buddha]]'s last words. Passing backwards and forwards through various stages of [[trance]], he attains [[Parinibbāna]]. There is a great {{Wiki|earthquake}} and {{Wiki|terrifying}} [[thunder]], and the [[Brahmā]] [[Sahampati]], [[Sakka]] [[king]] of the [[gods]], [[Anuruddha]] and [[Ananda]] utter [[stanzas]], each proclaiming the [[feeling]] uppermost in his [[mind]]. It is the [[full-moon day]] of the month of [[Visākha]] and The [[Buddha]] is in his eightieth year.
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The {{Wiki|Mallas}} of Kusināra are informed that The [[Buddha]] will pass away in the third watch of the night, and they come with their families to pay their respects. The [[ascetic]] [[Subhadda]] comes to see The [[Buddha]] and is refused admission by [[Ananda]], but The [[Buddha]], overhearing, calls him in and converts him. Several minor {{Wiki|rules}} of [[discipline]] are delivered, including the [[order]] for the excommunication of [[Channa]]. The [[Buddha]] finally asks the assembled [[monks]] to speak out any [[doubts]] they may have. All are [[silent]] and [[Ananda]] expresses his astonishment, but The [[Buddha]] tells him it is natural that the [[monks]] should have no [[doubts]]. Then, addressing the [[monks]] for the last [[time]], he admonishes them in these words: "[[Decay]] is [[inherent]] in all component things; work out your {{Wiki|salvation}} with [[diligence]]." These were The [[Buddha]]'s last words. Passing backwards and forwards through various stages of [[trance]], he attains [[Parinibbāna]]. There is a great {{Wiki|earthquake}} and {{Wiki|terrifying}} [[thunder]], and the [[Brahmā]] [[Sahampati]], [[Sakka]] [[king]] of the [[gods]], [[Anuruddha]] and [[Ananda]] utter [[stanzas]], each proclaiming the [[feeling]] uppermost in his [[mind]]. It is the [[full-moon day]] of the month of [[Visākha]] and The [[Buddha]] is in his eightieth year.
  
The next day [[Ananda]] informs the {{Wiki|Mallas}} of [[Kusinārā]] of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Death]], and for seven days they hold a great celebration. On the seventh day, following [[Ananda]]'s instructions, they prepare the [[Body]] for [[Cremation]], taking it in procession by the eastern gate to the Makutabandhana [[shrine]], thus altering their proposed route, in [[order]] to satisfy the wishes of the [[gods]], as communicated to them by [[Anuruddha]]. The whole town is covered knee-deep with mandārava-[[Flowers]], which fall from the sky. When, however, four of the chief {{Wiki|Mallas}} try to [[Light]] the pyre, their attempt is unsuccessful and they must wait until [[Mahā Kassapa]], coming with a company of five hundred [[monks]], has saluted it. The Commentaries (e.g., DA.ii.603) add that [[Mahā Kassapa]] greatly [[desired]] that The [[Buddha]]'s feet should rest on his head when he worshipped the pyre. The wish was granted: the feet appeared through the pyre, and when [[Kassapa]] had worshipped them, the pyre closed together. The pyre burns completely away, leaving no cinders nor soot. Streams of [[water]] fall from the sky to extinguish it and the {{Wiki|Mallas}} pour on it scented [[water]]. They then place a fence of spears around it and continue their {{Wiki|celebrations}} for seven days. At the end of that period there appear several claimants for the [[Buddha's relics]]: [[Ajātasattu]], the [[Licchavis]] of [[Vesāli]], the [[Sākiyans]] of [[Kapilavatthu]], the Bulis of Allakappa, the [[Koliyas]] of Rāmagāma, a [[brahmin]] of Vethadīpa and the {{Wiki|Mallas}} of Pāvā. But the {{Wiki|Mallas}} of [[Kusinārā]] refusing to share the [[relics]] with the others, there is [[danger]] of [[war]]. Then the [[brahmin]] [[Dona]] counsels [[concord]] and divides the [[relics]] into eight {{Wiki|equal}} parts for the eight claimants. [[Dona]] takes for himself the [[measuring]] vessel and the Moriyas of Pipphalivana, who arrive late, carry off the ashes. [[Thūpas]] were built over these remains and feasts held in honour of The [[Buddha]].
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The next day [[Ananda]] informs the {{Wiki|Mallas}} of [[Kusinārā]] of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Death]], and for seven days they hold a great celebration. On the seventh day, following [[Ananda]]'s instructions, they prepare the [[Body]] for [[Cremation]], taking it in procession by the eastern gate to the [[Makutabandhana]] [[shrine]], thus altering their proposed route, in [[order]] to satisfy the wishes of the [[gods]], as communicated to them by [[Anuruddha]]. The whole town is covered knee-deep with [[mandārava]]-[[Flowers]], which fall from the sky. When, however, four of the chief {{Wiki|Mallas}} try to [[Light]] the pyre, their attempt is unsuccessful and they must wait until [[Mahā Kassapa]], coming with a company of five hundred [[monks]], has saluted it. The Commentaries (e.g., DA.ii.603) add that [[Mahā Kassapa]] greatly [[desired]] that The [[Buddha]]'s feet should rest on his head when he [[worshipped]] the pyre. The wish was granted: the feet appeared through the pyre, and when [[Kassapa]] had [[worshipped]] them, the pyre closed together. The pyre burns completely away, leaving no cinders nor soot. Streams of [[water]] fall from the sky to extinguish it and the {{Wiki|Mallas}} pour on it scented [[water]]. They then place a fence of spears around it and continue their {{Wiki|celebrations}} for seven days. At the end of that period there appear several claimants for the [[Buddha's relics]]: [[Ajātasattu]], the [[Licchavis]] of [[Vesāli]], the [[Sākiyans]] of [[Kapilavatthu]], the Bulis of [[Allakappa]], the [[Koliyas]] of [[Rāmagāma]], a [[brahmin]] of Vethadīpa and the {{Wiki|Mallas}} of [[Pāvā]]. But the {{Wiki|Mallas}} of [[Kusinārā]] refusing to share the [[relics]] with the others, there is [[danger]] of [[war]]. Then the [[brahmin]] [[Dona]] counsels [[concord]] and divides the [[relics]] into eight {{Wiki|equal}} parts for the eight claimants. [[Dona]] takes for himself the [[measuring]] vessel and the Moriyas of Pipphalivana, who arrive late, carry off the ashes. [[Thūpas]] were built over these remains and feasts held in honour of The [[Buddha]].
 
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[[File:Yun41.JPG|thumb|250px|]]
The concluding passage of the Mahā-Parinibbāna [[Sutta]] (D.ii.167) states that the [[Buddha's relics]] were eight measures, seven of which were honoured in [[Jambudīpa]] and the remaining one in the [[Nāga]] [[realm]] in Rāmagāma. One tooth was in [[Heaven]], one in [[Gandhāra]], a third in Kālinga (later taken to [[Ceylon]]), and a fourth in the [[Nāga]] [[world]]. Ajātasattu's share was deposited in a [[thūpa]] and forgotten. It was later discovered by [[Asoka]] (with the help of [[Sakka]]) and distributed among his eighty-four thousand [[monasteries]]. [[Asoka]] also recorded the finding of all the other [[relics]] except those deposited in Rāmagāma. These were later deposited in the Mahācetiya at [[Anurādhapura]] (Mhv.xxxi.17ff). Other [[relics]] are also mentioned, such as The [[Buddha]]'s collar-bone, his [[alms bowl]], etc. (Mhv.xvii.9ff; Mhv.i.37, etc.).
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The concluding passage of the Mahā-Parinibbāna [[Sutta]] (D.ii.167) states that the [[Buddha's relics]] were eight measures, seven of which were honoured in [[Jambudīpa]] and the remaining one in the [[Nāga]] [[realm]] in [[Rāmagāma]]. One tooth was in [[Heaven]], one in [[Gandhāra]], a third in [[Kālinga]] (later taken to [[Ceylon]]), and a fourth in the [[Nāga]] [[world]]. [[Ajātasattu]]'s share was deposited in a [[thūpa]] and forgotten. It was later discovered by [[Asoka]] (with the help of [[Sakka]]) and distributed among his eighty-four thousand [[monasteries]]. [[Asoka]] also recorded the finding of all the other [[relics]] except those deposited in [[Rāmagāma]]. These were later deposited in the [[Mahācetiya]] at [[Anurādhapura]] (Mhv.xxxi.17ff). Other [[relics]] are also mentioned, such as The [[Buddha]]'s collar-bone, his [[alms bowl]], etc. (Mhv.xvii.9ff; Mhv.i.37, etc.).
  
It is said (E.g., DA.iii.899) that just before The [[Buddha]]'s [[Sāsana]] disappears completely from the [[world]], all the [[relics]] will [[gather]] together at the Mahācetiya, and travelling from there to Nāgadīpa and the Ratanacetiya, assemble at the [[Mahā]][[Bodhi]], together with the [[relics]] from other parts. There they will reform The [[Buddha]]'s golden hued [[Body]], emitting the six-coloured [[aura]]. The [[Body]] will then catch [[Fire]] and completely disappear, amid the [[lamentations]] of the ten thousand world-systems.
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It is said (E.g., DA.iii.899) that just before The [[Buddha]]'s [[Sāsana]] disappears completely from the [[world]], all the [[relics]] will [[gather]] together at the [[Mahācetiya]], and travelling from there to [[Nāgadīpa]] and the [[Ratanacetiya]], assemble at the [[Mahā Bodhi]], together with the [[relics]] from other parts. There they will reform The [[Buddha]]'s golden hued [[Body]], emitting the six-coloured [[aura]]. The [[Body]] will then catch [[Fire]] and completely disappear, amid the [[lamentations]] of the ten thousand [[world-systems]].
  
The [[Ceylon]] Chronicles (Mhv.i.12ff; Dpv.i.45ff; ii.1ff etc.) record that The [[Buddha]] visited the Island on three separate occasions.
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The [[Ceylon]] Chronicles (Mhv.i.12ff; Dpv.i.45ff; ii.1ff etc.) record that The [[Buddha]] visited the [[Island]] on three separate occasions.
  
 
     (The [[Burmese]] claim that The [[Buddha]] visited their land and went to the Lohitacandana [[Vihāra]], presented by the brothers Mahāpunna and Cūlapunna of Vānijagāma (Ind. Antiq.xxii., and Sās.36f.).
 
     (The [[Burmese]] claim that The [[Buddha]] visited their land and went to the Lohitacandana [[Vihāra]], presented by the brothers Mahāpunna and Cūlapunna of Vānijagāma (Ind. Antiq.xxii., and Sās.36f.).
  
The first was while he was dwelling at [[Uruvelā]], awaiting the moment for the [[Conversion]] of the Tebhātika [[Jatilas]], in the ninth month after the [[enlightenment]], on the [[full-moon day]] of [[Phussa]] (Dec.-Jan.). He came to the [[Mahā]][[Nāga]] garden, and stood in the [[air]] over an assembly of [[yakkhas]] then [[being]] held. He struck {{Wiki|terror}} into their hearts and, at his suggestion, they left [[Ceylon]] and went in a [[Body]] to Giridīpa, hard by. The [[Buddha]] gave a handful of his [[Hair]] to the [[Deva]] Mahāsumana of the Sumanakūta mountain, who built a [[thūpa]] which was later enlarged into the [[Mahiyangana]] [[Thūpa]]. The [[Buddha]] again visited [[Ceylon]] in the fifth year, on the [[new-moon]] day of [[Citta]] (March-April), to check an imminent {{Wiki|battle}} between two [[Nāga]] chiefs in Nāgadīpa; the combatants were [[Mahodara]] and [[Cūlodara]], uncle and nephew, and [[the object]] of the quarrel was a gem-set [[throne]]. The [[Buddha]] appeared before them, accompanied by the [[Deva]] Samiddhi-Sumana, carrying a Rājayatana [[tree]] from [[Jetavana]], settled their quarrel and received, as a [[gift]], the [[throne]], the [[cause]] of the trouble. He left behind him both the [[throne]] and the Rājayatana [[tree]] for the {{Wiki|worship}} of the [[Nāgā]]s and accepted an invitation from the [[Nāga]] [[king]], [[Maniakkhika]] of [[Kalyāni]], to pay another visit to [[Ceylon]]. Three years later [[Maniakkhika]] repeated the invitation and The [[Buddha]] came to [[Kalyāni]] with five hundred [[monks]], on the second day of [[Vesākha]]. Having [[preached]] to the [[Nāgas]], he went to Sumanakūta, on the summit of which mountain he left the imprint of his foot (Legend has it that other footprints were left by The [[Buddha]], on the bank of the [[river]] Nammadā, on the Saccabaddha mountain and in Yonakapura). He then stayed at Dīghavāpī and from there visited [[Mahāmeghavana]], where he [[consecrated]] various spots by [[virtue]] of his presence, and proceeded to the site of the later Silācetiya. From there he returned to [[Jetavana]].
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The first was while he was dwelling at [[Uruvelā]], awaiting the [[moment]] for the [[Conversion]] of the Tebhātika [[Jatilas]], in the ninth month after the [[enlightenment]], on the [[full-moon day]] of [[Phussa]] (Dec.-Jan.). He came to the [[Mahā]][[Nāga]] [[garden]], and stood in the [[air]] over an assembly of [[yakkhas]] then [[being]] held. He struck {{Wiki|terror}} into their hearts and, at his suggestion, they left [[Ceylon]] and went in a [[Body]] to Giridīpa, hard by. The [[Buddha]] gave a handful of his [[Hair]] to the [[Deva]] Mahāsumana of the Sumanakūta mountain, who built a [[thūpa]] which was later enlarged into the [[Mahiyangana]] [[Thūpa]]. The [[Buddha]] again visited [[Ceylon]] in the fifth year, on the [[new-moon]] day of [[Citta]] (March-April), to check an imminent {{Wiki|battle}} between two [[Nāga]] chiefs in [[Nāgadīpa]]; the combatants were [[Mahodara]] and [[Cūlodara]], uncle and nephew, and [[the object]] of the quarrel was a gem-set [[throne]]. The [[Buddha]] appeared before them, accompanied by the [[Deva]] Samiddhi-Sumana, carrying a Rājayatana [[tree]] from [[Jetavana]], settled their quarrel and received, as a [[gift]], the [[throne]], the [[cause]] of the trouble. He left behind him both the [[throne]] and the Rājayatana [[tree]] for the {{Wiki|worship}} of the [[Nāgā]]s and accepted an invitation from the [[Nāga]] [[king]], [[Maniakkhika]] of [[Kalyāni]], to pay another visit to [[Ceylon]]. Three years later [[Maniakkhika]] repeated the invitation and The [[Buddha]] came to [[Kalyāni]] with five hundred [[monks]], on the second day of [[Vesākha]]. Having [[preached]] to the [[Nāgas]], he went to Sumanakūta, on the summit of which mountain he left the imprint of his foot (Legend has it that other footprints were left by The [[Buddha]], on the bank of the [[river]] Nammadā, on the Saccabaddha mountain and in Yonakapura). He then stayed at Dīghavāpī and from there visited [[Mahāmeghavana]], where he [[consecrated]] various spots by [[virtue]] of his presence, and proceeded to the site of the later Silācetiya. From there he returned to [[Jetavana]].
 
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[[File:YG7NT.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
Very little [[Information]] as to [[The Personality of the Buddha]] is available. We are told that he was golden-hued (E.g., Sp.iii.689), that his {{Wiki|voice}} had the eight qualities of the Brahmassāra (E.g., D.ii.211; M.ii.166f. It is said that while an [[ordinary person]] spoke one [[word]], [[Ananda]] could speak eight; but The [[Buddha]] could speak sixteen to the eight of [[Ananda]], MA.i.283) - fluency, intelligibility, sweetness, audibility, continuity, distinctness, depth and resonance - that he had a fascinating [[personality]] - he was described by his opponents as {{Wiki|seductive}} (E.g., M.i.269, 275) - that he was handsome, {{Wiki|perfect}} alike in complexion and stature and [[noble]] of presence (E.g., M.ii.167). He had a unique reputation as a [[teacher]] and trainer of the [[human]] [[Heart]]. He was endowed with the [[thirty-two marks]] of the [[Mahāpurisa]]. (For details of these, see [[Buddha]]). There is a legend that [[Mahā Kassapa]], though slightly shorter, resembled The [[Buddha]] in [[appearance]].
 
Very little [[Information]] as to [[The Personality of the Buddha]] is available. We are told that he was golden-hued (E.g., Sp.iii.689), that his {{Wiki|voice}} had the eight qualities of the Brahmassāra (E.g., D.ii.211; M.ii.166f. It is said that while an [[ordinary person]] spoke one [[word]], [[Ananda]] could speak eight; but The [[Buddha]] could speak sixteen to the eight of [[Ananda]], MA.i.283) - fluency, intelligibility, sweetness, audibility, continuity, distinctness, depth and resonance - that he had a fascinating [[personality]] - he was described by his opponents as {{Wiki|seductive}} (E.g., M.i.269, 275) - that he was handsome, {{Wiki|perfect}} alike in complexion and stature and [[noble]] of presence (E.g., M.ii.167). He had a unique reputation as a [[teacher]] and trainer of the [[human]] [[Heart]]. He was endowed with the [[thirty-two marks]] of the [[Mahāpurisa]]. (For details of these, see [[Buddha]]). There is a legend that [[Mahā Kassapa]], though slightly shorter, resembled The [[Buddha]] in [[appearance]].
  
Attempts made, however, to [[measure]] The [[Buddha]] always failed; two such attempts are generally mentioned - one by a [[brahmin]] of [[Rājagaha]] and the other by [[Rāhu]], chief of the [[Asuras]] (DA.i.284f). The [[Buddha]] had the [[physical]] strength of many millions of [[Elephants]] (e.g., VibhA.397), but his strength quickly ebbed away after his last meal and he had to stop at twenty-five places while travelling three [[gāvutas]] from Pāvā to Kusināra (DA.ii.573).
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Attempts made, however, to [[measure]] The [[Buddha]] always failed; two such attempts are generally mentioned - one by a [[brahmin]] of [[Rājagaha]] and the other by [[Rāhu]], chief of the [[Asuras]] (DA.i.284f). The [[Buddha]] had the [[physical]] strength of many millions of [[Elephants]] (e.g., VibhA.397), but his strength quickly ebbed away after his last meal and he had to stop at twenty-five places while travelling three [[gāvutas]] from [[Pāvā]] to Kusināra (DA.ii.573).
  
 
Mention is often made of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Love]] of quiet and [[peace]], and even the {{Wiki|heretics}} respected his wishes in this {{Wiki|matter}}, silencing their discussions at his approach (E.g., D.i.178f; iii.39; even his [[disciples]] had a similar reputation, e.g., D.iii.37). Examples are given of The [[Buddha]] refusing to allow noisy [[monks]] to [[live]] near him. (E.g., M.i.456; see also M.ii.122, where a [[Monk]] was jogged by his neighbour because he coughed when The [[Buddha]] was {{Wiki|speaking}}). He loved [[solitude]] and often spent long periods away from the haunts of men, allowing only one [[Monk]] to bring him his meals. E.g., S.v.12, 320; but this very [[Love]] of [[solitude]] was sometimes brought against him. By intercourse with whom does he attain to [[lucidity]] in [[Wisdom]]? they asked. His [[insight]], they said, was ruined by his [[habit]] of {{Wiki|seclusion}} (D.iii.38).
 
Mention is often made of The [[Buddha]]'s [[Love]] of quiet and [[peace]], and even the {{Wiki|heretics}} respected his wishes in this {{Wiki|matter}}, silencing their discussions at his approach (E.g., D.i.178f; iii.39; even his [[disciples]] had a similar reputation, e.g., D.iii.37). Examples are given of The [[Buddha]] refusing to allow noisy [[monks]] to [[live]] near him. (E.g., M.i.456; see also M.ii.122, where a [[Monk]] was jogged by his neighbour because he coughed when The [[Buddha]] was {{Wiki|speaking}}). He loved [[solitude]] and often spent long periods away from the haunts of men, allowing only one [[Monk]] to bring him his meals. E.g., S.v.12, 320; but this very [[Love]] of [[solitude]] was sometimes brought against him. By intercourse with whom does he attain to [[lucidity]] in [[Wisdom]]? they asked. His [[insight]], they said, was ruined by his [[habit]] of {{Wiki|seclusion}} (D.iii.38).
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When he was staying in a [[monastery]], he paid daily visits to the sick ward to talk to the inmates and to {{Wiki|comfort}} them (See, e.g., Kutāgārasālā). The [[charming]] story of Pūtigata-Tissa shows that he sometimes attended on the sick himself, thus setting an example to his followers. In return for his [[devotion]], his [[disciples]] adored him, but even among those who immediately surrounded him there were a few who refused to obey him implicitly - e.g., [[Lāludāyī]], the companions of [[Assaji]] and Punabbasuka, the Chabbaggiyas, the Sattarasavaggiyas and others, not to mention [[Devadatta]] and his associates.
 
When he was staying in a [[monastery]], he paid daily visits to the sick ward to talk to the inmates and to {{Wiki|comfort}} them (See, e.g., Kutāgārasālā). The [[charming]] story of Pūtigata-Tissa shows that he sometimes attended on the sick himself, thus setting an example to his followers. In return for his [[devotion]], his [[disciples]] adored him, but even among those who immediately surrounded him there were a few who refused to obey him implicitly - e.g., [[Lāludāyī]], the companions of [[Assaji]] and Punabbasuka, the Chabbaggiyas, the Sattarasavaggiyas and others, not to mention [[Devadatta]] and his associates.
  
The [[Buddha]] seems to have shown a special regard for [[Sāriputta]], [[Ananda]] and [[Mahā Kassapa]] among the [[monks]], and for [[Anāthapindika]], Mallikā, Visakhā, [[Bimbisāra]] and [[Pasenadi]] among the laity. He seems to have been secretly amused by the very [[human]] qualities of [[Pasenadi]] and by his failure to appreciate the real {{Wiki|superiority}} of Mallikā, his wife.
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The [[Buddha]] seems to have shown a special regard for [[Sāriputta]], [[Ananda]] and [[Mahā Kassapa]] among the [[monks]], and for [[Anāthapindika]], [[Mallikā]], Visakhā, [[Bimbisāra]] and [[Pasenadi]] among the laity. He seems to have been secretly amused by the very [[human]] qualities of [[Pasenadi]] and by his failure to appreciate the real {{Wiki|superiority}} of [[Mallikā]], his wife.
  
The [[Buddha]] always declared that he was among the [[happy]] ones of this [[earth]], that he was far [[happier]], for instance, than [[Bimbisāra]] (E.g., M.i.94), and he remained unmoved by opposition or abuse. E.g., in the case of the organised conspiracy of Māgandiyā (DhA.iv.1f.).
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The [[Buddha]] always declared that he was among the [[happy]] ones of this [[earth]], that he was far [[happier]], for instance, than [[Bimbisāra]] (E.g., M.i.94), and he remained unmoved by [[opposition]] or abuse. E.g., in the case of the organised conspiracy of [[Māgandiyā]] (DhA.iv.1f.).
 
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[[File:Vedic scriptures-2.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
The [[Milindapañha]] (p.134) mentions several illnesses of The [[Buddha]]: the injury to his foot has already been referred to; once when the humours of his [[Body]] were disturbed [[Jīvaka]] administered a purge (Vin.i.279); on another occasion he [[suffered]] from some {{Wiki|stomach}} trouble which was cured by [[hot]] [[water]], or, according to some, by [[hot]] gruel (Vin.i.210f.; Thag.185). The [[Dhammapada]] Commentary (DhA.iv.232; ThagA.i.311f) mentions another disorder of the humours cured by [[hot]] [[water]] obtained from the [[brahmin]] Devahita, through [[Upavāna]]. The Commentaries mention that he [[suffered]], in his [[old age]], from [[constant]] backache, owing to the severe austerities practised by him during the six years preceding his [[Enlightenment]], and the unsuitable meals taken during that period were responsible for a dyspepsia which persisted throughout the rest of his [[Life]] (SA.i.200), culminating in his last serious {{Wiki|illness}} of dysentery. MA.i.465; DA.iii.974; see also D.iii.209, when he was preaching to the {{Wiki|Mallas}} of Pāvā.
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The [[Milindapañha]] (p.134) mentions several [[illnesses]] of The [[Buddha]]: the injury to his foot has already been referred to; once when the humours of his [[Body]] were disturbed [[Jīvaka]] administered a purge (Vin.i.279); on another occasion he [[suffered]] from some {{Wiki|stomach}} trouble which was cured by [[hot]] [[water]], or, according to some, by [[hot]] gruel (Vin.i.210f.; Thag.185). The [[Dhammapada]] Commentary (DhA.iv.232; ThagA.i.311f) mentions another disorder of the humours cured by [[hot]] [[water]] obtained from the [[brahmin]] Devahita, through [[Upavāna]]. The Commentaries mention that he [[suffered]], in his [[old age]], from [[constant]] backache, owing to the severe austerities practised by him during the six years preceding his [[Enlightenment]], and the unsuitable meals taken during that period were responsible for a dyspepsia which persisted throughout the rest of his [[Life]] (SA.i.200), culminating in his last serious {{Wiki|illness}} of dysentery. MA.i.465; DA.iii.974; see also D.iii.209, when he was preaching to the {{Wiki|Mallas}} of [[Pāvā]].
  
 
The [[Apadāna]] (Ap.i.299f) contains a set of verses called Pubbakammapiloti; these verses mention certain acts done by The [[Buddha]] in the {{Wiki|past}}, which resulted in his having to [[suffer]] in various ways in his last [[birth]]. He was once a drunkard named Munāli and he abused the [[Pacceka Buddha]] Surabhi. On another occasion he was a learned [[brahmin]], [[teacher]] of five hundred pupils. One day, [[seeing]] the [[Pacceka Buddha]] Isigana, he spoke ill of him to his pupils, calling him "sensualist." The result of this act was the calumny against him by [[Sundarikā]] in this [[Life]].
 
The [[Apadāna]] (Ap.i.299f) contains a set of verses called Pubbakammapiloti; these verses mention certain acts done by The [[Buddha]] in the {{Wiki|past}}, which resulted in his having to [[suffer]] in various ways in his last [[birth]]. He was once a drunkard named Munāli and he abused the [[Pacceka Buddha]] Surabhi. On another occasion he was a learned [[brahmin]], [[teacher]] of five hundred pupils. One day, [[seeing]] the [[Pacceka Buddha]] Isigana, he spoke ill of him to his pupils, calling him "sensualist." The result of this act was the calumny against him by [[Sundarikā]] in this [[Life]].
  
In another [[Life]] he reviled a [[disciple]] of a [[Buddha]], named [[Nanda]]; for this he [[suffered]] in [[Hell]] for twelve thousand years and, in his last [[Life]], was disgraced by [[Ciñcā]]. Once, [[greedy]] for [[wealth]], he killed his step-brothers, hurling them down a precipice; as a result, [[Devadatta]] attempted to kill him by hurling down a rock. Once, as a boy, while playing on the highway, he saw a [[Pacceka Buddha]] and threw a stone at him, and as a result, was shot at by [[Devadatta]]'s hired archers. In another [[Life]] he was a mahout, and [[seeing]] a [[Pacceka Buddha]] on the road, drove his [[elephant]] against him; hence the attack by [[Nālāgiri]]. Once, as a [[king]], he sentenced seventy persons to [[Death]], the reward for which he reaped when a splinter pierced his foot. Because once, as a fisherman's son, he took [[delight]] in watching {{Wiki|fish}} [[being]] caught, he [[suffered]] from a grievous headache when [[Vidūdabha]] slaughtered the [[Sākiyans]]. In the [[time]] of [[Phussa Buddha]] he asked the [[monks]] to eat {{Wiki|barley}} instead of {{Wiki|rice}} and, as a result, had to eat {{Wiki|barley}} for three months at Verañja. (According to the [[Dhammapada]] Commentary [iii.257], The [[Buddha]] actually had to starve one day at Pañcasālā, because none of the inhabitants were willing to give him [[alms]].) Because he once killed a wrestler, he [[suffered]] from cramp in the back. Once, when a [[physician]], he [[caused]] discomfort to a {{Wiki|merchant}} by purging him, hence his last {{Wiki|illness}} of dysentery. As Jotipāla, he spoke disparagingly of the [[enlightenment]] of [[Kassapa Buddha]], and in consequence had to spend six years following various [[paths]] before becoming The [[Buddha]]. He was one of the most short-lived [[Buddhas]], but because of those six years his [[Sāsana]] will last longer (Sp.i.190f).
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In another [[Life]] he reviled a [[disciple]] of a [[Buddha]], named [[Nanda]]; for this he [[suffered]] in [[Hell]] for twelve thousand years and, in his last [[Life]], was disgraced by [[Ciñcā]]. Once, [[greedy]] for [[wealth]], he killed his step-brothers, hurling them down a precipice; as a result, [[Devadatta]] attempted to kill him by hurling down a rock. Once, as a boy, while playing on the highway, he saw a [[Pacceka Buddha]] and threw a stone at him, and as a result, was shot at by [[Devadatta]]'s hired archers. In another [[Life]] he was a mahout, and [[seeing]] a [[Pacceka Buddha]] on the road, drove his [[elephant]] against him; hence the attack by [[Nālāgiri]]. Once, as a [[king]], he sentenced seventy persons to [[Death]], the reward for which he reaped when a splinter pierced his foot. Because once, as a fisherman's son, he took [[delight]] in watching {{Wiki|fish}} [[being]] caught, he [[suffered]] from a grievous headache when [[Vidūdabha]] slaughtered the [[Sākiyans]]. In the [[time]] of [[Phussa Buddha]] he asked the [[monks]] to eat {{Wiki|barley}} instead of {{Wiki|rice}} and, as a result, had to eat {{Wiki|barley}} for three months at [[Verañja]]. (According to the [[Dhammapada]] Commentary [iii.257], The [[Buddha]] actually had to starve one day at Pañcasālā, because none of the inhabitants were willing to give him [[alms]].) Because he once killed a wrestler, he [[suffered]] from cramp in the back. Once, when a [[physician]], he [[caused]] discomfort to a {{Wiki|merchant}} by purging him, hence his last {{Wiki|illness}} of dysentery. As [[Jotipāla]], he spoke disparagingly of the [[enlightenment]] of [[Kassapa Buddha]], and in consequence had to spend six years following various [[paths]] before becoming The [[Buddha]]. He was one of the most short-lived [[Buddhas]], but because of those six years his [[Sāsana]] will last longer (Sp.i.190f).
  
The [[Buddha]] was generally addressed by his own [[disciples]] as [[Bhagavā]]. He spoke of himself as [[Tathāgata]], while non-Buddhists referred to him as [[Gotama]] or Mahāsamana. Other names used are [[Mahāmuni]], Sākyamuni, [[Jina]], [[Sakka]] (e.g., Sn.vs.345) and [[Brahma]] (Sn.vs.91; SnA.ii.418), also [[Yakkha]] (q.v.).
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The [[Buddha]] was generally addressed by his [[own]] [[disciples]] as [[Bhagavā]]. He spoke of himself as [[Tathāgata]], while non-Buddhists referred to him as [[Gotama]] or Mahāsamana. Other names used are [[Mahāmuni]], Sākyamuni, [[Jina]], [[Sakka]] (e.g., Sn.vs.345) and [[Brahma]] (Sn.vs.91; SnA.ii.418), also [[Yakkha]] (q.v.).
 
[[File:Vessantara.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
[[File:Vessantara.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
 
The [[Anguttara]] [[Nikāya]] (A.i.23ff) gives a list of The [[Buddha]]'s most {{Wiki|eminent}} [[disciples]], both among members of the [[Order]] and among the laity. Each one in the list is mentioned as having possessed pre-eminence in some particular [[respect]].
 
The [[Anguttara]] [[Nikāya]] (A.i.23ff) gives a list of The [[Buddha]]'s most {{Wiki|eminent}} [[disciples]], both among members of the [[Order]] and among the laity. Each one in the list is mentioned as having possessed pre-eminence in some particular [[respect]].
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Among those who visited The [[Buddha]] for [[discussion]] or had interviews with him or received instruction and guidance direct from him, the following may be included in addition to those already mentioned (this list does not pretend to be complete; some of the names have already been mentioned in this {{Wiki|monograph}} in various connections):
 
Among those who visited The [[Buddha]] for [[discussion]] or had interviews with him or received instruction and guidance direct from him, the following may be included in addition to those already mentioned (this list does not pretend to be complete; some of the names have already been mentioned in this {{Wiki|monograph}} in various connections):
  
Ankura, Aggidatta, [[Acela-Kassapa]], [[Ajātasattu]], [[Ajita]] the [[Paribbājaka]], [[Ajita]] the [[Licchavi]] general, Attadattha, Anitthigandhakumāra, Anurāddha, [[Anuruddha]], [[Annabhāra]], Abhaya-rājakumāra, [[Abhayā]], Abhiñjaka, Abhibhūta, Abhirūpa-Nandā, [[Ambattha]], the [[Monk]] [[Arittha]], [[Ariya]] the fisherman, [[Asama]], Asibandhaputta, [[Assaji]], Assalāyana, ākotaka, āmagandha, the [[yakkhas]] [[ālavaka]] and Indaka, Ugga of [[Vesāli]], Ugga the [[minister]], Uggata-Sarīra, Uggaha, Ujjaya, Unnābha, Uttara-devaputta, [[Uttara]] the [[Nāga]] [[king]], [[Uttara]], pupil of Pārasariya, [[Uttiya]], Udaya and Udāyi the [[brahmins]], [[Uttara]], pupil of Brahmāyu, [[Uttarā]], daughter of [[Punna]], [[Uttarā]] the aged [[nun]], [[Upavāna]], Upasālha, [[Upasena]], Upāligahapati, [[Ubbirī]], Eraka, Esakārī, [[Kakudha]], Kandaraka, [[Kapila]] the fisherman, [[Kappa]], Kappatakura, Kalārakkhattiya, [[Kassapa]] the [[Deva]], Kāna, Kānamātā, Kātiyāna, [[Kāpathika]], Kā[[Mada]], Kāranapāli, the Kālāmas, [[Kāligodhā]], [[Kimbila]], Kisāgotami, Kukkutamitta the {{Wiki|hunter}}, Kundadhāna, Kundaliya, Kulla, Kūtadanta, Keniya the [[Jatila]], [[Kevaddha]], Kesi the [[horse]] trainer, Kokanadā, the two daughters of Pajjuna, [[Kokālika]], Khadiravaniya-Revata, Khānu-Kondañña, [[Khema]] the [[Deva]], [[Khemā]], Ganaka-Moggallāna, [[Gavampati]], Guttā, [[Gotama]] [[Thera]], [[Cankī]], [[Candana]], Candābha, [[Candimā]] ([[Candimasa]]), [[Citta]]-Hatthasārīputta, [[Cunda]], Cunda-Samanuddesa, [[Cundī]], Culla-Dhanuggaha, Culla-Subhaddhā, Chattapānī, Janapada-Kalyāni-Nandā, [[Janavasabha]], [[Jantu]], Jambuka, Jambukhādaka, [[Jānussoni]], Jāliya, Jīvaka-Komārabhacca, Jenta, Jotikagahapati, Tāyana, Tālaputa, Tikanna, Timbaruka, [[Tissa]], cousin of The [[Buddha]], [[Tissa]], [[friend]] of [[Metteyya]], [[Tissa]] of [[Roruva]], Tudu-brahmā, Thulla-Tissa, Dandapanī, Dāmalī, [[Dāsaka]], [[Dīgha]] the [[Deva]], Dīghajānu, Dīghata-passī, Dīghanakha, Dīghalatthi, [[Dīghāvu]], Dummukha, [[Dona]], [[Dhammadinna]], [[Dhammā]]{{Wiki|rāma}}, the [[Dhammika]]-[[Upāsaka]], [[Dhammika]] the [[brahmin]], [[Nanda]] [[Thera]], [[Nanda]] the herdsman, [[Nandana]], Nandiya-paribbājaka, [[Nandiya]] the [[Sākiyan]], [[Nandivisāla]], [[Nāgita]], Nālakatāpasa, Nālijangha, Nigamavāsi-Tissa, [[Nigrodha]], [[Ninka]], Nīta, Nhātakamunī, Paccanīkasāta, [[Pañcasikha]], Pañcālacanda, Patācārā, [[Pasenadi]], [[king]] of [[Kosala]], [[Pahārāda]] the [[Asura]], Pātaliya, Pārāpariya, Pingala-Kaccha, Pingiyānī, Pilinda-Vaccha, Pilotika, [[Punna]], Punna-Koliyaputta, Punna-Mantānīputta, Punnā, Punniya, Pessa the [[elephant]] trainer, [[Pokkharasāti]], [[Potthapāda]], Pothila, Potaliya, Phagguna, Baka-brahmā, Bahuputtikā, Bāvarī and his sixteen [[disciples]], Bāhiya-Dārucīriya, Bāhuna, Bilālapādaka, Belatthakāni, Bojjhā, Brahmāyu, [[Bhagu]], Bhaggava, [[Bhadda]], Bhaddā-Kundakakesī, [[Bhaddāli]], [[Bhaddiya]] the [[Licchavi]], several Bhāra-dvājas (Akkosaka*, Aggika*, [[Asurinda]]*, [[Ahimsaka]]*, [[Kāsi]]*, Jatā*, Navakammika*, Bilangika*, Suddhika*, Sundarika*), [[Bhāradvāja]], husband of Dhanañjāni, [[Bhāradvāja]], [[friend]] of [[Vāsettha]], Bhuñ[[Jati]], Bhumiya, Bhesika the barber, Macchari-Kosiya, Manibhadda, Mandissa, Mahā-kappina, Mahā-Kassapa, Mahā-kotthita, Mahā-Cunda, Mahā-dhana, Mahā-nāma, Mahā-Moggallāna, Mahāli (Otthaddha), the two Māgandiyas - one the [[brahmin]] and one the [[paribbājaka]], [[Māgha]], Mānava-Gāmiya, Mānatthaddha, Mātuposaka, Mālunkyaputta, Miga-jāla, Migasira, [[Mendaka]] of [[Bhaddiya]], Moliya-Phagguna, Moliya-Sīvaka, Yasoja, [[Ratthapāla]], Rādha, [[Rāhula]], Rāsiya, Rūpānandā, Roja the [[Malla]], [[Rohinī]], Rohitassa, [[Lakuntaka]]-[[Bhaddiya]], the [[goddess]] Lājā, [[Lomasakangiya]], [[Lohicca]], [[Vakkali]], [[Vangisa]], Vajjiyamāhita, Vaddha the [[Licchavi]], Vaddhamāna, [[Vappa]], Varadhara, [[Vassakāra]], Vārana, [[Vāsettha]]-[[Upāsaka]], [[Vāsettha]], [[friend]] of [[Bhāradvāja]], [[Visākha]] Pañcalaputta, [[Visākhā]], Vīrā, Vekhanasa, Vendu, Vatambari, Sakuludāyi, [[Sakka]], Sankicca, the two Sangāravas, [[Sangharakkhita]] (Bhāgineyya°), [[Saccaka]], Sajjha, Satullapa-devas, [[Sanankumāra]], [[Santati]], Sandha, Sandhāna, [[Samiddhi]], Sarabha, [[Sarabhanga]], [[Sātāgira]], Sātāli, Sāti, Sānu, Sikhā-Moggallāna, [[Sigāla]], [[Sirimā]], {{Wiki|Siva}}, Sīvali, Sīha the general, [[Sukhā]], [[Suciloma]], [[Sujātā]], daughter-in-law of [[Anāthapindika]], [[Sudatta]], [[Sunakkhatta]], Sunīta, Sundara-Samudda, Sundarī-Nandā, the leper [[Suppabuddha]], Suppa-vāsā, [[Subha]] [[Todeyyaputta]], the two [[nuns]] named [[Subhā]], [[Subhūti]], the [[novice]] [[Sumana]], [[Sumanā]], sister of [[Pasenadi]], [[Subrahmā]], Surādha, [[Suriya]], Susima, Seniya, Seri, Sela, Sona-Kutikanna, Sona-Kolivisa, [[Sonadanda]], [[Sonā]], the two Sopākas, [[Hatthaka]] [[ālavaka]], Hatthaka-devaputta and Hemavata.
+
[[Ankura]], Aggidatta, [[Acela-Kassapa]], [[Ajātasattu]], [[Ajita]] the [[Paribbājaka]], [[Ajita]] the [[Licchavi]] general, Attadattha, Anitthigandhakumāra, Anurāddha, [[Anuruddha]], [[Annabhāra]], Abhaya-rājakumāra, [[Abhayā]], Abhiñjaka, Abhibhūta, Abhirūpa-Nandā, [[Ambattha]], the [[Monk]] [[Arittha]], [[Ariya]] the fisherman, [[Asama]], Asibandhaputta, [[Assaji]], Assalāyana, ākotaka, āmagandha, the [[yakkhas]] [[ālavaka]] and Indaka, [[Ugga]] of [[Vesāli]], [[Ugga]] the [[minister]], Uggata-Sarīra, Uggaha, Ujjaya, Unnābha, Uttara-devaputta, [[Uttara]] the [[Nāga]] [[king]], [[Uttara]], pupil of Pārasariya, [[Uttiya]], [[Udaya]] and Udāyi the [[brahmins]], [[Uttara]], pupil of Brahmāyu, [[Uttarā]], daughter of [[Punna]], [[Uttarā]] the aged [[nun]], [[Upavāna]], Upasālha, [[Upasena]], Upāligahapati, [[Ubbirī]], Eraka, Esakārī, [[Kakudha]], [[Kandaraka]], [[Kapila]] the fisherman, [[Kappa]], Kappatakura, Kalārakkhattiya, [[Kassapa]] the [[Deva]], Kāna, Kānamātā, Kātiyāna, [[Kāpathika]], Kā[[Mada]], Kāranapāli, the [[Kālāmas]], [[Kāligodhā]], [[Kimbila]], Kisāgotami, Kukkutamitta the {{Wiki|hunter}}, Kundadhāna, Kundaliya, Kulla, Kūtadanta, Keniya the [[Jatila]], [[Kevaddha]], Kesi the [[horse]] trainer, Kokanadā, the two daughters of Pajjuna, [[Kokālika]], [[Khadiravaniya-Revata]], Khānu-Kondañña, [[Khema]] the [[Deva]], [[Khemā]], Ganaka-Moggallāna, [[Gavampati]], Guttā, [[Gotama]] [[Thera]], [[Cankī]], [[Candana]], Candābha, [[Candimā]] ([[Candimasa]]), [[Citta]]-Hatthasārīputta, [[Cunda]], Cunda-Samanuddesa, [[Cundī]], Culla-Dhanuggaha, Culla-Subhaddhā, Chattapānī, Janapada-Kalyāni-Nandā, [[Janavasabha]], [[Jantu]], Jambuka, [[Jambukhādaka]], [[Jānussoni]], Jāliya, Jīvaka-Komārabhacca, Jenta, Jotikagahapati, Tāyana, [[Tālaputa]], Tikanna, Timbaruka, [[Tissa]], cousin of The [[Buddha]], [[Tissa]], [[friend]] of [[Metteyya]], [[Tissa]] of [[Roruva]], Tudu-brahmā, Thulla-Tissa, Dandapanī, Dāmalī, [[Dāsaka]], [[Dīgha]] the [[Deva]], Dīghajānu, Dīghata-passī, Dīghanakha, Dīghalatthi, [[Dīghāvu]], Dummukha, [[Dona]], [[Dhammadinna]], [[Dhammā]]{{Wiki|rāma}}, the [[Dhammika]]-[[Upāsaka]], [[Dhammika]] the [[brahmin]], [[Nanda]] [[Thera]], [[Nanda]] the herdsman, [[Nandana]], Nandiya-paribbājaka, [[Nandiya]] the [[Sākiyan]], [[Nandivisāla]], [[Nāgita]], Nālakatāpasa, Nālijangha, Nigamavāsi-Tissa, [[Nigrodha]], [[Ninka]], Nīta, Nhātakamunī, Paccanīkasāta, [[Pañcasikha]], Pañcālacanda, Patācārā, [[Pasenadi]], [[king]] of [[Kosala]], [[Pahārāda]] the [[Asura]], Pātaliya, Pārāpariya, Pingala-Kaccha, Pingiyānī, Pilinda-Vaccha, [[Pilotika]], [[Punna]], Punna-Koliyaputta, Punna-Mantānīputta, [[Punnā]], Punniya, [[Pessa]] the [[elephant]] trainer, [[Pokkharasāti]], [[Potthapāda]], Pothila, [[Potaliya]], [[Phagguna]], Baka-brahmā, Bahuputtikā, Bāvarī and his sixteen [[disciples]], Bāhiya-Dārucīriya, Bāhuna, Bilālapādaka, Belatthakāni, Bojjhā, Brahmāyu, [[Bhagu]], [[Bhaggava]], [[Bhadda]], Bhaddā-Kundakakesī, [[Bhaddāli]], [[Bhaddiya]] the [[Licchavi]], several Bhāra-dvājas ([[Akkosaka]]*, [[Aggika]]*, [[Asurinda]]*, [[Ahimsaka]]*, [[Kāsi]]*, Jatā*, Navakammika*, [[Bilangika]]*, [[Suddhika]]*, Sundarika*), [[Bhāradvāja]], husband of Dhanañjāni, [[Bhāradvāja]], [[friend]] of [[Vāsettha]], Bhuñ[[Jati]], Bhumiya, Bhesika the barber, Macchari-Kosiya, Manibhadda, [[Mandissa]], Mahā-kappina, Mahā-Kassapa, Mahā-kotthita, Mahā-Cunda, Mahā-dhana, Mahā-nāma, Mahā-Moggallāna, [[Mahāli]] (Otthaddha), the two Māgandiyas - one the [[brahmin]] and one the [[paribbājaka]], [[Māgha]], Mānava-Gāmiya, Mānatthaddha, Mātuposaka, [[Mālunkyaputta]], Miga-jāla, Migasira, [[Mendaka]] of [[Bhaddiya]], Moliya-Phagguna, Moliya-Sīvaka, Yasoja, [[Ratthapāla]], Rādha, [[Rāhula]], Rāsiya, Rūpānandā, Roja the [[Malla]], [[Rohinī]], Rohitassa, [[Lakuntaka]]-[[Bhaddiya]], the [[goddess]] Lājā, [[Lomasakangiya]], [[Lohicca]], [[Vakkali]], [[Vangisa]], Vajjiyamāhita, Vaddha the [[Licchavi]], Vaddhamāna, [[Vappa]], Varadhara, [[Vassakāra]], Vārana, [[Vāsettha]]-[[Upāsaka]], [[Vāsettha]], [[friend]] of [[Bhāradvāja]], [[Visākha]] Pañcalaputta, [[Visākhā]], Vīrā, Vekhanasa, Vendu, Vatambari, [[Sakuludāyi]], [[Sakka]], [[Sankicca]], the two Sangāravas, [[Sangharakkhita]] (Bhāgineyya°), [[Saccaka]], Sajjha, Satullapa-devas, [[Sanankumāra]], [[Santati]], Sandha, Sandhāna, [[Samiddhi]], Sarabha, [[Sarabhanga]], [[Sātāgira]], Sātāli, [[Sāti]], Sānu, Sikhā-Moggallāna, [[Sigāla]], [[Sirimā]], {{Wiki|Siva}}, Sīvali, Sīha the general, [[Sukhā]], [[Suciloma]], [[Sujātā]], daughter-in-law of [[Anāthapindika]], [[Sudatta]], [[Sunakkhatta]], [[Sunīta]], Sundara-Samudda, Sundarī-Nandā, the leper [[Suppabuddha]], Suppa-vāsā, [[Subha]] [[Todeyyaputta]], the two [[nuns]] named [[Subhā]], [[Subhūti]], the [[novice]] [[Sumana]], [[Sumanā]], sister of [[Pasenadi]], [[Subrahmā]], Surādha, [[Suriya]], Susima, [[Seniya]], [[Seri]], Sela, Sona-Kutikanna, Sona-Kolivisa, [[Sonadanda]], [[Sonā]], the two Sopākas, [[Hatthaka]] [[ālavaka]], Hatthaka-devaputta and [[Hemavata]].
 
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Gotama: The last of the twenty-five Buddhas.

No comprehensive account of Gotama Buddha is as yet possible. The details given in this article are those generally accepted by orthodox Theravādins and contained in their Books, chiefly the Pāli Commentaries, more especially the Nidānakathā of the Jātaka and the Buddhavamsa Commentary.

Biographical details are also found in the Mahā Vagga and the Culla Vagga of the Vinaya Pitaka, the Buddhavamsa and in various scattered passages of the Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka.

References to these are given where considered useful. Controversy exists with regard to many of the matters mentioned; for discussion of the varying views regarding these, reference should be made to the works of Oldenberg, Rhys Davids (both Professor and Mrs. Rhys Davids), Kern, E. J. Thomas and other scholars.

Further particulars of persons and places mentioned can be obtained by reference to the articles under the respective names.

He was a Sākiyan (the Sākiyans were evidently subjects of the Kosala king; The Buddha calls himself a Kosalan, M.ii.124), son of Suddhodana (all Pāli Commentaries and Sanskrit works represent The Buddha as the son of a king, descendant of a long line of famous ancestors), chief ruler of Kapilavatthu, and of Mahā Māyā, Suddhodana's chief consort, and he belonged to the Gotama-gotta.

Before his conception he was in the Tusita Heaven, waiting for the due time for his birth in his last existence. Then, having made the "five investigations" (pañcavilolcanāni) (see Buddha), he took leave of his companions and descended to earth. (According to the Lalitavistara he appointed the Bodhisatta Maitreya as king of Tusita in his place). Many wondrous and marvellous events attended his conception and birth.

(Given in the Acchariyabbhutadhamma Sutta, M.iii.118f; also D.ii.12f. A more detailed account is found in J.i.47ff; both the Lai. and the Mtu.ii.14ff differ as to the details given here of the conception and the birth).

The conception takes place on the full-moon day of āsālha, with the moon in Uttarāsālha, and Maya has no relations with her husband. She has a marvellous dream in which the Bodhisatta, as a white elephant, enters her womb through her side.

When the dream is mentioned to the brahmins, they foretell the birth of a son who will be either a universal monarch or a Buddha. An earthquake takes place and thirty-two signs appear, presaging the birth of a great being.

The first of these signs is a boundless, great Light, flooding every corner of the ten thousand worlds; everyone beholds its glory, even the fires in all hells being extinguished.

Ten months after the conception, in the month of Visākha, Māyā wishes to visit her parents in Devadaha.



On the way thither from Kapilavatthu she passes the beautiful Lumbini grove, in which she desires to wander; she goes to a great sāla-tree and seizes a branch in her hand; labour pains start immediately, and, when the courtiers retire, having drawn a curtain round her, even while standing, she is delivered of the child.

It is the day of the full moon of Visākha; four Mahābrahmas receive the babe in a golden net, and streams of water descend from the sky to wash him.

The boy stands on the earth, takes seven steps north-wards and utters his lion-roar, "I am the chief in the world."

On the same day seven other beings were born: the Bodhi-tree, Rāhula's mother (Rāhulamātā, his future wife), the four Treasure-Troves (described at DA.i.284), his elephant, his horse Kanthaka, his charioteer Channa, and Kāludāyī.

The babe is escorted back to Kapilavatthu on the day of his birth and his mother dies seven days later.



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The isi Asita (or Kāladevala), meditating in the Himālaya, learns from the Tāvatimsa gods of The Birth of the Buddha, visits Suddhodana the same day and sees the boy, whom they both worship. Asita weeps for sorrow that he will not live to see the boy's Buddhahood, but he instructs his nephew Nālaka (v.l.

Naradatta) to prepare himself for that great day. On the fifth day after the birth is the ceremony of name-giving. One hundred and eight brahmins are invited to the festival at the palace; eight of them - Rāma, Dhaja, Lakkhana, Manti, Kondañña, Bhoja, Suyāma and Sudatta - are interpreters of bodily marks, and all except Kondañña prophesy two possibilities for the boy; but Kondañña, the youngest, says, quite decisively, that he will be a Buddha. The name given to the boy at this ceremony is not actually mentioned, but from other passages it is inferred that it was Siddhattha (q.v.).



Among other incidents recounted of The Buddha's boyhood is that of his attaining the first Jhāna under a jambu-tree. One day he is taken to the state ploughing of the king where Suddhodana himself, with his golden plough, ploughs with the farmers. The nurses, attracted by the festivities, leave the child under a jambu-tree. They return to find him seated, cross-legged, in a trance, the shadow of the tree remaining still, in order to protect him.

The king is informed and, for the second time, does reverence to his son. J.i.57f; MA.i.466f; the incident is alluded to in the Mahā Saccaka Sutta (M.i.246); the corresponding incident recounted in Mtu. (ii.45f.) takes place in a park, and the, details differ completely. The Lai. has two versions, one in prose and one in verse and both resemble the Mtu.; but in these The Buddha is represented as being much older. The Divy (391) and the Tibetan versions (e.g., Rockhill, p.22) put the incident very much later in The Buddha's Life. Other incidents are given in Lai. and Mtu.


The Bodhisatta is reported to have lived in the household for twenty-nine years a Life of great luxury and excessive ease, surrounded by all imaginable comforts. He owns three palaces - Ramma, Suramma and Subha - for the three seasons. Mention is made of his luxurious Life in A.i.145; also in M.i.504; further details are given in AA.i.378f.; J.i.58. See also Mtu.ii.115; cf. Vin.i.15; D.ii.21.



When the Bodhisatta is sixteen years old, Suddhodana sends messengers to the Sākyans asking that his son be allowed to seek a wife from among their daughters; but the Sākyans are reluctant to send them, for, they say, though the young man is hand-some, he knows no Art; how, then, can he support a wife? When this is reported to the prince, he summons an assembly of the Sākyans and performs various feats, chief of these being twelve feats with a bow which needs the strength of one thousand men. (The feats with the bow are described in the Sarabhanga Jātaka, J.v.129f ).

The Sākyans are so impressed that each sends him a daughter, the total number so sent being forty thousand. The Bodhisatta appoints as his chief wife the daughter of Suppabuddha, who, later, comes to be called Rāhulamātā. She is known under various names: Bhaddakaccā (or Kaccānā), Yasodharā. Bimbā, Bimbasundarī and Gopā. For a discussion see Rāhulamātā.

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According to the generally accepted account, Gotama is twenty-nine when the incidents occur which lead to final renunciation. Following the prophecy of the eight brahmins, his father had taken every precaution that his son should see no sign of old age, sickness or Death. But the gods decide that the time is come for the enlightenment, and instil into Gotama's Heart a desire to go into the park. On the way, the gods put before him a man showing signs of extreme age, and the Bodhisatta returns, filled with desire for renunciation. The king, learning this, surrounds him with even greater attractions, but on two other days Gotama goes to the park and the gods put before him a sick man and a corpse. (According to some accounts, e.g. that of the Dīghabhānakas, the four omens were all seen on the same day, J.i.59)

On the full-moon day of āsālha, the day appointed for the Great Renunciation, Gotama sees a Monk and hears from his charioteer praise of the ascetic Life.

Feeling very happy, he goes to the park to enjoy himself. Sakka sends Vissakamma himself to bathe and adorn him, and as Gotama returns to the city in all his majesty, he receives news of the birth of his son.

Foreseeing in this news a bond, he decides to call the babe Rāhula (q.v.). Kisā Gotamī (q.v.) sees Gotama on the way to the palace and, filled with longing for him, sings to him a song containing the word nibbuta.

The significance of the word (=extinguished, at peace) thrills him, and he sends to Kisā his priceless gold necklace which she, however, accepts as a token of Love. Gotama enters the palace and sleeps. He wakes in the middle of the night to find his female musicians sleeping in attitudes which fill him with disgust and with loathing for the worldly Life, and he decides to leave it.

(In some versions the Renunciation takes place seven days after the birth of Rāhula, J.i.62). He orders Channa to saddle Kanthaka, and enters his wife's room for a last look at her and their son.



He leaves the city on his horse Kanthaka, with Channa clinging to its tail. The devas muffle the sound of the horse's hoofs and of his neighing and open the city gates for Gotama to pass. Māra appears before Gotama and seeks to stay him with a promise that he shall be universal monarch within seven days.

On his offer being refused, Māra threatens to shadow him always. Outside the city, at the spot where later was erected the Kanthakanivattana-cetiya, Gotama turns his horse round to take a last look at Kapilavatthu. It is said that the earth actually turned, to make it easy for him to do so.

Then, accompanied by the gods, he rides thirty leagues through three kingdoms - those of the Sākyans, the Koliyans and the Mallas - and his horse crosses the river Anomā in one leap. On the other side, he gives all his ornaments to Channa, and with his sword cuts off Hair and beard, throwing them up into the air, where Sakka takes them and enshrines them in the Cūlāmani-cetiya in Tāvatimsa.

The Brahmā Ghatikāra offers Gotama the eight requisites of a Monk, which he accepts and adopts. He then sends Channa and Kanthaka back to his father, but Kanthaka, broken-hearted, dies on the spot and is reborn as Kanthaka-devaputta.
The account given here is taken mainly from the Nidānakathā (J.i.59ff) and evidently embodies later tradition; cp. D.ii.21ff. From passages found in the Pitakas (e.g., A.i.145; M.i.163, 240; M.ii.212f.) it would appear that the events leading up to the Renunciation were not so dramatic as given here, the process being more gradual.

I do not, however, agree with Thomas (op. cit., 58) that, according to these accounts, the Bodhisatta left the world when "quite a boy." I think the word dahara is used merely to indicate "the prime of youth," and not necessarily "boyhood." The description of the Renunciation in the Lal. is very much more elaborate and adds numerous incidents, no account of which is found in the Pāli.

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From Anomā the Bodhisatta goes to the mango-grove of Anupiya, and after spending seven days there walks to Rājagaha (a distance of thirty leagues) in one day, and there starts his alms rounds. Bimbisāra's men, noticing him, report the matter to the king, who sends messengers to enquire who this ascetic is. The men follow Gotama to the foot of the Pandavapabbata, where he eats his meal, and they then go and report to the king. Bimbisāra visits Gotama, and, pleased with his hearing, offers him the sovereignty. On learning the nature of Gotama's quest, he wins from him a promise to visit Rājagaha first after the enlightenment.



This incident is also mentioned in the Pabbajjā Sutta (SN.vv.405-24), but there it is the king who first sees Gotama. It is significant that, when asked his identity, Gotama does not say he is a king's son.

The Pali version of tile Sutta contains nothing of Gotama's promise to visit Rājagaha, but the Mtu. version (ii.198-200), which places the visit later, has two verses, one of which contains the request and the other the acceptance; and the SNA. (ii.385f.), too, mentions the promise and tells that Bimbisāra was informed of the prophecy concerning Gotama.

There is another version of the Mtu. (ii.117-20) which says that Gotama went straight to Vaisāli after leaving home, joining Ālāra, and later visited Uddaka at Rājagaha. Here no mention is made of Bimbisāra. We are told in the Mhv. (ii.25ff) that Bimbisāra and Gotama (Siddhattha) had been playmates, Bimbisāra being the younger by five years. Bimbisāra's father (Bhātī) and Suddhodana were friends.



Journeying from Rājagaha, Gotama in due course becomes a disciple of Ālāra-KāLāma. Having learnt and practised all that Ālāra has to teach, he finds it unsatisfying and joins Uddaka-Rāmaputta; but Uddaka's Doctrine leaves him still unconvinced and he abandons it. He then goes to Senānīgāma in Uruvelā and there, during six years, practises all manner of severe austerities, such as no man had previously undertaken. Once he falls fainting and a Deva informs Suddhodana that Gotama is dead.

But Suddhodana, relying on the prophecy of Kāladevala, refuses to believe the news. Gotama's mother, now born as a devaputta in Tāvatimsa, comes to him to encourage him. At Uruvelā, the Pañcavaggiya monks are his companions, but now, having realised the folly of extreme asceticism, he decides to abandon it, and starts again to take normal Food; thereupon the Pañcavaggiyas, disappointed, leave him and go to Isipatana.


J.i.66f. The Therīgāthā Commentary (p.2) mentions another teacher of Gotama, named Bhaggava, whom Gotama visited before Ālāra. Lal. (330 [264]) contains a very elaborate account of Gotama's visits to teachers; he goes first to two brahmin women, Sākī and Padmā, then to Raivata and Rajaka, son of Trimandika, and finally (as far as this chapter is concerned) to Ālāra at Vaisāli.

A poem containing an account of the meeting of Gotama with Bimbisāra is inserted into this account. The next chapter tells of Uddaka. An account of Gotama's visits to teachers and of the details of his austerities is also given in the Mahā Saccaka Sutta, already referred to (M.i.240ff); the Mahā Sīhanāda Sutta (M.i.77ff) contains a long and detailed account of his extreme asceticisms. See also M.i.163ff; ii.93f.

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Gotama's desire for normal Food is satisfied by an offering brought by Sujātā to the Ajapāla banyan tree under which he is seated. She had made a vow to the tree, and her wish having been granted, she takes her slave-girl, Punnā, and goes to the tree prepared to fulfil her promise.


They take Gotama to be the Tree-God, come in person to accept her offering of milk-rice; the offering is made in a golden bowl and he takes it joyfully.

Five Dreams he had the night before convince Gotama that he will that day become The Buddha. (The Dreams are, recounted in A.iii.240 and in Mtu.ii.136f). It is the full-moon day of Visākha; he bathes at Suppatittha in the Nerañjarā, eats the Food and launches the bowl up stream, where it sinks to the abode of the Nāga king, Kāla (Mahākāla).

Gotama spends the rest of the day in a sāla-grove and, in the evening, goes to the foot of the Bodhi-tree, accompanied by various divinities; there the grass-cutter Sotthiya gives him eight handfuls of grass; these, after Investigation, Gotama spreads on the eastern side of the tree, where it becomes a seat fourteen hands long, on which he sits cross-legged, determined not to rise before attaining Enlightenment.

J.i.69. The Pitakas know nothing of Sujātā's offering or of Sotthiya's gift. Lal. (334-7 [267-70]) mentions ten girls in all who provide him with Food during his austerities. Divy (392) mentions two, Nandā and Nandabalā.

Māra, Lord of the world of passion, is determined to prevent this fulfilment, and attacks Gotama with all the strength at his command. His army extends twelve leagues to the front, right, and left of him, to the end of the Cakkavāla behind him, and nine leagues into the sky above him. Māra himself carries numerous weapons and rides the elephant Girimekhala, one hundred and fifty leagues in height. At the sight of him all the divinities gathered at the Bodhi-tree to do honor to Gotama - the great Brahmā, Sakka, the Nāga-king Mahākāla - disappear in a flash, and Gotama is left alone with the ten pāramī, long practised by him, as his sole protection. All Māra's attempts to frighten him by means of storms and terrifying apparitions fail, and, in the end, Māra hurls at him the Cakkāvudha. It remains as a canopy poised over Gotama. The very earth bears witness to Gotama's fitness to be the Enlightened One, and Girimekhala kneels before him. Māra is vanquished and flees headlong with his vast army. The various divinities who had fled at the approach of Māra now return to Gotama and exult in his triumph.

The whole story of the contest with Māra is, obviously, a mythological development. It is significant that in the Majjhima passages referred to earlier there is no mention of Māra, of a temptation, or even of a Bodhi-tree; but see D.ii.4 and Thomas (op. cit., n.1).

According to the Kālingabodhi Jātaka, which, very probably, embodies an old tradition, the Bodhi-tree was worshipped even in The Buddha's Life-time.

The Māra legend is, however, to be found in the Canonical Padhāna Sutta of the Sutta Nipāta. This perhaps contains the first suggestion of the legend. For a discussion see Māra.

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Gotama spends that night in deep Meditation. In the first watch he gains remembrance of his former existences; in the middle watch he attains the divine eye (dibbacakkhu); in the last watch he revolves in his mind the Chain of Causation (Paticcasamuppāda). As he masters this, the earth trembles and, with the dawn, comes Enlightenment. He is now the supreme Buddha, and he breaks forth into a paean of Joy (udāna).

There is great Doubt as to which were these Udāna verses. The Nidānakathā and the Commentaries generally quote two verses (153, 154) included in the Dhammapada collection (anekajāti samsāram, etc.). The Vinaya (i.2) quotes three different verses (as does also DhsA.17), and says that one verse was repeated at the end of each watch, all the watches being occupied with Meditation on the Paticcasamuppāda. Mtu. (ii.286) gives a completely different Udāna, and in another place (ii.416) mentions a different verse as the first Udāna. The Tibetan Vinaya is, again, quite different (Rockhill, p.33). For a discussion see Thomas, op. cit., 75ff.

For the first week The Buddha remains under the Bodhi-tree, meditating on the Paticcasamuppāda; the second week he spends at the Ajapālanigrodha, where the "Huhuhka" Brahmin accosts him (Mara now comes again and asks The Buddha to die at once; D.ii.112) and where Mara's daughters, Tanhā, Aratī and Rāgā, appear before The Buddha and make a last attempt to shake his resolution (J.i.78; S.i.124; Lal.490 (378)); the third week he spends under the hood of the Nāga-king Mucalinda (Vin.i.3); the fourth week is spent in Meditation under the Rājāyatana tree*; at the end of this period takes place the Conversion of Tapussa and Bhallika. They take Refuge in The Buddha and the Dhamma, though The Buddha does not give them any instruction.


Doubts now assail The Buddha as to whether he shall proclaim to the world his Doctrine, so recondite, so hard to understand. The Brahma Sahampati (according to J.i.81, with the gods of the thousand worlds, including Sakka, Suyāma, Santusita, Sunimmita, Vasavatti, etc.) appears before him and assures him there are many prepared to listen to him and to profit by his teaching, and so entreats him to teach the Dhamma.

The Buddha accedes to his request and, after consideration, decides to teach the Dhamma first to the Pañcavaggiyas at Isipatana. On the way to Benares he meets the ājīvaka Upaka and tells him that he (The Buddha) is Jina.

On his arrival at Isipatana the Pañcavaggiyas are, at first, reluctant to acknowledge his claim to be the Tathāgata, but they let themselves be won over and, on the full-moon day of āsālha,

The Buddha preaches to them the sermon which came to be known as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. (Vin.i.4ff; M.i.118ff; cp. D.ii.36ff. Regarding the claim of this Sutta to be The Buddha's first sermon, see Thomas, op. cit., p.86; see also Pañcavaggiyā). At the end of the sermon Kondañña becomes a Sotāpanna and they all become monks.

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This sermon is followed five days later by the Anattalakkhana Sutta, at the conclusion of which all five become Arahants. The following day The Buddha meets Yasa, whom he converts. Yasa's father, who comes seeking him, is the first to take the threefold formula of Refuge.

Yasa becomes an Arahant and is ordained. The Buddha accepts a meal at his house, and Yasa's mother and one of his former wives are the first two lay-women to become The Buddha's disciples. Then four friends of Yasa and, afterwards, fifty more, enter the Order and become Arahants.

There are now sixty Arahants besides The Buddha, and they are sent in different directions to preach the Dhamma. They return with many candidates for admission to the Order, and The Buddha, who up till now had ordained men with the "ehi Bhikkhu" formula, now allows the monks themselves to perform the ceremony of ordination (Vin.i.15ff; J.i.81f).

After spending the rainy season at Benares (about this time Māra twice tries to tempt The Buddha, once after he had sent the disciples out to preach and once after the Retreat, S.i.105, 111; Vin.i.21, 22), The Buddha returns to Senānigāma in Uruvela, on the way converting and ordaining the thirty Bhaddavaggiyā.

At Uruvela, after a long and protracted exercise of magical powers, consisting in all of three thousand five hundred miracles, The Buddha wins over the three Kassapa brothers, the Tebhātika Jatilā, with their thousand followers, and ordains them.

They become Arahants after listening to the ādittapariyāya Sutta preached at Gayāsīsa; with these followers he visits Rājagaha, where King Seniya Bimbisāra comes to see him at the Latthivanuyyāna.

The following day The Buddha and the monks visit the palace, preceded by Sakka disguised as a youth and singing the praises of The Buddha. After the meal, the king gifts Veluvana to The Buddha and the Order. The Buddha stays for two months at Rājagaha (BuA.4), and it is during this time that Sāriputta and Moggallāna join the Order, through the instrumentality of Assaji (Vin.i.23ff).

It was probably during this year, at the beginning of the rainy season, that The Buddha visited Vesāli at the request of the Licchavis, conveyed through Mahāli. The city was Suffering from pestilence and famine. The Buddha went, preached the Ratana Sutta and dispelled all dangers (DhA.iii.436ff).

The number of converts now rapidly increases and the people of Magadha, alarmed by the prospect of childlessness, widow-hood, etc., blame The Buddha and his monks. The Buddha, however, refutes their charges (Vin.i.42f).

The account of the first twenty years of The Buddha's ministry is summarised from various sources, chiefly from Thomas's admirable account in his Life and Legend of The Buddha (pp.97ff). The necessary references are to be found under the names mentioned.

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On the full-moon day of Phagguna (February-March) The Buddha, accompanied by twenty thousand monks, sets out for Kapilavatthu at the express request of his father, conveyed through Kāludāyī. (This visit is not mentioned in the Canon; but see Thag.527-36; AA.i.107, 167; J.i.87; DhA.i.96f; ThagA.i.997ff).

By slow stages he arrives at the city, where he stays at the Nigrodhārāma, and, in order to convince his proud kinsmen of his Power, performs the Yamakapātihārjya and then relates the Vessantara Jātaka. The next day, receiving no invitation to a meal, The Buddha begs in the streets of the city; this deeply grieves Suddhodana, but later, learning that it is the custom of all Buddhas, he becomes a Sotāpanna and conducts The Buddha and his monks to meal at the palace. There all the women of the palace, excepting only Rāhulamātā, come and do reverence to The Buddha. Mahā Pajāpatī becomes a Sotāpanna and Suddhodana a sakadāgāmi.

The Buddha visits Rāhulamātā in her own apartments and utters her praises in the Candakinnara Jātaka. The following day The Buddha persuades his half-brother, Nanda, to come to the monastery, where he ordains him and, on the seventh day, he does the same with Rāhula. This is too great a blow for Suddhodana, and at his request The Buddha rules that no person shall be ordained without the consent of his parents. The next day The Buddha preaches to Suddhodana, who becomes an anāgāmī. During The Buddha's visit to Kapilavatthu, eighty thousand Sākyans join the Order, one from each family. With these he returns to Rājagaha, stopping on the way at Anupiya, where Anuruddha, Bhaddiya, Ananda, Bhagu, Kimbila and Devadatta, together with their barber, Upāli, visit him and seek ordination.

On his return to Rājagaha The Buddha resides in the Sītavana. (J.i.92, the story is also told in the Vinaya ii.154, but no date is indicated). There Sudatta, later known as Anāthapindika, visits him, is converted, and invites him to Sāvatthi. The Buddha accepts the invitation and journeys through Vesāli to Sāvatthi, there to pass the rainy season. (Vin.ii.158; but see BuA.3, where The Buddha is mentioned as having spent the vassa in Rājagaha).

Anāthapindika gifts Jetavana, provided with every necessity, for the residence of The Buddha and his monks. Probably to this period belongs the Conversion of Migāra, father-in-law of Visākhā, and the construction, by Visākhā, of the Pubbārāma at Sāvatthi.

The vassa of the fourth year The Buddha spends at Veluvana, where he converts Uggasena. (DhA.iv.59f). In the fifth year Suddhodana dies, having realised Arahant-ship, and The Buddha flies through the air, from the Kūtāgārasālā in Vesāli where he was staying, to preach to his father on his Death-bed. According to one account it is at this time that the quarrel breaks out between the Sākyans and the Koliyans regarding the irrigation of the river Rohinī.

(AA.i.186; SNA.i.357; ThigA.141; details of the quarrel are given in J.v.412ff). The Buddha persuades them to make peace, and takes up his abode in the Nigrodhārāma. Mahā Pajāpatī Gotamī, with other Sākiyan women, visits him there and asks that women may be allowed to join the Order. Three times the request is made, three times refused, The Buddha then returning to Vesāli.

The women cut off their Hair, don yellow robes and follow him thither. Ananda intercedes on their behalf and their request is granted. (Vin.ii.253ff; A.iv.274f.; for details see Mahā Pajāpati).

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In the sixth year The Buddha again performs the Yamakapātihāriya, this time at the foot of the Gandamba tree in Sāvatthi. Prior to this, The Buddha had forbidden any display of magic powers, but makes an exception in his own case (DhA.iii.199f.; J.iv.265, etc.).



He spends the vassa at Mankulapabbata. After the performance of the miracle he follows the custom of all Buddhas and ascends to Tāvatimsa in three strides to preach the Abhidhamma to his mother who is born there as a Deva, and there he keeps the seventh vassa. The multitude, gathered at Sāvatthi at the Yamakapātihāriya, refuse to go away until they have seen him.

For three months, therefore, Moggallāna expounds to them the Dhamma, while Culla Anāthapindika provides them with Food.

During the preaching of the Abhidhamma, Sāriputta visits The Buddha daily and learns from him all that has been recited the previous day. At the end of the vassa, The Buddha descends a jewelled staircase and comes to earth at Sankassa, thirty leagues from Sāvatthi. (For details see Devorohana).

It was about this time, when The Buddha's Fame was at its height, that the notorious Ciñcā-mānavikā was persuaded by members of some hostile sect to bring a vile accusation against The Buddha. A similar story, told in connection with a paribbājikā named Sundarī, probably refers to a later date.

The eighth year The Buddha spends in the country of the Bhaggas and there, while residing in Bhesakalāvana near Sumsumāragiri, he meets Nakulapitā and his wife, who had been his parents in five hundred former births (A.A.i.217).

The same is told of another old couple in Sāketa. See the Sāketa Jātaka. The Buddha evidently stayed again at Sumsumāragiri many years later. It was during his second visit that Bodhirājakumāra (q.v.) invited him to a meal at his new palace in order that The Buddha might consecrate the building by his presence.

In the ninth year The Buddha is at Kosambī. While on a visit to the Kuru country he is offered in marriage Māgandiyā, the beautiful daughter of the brahmin Māgandiyā. The refusal of the offer, accompanied by insulting remarks about physical Beauty, arouses the enmity of Māgandiyā who, thenceforward, cherishes hatred against The Buddha.

SN., pp.163ff; SNA.ii.542ff; DhA.i.199ff Thomas (op. cit., 109) assigns the Māgandiyā incident to the ninth year. I am not sure if this is correct, for the Commentaries say The Buddha was then living at Sāvatthi.

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In the tenth year there arises among the monks at Kosambī a schism which threatens the very existence of the Order. The Buddha, failing in his attempts to reconcile the disputants, retires in disgust to the Pārileyyaka forest, passing on his way through Bālakalonakāragāma and Pācīnavamsadāya.

In the forest he is protected and waited upon by a friendly elephant who has left the herd. The Buddha spends the rainy season there and returns to Sāvatthi. By this time the Kosambī monks have recovered their senses and ask The Buddha's pardon. This is granted and the dispute settled. (Vin.i.337ff; J.iii.486f; DhA.i.44ff; but see Ud.iv.5; s.v. Pārileyyaka).

In the eleventh year The Buddha resides at the brahmin village of Ekanālā and converts Kasi-Bhāradvāja (SN., p.12f.; S.i.172f). The twelfth year he spends at Verañjā, keeping the vassa there at the request of the brahmin Verañja. But Verañja forgets his obligations; there is a famine, and five hundred horse-merchants supply the monks with Food. Moggallāna's offer to obtain Food by means of magic Power is discouraged (Vin.iii.1ff; J.iii.494f; DhA.ii.153). The thirteenth Retreat is kept at Cālikapabbata, where Meghiya is The Buddha's personal attendant (A.iv.354; Ud.iv.1). The fourteenth year is spent at Sāvatthi, and there Rāhula receives the upasampadā ordination.

In the fifteenth year The Buddha revisits Kapilavatthu, and there his father-in-law, Suppabuddha, in a drunken fit, refuses to let The Buddha pass through the streets. Seven days later he is swallowed up by the earth at the foot of his palace (DhA.iii.44).

The chief event of the sixteenth year, which The Buddha spent at ālavī, is the Conversion of the yakkha ālavaka. In the seventeenth year The Buddha is back at Sāvatthi, but he visits ālavī again out of Compassion for a poor farmer who becomes a Sotāpanna after hearing him preach (DhA.iii.262ff). He spends the rainy season at Rājagaha. In the next year he again comes to ālavī from Jetavana for the sake of a poor weaver's daughter. She had heard him preach, three years earlier, on the desirability of meditating upon Death. She alone gave heed to his admonition and, when The Buddha knows of her imminent Death, he journeys thirty leagues to preach to her and establish her in the sotāpattiphala (DhA.iii.170ff).

The Retreat of this year and also that of the nineteenth are spent at Cālikapabbata. In the twentieth year takes place the miraculous Conversion of the robber Angulimāla. He becomes an Arahant and dies shortly after.

It is in the same year that Ananda is appointed permanent attendant on The Buddha, a position which he holds to the end of The Buddha's Life, twenty-five years later (For details see Ananda). The twentieth Retreat is spent at Rājagaha.

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With our present Knowledge it is impossible to evolve any kind of chronology for the remaining twenty-five years of The Buddha's Life. The Commentaries state that they were spent at Sāvatthi in the monasteries of Jetavana and Pubbārāma. (E.g., BuA.3; SNA. p.336f, says that when The Buddha was at Sāvatthi, he spent the day at the Migāramātupāsāda in the Pubbārāma, and the night at Jetavana or vice versa).

This, probably, only implies that the Retreats were kept there and that they were made the head quarters of The Buddha. From there, during the dry season, he went every year on tour in various districts. Among the places visited by him during these tours are the following:

Aggālavacetiya, Anotatta, Andhakavinda, Ambapālivana, Ambalatthikā, Ambasandā, Assapura, āpana, Icchānangala, Ukkatthā (Subhagavana), Ukkācelā, Ugganagara, Ujuññā (Kannakatthaka deer-park), Uttara in Koliya, Uttarakā, Uttarakuru, Uruvelakappa, Ulumpa, Ekanālā, Opasāda, Kakkarapatta, Kajangalā (Mukheluvana), Kammāssadhamma, Kalandakanivāpa (near Benares), Kimbilā, Kītāgiri, Kundadhānavana (near Kundakoli), Kesaputta, Kotigāma, Kosambī (Ghositārāma and Badarikārāma), Khānumata, Khomadussa, Gosingasālavana, Candalakappa, Campā (Gaggarā), Cātuma, Cetiyagiri in Vesāli, Jīvakambavana (in Rājagaha), Tapodārāma, Tindukkhānu (paribbājakārāma), Todeyya, Thullakotthita, Dakkhināgiri, Dandakappa, Devadaha, Desaka in the Sumbha country, Nagaraka, Nagaravinda, Nādikā (Giñjakāvasatha), Nālandā ([[Pāvārika mango-grove), Nālakapāna (Palāsavana), Pankadhā, Pañcasalā, Pātikārāma, Beluva, the Brahma world, Bhaddavatī, Bhaddiya (Jātiyāvana), Bhaganagara (Anandacetiya), Maninālakacetiya, Mana-sākata, Mātulā, Mithilā (Makhā Deva mango-grove), Medatalumpa, Moranivāpa, Rammaka's hermitage, Latthivana, Videha, Vedhañña-ambavana, Venāgapura, Verañjā, Veludvāra, Vesāli (also various shrines there, Udenacetiya, Gotamacetiya, Cāpalacetiya, Bahuputta-kacetiya, Sattambacetiya, Sārandadacetiya), Sakkara, Sajjanela, Salalāgāraka in Sāvatthi, Sāketa (Añjanavana), Sāmagāma, Sālavatikā, Sālā, Simsapāvana, Silāvatī, Sītavana, Sūkarakhatalena, Setavyā, Hatthigāma, Halidavassana and the region of the Himālaya.

There is a more or less continuous account of the last year of The Buddha's Life. This is contained in three suttas: the Mahā Parinibbāna, the Mahā Sudassana and the Janavasabha. These are not separate discourses but are intimately connected with each other. The only event prior to the incidents recounted in these suttas, which can be fixed with any certainty, is the Death of The Buddha's pious patron and supporter, Bimbisāra, which took place eight years before The Buddha's Parinibbāna (Mhv.ii.32). It was at this time that Devadatta tried to obtain for himself a post of supremacy in the Order, and, failing in this effort, became the open enemy of The Buddha. Devadatta's desire to deprive The Buddha of the leadership of The Sangha seems to have been conceived by him, according to the Vinaya account (Vin.ii.184), almost immediately after he joined the Order, and The Buddha was warned of this by the devaputta Kakudha. This account lends point to the statement contained especially in the Northern Books, that even in their lay Life Devadatta had always been Gotama's rival.

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Enlisting the support of Ajātasattu, he tried in many ways to kill The Buddha. Royal archers were bribed to shoot The Buddha, but they were won over by his personality and confessed their intentions. Then Devadatta hurled a great rock down Gijjhakūta on to The Buddha as he was walking in the shade of the hill; the hurtling rock was stopped by two peaks, but splinters struck The Buddha's foot and caused blood to flow; he suffered great pain and had to be taken to the Maddakucchi garden, where his injuries were dressed by the physician Jīvaka (S.i.27). The monks wished to provide a guard, but The Buddha reminded them that no man had the Power to deprive a Tathāgata of his Life.

Devadatta next bribed the royal elephant keepers to let loose a fierce elephant, Nālāgiri, intoxicated with toddy, on the road along which The Buddha would go, begging for alms. The Buddha was warned of this but disregarded the warning, and when the elephant appeared, Ananda, against the strict orders of The Buddha, threw himself in its path, and only by an exercise of Iddhi-Power, including the folding up of the earth, could The Buddha come ahead of him. As the elephant approached, The Buddha addressed it, pervading it with his boundless Love, until it became quite gentle. (This incident, with great wealth of detail, is related in several places - e.g., in J.v.333ff).

These attempts to encompass The Buddha's Death having failed, Devadatta, with three others, decides to create a schism in the Order and asks The Buddha that five rules should be laid down, whereby the monks would be compelled to lead a far more austere Life than hitherto. When this request is refused, Devadatta persuades five hundred recently ordained monks to leave Vesāli with him and take up their residence at Gayāsīsa, where he would set up an organisation similar to that of The Buddha. But, at The Buddha's request, Sāriputta and Moggallāna visit the renegade monks; Sāriputta preaches to them and they are persuaded to return. When Devadatta discovers this, he vomits hot blood and lies ill for nine months. When his end approaches, he wishes to see The Buddha, but he dies on the way to Jetavana - whither he is being conveyed in a litter - and is born in Avīci.

From Gijjhakūta, near Rājagaha, The Buddha starts on his last journey. Just before his departure he is visited by Vassākāra, and the talk is of the Vajjians; The Buddha preaches to Vassākāra and the monks on the conditions that lead to prosperity. The Buddha proceeds with a large concourse of monks to Ambalatthikā and thence to Nālandā, where Sāriputta utters his lion-roar (sīhanāda) regarding his Faith in The Buddha. The Buddha then goes to Pātaligāma, where he talks to the villagers on the Evil consequences of immorality and the advantages of morality. He utters a prophecy regarding the future greatness of Pātaliputta and then, leaving by the Gotamadvāra, he crosses the river Ganges at Gotamatittha. He proceeds to Kotigāma and thence to Ñātika, where he gives to Ananda the formula of the Dhammādāsa, whereby the Rebirth of disciples could be ascertained. From Ñātika he goes to Vesāli, staying in the park of the courtesan Ambapāli. The following day he accepts a meal from Ambapāli, refusing a similar offer from the Licchavis; Ambapāli makes a gift of her park to The Buddha and his monks. The Buddha journeys on to Beluva, where he spends the rainy season, his monks remaining in Vesāli. At Beluva he falls dangerously ill but, with great determination, fights against his sickness. He tells Ananda that his mission is finished, that when he is dead the Order must maintain itself, taking the Dhamma alone as its Refuge, and he concludes by propounding the four subjects of Mindfulness (D.ii.100). The next day he begs in Vesāli and, with Ananda, visits the Cāpāla-cetiya. There he gives to Ananda the opportunity of asking him to live until the end of the kappa, but Ananda fails to take the hint. Soon afterwards Māra visits The Buddha and obtains the assurance that The Buddha's Nibbāna will take place in three months. There is an earthquake, and, in answer to Ananda's questions, The Buddha explains to him the eight causes of earthquakes. This is followed by lists of the eight assemblies, the eight stages of Mastery and the eight stages of release. The Buddha then repeats to Ananda his conversation with Māra, and Ananda now makes his request to The Buddha to prolong his Life, but is told that it is now too late; several opportunities he has had, of which he has failed to avail himself. The monks are assembled in Vesāli, in the Service Hall, and The Buddha exhorts them to practise the doctrines he has taught, in order that the religious Life may last long. He then announces his impending Death.

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According to the Commentaries (e.g., DA.ii.549), after the rainy season spent at Beluva, The Buddha goes back to Jetavana, where he is visited by Sāriputta, who is preparing for his own Parinibbāna at Nālakagāma. From Jetavana The Buddha went to Rājagaha, where Mahā-Moggallāna died. Thence he proceeded to Ukkācelā, where he spoke in praise of the two chief disciples. From Ukkācelā he proceeded to Vesāli and thence to Bhandagāma. Rāhula, too, predeceased The Buddha (DA.ii.549).

The next day, returning from Vesāli, he looks round at the city for the last time and goes on to Bhandagāma; there he preaches on the four things the comprehension of which destroys Rebirth-noble conduct, earnestness in Meditation, Wisdom and freedom.

He then passes through the villages of Hatthigāma, Ambagāma and Jambugama, and stays at Bhoganagara at the Ananda-cetiya. There he addresses the monks on the Four Great Authorities (Mahāpadesā), by reference to which the true Doctrine may be determined (Cf. A.ii.167ff). From Bhoganagara The Buddha goes to Pāvā and stays in the mango-grove of Cunda, the smith. Cunda serves him with a meal which includes sūkaramaddava. (There is much dispute concerning this word. See Thomas, op. cit., 149, n.3). The Buddha alone partakes of the sūkaramaddava, the remains being buried. This is The Buddha's last meal; sharp sickness arises in him, with flow of blood and violent, deadly pains, but The Buddha controls them and sets out for Kusinārā. On the way he has to sit down at the foot of a tree. Ananda fetches him water to drink from the stream Kakutthā, over which five hundred carts had just passed; but, through the Power of The Buddha, the water is quite clear. Here The Buddha is visited by Pukkusa, the Mallan, who is converted and presents The Buddha with a pair of gold-coloured robes. The Buddha puts them on and Ananda notices the marvellous brightness and clearness of The Buddha's Body. The Buddha tells him that the Body of a Buddha takes on this hue on the night before his Enlightenment and on the night of his passing away, and that he will die that night at Kusinārā. He goes to the Kākutthā, bathes and drinks there and rests in a mango-grove. There he instructs Ananda that steps must be taken to dispel any remorse that Cunda may feel regarding the meal he gave to The Buddha.

From Kakutthā The Buddha crosses the Hiraññavatī to the Upavattana sāla-grove in Kusinārā. There Ananda prepares for him a bed with the head to the north. All the trees break forth into blossom and Flowers cover the Body of The Buddha. Divine mandārava-Flowers and sandalwood powder fall from the sky, and divine music and singing sound through the air. But The Buddha says that the greater honour to him would be to follow his teachings.

The gods of the ten thousand world systems assemble to pay their last homage to The Buddha, and Upavāna, who stands fanning him, is asked to move away as he obstructs their view.

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Ananda asks for instruction on several points, including how the funeral rites should be performed; he then goes out and abandons himself to a fit of weeping; The Buddha sends for him, consoles him and speaks his praises. Ananda tries to persuade The Buddha not to die in a mud-and-wattle village, such as is Kusinārā, but The Buddha tells him how it was once the mighty Kusāvatī, capital of Mahāsudassana.

The Mallas of Kusināra are informed that The Buddha will pass away in the third watch of the night, and they come with their families to pay their respects. The ascetic Subhadda comes to see The Buddha and is refused admission by Ananda, but The Buddha, overhearing, calls him in and converts him. Several minor rules of discipline are delivered, including the order for the excommunication of Channa. The Buddha finally asks the assembled monks to speak out any doubts they may have. All are silent and Ananda expresses his astonishment, but The Buddha tells him it is natural that the monks should have no doubts. Then, addressing the monks for the last time, he admonishes them in these words: "Decay is inherent in all component things; work out your salvation with diligence." These were The Buddha's last words. Passing backwards and forwards through various stages of trance, he attains Parinibbāna. There is a great earthquake and terrifying thunder, and the Brahmā Sahampati, Sakka king of the gods, Anuruddha and Ananda utter stanzas, each proclaiming the feeling uppermost in his mind. It is the full-moon day of the month of Visākha and The Buddha is in his eightieth year.

The next day Ananda informs the Mallas of Kusinārā of The Buddha's Death, and for seven days they hold a great celebration. On the seventh day, following Ananda's instructions, they prepare the Body for Cremation, taking it in procession by the eastern gate to the Makutabandhana shrine, thus altering their proposed route, in order to satisfy the wishes of the gods, as communicated to them by Anuruddha. The whole town is covered knee-deep with mandārava-Flowers, which fall from the sky. When, however, four of the chief Mallas try to Light the pyre, their attempt is unsuccessful and they must wait until Mahā Kassapa, coming with a company of five hundred monks, has saluted it. The Commentaries (e.g., DA.ii.603) add that Mahā Kassapa greatly desired that The Buddha's feet should rest on his head when he worshipped the pyre. The wish was granted: the feet appeared through the pyre, and when Kassapa had worshipped them, the pyre closed together. The pyre burns completely away, leaving no cinders nor soot. Streams of water fall from the sky to extinguish it and the Mallas pour on it scented water. They then place a fence of spears around it and continue their celebrations for seven days. At the end of that period there appear several claimants for the Buddha's relics: Ajātasattu, the Licchavis of Vesāli, the Sākiyans of Kapilavatthu, the Bulis of Allakappa, the Koliyas of Rāmagāma, a brahmin of Vethadīpa and the Mallas of Pāvā. But the Mallas of Kusinārā refusing to share the relics with the others, there is danger of war. Then the brahmin Dona counsels concord and divides the relics into eight equal parts for the eight claimants. Dona takes for himself the measuring vessel and the Moriyas of Pipphalivana, who arrive late, carry off the ashes. Thūpas were built over these remains and feasts held in honour of The Buddha.

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The concluding passage of the Mahā-Parinibbāna Sutta (D.ii.167) states that the Buddha's relics were eight measures, seven of which were honoured in Jambudīpa and the remaining one in the Nāga realm in Rāmagāma. One tooth was in Heaven, one in Gandhāra, a third in Kālinga (later taken to Ceylon), and a fourth in the Nāga world. Ajātasattu's share was deposited in a thūpa and forgotten. It was later discovered by Asoka (with the help of Sakka) and distributed among his eighty-four thousand monasteries. Asoka also recorded the finding of all the other relics except those deposited in Rāmagāma. These were later deposited in the Mahācetiya at Anurādhapura (Mhv.xxxi.17ff). Other relics are also mentioned, such as The Buddha's collar-bone, his alms bowl, etc. (Mhv.xvii.9ff; Mhv.i.37, etc.).

It is said (E.g., DA.iii.899) that just before The Buddha's Sāsana disappears completely from the world, all the relics will gather together at the Mahācetiya, and travelling from there to Nāgadīpa and the Ratanacetiya, assemble at the Mahā Bodhi, together with the relics from other parts. There they will reform The Buddha's golden hued Body, emitting the six-coloured aura. The Body will then catch Fire and completely disappear, amid the lamentations of the ten thousand world-systems.

The Ceylon Chronicles (Mhv.i.12ff; Dpv.i.45ff; ii.1ff etc.) record that The Buddha visited the Island on three separate occasions.

    (The Burmese claim that The Buddha visited their land and went to the Lohitacandana Vihāra, presented by the brothers Mahāpunna and Cūlapunna of Vānijagāma (Ind. Antiq.xxii., and Sās.36f.).

The first was while he was dwelling at Uruvelā, awaiting the moment for the Conversion of the Tebhātika Jatilas, in the ninth month after the enlightenment, on the full-moon day of Phussa (Dec.-Jan.). He came to the MahāNāga garden, and stood in the air over an assembly of yakkhas then being held. He struck terror into their hearts and, at his suggestion, they left Ceylon and went in a Body to Giridīpa, hard by. The Buddha gave a handful of his Hair to the Deva Mahāsumana of the Sumanakūta mountain, who built a thūpa which was later enlarged into the Mahiyangana Thūpa. The Buddha again visited Ceylon in the fifth year, on the new-moon day of Citta (March-April), to check an imminent battle between two Nāga chiefs in Nāgadīpa; the combatants were Mahodara and Cūlodara, uncle and nephew, and the object of the quarrel was a gem-set throne. The Buddha appeared before them, accompanied by the Deva Samiddhi-Sumana, carrying a Rājayatana tree from Jetavana, settled their quarrel and received, as a gift, the throne, the cause of the trouble. He left behind him both the throne and the Rājayatana tree for the worship of the Nāgās and accepted an invitation from the Nāga king, Maniakkhika of Kalyāni, to pay another visit to Ceylon. Three years later Maniakkhika repeated the invitation and The Buddha came to Kalyāni with five hundred monks, on the second day of Vesākha. Having preached to the Nāgas, he went to Sumanakūta, on the summit of which mountain he left the imprint of his foot (Legend has it that other footprints were left by The Buddha, on the bank of the river Nammadā, on the Saccabaddha mountain and in Yonakapura). He then stayed at Dīghavāpī and from there visited Mahāmeghavana, where he consecrated various spots by virtue of his presence, and proceeded to the site of the later Silācetiya. From there he returned to Jetavana.

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Very little Information as to The Personality of the Buddha is available. We are told that he was golden-hued (E.g., Sp.iii.689), that his voice had the eight qualities of the Brahmassāra (E.g., D.ii.211; M.ii.166f. It is said that while an ordinary person spoke one word, Ananda could speak eight; but The Buddha could speak sixteen to the eight of Ananda, MA.i.283) - fluency, intelligibility, sweetness, audibility, continuity, distinctness, depth and resonance - that he had a fascinating personality - he was described by his opponents as seductive (E.g., M.i.269, 275) - that he was handsome, perfect alike in complexion and stature and noble of presence (E.g., M.ii.167). He had a unique reputation as a teacher and trainer of the human Heart. He was endowed with the thirty-two marks of the Mahāpurisa. (For details of these, see Buddha). There is a legend that Mahā Kassapa, though slightly shorter, resembled The Buddha in appearance.

Attempts made, however, to measure The Buddha always failed; two such attempts are generally mentioned - one by a brahmin of Rājagaha and the other by Rāhu, chief of the Asuras (DA.i.284f). The Buddha had the physical strength of many millions of Elephants (e.g., VibhA.397), but his strength quickly ebbed away after his last meal and he had to stop at twenty-five places while travelling three gāvutas from Pāvā to Kusināra (DA.ii.573).

Mention is often made of The Buddha's Love of quiet and peace, and even the heretics respected his wishes in this matter, silencing their discussions at his approach (E.g., D.i.178f; iii.39; even his disciples had a similar reputation, e.g., D.iii.37). Examples are given of The Buddha refusing to allow noisy monks to live near him. (E.g., M.i.456; see also M.ii.122, where a Monk was jogged by his neighbour because he coughed when The Buddha was speaking). He loved solitude and often spent long periods away from the haunts of men, allowing only one Monk to bring him his meals. E.g., S.v.12, 320; but this very Love of solitude was sometimes brought against him. By intercourse with whom does he attain to lucidity in Wisdom? they asked. His insight, they said, was ruined by his habit of seclusion (D.iii.38).

According to one account (A.i.181), it was his practice to spend part of the day in seclusion, but he was always ready to see anyone who urgently desired his spiritual counsel (E.g., A.iv.438).

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In the Mahā Govinda Sutta (D.ii.222f ) Sakka is represented as having uttered "eight true praises" of The Buddha. Perhaps the most predominant characteristics of The Buddha were his boundless Love and his eagerness to help all who sought him. His fondness for children is seen in such stories as those of the two Sopākas, of Kumāra-Kassapa, of Cūla Panthaka and Dabba-Mallaputta and also of the novices Pandita and Sukha. His Kindness to Animals appears, for instance, in the introductory story of the Maccha Jātaka and his interference on behalf of Udena's aged elephant, Bhaddavatikā (q.v.). The Buddha was extremely devoted to his disciples and encouraged them in every way in their difficult Life. The Theragāthā and the Therīgāthā are full of stories indicating that he watched, with great care, the spiritual growth and development of his disciples, understood their problems and was ready with timely interference to help them to win their aims. Such incidents as those mentioned in the Bhaddāli Sutta (M.i.445), the introduction to the Tittha Jātaka and the Kañcakkhandha Jātaka, seem to indicate that he took a personal and abiding Interest in all who came under him. It was his unvarying custom to greet with a smile all those who visited him, inquiring after their welfare and thus putting them at their ease (Vin.i.313). When anyone sought permission to question him, he made no conditions as to the topic of discussion. This is called sabbaññupavārana. E.g., M.i.230. When The Buddha himself asked a question of any of his interrogators, they could not remain silent, but were bound to answer; a yakkha called Vajirapāni was always present to frighten those who did not wish to do so (e.g., M.i.231).

The Buddha was not over-anxious to get converts, and when his visitors declared themselves his followers he would urge them to take time to consider the matter - e.g., in the case of Acela Kassapa and Upāligahapati.

When he was staying in a monastery, he paid daily visits to the sick ward to talk to the inmates and to comfort them (See, e.g., Kutāgārasālā). The charming story of Pūtigata-Tissa shows that he sometimes attended on the sick himself, thus setting an example to his followers. In return for his devotion, his disciples adored him, but even among those who immediately surrounded him there were a few who refused to obey him implicitly - e.g., Lāludāyī, the companions of Assaji and Punabbasuka, the Chabbaggiyas, the Sattarasavaggiyas and others, not to mention Devadatta and his associates.

The Buddha seems to have shown a special regard for Sāriputta, Ananda and Mahā Kassapa among the monks, and for Anāthapindika, Mallikā, Visakhā, Bimbisāra and Pasenadi among the laity. He seems to have been secretly amused by the very human qualities of Pasenadi and by his failure to appreciate the real superiority of Mallikā, his wife.

The Buddha always declared that he was among the happy ones of this earth, that he was far happier, for instance, than Bimbisāra (E.g., M.i.94), and he remained unmoved by opposition or abuse. E.g., in the case of the organised conspiracy of Māgandiyā (DhA.iv.1f.).

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The Milindapañha (p.134) mentions several illnesses of The Buddha: the injury to his foot has already been referred to; once when the humours of his Body were disturbed Jīvaka administered a purge (Vin.i.279); on another occasion he suffered from some stomach trouble which was cured by hot water, or, according to some, by hot gruel (Vin.i.210f.; Thag.185). The Dhammapada Commentary (DhA.iv.232; ThagA.i.311f) mentions another disorder of the humours cured by hot water obtained from the brahmin Devahita, through Upavāna. The Commentaries mention that he suffered, in his old age, from constant backache, owing to the severe austerities practised by him during the six years preceding his Enlightenment, and the unsuitable meals taken during that period were responsible for a dyspepsia which persisted throughout the rest of his Life (SA.i.200), culminating in his last serious illness of dysentery. MA.i.465; DA.iii.974; see also D.iii.209, when he was preaching to the Mallas of Pāvā.

The Apadāna (Ap.i.299f) contains a set of verses called Pubbakammapiloti; these verses mention certain acts done by The Buddha in the past, which resulted in his having to suffer in various ways in his last birth. He was once a drunkard named Munāli and he abused the Pacceka Buddha Surabhi. On another occasion he was a learned brahmin, teacher of five hundred pupils. One day, seeing the Pacceka Buddha Isigana, he spoke ill of him to his pupils, calling him "sensualist." The result of this act was the calumny against him by Sundarikā in this Life.

In another Life he reviled a disciple of a Buddha, named Nanda; for this he suffered in Hell for twelve thousand years and, in his last Life, was disgraced by Ciñcā. Once, greedy for wealth, he killed his step-brothers, hurling them down a precipice; as a result, Devadatta attempted to kill him by hurling down a rock. Once, as a boy, while playing on the highway, he saw a Pacceka Buddha and threw a stone at him, and as a result, was shot at by Devadatta's hired archers. In another Life he was a mahout, and seeing a Pacceka Buddha on the road, drove his elephant against him; hence the attack by Nālāgiri. Once, as a king, he sentenced seventy persons to Death, the reward for which he reaped when a splinter pierced his foot. Because once, as a fisherman's son, he took delight in watching fish being caught, he suffered from a grievous headache when Vidūdabha slaughtered the Sākiyans. In the time of Phussa Buddha he asked the monks to eat barley instead of rice and, as a result, had to eat barley for three months at Verañja. (According to the Dhammapada Commentary [iii.257], The Buddha actually had to starve one day at Pañcasālā, because none of the inhabitants were willing to give him alms.) Because he once killed a wrestler, he suffered from cramp in the back. Once, when a physician, he caused discomfort to a merchant by purging him, hence his last illness of dysentery. As Jotipāla, he spoke disparagingly of the enlightenment of Kassapa Buddha, and in consequence had to spend six years following various paths before becoming The Buddha. He was one of the most short-lived Buddhas, but because of those six years his Sāsana will last longer (Sp.i.190f).

The Buddha was generally addressed by his own disciples as Bhagavā. He spoke of himself as Tathāgata, while non-Buddhists referred to him as Gotama or Mahāsamana. Other names used are Mahāmuni, Sākyamuni, Jina, Sakka (e.g., Sn.vs.345) and Brahma (Sn.vs.91; SnA.ii.418), also Yakkha (q.v.).

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The Anguttara Nikāya (A.i.23ff) gives a list of The Buddha's most eminent disciples, both among members of the Order and among the laity. Each one in the list is mentioned as having possessed pre-eminence in some particular respect.

Among those who visited The Buddha for discussion or had interviews with him or received instruction and guidance direct from him, the following may be included in addition to those already mentioned (this list does not pretend to be complete; some of the names have already been mentioned in this monograph in various connections):

Ankura, Aggidatta, Acela-Kassapa, Ajātasattu, Ajita the Paribbājaka, Ajita the Licchavi general, Attadattha, Anitthigandhakumāra, Anurāddha, Anuruddha, Annabhāra, Abhaya-rājakumāra, Abhayā, Abhiñjaka, Abhibhūta, Abhirūpa-Nandā, Ambattha, the Monk Arittha, Ariya the fisherman, Asama, Asibandhaputta, Assaji, Assalāyana, ākotaka, āmagandha, the yakkhas ālavaka and Indaka, Ugga of Vesāli, Ugga the minister, Uggata-Sarīra, Uggaha, Ujjaya, Unnābha, Uttara-devaputta, Uttara the Nāga king, Uttara, pupil of Pārasariya, Uttiya, Udaya and Udāyi the brahmins, Uttara, pupil of Brahmāyu, Uttarā, daughter of Punna, Uttarā the aged nun, Upavāna, Upasālha, Upasena, Upāligahapati, Ubbirī, Eraka, Esakārī, Kakudha, Kandaraka, Kapila the fisherman, Kappa, Kappatakura, Kalārakkhattiya, Kassapa the Deva, Kāna, Kānamātā, Kātiyāna, Kāpathika, KāMada, Kāranapāli, the Kālāmas, Kāligodhā, Kimbila, Kisāgotami, Kukkutamitta the hunter, Kundadhāna, Kundaliya, Kulla, Kūtadanta, Keniya the Jatila, Kevaddha, Kesi the horse trainer, Kokanadā, the two daughters of Pajjuna, Kokālika, Khadiravaniya-Revata, Khānu-Kondañña, Khema the Deva, Khemā, Ganaka-Moggallāna, Gavampati, Guttā, Gotama Thera, Cankī, Candana, Candābha, Candimā (Candimasa), Citta-Hatthasārīputta, Cunda, Cunda-Samanuddesa, Cundī, Culla-Dhanuggaha, Culla-Subhaddhā, Chattapānī, Janapada-Kalyāni-Nandā, Janavasabha, Jantu, Jambuka, Jambukhādaka, Jānussoni, Jāliya, Jīvaka-Komārabhacca, Jenta, Jotikagahapati, Tāyana, Tālaputa, Tikanna, Timbaruka, Tissa, cousin of The Buddha, Tissa, friend of Metteyya, Tissa of Roruva, Tudu-brahmā, Thulla-Tissa, Dandapanī, Dāmalī, Dāsaka, Dīgha the Deva, Dīghajānu, Dīghata-passī, Dīghanakha, Dīghalatthi, Dīghāvu, Dummukha, Dona, Dhammadinna, Dhammārāma, the Dhammika-Upāsaka, Dhammika the brahmin, Nanda Thera, Nanda the herdsman, Nandana, Nandiya-paribbājaka, Nandiya the Sākiyan, Nandivisāla, Nāgita, Nālakatāpasa, Nālijangha, Nigamavāsi-Tissa, Nigrodha, Ninka, Nīta, Nhātakamunī, Paccanīkasāta, Pañcasikha, Pañcālacanda, Patācārā, Pasenadi, king of Kosala, Pahārāda the Asura, Pātaliya, Pārāpariya, Pingala-Kaccha, Pingiyānī, Pilinda-Vaccha, Pilotika, Punna, Punna-Koliyaputta, Punna-Mantānīputta, Punnā, Punniya, Pessa the elephant trainer, Pokkharasāti, Potthapāda, Pothila, Potaliya, Phagguna, Baka-brahmā, Bahuputtikā, Bāvarī and his sixteen disciples, Bāhiya-Dārucīriya, Bāhuna, Bilālapādaka, Belatthakāni, Bojjhā, Brahmāyu, Bhagu, Bhaggava, Bhadda, Bhaddā-Kundakakesī, Bhaddāli, Bhaddiya the Licchavi, several Bhāra-dvājas (Akkosaka*, Aggika*, Asurinda*, Ahimsaka*, Kāsi*, Jatā*, Navakammika*, Bilangika*, Suddhika*, Sundarika*), Bhāradvāja, husband of Dhanañjāni, Bhāradvāja, friend of Vāsettha, BhuñJati, Bhumiya, Bhesika the barber, Macchari-Kosiya, Manibhadda, Mandissa, Mahā-kappina, Mahā-Kassapa, Mahā-kotthita, Mahā-Cunda, Mahā-dhana, Mahā-nāma, Mahā-Moggallāna, Mahāli (Otthaddha), the two Māgandiyas - one the brahmin and one the paribbājaka, Māgha, Mānava-Gāmiya, Mānatthaddha, Mātuposaka, Mālunkyaputta, Miga-jāla, Migasira, Mendaka of Bhaddiya, Moliya-Phagguna, Moliya-Sīvaka, Yasoja, Ratthapāla, Rādha, Rāhula, Rāsiya, Rūpānandā, Roja the Malla, Rohinī, Rohitassa, Lakuntaka-Bhaddiya, the goddess Lājā, Lomasakangiya, Lohicca, Vakkali, Vangisa, Vajjiyamāhita, Vaddha the Licchavi, Vaddhamāna, Vappa, Varadhara, Vassakāra, Vārana, Vāsettha-Upāsaka, Vāsettha, friend of Bhāradvāja, Visākha Pañcalaputta, Visākhā, Vīrā, Vekhanasa, Vendu, Vatambari, Sakuludāyi, Sakka, Sankicca, the two Sangāravas, Sangharakkhita (Bhāgineyya°), Saccaka, Sajjha, Satullapa-devas, Sanankumāra, Santati, Sandha, Sandhāna, Samiddhi, Sarabha, Sarabhanga, Sātāgira, Sātāli, Sāti, Sānu, Sikhā-Moggallāna, Sigāla, Sirimā, Siva, Sīvali, Sīha the general, Sukhā, Suciloma, Sujātā, daughter-in-law of Anāthapindika, Sudatta, Sunakkhatta, Sunīta, Sundara-Samudda, Sundarī-Nandā, the leper Suppabuddha, Suppa-vāsā, Subha Todeyyaputta, the two nuns named Subhā, Subhūti, the novice Sumana, Sumanā, sister of Pasenadi, Subrahmā, Surādha, Suriya, Susima, Seniya, Seri, Sela, Sona-Kutikanna, Sona-Kolivisa, Sonadanda, Sonā, the two Sopākas, Hatthaka ālavaka, Hatthaka-devaputta and Hemavata.

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