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Difference between revisions of "Ganacakra (Sanskrit: ganacakra "gathering circle""

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A [[ganacakra]] ([[Sanskrit]]: [[ganacakra]] "gathering circle"; Tibetan: , Wylie: [[tshogs kyi 'khor lo]]) is also known as [[tsog]], [[ganapuja]], [[cakrapuja]] or [[ganacakrapuja]]. It is a generic term for various tantric assemblies or feasts, in which practitioners meet to chant mantra, enact mudra, make votive offerings and practice various tantric rituals as part of a s?dhan?, or spiritual practice. The ganachakra often comprises a sacramental meal and festivities such as dancing; the feast generally consisting of materials that were considered forbidden or taboo in medieval India, where the tantric movement arose. As a tantric practice, forms of ganacakra are practiced today in Hinduism, Bön and Vajrayana Buddhism.
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A [[ganacakra]] ([[Sanskrit]]: [[ganacakra]] "[[gathering circle]]"; [[Tibetan]]: , [[Wylie]]: [[tshogs kyi 'khor lo]]) is also known as [[tsog]], [[ganapuja]], [[cakrapuja]] or [[ganacakrapuja]]. It is a generic term for various [[tantric]] assemblies or feasts, in which practitioners meet to [[chant]] [[mantra]], enact [[mudra]], make votive [[offerings]] and practice various [[tantric rituals]] as part of a s?dhan?, or [[spiritual practice]]. The [[ganachakra]] often comprises a sacramental meal and festivities such as [[dancing]]; the feast generally consisting of materials that were considered forbidden or {{Wiki|taboo}} in {{Wiki|medieval}} [[India]], where the [[tantric]] {{Wiki|movement}} arose. As a [[tantric practice]], [[forms]] of [[ganacakra]] are practiced today in [[Hinduism]], [[Bön]] and [[Vajrayana Buddhism]].
  
Professor Miranda Shaw summarises the experience of a [[ganacakra]]:
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[[Professor]] [[Miranda Shaw]] summarises the [[experience]] of a [[ganacakra]]:
  
The feast is an esoteric ritual that unfolds in many stages. The sacred space for the ceremony is demarcated by geometric designs drawn on the ground with powdered pigments, and an elaborate array of offerings and foods are laid out. The participants don special insignia like bone ornaments and crowns and use musical instruments of archaic design... for inducing heightened awareness.  
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The feast is an [[esoteric ritual]] that unfolds in many stages. The [[sacred]] [[space]] for the {{Wiki|ceremony}} is demarcated by geometric designs drawn on the ground with powdered pigments, and an elaborate array of [[offerings]] and [[foods]] are laid out. The participants don special insignia like [[bone ornaments]] and crowns and use musical instruments of {{Wiki|archaic}} design... for inducing [[heightened awareness]].  
  
Practitioners sit in a circle and partake of sacramental (dry) meat and wine (often liquor) served in skull-cups.The feasts also provide an occasion for the exchange of ritual lore, the ritual worship of women ([[sripuja]]), and the performance of sexual yogas. The feast culminates in the performance of tantric dances and music that must never be disclosed to outsiders. The revelers may also improvise "songs of realization" ([[caryagiti]]) to express their heightened clarity and blissful raptures in spontaneous verse.
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Practitioners sit in a circle and partake of sacramental (dry) meat and wine (often [[liquor]]) served in skull-cups.The feasts also provide an occasion for the exchange of [[ritual]] lore, the [[ritual]] {{Wiki|worship}} of women ([[sripuja]]), and the performance of {{Wiki|sexual}} [[yogas]]. The feast culminates in the performance of [[tantric]] dances and [[music]] that must never be disclosed to outsiders. The revelers may also improvise "[[songs of realization]]" ([[caryagiti]]) to express their heightened clarity and [[blissful]] raptures in spontaneous verse.
  
  
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[S]erious Tantric practice is generally seen as appropriate for a small minority only. The ancient Indian , the circle ritual...discussed earlier, is far in the past. In Tibetan practice it has long been replaced by the (Tibetan: tshogs), a considerably tamer affair, still involving a sacramental meal but normally performed indoors and without possession or dancing.
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[S]erious [[Tantric practice]] is generally seen as appropriate for a small minority only. The {{Wiki|ancient Indian}} , the circle ritual...discussed earlier, is far in the {{Wiki|past}}. In [[Tibetan]] practice it has long been replaced by the ([[Tibetan]]: [[tshogs]]), a considerably tamer affair, still involving a sacramental meal but normally performed indoors and without possession or [[dancing]].
  
  
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[[John Woodroffe]] (writing as [[Arthur Avalon]], 1918) affirms that the panchamrita of Tantra, Hindu and Buddhist traditions are directly related to the Mah?bh?ta or Five Elements and that the panchamakara is actually a vulgar term for the pañcatattva:
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[[John Woodroffe]] ([[writing]] as [[Arthur Avalon]], 1918) affirms that the panchamrita of [[Tantra]], [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist traditions]] are directly related to the Mah?bh?ta or [[Five Elements]] and that the [[panchamakara]] is actually a [[vulgar]] term for the [[pañcatattva]]:
  
Worship with the [[Pañcatattva]] generally takes place in a [[Cakra]] or circle composed of men and women, [[Sadhakas]] and [[Sadhikas]], [[Bhairavas]] and [[Bhairavis]] sitting in a circle, the [[Shakti]] being on the [[Sadhaka's]] left. Hence it is called [[Cakrapuja]]. A [[Lord of the Cakra]] ([[Cakreshvara]]) presides sitting with his [[Shakti]] in the center. During the [[Cakra]], there is no distinction of caste, but Pashus of any caste are excluded. There are various kinds of [[Cakra]]--productive, it is said, of differing fruits for the participator therein. As amongst [[Tantrik Sadhakas]] we come across the high, the low, and mere pretenders, so the [[Cakras]] vary in their characteristics from say the [[Tattva-cakra]] for the [[Brahma-kaulas]], and the [[Bhairavi-cakra]] (as described in [[Mahanirvana]], VII. 153) in which, in lieu of wine, the householder takes milk, sugar and honey ([[Madhura-traya]]), and in lieu of sexual union does meditation upon the Lotus Feet of the Divine Mother with Mantra, to Cakras the ritual of which will not be approved such as Cudacakra, Anandabhuvana-yoga and others referred to later.
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{{Wiki|Worship}} with the [[Pañcatattva]] generally takes place in a [[Cakra]] or circle composed of men and women, [[Sadhakas]] and [[Sadhikas]], [[Bhairavas]] and [[Bhairavis]] sitting in a circle, the [[Shakti]] being on the [[Sadhaka's]] left. Hence it is called [[Cakrapuja]]. A [[Lord of the Cakra]] ([[Cakreshvara]]) presides sitting with his [[Shakti]] in the center. During the [[Cakra]], there is no {{Wiki|distinction}} of [[caste]], but [[Pashus]] of any [[caste]] are excluded. There are various kinds of [[Cakra]]--{{Wiki|productive}}, it is said, of differing {{Wiki|fruits}} for the participator therein. As amongst [[Tantrik Sadhakas]] we come across the high, the low, and mere pretenders, so the [[Cakras]] vary in their [[characteristics]] from say the [[Tattva-cakra]] for the [[Brahma-kaulas]], and the [[Bhairavi-cakra]] (as described in [[Mahanirvana]], VII. 153) in which, in lieu of wine, the [[householder]] takes milk, sugar and [[honey]] ([[Madhura-traya]]), and in lieu of [[sexual union]] does [[meditation]] upon the [[Lotus]] Feet of the [[Divine Mother]] with [[Mantra]], to [[Cakras]] the [[ritual]] of which will not be approved such as [[Cudacakra]], [[Anandabhuvana-yoga]] and others referred to later.
  
  
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The [[ganachakra]], or 'tantric feast', can be seen as a mandala of sacred space. Pettit emphasises the importance of the gathered "group" (gana) or sangha to Vajrayana s?dhan? and the creation of sacred space such as the [[ganachakra]]:
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The [[ganachakra]], or '[[tantric feast]]', can be seen as a [[mandala]] of [[sacred]] [[space]]. Pettit emphasises the importance of the [[gathered]] "group" (gana) or [[sangha]] to [[Vajrayana]] s?dhan? and the creation of [[sacred]] [[space]] such as the [[ganachakra]]:
  
The power of sacred bonding in a temporary or virtual sacred space is an intrinsic, if normally invisible, component of a Vajrayana community experience. The community is that experience, and ceases to exist without it. To dwell in that sacredness requires not only that one perceive it, but to maintain that perception requires discipline, faith and a profound sense of love and respect for members of the mandala - that is, all living beings.
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The power of [[sacred]] bonding in a temporary or virtual [[sacred]] [[space]] is an intrinsic, if normally {{Wiki|invisible}}, component of a [[Vajrayana]] {{Wiki|community}} [[experience]]. The {{Wiki|community}} is that [[experience]], and ceases to [[exist]] without it. To dwell in that sacredness requires not only that one {{Wiki|perceive}} it, but to maintain that [[perception]] requires [[discipline]], [[faith]] and a profound [[sense]] of [[love]] and [[respect]] for members of the [[mandala]] - that is, [[all living beings]].
  
Pettit links the importance of the group or gana to the manifestation of the ganachakra and the sacred space or the mandala (in this sense cognate with chakra) with the liturgical tools of mantra, visualisation and sacred architecture:
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Pettit links the importance of the group or gana to the [[manifestation]] of the [[ganachakra]] and the [[sacred]] [[space]] or the [[mandala]] (in this [[sense]] {{Wiki|cognate}} with [[chakra]]) with the liturgical tools of [[mantra]], [[visualisation]] and [[sacred]] [[architecture]]:
  
The potential for sacred space to manifest spontaneously is nowhere higher than in Vajrayana Buddhist practice, which employs the use of mantra and visualization to create an experience of sacredness. Through liturgical performances, or amidst the activities of everyday life, a yogi is to experience, imaginately imaginatively or better yet spontaneously, the presence of divinity - Buddhahood embodied - in his or her own person, companions and environment.  
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The potential for [[sacred]] [[space]] to [[manifest]] spontaneously is nowhere higher than in [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhist practice]], which employs the use of [[mantra]] and [[visualization]] to create an [[experience]] of sacredness. Through liturgical performances, or amidst the [[activities]] of everyday [[life]], a [[yogi]] is to [[experience]], imaginately imaginatively or better yet spontaneously, the presence of [[divinity]] - [[Buddhahood]] [[embodied]] - in his or her [[own]] [[person]], companions and {{Wiki|environment}}.  
  
  
These constitute a mandala or sacred architecture which expresses the omnipresence of enlightenment, that is the ground of both "secular" and "sacred" experiences and activities that are never perceived apart from its all-encompassing confines. The invocation of divine presence of mandala is especially effective when undertaken by several people in a ritual context, and it is incumbent for practitioners to do so periodically with a feast-offering known as tsok or, in Sanskrit, ganapuja.
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These constitute a [[mandala]] or [[sacred]] [[architecture]] which expresses the {{Wiki|omnipresence}} of [[enlightenment]], that is the ground of both "{{Wiki|secular}}" and "[[sacred]]" [[experiences]] and [[activities]] that are never [[perceived]] apart from its all-encompassing confines. The {{Wiki|invocation}} of [[divine]] presence of [[mandala]] is especially effective when undertaken by several [[people]] in a [[ritual]] context, and it is incumbent for practitioners to do so periodically with a [[feast-offering]] known as [[tsok]] or, in [[Sanskrit]], [[ganapuja]].
Pettit states that sacred space is created spontaneously wherever the Three Jewels (cognate with the gankyil) is manifest and that this sacred architecture or mandala is not dependent upon the built environment of monolithic cultures:
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Pettit states that [[sacred]] [[space]] is created spontaneously wherever the [[Three Jewels]] ({{Wiki|cognate}} with the [[gankyil]]) is [[manifest]] and that this [[sacred]] [[architecture]] or [[mandala]] is not [[dependent upon]] the built {{Wiki|environment}} of monolithic cultures:
  
Sacred Space is created spontaneously wherever the Three Jewels - the Buddha or teacher, the Dharma teaching or its texts, and the Sangha community of practitioners - are found. A place that elicits reverence should be sacred, and wherever the Jewels are found, the pieties of lay and ordained Buddhists are bound to be expressed.
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[[Sacred]] [[Space]] is created spontaneously wherever the [[Three Jewels]] - the [[Buddha]] or [[teacher]], the [[Dharma]] [[teaching]] or its texts, and the [[Sangha]] {{Wiki|community}} of practitioners - are found. A place that elicits reverence should be [[sacred]], and wherever the [[Jewels]] are found, the pieties of lay and [[ordained]] [[Buddhists]] are [[bound]] to be expressed.
  
  
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In Hindu tantra, a ganachakra typically consists of five elements known as panchamakara or the "five Ms": madya (wine), mamsa (meat), matsya (fish), mudra (rice or grain), and maithuna (Sanskrit for "union" and coition or yab-yum) a form of tantra.
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In [[Hindu tantra]], a [[ganachakra]] typically consists of [[five elements]] known as [[panchamakara]] or the "five Ms": [[madya]] (wine), [[mamsa]] (meat), [[matsya]] ({{Wiki|fish}}), [[mudra]] ({{Wiki|rice}} or grain), and [[maithuna]] ([[Sanskrit]] for "union" and coition or [[yab-yum]]) a [[form]] of [[tantra]].
  
  
==In Buddhist tantra==
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==In [[Buddhist tantra]]==
  
  
 
==[[Ganachakra and the Mahasiddhas]]==
 
==[[Ganachakra and the Mahasiddhas]]==
  
Samual defines the ganachakra succinctly:
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Samual defines the [[ganachakra]] succinctly:
  
  
Vajray?na or Tantric Buddhism had its origin in India, where it seems to have been practised, at any rate in its earlier period, say the fourth to eighth centuries CE, by small initiatory cult groups. The central ritual of these groups was the , a night-time sacramental circle, usually outdoors, often in a cremation ground or similarly spooky and 'powerful' location, with distinctly antinomian elements. These included the ritual use of sexuality, although it is not clear how far this was performed literally and how far symbolically.  
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Vajray?na or [[Tantric Buddhism]] had its origin in [[India]], where it seems to have been practised, at any rate in its earlier period, say [[the fourth]] to eighth centuries CE, by small {{Wiki|initiatory}} {{Wiki|cult}} groups. The central [[ritual]] of these groups was the , a night-time sacramental circle, usually outdoors, often in a [[cremation ground]] or similarly spooky and 'powerful' location, with distinctly {{Wiki|antinomian}} [[elements]]. These included the [[ritual]] use of {{Wiki|sexuality}}, although it is not clear how far this was performed literally and how far [[symbolically]].  
  
The involved possession, dancing and singing, and also magical procedures. It was seen as an occasion to enter a non-ordinary state of consciousness.
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The involved possession, [[dancing]] and singing, and also [[magical]] procedures. It was seen as an occasion to enter a non-ordinary [[state of consciousness]].
Vajranatha associates the Ganachakra with the "higher tantras" or mysteries , the anuttarayogatantra, and associates a non-monastic origin and tributary of this Mystery Rite to the Mahasiddha tradition which has roots in a complex and coterie of esoteric traditions of numerous Siddha, Yogi, Sadhu and holy peoples of Buddhist, Hindu and non-sectarian practices and views:
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[[Vajranatha]] associates the [[Ganachakra]] with the "[[higher tantras]]" or {{Wiki|mysteries}} , the [[anuttarayogatantra]], and associates a [[non-monastic]] origin and tributary of this {{Wiki|Mystery}} [[Rite]] to the [[Mahasiddha]] [[tradition]] which has [[roots]] in a complex and coterie of [[esoteric traditions]] of numerous [[Siddha]], [[Yogi]], [[Sadhu]] and {{Wiki|holy}} peoples of [[Buddhist]], [[Hindu]] and [[non-sectarian]] practices and [[views]]:
  
The Higher Tantras could not be a congregational practice of monks because Tantric sadhana, as well as celebrations of the High Tantric feast or Ganachakrapuja, required partaking of meat, wine, and sexual intercourse. At the very least the latter two would force a monk to break his vows. And so what came about in the eleventh century was a change in the external style of practice; the Anuttara Tantras, many of them freshly brought from India and newly translated into Tibetan, came to be practiced in the style of the lower Yoga Tantras.  
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The [[Higher Tantras]] could not be a congregational practice of [[monks]] because [[Tantric]] [[sadhana]], as well as {{Wiki|celebrations}} of the High [[Tantric feast]] or [[Ganachakrapuja]], required partaking of meat, wine, and {{Wiki|sexual}} intercourse. At the very least the [[latter]] two would force a [[monk]] to break his [[vows]]. And so what came about in the eleventh century was a change in the external style of practice; the [[Anuttara Tantras]], many of them freshly brought from [[India]] and newly translated into [[Tibetan]], came to be practiced in the style of the [[lower Yoga Tantras]].  
  
Although there is a great deal of ritual in the Yoga Tantras, there is nothing there that would require a monk to violate his monastic vows. The presence of a woman or Dakini is required at High Tantric initiation and also at the Tantric feast of the Ganachakrapuja, but in the eleventh century reform the actual Dakini physically present was replaced by a mind-consort (yid kyi rig-ma), a visualization of the Dakini. One did the sexual practice only in visualization, not in actuality. In this way the practices of the Higher Tantras could be taken into the monasteries and incorporated into the congregations practice and liturgy of the monks known as puja.
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Although there is a great deal of [[ritual]] in the [[Yoga Tantras]], there is nothing there that would require a [[monk]] to violate his [[monastic vows]]. The presence of a woman or [[Dakini]] is required at High [[Tantric initiation]] and also at the [[Tantric feast]] of the [[Ganachakrapuja]], but in the eleventh century reform the actual [[Dakini]] {{Wiki|physically}} {{Wiki|present}} was replaced by a [[mind-consort]] ([[yid kyi rig-ma]]), a [[visualization]] of the [[Dakini]]. One did the {{Wiki|sexual}} practice only in [[visualization]], not in [[actuality]]. In this way the practices of the [[Higher Tantras]] could be taken into the [[monasteries]] and incorporated into the congregations practice and liturgy of the [[monks]] known as [[puja]].
  
  
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In Vajrayana and Dzogchen, it is traditional to offer a ga?acakra to Padmasambhava or other deities, usually gurus, on the tenth lunar day, and to a form of dakini such as Yeshe Tsogyal, Mandarava or Vajrayogini on the twenty-fifth lunar day. Generally, participants are required by their samaya "vow" to partake of meat and alcohol, and the rite tends to have elements symbolic of coitus. Traditions of the Ganachakra liturgy and rite extends remains of food and other compassionate offerings to alleviate the insatiable hunger of the hungry ghosts, genius loci and other entities.
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In [[Vajrayana]] and [[Dzogchen]], it is [[traditional]] to offer a ga?acakra to [[Padmasambhava]] or other [[deities]], usually [[gurus]], on the tenth [[lunar day]], and to a [[form]] of [[dakini]] such as [[Yeshe Tsogyal]], [[Mandarava]] or [[Vajrayogini]] on the twenty-fifth [[lunar day]]. Generally, participants are required by their [[samaya]] "[[vow]]" to partake of meat and [[alcohol]], and the [[rite]] tends to have [[elements]] [[symbolic]] of coitus. [[Traditions]] of the [[Ganachakra]] liturgy and [[rite]] extends remains of [[food]] and other [[compassionate]] [[offerings]] to alleviate the insatiable hunger of the [[hungry ghosts]], genius loci and other entities.
  
David Snellgrove (1987) holds that there is a tendency oft-promoted by Tibetan lamas who disseminate teachings in the Western world, to treat references to sexual union and to sadhana that engages with the "five impure substances" (usually referred to as the "five nectars") as symbolic. In the twilight language of correspondences and substitutions there is no inconsistency. Although, when modern tantric apologists and scholars employ the term "symbolic" as though no external practices were engaged in literally, they mislead and perpetuate an untruth. Snellgrove (1987) provides an amended translation of his earlier translation of the Hevajra Tantra (II. vii.5-13):
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{{Wiki|David Snellgrove}} (1987) holds that there is a tendency oft-promoted by [[Tibetan lamas]] who disseminate teachings in the [[Western world]], to treat references to [[sexual union]] and to [[sadhana]] that engages with the "five impure {{Wiki|substances}}" (usually referred to as the "five nectars") as [[symbolic]]. In the [[twilight language]] of correspondences and substitutions there is no inconsistency. Although, when {{Wiki|modern}} [[tantric]] apologists and [[scholars]] employ the term "[[symbolic]]" as though no external practices were engaged in literally, they mislead and perpetuate an untruth. Snellgrove (1987) provides an amended translation of his earlier translation of the [[Hevajra Tantra]] (II. vii.5-13):
  
Placing the linga in the bhaga and kissing her again and again, so producing the experience of Great Bliss, the Adamantine One talked about feasting. Now listen, Goddess of wide open eyes, to the matter of feasting in the company-circle, where having feasted, there is such fulfillment (siddhi) which fulfills the substance of all one's desires. One should set about this feasting in a cemetery or a mountain cave, in a resort of nonhuman beings or in a deserted place. One should arrange seats there, reckoned as nine, in the form of corpses or tiger skins or shrouds from a cemetery.  
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Placing the [[linga]] in the [[bhaga]] and kissing her again and again, so producing the [[experience]] of Great [[Bliss]], the [[Adamantine]] One talked about feasting. Now listen, [[Goddess]] of wide [[open eyes]], to the {{Wiki|matter}} of feasting in the company-circle, where having feasted, there is such fulfillment ([[siddhi]]) which fulfills the [[substance]] of all one's [[desires]]. One should set about this feasting in a [[cemetery]] or a mountain [[cave]], in a resort of [[nonhuman beings]] or in a deserted place. One should arrange seats there, reckoned as nine, in the [[form]] of [[corpses]] or [[tiger skins]] or shrouds from a [[cemetery]].  
  
The one who embodies Hevajra should be placed in the center of the yoginis, whose places are known, as taught before, in the main directions and intermediate points. Then seated upon one's tiger skin, one should eat the "spiced food" of the sacrament, enjoying it, and one should eat with eagerness the "kingly rice." When one has eaten and eaten again, one should honor the mother-goddesses there and they may be mother or sister or niece or mother-in-law. One should honor them to a high degree and gain fulfillment in their company. The chief lady should offer to the master an unmarred sacred skull filled with liquor, and having made obeisance to him, she should drink it herself. She should hold it in her hands in a lotus-gesture, and present it with the same gesture. Again and again they make obeisance, those winners of fulfillment.
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The one who [[embodies]] [[Hevajra]] should be placed in the center of the [[yoginis]], whose places are known, as [[taught]] before, in the main [[directions]] and [[intermediate]] points. Then seated upon one's [[tiger skin]], one should eat the "spiced [[food]]" of the sacrament, enjoying it, and one should eat with [[eagerness]] the "kingly {{Wiki|rice}}." When one has eaten and eaten again, one should [[honor]] the mother-goddesses there and they may be mother or sister or niece or mother-in-law. One should [[honor]] them to a high [[degree]] and gain fulfillment in their company. The chief lady should offer to the [[master]] an unmarred [[sacred]] [[skull]] filled with [[liquor]], and having made obeisance to him, she should drink it herself. She should hold it in her hands in a lotus-gesture, and {{Wiki|present}} it with the same gesture. Again and again they make obeisance, those winners of fulfillment.
  
  
In the Tibetan Buddhist practice of Chöd, a variation of the ga?acakra has the practitioner visualizing offering their own body as a feast for the gods/demons invited to the feast.
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In the [[Tibetan Buddhist]] practice of [[Chöd]], a variation of the ga?acakra has the [[practitioner]] [[visualizing]] [[offering]] their [[own]] [[body]] as a feast for the gods/demons invited to the feast.
  
 
==[[Alcohol in Vajrayana]]==
 
==[[Alcohol in Vajrayana]]==
  
  
Crowley states:
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[[Crowley]] states:
  
Undoubtedly, the striking parallels between "The legend about Chakdor" and the
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Undoubtedly, the striking parallels between "The legend about [[Chakdor]]" and the
  
Hindu legend of the origin of soma show that the Buddhist amrita and the Hindu soma were at one time understood to be identical. Moreover, the principal property of amrita is, to this day, perceived by Buddhists as being a species of inebriation, however symbolically this inebriation may be interpreted. Why else would beer (Tibetan chhang, "barley beer") be used by yogins as a symbolic substitute for amrita [Ardussi]? Conversely, why else would the term bDud.rTsi be used as a poetic synonym for beer?
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[[Hindu]] legend of the origin of soma show that the [[Buddhist]] [[amrita]] and the [[Hindu]] soma were at one time understood to be [[identical]]. Moreover, the [[principal]] property of [[amrita]] is, to this day, [[perceived]] by [[Buddhists]] as being a {{Wiki|species}} of inebriation, however [[symbolically]] this inebriation may be interpreted. Why else would beer ([[Tibetan chhang]], "{{Wiki|barley}} beer") be used by [[yogins]] as a [[symbolic]] substitute for [[amrita]] [[[Ardussi]]]? Conversely, why else would the term [[bDud.rTsi]] be used as a {{Wiki|poetic}} {{Wiki|synonym}} for beer?
  
  
==Meat in Vajrayana==
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==Meat in [[Vajrayana]]==
  
  
 
<poem>
 
<poem>
^ Shaw, Miranda (1995). Passionate Enlightenment::Women in Tantric Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-691-01090-0.
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^ Shaw, Miranda (1995). [[Passionate]] Enlightenment::Women in [[Tantric Buddhism]]. [[Princeton University Press]]. p. 81. ISBN 0-691-01090-0.
 
^ Samual (1998: p. 126)
 
^ Samual (1998: p. 126)
^ Woodroffe, Sir John (1918). "Chapter Twenty-Seven:The Pañcatattva (The Secret Ritual)". Shakti and Shâkta. Retrieved .
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^ [[Woodroffe]], Sir John (1918). "[[Chapter]] Twenty-Seven:The [[Pañcatattva]] (The Secret [[Ritual]])". [[Shakti]] and Shâkta. Retrieved .
^ a b c Pettit, John W. (2002). "Tibetan Buddhism in Diaspora: Individuals, Comminities (sic) and Sacred Space". Retrieved .
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^ a b c Pettit, John W. (2002). "[[Tibetan Buddhism]] in {{Wiki|Diaspora}}: {{Wiki|Individuals}}, Comminities (sic) and [[Sacred]] [[Space]]". Retrieved .
 
^ Samual (1998: p. 124)
 
^ Samual (1998: p. 124)
  
^ The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet(accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
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^ The [[Mahasiddha]] [[Tradition]] in Tibet(accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
^ a b Snellgrove, David (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. Volume One: p.160. Boston, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v.1).
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^ a b Snellgrove, David (1987). [[Indo-Tibetan Buddhism]]: [[Indian Buddhists]] and Their [[Tibetan]] Successors. Volume One: p.160. [[Boston]], {{Wiki|USA}}: [[Shambhala Publications]], Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v.1).
^ Snellgrove, David (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. Volume One: p.160-161. Boston, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v.1).
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^ Snellgrove, David (1987). [[Indo-Tibetan Buddhism]]: [[Indian Buddhists]] and Their [[Tibetan]] Successors. Volume One: p.160-161. [[Boston]], {{Wiki|USA}}: [[Shambhala Publications]], Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v.1).
^ Crowley (1996)
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^ [[Crowley]] (1996)
  
 
References
 
References
  
Free Encyclopedia of Thelema (2006). Ganachakra. Retrieved June 1, 2006.
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Free {{Wiki|Encyclopedia}} of [[Thelema]] (2006). [[Ganachakra]]. Retrieved June 1, 2006.
RangjungYesheWiki (2006). Ganachakra. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
+
RangjungYesheWiki (2006). [[Ganachakra]]. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
  
Crowley, Mike (1996). When the Gods Drank Urine: A Tibetan myth may help solve the riddle of soma, sacred drug of ancient India. Fortean Studies, vol. III, 1996. Source: http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_writings1.shtml (accessed: Tuesday, 5 March 2013)
+
[[Crowley]], Mike (1996). [[When the Gods Drank Urine]]: A [[Tibetan]] [[myth]] may help solve the riddle of soma, [[sacred]] {{Wiki|drug}} of {{Wiki|ancient India}}. Fortean Studies, vol. III, 1996. Source: http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_writings1.shtml (accessed: [[Tuesday]], 5 March 2013)
  
Pettit, John W. (2002).Tibetan Buddhism in Diaspora: Individuals, Comminities [sic] and Sacred Space. Source: [1] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
+
Pettit, John W. (2002).Tibetan [[Buddhism]] in {{Wiki|Diaspora}}: {{Wiki|Individuals}}, Comminities [sic] and [[Sacred]] [[Space]]. Source: [1] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
Vajranatha (2007). The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet. Source: {http://www.vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
+
[[Vajranatha]] (2007). The [[Mahasiddha]] [[Tradition in Tibet]]. Source: {http://www.vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  
Avalon, Arthur (Sir John Woodroffe) (1918). Shakti and Shâkta. Full text available online: [2] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
+
{{Wiki|Avalon}}, Arthur ([[Sir John Woodroffe]]) (1918). [[Shakti]] and Shâkta. Full text available online: [2] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  
Sparham, Gareth (?). Tantric Ethics: An Explanation of the Precepts for Buddhist Vajrayana Practice. An extensive extract is available from Google Books [3]
+
[[Sparham]], Gareth (?). [[Tantric Ethics]]: An Explanation of the [[Precepts]] for [[Buddhist]] [[Vajrayana Practice]]. An extensive extract is available from Google [[Books]] [3]
 
(accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
 
(accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
  
Snellgrove, David (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors (2 volumes). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v. 1) & ISBN 0-87773-379-1 (v. 2)
+
Snellgrove, David (1987). [[Indo-Tibetan Buddhism]]: [[Indian Buddhists]] & Their [[Tibetan]] Successors (2 volumes). [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], {{Wiki|USA}}: [[Shambhala Publications]], Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v. 1) & ISBN 0-87773-379-1 (v. 2)
Samuel, Geoffrey (1998). Paganism and Tibetan Buddhism: Contemporary Western Religions and the Question of Nature; in Pearson, Joanne et al. (1998). "Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World." ISBN 0-7486-1057-X
+
Samuel, Geoffrey (1998). [[Paganism]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism]]: Contemporary {{Wiki|Western Religions}} and the Question of [[Nature]]; in Pearson, Joanne et al. (1998). "[[Nature]] [[Religion]] Today: [[Paganism]] in the {{Wiki|Modern}} [[World]]." ISBN 0-7486-1057-X
 
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</poem>
  

Latest revision as of 19:44, 11 February 2020




A ganacakra (Sanskrit: ganacakra "gathering circle"; Tibetan: , Wylie: tshogs kyi 'khor lo) is also known as tsog, ganapuja, cakrapuja or ganacakrapuja. It is a generic term for various tantric assemblies or feasts, in which practitioners meet to chant mantra, enact mudra, make votive offerings and practice various tantric rituals as part of a s?dhan?, or spiritual practice. The ganachakra often comprises a sacramental meal and festivities such as dancing; the feast generally consisting of materials that were considered forbidden or taboo in medieval India, where the tantric movement arose. As a tantric practice, forms of ganacakra are practiced today in Hinduism, Bön and Vajrayana Buddhism.

Professor Miranda Shaw summarises the experience of a ganacakra:

The feast is an esoteric ritual that unfolds in many stages. The sacred space for the ceremony is demarcated by geometric designs drawn on the ground with powdered pigments, and an elaborate array of offerings and foods are laid out. The participants don special insignia like bone ornaments and crowns and use musical instruments of archaic design... for inducing heightened awareness.

Practitioners sit in a circle and partake of sacramental (dry) meat and wine (often liquor) served in skull-cups.The feasts also provide an occasion for the exchange of ritual lore, the ritual worship of women (sripuja), and the performance of sexual yogas. The feast culminates in the performance of tantric dances and music that must never be disclosed to outsiders. The revelers may also improvise "songs of realization" (caryagiti) to express their heightened clarity and blissful raptures in spontaneous verse.


Samual holds that:


[S]erious Tantric practice is generally seen as appropriate for a small minority only. The ancient Indian , the circle ritual...discussed earlier, is far in the past. In Tibetan practice it has long been replaced by the (Tibetan: tshogs), a considerably tamer affair, still involving a sacramental meal but normally performed indoors and without possession or dancing.


Origins

John Woodroffe (writing as Arthur Avalon, 1918) affirms that the panchamrita of Tantra, Hindu and Buddhist traditions are directly related to the Mah?bh?ta or Five Elements and that the panchamakara is actually a vulgar term for the pañcatattva:

Worship with the Pañcatattva generally takes place in a Cakra or circle composed of men and women, Sadhakas and Sadhikas, Bhairavas and Bhairavis sitting in a circle, the Shakti being on the Sadhaka's left. Hence it is called Cakrapuja. A Lord of the Cakra (Cakreshvara) presides sitting with his Shakti in the center. During the Cakra, there is no distinction of caste, but Pashus of any caste are excluded. There are various kinds of Cakra--productive, it is said, of differing fruits for the participator therein. As amongst Tantrik Sadhakas we come across the high, the low, and mere pretenders, so the Cakras vary in their characteristics from say the Tattva-cakra for the Brahma-kaulas, and the Bhairavi-cakra (as described in Mahanirvana, VII. 153) in which, in lieu of wine, the householder takes milk, sugar and honey (Madhura-traya), and in lieu of sexual union does meditation upon the Lotus Feet of the Divine Mother with Mantra, to Cakras the ritual of which will not be approved such as Cudacakra, Anandabhuvana-yoga and others referred to later.


Sacred space

The ganachakra, or 'tantric feast', can be seen as a mandala of sacred space. Pettit emphasises the importance of the gathered "group" (gana) or sangha to Vajrayana s?dhan? and the creation of sacred space such as the ganachakra:

The power of sacred bonding in a temporary or virtual sacred space is an intrinsic, if normally invisible, component of a Vajrayana community experience. The community is that experience, and ceases to exist without it. To dwell in that sacredness requires not only that one perceive it, but to maintain that perception requires discipline, faith and a profound sense of love and respect for members of the mandala - that is, all living beings.

Pettit links the importance of the group or gana to the manifestation of the ganachakra and the sacred space or the mandala (in this sense cognate with chakra) with the liturgical tools of mantra, visualisation and sacred architecture:

The potential for sacred space to manifest spontaneously is nowhere higher than in Vajrayana Buddhist practice, which employs the use of mantra and visualization to create an experience of sacredness. Through liturgical performances, or amidst the activities of everyday life, a yogi is to experience, imaginately imaginatively or better yet spontaneously, the presence of divinity - Buddhahood embodied - in his or her own person, companions and environment.


These constitute a mandala or sacred architecture which expresses the omnipresence of enlightenment, that is the ground of both "secular" and "sacred" experiences and activities that are never perceived apart from its all-encompassing confines. The invocation of divine presence of mandala is especially effective when undertaken by several people in a ritual context, and it is incumbent for practitioners to do so periodically with a feast-offering known as tsok or, in Sanskrit, ganapuja. Pettit states that sacred space is created spontaneously wherever the Three Jewels (cognate with the gankyil) is manifest and that this sacred architecture or mandala is not dependent upon the built environment of monolithic cultures:

Sacred Space is created spontaneously wherever the Three Jewels - the Buddha or teacher, the Dharma teaching or its texts, and the Sangha community of practitioners - are found. A place that elicits reverence should be sacred, and wherever the Jewels are found, the pieties of lay and ordained Buddhists are bound to be expressed.


In Hindu tantra

In Hindu tantra, a ganachakra typically consists of five elements known as panchamakara or the "five Ms": madya (wine), mamsa (meat), matsya (fish), mudra (rice or grain), and maithuna (Sanskrit for "union" and coition or yab-yum) a form of tantra.


In Buddhist tantra

Ganachakra and the Mahasiddhas

Samual defines the ganachakra succinctly:


Vajray?na or Tantric Buddhism had its origin in India, where it seems to have been practised, at any rate in its earlier period, say the fourth to eighth centuries CE, by small initiatory cult groups. The central ritual of these groups was the , a night-time sacramental circle, usually outdoors, often in a cremation ground or similarly spooky and 'powerful' location, with distinctly antinomian elements. These included the ritual use of sexuality, although it is not clear how far this was performed literally and how far symbolically.

The involved possession, dancing and singing, and also magical procedures. It was seen as an occasion to enter a non-ordinary state of consciousness. Vajranatha associates the Ganachakra with the "higher tantras" or mysteries , the anuttarayogatantra, and associates a non-monastic origin and tributary of this Mystery Rite to the Mahasiddha tradition which has roots in a complex and coterie of esoteric traditions of numerous Siddha, Yogi, Sadhu and holy peoples of Buddhist, Hindu and non-sectarian practices and views:

The Higher Tantras could not be a congregational practice of monks because Tantric sadhana, as well as celebrations of the High Tantric feast or Ganachakrapuja, required partaking of meat, wine, and sexual intercourse. At the very least the latter two would force a monk to break his vows. And so what came about in the eleventh century was a change in the external style of practice; the Anuttara Tantras, many of them freshly brought from India and newly translated into Tibetan, came to be practiced in the style of the lower Yoga Tantras.

Although there is a great deal of ritual in the Yoga Tantras, there is nothing there that would require a monk to violate his monastic vows. The presence of a woman or Dakini is required at High Tantric initiation and also at the Tantric feast of the Ganachakrapuja, but in the eleventh century reform the actual Dakini physically present was replaced by a mind-consort (yid kyi rig-ma), a visualization of the Dakini. One did the sexual practice only in visualization, not in actuality. In this way the practices of the Higher Tantras could be taken into the monasteries and incorporated into the congregations practice and liturgy of the monks known as puja.


In Tibetan Buddhism

In Vajrayana and Dzogchen, it is traditional to offer a ga?acakra to Padmasambhava or other deities, usually gurus, on the tenth lunar day, and to a form of dakini such as Yeshe Tsogyal, Mandarava or Vajrayogini on the twenty-fifth lunar day. Generally, participants are required by their samaya "vow" to partake of meat and alcohol, and the rite tends to have elements symbolic of coitus. Traditions of the Ganachakra liturgy and rite extends remains of food and other compassionate offerings to alleviate the insatiable hunger of the hungry ghosts, genius loci and other entities.

David Snellgrove (1987) holds that there is a tendency oft-promoted by Tibetan lamas who disseminate teachings in the Western world, to treat references to sexual union and to sadhana that engages with the "five impure substances" (usually referred to as the "five nectars") as symbolic. In the twilight language of correspondences and substitutions there is no inconsistency. Although, when modern tantric apologists and scholars employ the term "symbolic" as though no external practices were engaged in literally, they mislead and perpetuate an untruth. Snellgrove (1987) provides an amended translation of his earlier translation of the Hevajra Tantra (II. vii.5-13):

Placing the linga in the bhaga and kissing her again and again, so producing the experience of Great Bliss, the Adamantine One talked about feasting. Now listen, Goddess of wide open eyes, to the matter of feasting in the company-circle, where having feasted, there is such fulfillment (siddhi) which fulfills the substance of all one's desires. One should set about this feasting in a cemetery or a mountain cave, in a resort of nonhuman beings or in a deserted place. One should arrange seats there, reckoned as nine, in the form of corpses or tiger skins or shrouds from a cemetery.

The one who embodies Hevajra should be placed in the center of the yoginis, whose places are known, as taught before, in the main directions and intermediate points. Then seated upon one's tiger skin, one should eat the "spiced food" of the sacrament, enjoying it, and one should eat with eagerness the "kingly rice." When one has eaten and eaten again, one should honor the mother-goddesses there and they may be mother or sister or niece or mother-in-law. One should honor them to a high degree and gain fulfillment in their company. The chief lady should offer to the master an unmarred sacred skull filled with liquor, and having made obeisance to him, she should drink it herself. She should hold it in her hands in a lotus-gesture, and present it with the same gesture. Again and again they make obeisance, those winners of fulfillment.


In the Tibetan Buddhist practice of Chöd, a variation of the ga?acakra has the practitioner visualizing offering their own body as a feast for the gods/demons invited to the feast.

Alcohol in Vajrayana

Crowley states:

Undoubtedly, the striking parallels between "The legend about Chakdor" and the

Hindu legend of the origin of soma show that the Buddhist amrita and the Hindu soma were at one time understood to be identical. Moreover, the principal property of amrita is, to this day, perceived by Buddhists as being a species of inebriation, however symbolically this inebriation may be interpreted. Why else would beer (Tibetan chhang, "barley beer") be used by yogins as a symbolic substitute for amrita [[[Ardussi]]]? Conversely, why else would the term bDud.rTsi be used as a poetic synonym for beer?


Meat in Vajrayana

^ Shaw, Miranda (1995). Passionate Enlightenment::Women in Tantric Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-691-01090-0.
^ Samual (1998: p. 126)
^ Woodroffe, Sir John (1918). "Chapter Twenty-Seven:The Pañcatattva (The Secret Ritual)". Shakti and Shâkta. Retrieved .
^ a b c Pettit, John W. (2002). "Tibetan Buddhism in Diaspora: Individuals, Comminities (sic) and Sacred Space". Retrieved .
^ Samual (1998: p. 124)

^ The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet(accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
^ a b Snellgrove, David (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. Volume One: p.160. Boston, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v.1).
^ Snellgrove, David (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. Volume One: p.160-161. Boston, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v.1).
^ Crowley (1996)

References

Free Encyclopedia of Thelema (2006). Ganachakra. Retrieved June 1, 2006.
RangjungYesheWiki (2006). Ganachakra. Retrieved June 2, 2006.

Crowley, Mike (1996). When the Gods Drank Urine: A Tibetan myth may help solve the riddle of soma, sacred drug of ancient India. Fortean Studies, vol. III, 1996. Source: http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_writings1.shtml (accessed: Tuesday, 5 March 2013)

Pettit, John W. (2002).Tibetan Buddhism in Diaspora: Individuals, Comminities [sic] and Sacred Space. Source: [1] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)
Vajranatha (2007). The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet. Source: {http://www.vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)

Avalon, Arthur (Sir John Woodroffe) (1918). Shakti and Shâkta. Full text available online: [2] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)

Sparham, Gareth (?). Tantric Ethics: An Explanation of the Precepts for Buddhist Vajrayana Practice. An extensive extract is available from Google Books [3]
(accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)

Snellgrove, David (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors (2 volumes). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2 (v. 1) & ISBN 0-87773-379-1 (v. 2)
Samuel, Geoffrey (1998). Paganism and Tibetan Buddhism: Contemporary Western Religions and the Question of Nature; in Pearson, Joanne et al. (1998). "Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World." ISBN 0-7486-1057-X





Source

http://www.popflock.com/learn?s=Ganachakra