Difference between revisions of "Sentient beings"
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| − | '''[[Sentient beings]]''' is a technical term in [[Buddhist]] discourse. Broadly speaking, it denotes beings with [[consciousness]] or [[sentience]] or, in some contexts, [[life]] itself. Specifically, it denotes the presence of the [[five aggregates]], or [[Skandhas]]. While distinctions in usage and potential subdivisions or classes of [[sentient beings]] vary from one school, teacher, or thinker to another—and there is [[debate]] within some [[Buddhist]] schools as to what exactly constitutes [[sentience]] and how it is to be recognized—it principally refers to beings in contrast with [[Buddhahood]]. That is, [[sentient beings]] are characteristically not [[enlightened]], and are thus confined to the [[death]], [[Rebirth]], and [[Suffering]] characteristic of [[Saṃsāra]]. However, [[Mahayana Buddhism]] simultaneously teaches (in the [[Tathagatagarbha]] [[doctrine]] particularly) that [[sentient beings]] also contain [[Buddha-nature]]—the intrinsic potential to transcend the conditions of [[Samsara]] and attain [[Enlightenment]], thereby becoming a [[Buddha]]. | + | '''[[Sentient beings]]''' is a technical term in [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|discourse}}. Broadly speaking, it denotes [[beings]] with [[consciousness]] or [[sentience]] or, in some contexts, [[life]] itself. Specifically, it denotes the presence of the [[five aggregates]], or [[Skandhas]]. While distinctions in usage and potential subdivisions or classes of [[sentient beings]] vary from one school, [[teacher]], or thinker to another—and there is [[debate]] within some [[Buddhist]] schools as to what exactly constitutes [[sentience]] and how it is to be recognized—it principally refers to [[beings]] in contrast with [[Buddhahood]]. That is, [[sentient beings]] are characteristically not [[enlightened]], and are thus confined to the [[death]], [[Rebirth]], and [[Suffering]] characteristic of [[Saṃsāra]]. However, [[Mahayana Buddhism]] simultaneously teaches (in the [[Tathagatagarbha]] [[doctrine]] particularly) that [[sentient beings]] also contain [[Buddha-nature]]—the intrinsic potential to transcend the [[conditions]] of [[Samsara]] and attain [[Enlightenment]], thereby [[becoming]] a [[Buddha]]. |
| − | :"Those who greatly enlighten {{Wiki|illusion}} are [[Buddhas]]; those who are greatly deluded about [[Enlightenment]] are [[sentient beings]]."::—[[Dōgen]] | + | :"Those who greatly [[enlighten]] {{Wiki|illusion}} are [[Buddhas]]; those who are greatly deluded about [[Enlightenment]] are [[sentient beings]]."::—[[Dōgen]] |
| − | In [[Mahayana Buddhism]], it is to [[sentient beings]] that the [[Bodhisattva]] vow of [[compassion]] is pledged. Furthermore, and particularly in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[Japanese Buddhism]], all beings (including plant [[life]] and even inanimate objects or entities considered "{{Wiki|spiritual}}" or "{{Wiki|metaphysical}}" by conventional Western thought) are or may be considered [[sentient beings]]. | + | In [[Mahayana Buddhism]], it is to [[sentient beings]] that the [[Bodhisattva]] [[vow]] of [[compassion]] is pledged. Furthermore, and particularly in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[Japanese Buddhism]], all [[beings]] (including [[plant]] [[life]] and even [[inanimate]] [[objects]] or entities considered "{{Wiki|spiritual}}" or "{{Wiki|metaphysical}}" by conventional Western [[thought]]) are or may be considered [[sentient beings]]. |
| − | The Chinese Scholar [[T'ien-T'ai]] (538–597) taught that plants, and other insentient objects could attain [[Buddhahood]]. This is because of the principle of [[Ichinen Sanzen]] (Eng. 3,000 [[Realms]] in a Single Thought Moment). | + | The {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Scholar]] [[T'ien-T'ai]] (538–597) taught that [[plants]], and other insentient [[objects]] could attain [[Buddhahood]]. This is because of the principle of [[Ichinen Sanzen]] (Eng. 3,000 [[Realms]] in a Single [[Thought]] Moment). |
== Definition == | == Definition == | ||
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Getz (2004: p. 760) provides a generalist Western [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|encyclopedic}} definition: | Getz (2004: p. 760) provides a generalist Western [[Buddhist]] {{Wiki|encyclopedic}} definition: | ||
| − | : [[Sentient beings]] is a term used to designate the totality of living, conscious beings that constitute the [[object]] and audience of [[Buddhist teaching]]. Translating various [[Sanskrit]] terms ([[jantu]], [[bahu jana]], [[jagat]], [[sattva]]), [[sentient beings]] conventionally refers to the mass of living things [[subject]] to {{Wiki|illusion}}, [[Suffering]], and [[Rebirth]] ([[Saṃsāra]]). Less frequently, [[sentient beings]] as a class broadly encompasses all beings possessing [[consciousness]], including [[Buddhas]] and [[Bodhisattvas]]. | + | : [[Sentient beings]] is a term used to designate the totality of living, [[conscious]] [[beings]] that constitute the [[object]] and audience of [[Buddhist teaching]]. Translating various [[Sanskrit]] terms ([[jantu]], [[bahu jana]], [[jagat]], [[sattva]]), [[sentient beings]] conventionally refers to the mass of living things [[subject]] to {{Wiki|illusion}}, [[Suffering]], and [[Rebirth]] ([[Saṃsāra]]). Less frequently, [[sentient beings]] as a class broadly encompasses all [[beings]] possessing [[consciousness]], including [[Buddhas]] and [[Bodhisattvas]]. |
== Classification == | == Classification == | ||
| − | Early scriptures in the [[Pali Canon]] and the conventions of the {{Wiki|Tibetan}} {{Wiki|Bhavachakra}} classify [[sentient beings]] into five categories—[[divinities]], {{Wiki|humans}}, {{Wiki|animals}}, tormented {{Wiki|spirits}}, and denizens of [[hell]]—although sometimes the classification adds another category of {{Wiki|demonic}} beings between {{Wiki|divinities}} and {{Wiki|humans}}. | + | Early scriptures in the [[Pali Canon]] and the conventions of the {{Wiki|Tibetan}} {{Wiki|Bhavachakra}} classify [[sentient beings]] into five categories—[[divinities]], {{Wiki|humans}}, {{Wiki|animals}}, tormented {{Wiki|spirits}}, and denizens of [[hell]]—although sometimes the classification adds another category of {{Wiki|demonic}} [[beings]] between {{Wiki|divinities}} and {{Wiki|humans}}. |
{{W}} | {{W}} | ||
Revision as of 19:34, 25 August 2013
Sentient beings is a technical term in Buddhist discourse. Broadly speaking, it denotes beings with consciousness or sentience or, in some contexts, life itself. Specifically, it denotes the presence of the five aggregates, or Skandhas. While distinctions in usage and potential subdivisions or classes of sentient beings vary from one school, teacher, or thinker to another—and there is debate within some Buddhist schools as to what exactly constitutes sentience and how it is to be recognized—it principally refers to beings in contrast with Buddhahood. That is, sentient beings are characteristically not enlightened, and are thus confined to the death, Rebirth, and Suffering characteristic of Saṃsāra. However, Mahayana Buddhism simultaneously teaches (in the Tathagatagarbha doctrine particularly) that sentient beings also contain Buddha-nature—the intrinsic potential to transcend the conditions of Samsara and attain Enlightenment, thereby becoming a Buddha.
- "Those who greatly enlighten illusion are Buddhas; those who are greatly deluded about Enlightenment are sentient beings."::—Dōgen
In Mahayana Buddhism, it is to sentient beings that the Bodhisattva vow of compassion is pledged. Furthermore, and particularly in Tibetan Buddhism and Japanese Buddhism, all beings (including plant life and even inanimate objects or entities considered "spiritual" or "metaphysical" by conventional Western thought) are or may be considered sentient beings.
The Chinese Scholar T'ien-T'ai (538–597) taught that plants, and other insentient objects could attain Buddhahood. This is because of the principle of Ichinen Sanzen (Eng. 3,000 Realms in a Single Thought Moment).
Definition
Getz (2004: p. 760) provides a generalist Western Buddhist encyclopedic definition:
- Sentient beings is a term used to designate the totality of living, conscious beings that constitute the object and audience of Buddhist teaching. Translating various Sanskrit terms (jantu, bahu jana, jagat, sattva), sentient beings conventionally refers to the mass of living things subject to illusion, Suffering, and Rebirth (Saṃsāra). Less frequently, sentient beings as a class broadly encompasses all beings possessing consciousness, including Buddhas and Bodhisattvas.
Classification
Early scriptures in the Pali Canon and the conventions of the Tibetan Bhavachakra classify sentient beings into five categories—divinities, humans, animals, tormented spirits, and denizens of hell—although sometimes the classification adds another category of demonic beings between divinities and humans.
