Difference between revisions of "Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra"
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| − | [[Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra]], also known as "[[Discourse on the Stages of Yogic Practice]]" is the {{Wiki|encyclopaedic}} and definitive text of the [[Yogācāra]] school of [[Buddhism]]. It is [[thought]] to have been composed in {{Wiki|India}} between 300 and 350 CE. | + | [[Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra]], also known as "[[Discourse on the Stages of Yogic Practice]]" is the {{Wiki|encyclopaedic}} and definitive text of the [[Yogācāra]] school of [[Buddhism]]. |
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| + | It is [[thought]] to have been composed in {{Wiki|India}} between 300 and 350 CE. | ||
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| + | The complete work comprises five major [[sections]]: | ||
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| + | the [[seventeen levels]] ([[bāhu-bhūmi]]) which covers the entire range of [[mental]] and [[spiritual]] levels in [[Buddhism]] according to [[Mahāyāna]]; | ||
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| + | the [[Compendium of Definitions]] ([[viniścaya-samgraha]]) which discusses and explicates aspects of the [[bāhu-bhūmi]] portion; | ||
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| + | the [[Compendium of Exegesis]] ([[vivarana-samgraha]]), a manual of {{Wiki|hermeneutical}} and {{Wiki|exegetical}} techniques; | ||
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| + | the [[Compendium of Synonyms]] ([[paryāya-samgraha]]) defining many of the various strings of quasi-synonymical {{Wiki|expressions}} found in the [[Agamas]]; | ||
| − | + | the [[Compendium of Topics]] ([[vastu-samgraha]]) summarizing and explaining the key topics of each [[sūtra]] contained in the [[Samyukta-āgama]]; and the [[Compendium of the Vinaya]] ([[vinaya-samgraha]]). | |
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| + | The {{Wiki|Chinese}} version also contains a Compendium of [[Abhidharma]], missing from the {{Wiki|Tibetan}} translation. | ||
Most of the [[bāhu-bhūmi]] section which includes such seminal works as the [[Bodhisattva-bhūmi]] and the [[Śrāvaka-bhūmi]] survives in [[Sanskrit]], but little survives from the other parts. | Most of the [[bāhu-bhūmi]] section which includes such seminal works as the [[Bodhisattva-bhūmi]] and the [[Śrāvaka-bhūmi]] survives in [[Sanskrit]], but little survives from the other parts. | ||
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By the closure of the {{Wiki|Sui Dynasty}} (589-618), [[Buddhism]] within {{Wiki|China}} had developed many {{Wiki|distinct}} schools and [[traditions]]. [[Xuanzang]], in the words of [[Dan Lusthaus]]: | By the closure of the {{Wiki|Sui Dynasty}} (589-618), [[Buddhism]] within {{Wiki|China}} had developed many {{Wiki|distinct}} schools and [[traditions]]. [[Xuanzang]], in the words of [[Dan Lusthaus]]: | ||
| − | ...came to the conclusion that the many disputes and interpretational conflicts permeating [[Chinese Buddhism]] were the result of the unavailability of crucial texts in {{Wiki|Chinese}} translation. In particular, he [[Xuanzang]] [[thought]] that a complete version of the [[Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra]], an {{Wiki|encyclopedic}} description of the stages of the [[Yogācāra]] [[path]] to [[Buddhahood]] written by [[Asaṅga]], would resolve all the conflicts. In the sixth century an [[Indian]] {{Wiki|missionary}} named [[Paramārtha]] (another major [[translator]]) had made a partial translation of it. [[Xuanzang]] resolved to procure the full text in [[India]] and introduce it to {{Wiki|China}}. | + | ...came to the conclusion that the many [[disputes]] and interpretational conflicts permeating [[Chinese Buddhism]] were the result of the unavailability of crucial texts in {{Wiki|Chinese}} translation. |
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| + | In particular, he [[Xuanzang]] [[thought]] that a complete version of the [[Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra]], an {{Wiki|encyclopedic}} description of the stages of the [[Yogācāra]] [[path]] to [[Buddhahood]] written by [[Asaṅga]], | ||
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| + | would resolve all the conflicts. In the sixth century an [[Indian]] {{Wiki|missionary}} named [[Paramārtha]] (another major [[translator]]) had made a partial translation of it. [[Xuanzang]] resolved to procure the full text in [[India]] and introduce it to {{Wiki|China}}. | ||
The leader of [[Nalanda]] [[Śīlabhadra]] [[taught]] this [[sastra]] to [[Xuanzang]] and other audiences three times in nine or fifteen months. | The leader of [[Nalanda]] [[Śīlabhadra]] [[taught]] this [[sastra]] to [[Xuanzang]] and other audiences three times in nine or fifteen months. | ||
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{{Wiki|Tibetan}} translation | {{Wiki|Tibetan}} translation | ||
| − | The {{Wiki|Tibetan}} version was done by team of {{Wiki|Indian}} {{Wiki|scholars}} including [[Jinamitra]], [[Prajñāvarma]], [[Surendrabodhi]], together with the renowned {{Wiki|Tibetan}} [[translator]], [[Ye-shes sDe]]. In {{Wiki|East Asia}}, authorship is attributed to [[Maitreya-nātha]], while the {{Wiki|Tibetan}} [[tradition]] considers it to have been composed by [[Asanga]], but in all {{Wiki|probability}} it is the work of several writers who compiled it during the 4th century CE. | + | The {{Wiki|Tibetan}} version was done by team of {{Wiki|Indian}} {{Wiki|scholars}} [[including]] [[Jinamitra]], [[Prajñāvarma]], [[Surendrabodhi]], together with the renowned {{Wiki|Tibetan}} [[translator]], [[Ye-shes sDe]]. |
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| + | In {{Wiki|East Asia}}, authorship is attributed to [[Maitreya-nātha]], while the {{Wiki|Tibetan}} [[tradition]] considers it to have been composed by [[Asanga]], but in all {{Wiki|probability}} it is the work of several writers who compiled it during the 4th century CE. | ||
[[Master]] [[Nan Huai-Chin]] touches on the [[Yogacarabhumi-sastra]] in his [[book]] To Realize [[Enlightenment]]. | [[Master]] [[Nan Huai-Chin]] touches on the [[Yogacarabhumi-sastra]] in his [[book]] To Realize [[Enlightenment]]. | ||
Revision as of 01:18, 7 March 2016
Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra, also known as "Discourse on the Stages of Yogic Practice" is the encyclopaedic and definitive text of the Yogācāra school of Buddhism.
It is thought to have been composed in India between 300 and 350 CE.
The complete work comprises five major sections:
the seventeen levels (bāhu-bhūmi) which covers the entire range of mental and spiritual levels in Buddhism according to Mahāyāna;
the Compendium of Definitions (viniścaya-samgraha) which discusses and explicates aspects of the bāhu-bhūmi portion;
the Compendium of Exegesis (vivarana-samgraha), a manual of hermeneutical and exegetical techniques;
the Compendium of Synonyms (paryāya-samgraha) defining many of the various strings of quasi-synonymical expressions found in the Agamas;
the Compendium of Topics (vastu-samgraha) summarizing and explaining the key topics of each sūtra contained in the Samyukta-āgama; and the Compendium of the Vinaya (vinaya-samgraha).
The Chinese version also contains a Compendium of Abhidharma, missing from the Tibetan translation.
Most of the bāhu-bhūmi section which includes such seminal works as the Bodhisattva-bhūmi and the Śrāvaka-bhūmi survives in Sanskrit, but little survives from the other parts.
Chinese translation
By the closure of the Sui Dynasty (589-618), Buddhism within China had developed many distinct schools and traditions. Xuanzang, in the words of Dan Lusthaus:
...came to the conclusion that the many disputes and interpretational conflicts permeating Chinese Buddhism were the result of the unavailability of crucial texts in Chinese translation.
In particular, he Xuanzang thought that a complete version of the Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra, an encyclopedic description of the stages of the Yogācāra path to Buddhahood written by Asaṅga,
would resolve all the conflicts. In the sixth century an Indian missionary named Paramārtha (another major translator) had made a partial translation of it. Xuanzang resolved to procure the full text in India and introduce it to China.
The leader of Nalanda Śīlabhadra taught this sastra to Xuanzang and other audiences three times in nine or fifteen months.
The Xuanzang version consists of one hundred fascicles (juan), and was translated into Chinese between 646-648 CE at Hongfu Monastery (弘福寺) and Dacien Monastery (大慈恩寺寺).
Before Xuanzang version, Dharmakṣema, Gunabhadra (394-468) and Paramartha had translated part of it respectively.
Tibetan translation
The Tibetan version was done by team of Indian scholars including Jinamitra, Prajñāvarma, Surendrabodhi, together with the renowned Tibetan translator, Ye-shes sDe.
In East Asia, authorship is attributed to Maitreya-nātha, while the Tibetan tradition considers it to have been composed by Asanga, but in all probability it is the work of several writers who compiled it during the 4th century CE.
Master Nan Huai-Chin touches on the Yogacarabhumi-sastra in his book To Realize Enlightenment.
