Difference between revisions of "Kokūzō Bosatsu (Bodhisattva)"
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| − | ! English !! {{Wiki|Japanese}} !! {{Wiki|Chinese}} !! [[Sanskrit]] / [[Pali]] !! [[Korean]] !! [[Tibetan]] | + | ! {{Wiki|English}} !! {{Wiki|Japanese}} !! {{Wiki|Chinese}} !! [[Sanskrit]] / [[Pali]] !! [[Korean]] !! [[Tibetan]] |
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| − | | [[Space]] Repository,<br/>[[Boundless]] [[Wisdom]],<br/>[[Deity]] of [[Memory]],<br/>{{Wiki|Patron}} of Artisans|| Kokūzō 虚空蔵,<br/>[[Kokuzo]] 虚空蔵,<br/>Kokūyō 虚空孕|| Xūkōng Zàng Púsà,<br/> Zukongzang,<br/>Hsü-kung tsang,<br/>Xu Kong Zang || गगनगञ्ज<br/>[[Ākāśagarbha]],<br/>[[Akasagarbha]],<br/>[[Akashagarbha]],<br/>Khagarbha || 허공장<br/>Heogong jang,<br/>Hŏkong chang|| Nam kai nying po,<br/>[[Namkhai Nyingpo]],<br/>Namkhai snying-po | + | | [[Space]] Repository,<br/>[[Boundless]] [[Wisdom]],<br/>[[Deity]] of [[Memory]],<br/>{{Wiki|Patron}} of Artisans|| Kokūzō 虚空蔵,<br/>[[Kokuzo]] 虚空蔵,<br/>Kokūyō 虚空孕|| Xūkōng Zàng Púsà,<br/> Zukongzang,<br/>Hsü-kung {{Wiki|tsang}},<br/>[[Xu Kong Zang]] || गगनगञ्ज<br/>[[Ākāśagarbha]],<br/>[[Akasagarbha]],<br/>[[Akashagarbha]],<br/>[[Khagarbha]] || 허공장<br/>Heogong jang,<br/>Hŏkong chang|| Nam kai nying po,<br/>[[Namkhai Nyingpo]],<br/>Namkhai snying-po |
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* Origin [[India]]. | * Origin [[India]]. | ||
| − | * Kokūzō is often translated as [[Space]] Repository or Sky Repository (空 = [[Space]], Sky; 蔵 = Repository), for Kokūzō's [[wisdom]] and [[compassion]] are said to be as [[boundless]] as the sky; Kokūzō personifies infinitely vast [[wisdom]] and [[compassion]]. | + | * Kokūzō is often translated as [[Space]] Repository or Sky Repository ([[空]] = [[Space]], Sky; 蔵 = Repository), for Kokūzō's [[wisdom]] and [[compassion]] are said to be as [[boundless]] as the sky; Kokūzō {{Wiki|personifies}} infinitely vast [[wisdom]] and [[compassion]]. |
| − | * One who removes obstacles, one who helps [[people]] [[recognize]] & overcome their errors, one who encourages the practice of the [[Six Perfections]], one who fulfills all wishes. | + | * One who removes {{Wiki|obstacles}}, one who helps [[people]] [[recognize]] & overcome their errors, one who encourages the practice of the [[Six Perfections]], one who fulfills all wishes. |
* Invoked in the Gumonjihō 求聞持法, an [[esoteric]] [[rite]] to improve one's [[memory]] that involves reciting Kokūzō's morning star [[mantra]]. [[Kūkai]] 空海 (774 - 835), the founder of Japan's [[Shingon]] sect, practiced this [[rite]] prior to achieving [[enlightenment]]. | * Invoked in the Gumonjihō 求聞持法, an [[esoteric]] [[rite]] to improve one's [[memory]] that involves reciting Kokūzō's morning star [[mantra]]. [[Kūkai]] 空海 (774 - 835), the founder of Japan's [[Shingon]] sect, practiced this [[rite]] prior to achieving [[enlightenment]]. | ||
| − | * Identified with the planet {{Wiki|Venus}} (Myōjō 明星) and with Aruṇa (charioteer of the {{Wiki|sun}} in [[Hindu]] lore). Aruṇa also represents dawn. By [[tradition]], the founder of Japan's [[Shingon]] sect -- [[Kūkai]] -- attained [[enlightenment]] in the early dawn when Kokūzō appeared as the morning star and pierced Kūkai's {{Wiki|mouth}}. | + | * Identified with the {{Wiki|planet}} {{Wiki|Venus}} (Myōjō 明星) and with Aruṇa (charioteer of the {{Wiki|sun}} in [[Hindu]] lore). Aruṇa also represents dawn. By [[tradition]], the founder of Japan's [[Shingon]] sect -- [[Kūkai]] -- attained [[enlightenment]] in the early dawn when Kokūzō appeared as the morning star and pierced Kūkai's {{Wiki|mouth}}. |
* One of 13 [[Deities]] 十三仏 (Jūsanbutsu) of Japan's [[Shingon]] Sect; in this role, Kokūzō presides over the memorial service held on the 32nd anniversary after one's [[death]]. | * One of 13 [[Deities]] 十三仏 (Jūsanbutsu) of Japan's [[Shingon]] Sect; in this role, Kokūzō presides over the memorial service held on the 32nd anniversary after one's [[death]]. | ||
| − | * In the [[Womb World Mandala]] (Jp. = [[Taizōkai]] 胎藏界, Skt. = Garbhadhātu), Kokūzō appears as the central [[deity]] in the Court of [[Space]] (Kokūzō-in 虚空蔵院) wearing a crown of five [[gems]], with right hand [[holding]] a sword and left a [[lotus]] topped with a [[jewel]]. Kokūzō also appears in the Court of [[Shaka]] (Shakain 釈迦院) as Shaka's right-hand {{Wiki|attendant}}; in this role, Kokūzō graps a fly whisk in one hand and a [[lotus]] topped with a green [[gem]] in the other. | + | * In the [[Womb World Mandala]] (Jp. = [[Taizōkai]] 胎藏界, Skt. = Garbhadhātu), Kokūzō appears as the {{Wiki|central}} [[deity]] in the Court of [[Space]] (Kokūzō-in 虚空蔵院) wearing a {{Wiki|crown}} of five [[gems]], with right hand [[holding]] a sword and left a [[lotus]] topped with a [[jewel]]. Kokūzō also appears in the Court of [[Shaka]] (Shakain 釈迦院) as Shaka's right-hand {{Wiki|attendant}}; in this role, Kokūzō graps a fly whisk in one hand and a [[lotus]] topped with a green [[gem]] in the other. |
| − | * In the [[Diamond]] [[World]] [[Mandala]] (Jp. = [[Kongōkai]]; Skt. = [[Vajradhatu]]), Kokūzō appears as Kongōhō 金剛宝菩薩 (Skt. = Vajraratna), one of the 16 Great [[Bodhisattva]]; Kokūzō is also counted among the 16 [[Deities]] of the [[Auspicious]] [[Aeon]]. | + | * In the [[Diamond]] [[World]] [[Mandala]] (Jp. = [[Kongōkai]]; Skt. = [[Vajradhatu]]), Kokūzō appears as Kongōhō 金剛宝菩薩 (Skt. = Vajraratna), one of the 16 [[Great]] [[Bodhisattva]]; Kokūzō is also counted among the 16 [[Deities]] of the [[Auspicious]] [[Aeon]]. |
| − | * Appears in five [[forms]] known as the Godai [[Kokūzō Bosatsu]] 五大虚空蔵菩薩 (Five Great Kokūzō); the five are [[manifestations]] of the Five [[Buddha]] (Gobutsu 五仏) and are invoked in the Godai Kokūzōhō 五大虚空蔵法, an [[esoteric]] [[rite]] for fulfilling wishes and averting misfortune. | + | * Appears in five [[forms]] known as the Godai [[Kokūzō Bosatsu]] 五大虚空蔵菩薩 (Five [[Great]] Kokūzō); the five are [[manifestations]] of the Five [[Buddha]] (Gobutsu 五仏) and are invoked in the Godai Kokūzōhō 五大虚空蔵法, an [[esoteric]] [[rite]] for fulfilling wishes and averting misfortune. |
| − | * Appears as the central [[object]] of worship in the [[Kokūzō Bosatsu]] Mandara 虚空蔵菩薩曼荼羅. | + | * Appears as the {{Wiki|central}} [[object]] of {{Wiki|worship}} in the [[Kokūzō Bosatsu]] [[Mandara]] 虚空蔵菩薩曼荼羅. |
* In [[Japan]], Kokūzō is also worshipped as the {{Wiki|patron}} of craftspeople and artisans. | * In [[Japan]], Kokūzō is also worshipped as the {{Wiki|patron}} of craftspeople and artisans. | ||
| − | * On Japan's Honshu island, children who are 13 years of age still follow the custom of [[paying homage]] to Kokūzō in the hopes of becoming more {{Wiki|intelligent}}. | + | * On Japan's Honshu island, children who are 13 years of age still follow the {{Wiki|custom}} of [[paying homage]] to Kokūzō in the [[Wikipedia:Hope|hopes]] of becoming more {{Wiki|intelligent}}. |
| − | * Guardian of [[People]] Born in the {{Wiki|Zodiac}} Years of the {{Wiki|Ox}} and the {{Wiki|Tiger}}. Click here to find your {{Wiki|patron}} [[deity]]. | + | * {{Wiki|Guardian}} of [[People]] Born in the {{Wiki|Zodiac}} Years of the {{Wiki|Ox}} and the {{Wiki|Tiger}}. Click here to find your {{Wiki|patron}} [[deity]]. |
| − | =====English Translations for Kokūzō===== | + | ====={{Wiki|English}} {{Wiki|Translations}} for Kokūzō===== |
* [[Womb]] of the Sky | * [[Womb]] of the Sky | ||
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* [[Bodhisattva]] of All-Encompassing [[Wisdom]]. | * [[Bodhisattva]] of All-Encompassing [[Wisdom]]. | ||
* [[Space]] / Sky Repository (also [[Space]] / Sky Treasury) | * [[Space]] / Sky Repository (also [[Space]] / Sky Treasury) | ||
| − | * Guardian of the Treasury of All [[Wisdom]] & Achievement | + | * {{Wiki|Guardian}} of the Treasury of All [[Wisdom]] & [[Achievement]] |
==[[Shingon]] [[Mantras]] for Kokūzō== | ==[[Shingon]] [[Mantras]] for Kokūzō== | ||
[[Sanskrit]] version | [[Sanskrit]] version | ||
| − | :'''oṃ [[vajra]] [[ratna]] oṃ trāḥ [[svāhā]] (transliteration)''' | + | :'''[[oṃ]] [[vajra]] [[ratna]] [[oṃ]] trāḥ [[svāhā]] (transliteration)''' |
{{Wiki|Japanese}} version of above [[Sanskrit]] [[mantra]] | {{Wiki|Japanese}} version of above [[Sanskrit]] [[mantra]] | ||
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| − | ==Gumonjihō 求聞持法 - [[Esoteric]] [[Rite]] to Improve One's Memory== | + | ==Gumonjihō 求聞持法 - [[Esoteric]] [[Rite]] to Improve One's [[Memory]]== |
Morning Star [[Mantra]], Kokūzō as the Morning Star<br/> | Morning Star [[Mantra]], Kokūzō as the Morning Star<br/> | ||
| − | Kokūzō was introduced to [[Japan]] in the late {{Wiki|Nara period}} (circa 790 AD) as part of an [[esoteric]] [[rite]] to improve one's [[memory]], and even today Kokūzō is venerated as a [[deity]] who bestows {{Wiki|intelligence}} on devotees. The [[esoteric]] [[rite]], known as Gumonjihō or Gubunjihō 求聞持法 (Chn. = Qiúwén chífǎ), comes from a [[sutra]] known in [[Japan]] as [[Kokūzō Bosatsu]] nō man shogan saishō shin darani gumonji hō 虛空藏菩薩能滿諸願最勝心陀羅尼求聞持法 (Taishō [[Canon]] #1145). It was first translated into {{Wiki|Chinese}} in 716 CE, and may be loosely translated as [[Kokuzo]] Bosatsu's power-filled, wish-fulfilling, supreme [[mind]] dharāṇi technique for seeking, [[hearing]], and retention. | + | Kokūzō was introduced to [[Japan]] in the late {{Wiki|Nara period}} (circa 790 AD) as part of an [[esoteric]] [[rite]] to improve one's [[memory]], and even today Kokūzō is venerated as a [[deity]] who bestows {{Wiki|intelligence}} on {{Wiki|devotees}}. The [[esoteric]] [[rite]], known as Gumonjihō or Gubunjihō 求聞持法 (Chn. = Qiúwén chífǎ), comes from a [[sutra]] known in [[Japan]] as [[Kokūzō Bosatsu]] nō man shogan saishō [[shin]] darani gumonji [[hō]] 虛空藏菩薩能滿諸願最勝心陀羅尼求聞持法 ([[Taishō]] [[Canon]] #1145). It was first translated into {{Wiki|Chinese}} in 716 CE, and may be loosely translated as [[Kokuzo]] Bosatsu's power-filled, wish-fulfilling, [[supreme]] [[mind]] dharāṇi technique for seeking, [[hearing]], and retention. |
| − | [[Kūkai]] 空海 （774–835), the [[patriarch]] of Japan's [[Shingon]] sect, was taught to recite the Gumonji-hō [[mantra]] during his training as a teenager. Since the [[sutra]] promises devotees who earnestly recite the [[mantra]] that Kokūzō will appear to them as the morning star, the [[chant]] is also called the Morning Star [[mantra]]. [[Kūkai]] reportedly attained [[enlightenment]] in the early dawn at Cape Muroto ({{Wiki|Shikoku}} island) while reciting the [[mantra]], and as promised, Kokūzō appeared to him in the [[form]] of the morning star. [[Kūkai]] himself writes in the Sangō Shiiki 三教指帰 (Guide to the Three Teachings, 797 AD): | + | [[Kūkai]] 空海 （774–835), the [[patriarch]] of Japan's [[Shingon]] sect, was taught to recite the Gumonji-hō [[mantra]] during his training as a teenager. Since the [[sutra]] promises {{Wiki|devotees}} who earnestly recite the [[mantra]] that Kokūzō will appear to them as the morning star, the [[chant]] is also called the Morning Star [[mantra]]. [[Kūkai]] reportedly attained [[enlightenment]] in the early dawn at Cape Muroto ({{Wiki|Shikoku}} island) while reciting the [[mantra]], and as promised, Kokūzō appeared to him in the [[form]] of the morning star. [[Kūkai]] himself writes in the Sangō Shiiki 三教指帰 (Guide to the Three Teachings, 797 AD): |
:"The valleys echoed, and the morning star made its appearance." | :"The valleys echoed, and the morning star made its appearance." | ||
Morning Star [[Mantra]] in [[Sanskrit]]<br/> | Morning Star [[Mantra]] in [[Sanskrit]]<br/> | ||
| − | '''[[namo]] ākāśagarbhaya oṃ [[ārya]] kamari mauli [[svāhā]] (transliteration)'''<br/> | + | '''[[namo]] ākāśagarbhaya [[oṃ]] [[ārya]] kamari mauli [[svāhā]] (transliteration)'''<br/> |
{{Wiki|Japanese}} Version of Morning Star [[Mantra]]<br/> | {{Wiki|Japanese}} Version of Morning Star [[Mantra]]<br/> | ||
'''nōbō akyasha kyarabaya on arikya mari bori sowaka''' | '''nōbō akyasha kyarabaya on arikya mari bori sowaka''' | ||
| − | Kōbō [[Daishi]] 弘法大師 (Kūkai's posthumous title, lit. = Great [[Teacher]] Kōbō), said [[people]] who [[chant]] this [[mantra]] one million times will gain the ability to remember and understand any [[Buddhist text]]. The Gumonjihō [[sutra]] itself says: "If [[people]] recite the [[mantra]] of Kokūzō one million times, in accord with the teachings [in this [[sutra]]], they will achieve the ability to memorize the words and understand the real meaning of all [[scriptures]] [they study]." | + | Kōbō [[Daishi]] 弘法大師 (Kūkai's posthumous title, lit. = [[Great]] [[Teacher]] Kōbō), said [[people]] who [[chant]] this [[mantra]] one million times will gain the ability to remember and understand any [[Buddhist text]]. The Gumonjihō [[sutra]] itself says: "If [[people]] recite the [[mantra]] of Kokūzō one million times, in accord with the teachings [in this [[sutra]]], they will achieve the ability to memorize the words and understand the {{Wiki|real}} [[meaning]] of all [[scriptures]] [they study]." |
==Sculptures== | ==Sculptures== | ||
| Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
In [[Japan]], sculptures of Kokūzō are generally found only among [[Shingon]] [[temples]] and some [[Tendai]] [[temples]], where special [[esoteric]] [[rites]] are still performed (mostly in secret) to ensure good [[memory]], the granting of wishes, and the bestowal of Kokūzō's "vast and [[boundless]]" [[blessings]]. | In [[Japan]], sculptures of Kokūzō are generally found only among [[Shingon]] [[temples]] and some [[Tendai]] [[temples]], where special [[esoteric]] [[rites]] are still performed (mostly in secret) to ensure good [[memory]], the granting of wishes, and the bestowal of Kokūzō's "vast and [[boundless]]" [[blessings]]. | ||
| − | Kokūzō can appear in many different [[forms]]. In sculpture, Kokūzō's role as bestower of wishes means that Kokūzō is shown frequently [[holding]] the [[wish-granting jewel]]. In another variant, Kokūzō holds a [[lotus]] stem surmounted with the [[sacred]] wish-giving [[gem]]. In another popular [[representation]], Kokūzō holds a sword to [[symbolize]] [[wisdom]] cutting through [[ignorance]]. Kokūzō is sometimes portrayed with the "{{Wiki|Fear}} Not" [[Mudra]], a gesture that [[symbolizes]] the granting of protection to [[Buddhist]] followers. NOTE: Photo at right shows Kokūzō forming the {{Wiki|Fear}} Not [[Mudra]] while [[holding]] a [[lotus]] spear surmounted by the [[wish-granting jewel]]. At other times, Kokūzō is depicted with a hand gesture known as the Wish-Granting [[Mudra]] (aka the [[Charity]], Welcome, or [[Blessing]] [[mudra]]). This latter [[mudra]] is associated closely with the [[Historical Buddha]], and represents the granting of wishes to those who welcome the teachings of [[Buddhism]]. | + | Kokūzō can appear in many different [[forms]]. In {{Wiki|sculpture}}, Kokūzō's role as bestower of wishes means that Kokūzō is shown frequently [[holding]] the [[wish-granting jewel]]. In another variant, Kokūzō holds a [[lotus]] stem surmounted with the [[sacred]] wish-giving [[gem]]. In another popular [[representation]], Kokūzō holds a sword to [[symbolize]] [[wisdom]] cutting through [[ignorance]]. Kokūzō is sometimes portrayed with the "{{Wiki|Fear}} Not" [[Mudra]], a gesture that [[symbolizes]] the granting of protection to [[Buddhist]] followers. NOTE: Photo at right shows Kokūzō forming the {{Wiki|Fear}} Not [[Mudra]] while [[holding]] a [[lotus]] spear surmounted by the [[wish-granting jewel]]. At other times, Kokūzō is depicted with a hand gesture known as the Wish-Granting [[Mudra]] (aka the [[Charity]], Welcome, or [[Blessing]] [[mudra]]). This latter [[mudra]] is associated closely with the [[Historical Buddha]], and represents the granting of wishes to those who welcome the teachings of [[Buddhism]]. |
| − | Kokūzō is no longer venerated widely in {{Wiki|Asia}} or [[Japan]], with the exception of Japan's [[Shingon]] Sect of [[Esoteric Buddhism]], where Kokūzō serves as one of the Thirteen [[Deities]] of the [[Shingon]] School. As one of the thirteen, Kokūzō presides over the memorial service held on the 32nd anniversary after one's [[death]]. On the {{Wiki|Japanese}} island of Honshu, children who are 13 years of age still follow the custom of [[paying homage]] to Kokūzō in the hopes of becoming more {{Wiki|intelligent}}. In Japan's [[esoteric]] [[traditions]], Kokūzō is also counted among the 16 [[Deities]] of the [[Auspicious]] [[Aeon]], and as one of the 16 Great [[Bodhisattva]]. | + | Kokūzō is no longer venerated widely in {{Wiki|Asia}} or [[Japan]], with the exception of Japan's [[Shingon]] Sect of [[Esoteric Buddhism]], where Kokūzō serves as one of the Thirteen [[Deities]] of the [[Shingon]] School. As one of the thirteen, Kokūzō presides over the memorial service held on the 32nd anniversary after one's [[death]]. On the {{Wiki|Japanese}} island of Honshu, children who are 13 years of age still follow the {{Wiki|custom}} of [[paying homage]] to Kokūzō in the [[Wikipedia:Hope|hopes]] of becoming more {{Wiki|intelligent}}. In Japan's [[esoteric]] [[traditions]], Kokūzō is also counted among the 16 [[Deities]] of the [[Auspicious]] [[Aeon]], and as one of the 16 [[Great]] [[Bodhisattva]]. |
| − | Kokūzō [[Bodhisattva]] (lit. [[Space]] Repository) was originally paired with [[Jizō]] [[Bodhisattva]] (lit. [[Earth]] Repository), with the two representing the [[blessings]] of [[space]] and [[earth]] respectively. This pairing is now almost completely forgotten. Today [[Jizō]] is one of Japan's most popular [[deities]] among the common folk, and is worshipped both independently and as an important member of [[Amida]] [[Buddha's]] retinue. In contrast, Kokūzō is a relatively neglected [[deity]] whose devotees come largely from the [[Shingon]] [[tradition]]. | + | Kokūzō [[Bodhisattva]] (lit. [[Space]] Repository) was originally paired with [[Jizō]] [[Bodhisattva]] (lit. [[Earth]] Repository), with the two representing the [[blessings]] of [[space]] and [[earth]] respectively. This pairing is now almost completely forgotten. Today [[Jizō]] is one of Japan's most popular [[deities]] among the common {{Wiki|folk}}, and is worshipped both independently and as an important member of [[Amida]] [[Buddha's]] retinue. In contrast, Kokūzō is a relatively neglected [[deity]] whose {{Wiki|devotees}} come largely from the [[Shingon]] [[tradition]]. |
| − | Kokūzō's central role in the [[esoteric]] [[rite]] to improve one's [[memory]] is described in the Gumonjihō (Jp.). Kokūzō is described in the [[Kokuzo]] [[Sutra]] (Jp. = [[Kokūzō Bosatsu]] Kyō) as one who removes obstacles, one who helps [[people]] [[recognize]] and overcome their errors, and one who encourages the practice of the [[Six Perfections]] ([[Sanskrit]] = [[Paramita]]). In addition to the central [[virtue]] of [[compassion]], there are [[six perfections]] that a [[Bodhisattva]] must cultivate in [[order]] to attain [[Buddhahood]]. | + | Kokūzō's {{Wiki|central}} role in the [[esoteric]] [[rite]] to improve one's [[memory]] is described in the Gumonjihō (Jp.). Kokūzō is described in the [[Kokuzo]] [[Sutra]] (Jp. = [[Kokūzō Bosatsu]] [[Kyō]]) as one who removes {{Wiki|obstacles}}, one who helps [[people]] [[recognize]] and overcome their errors, and one who encourages the practice of the [[Six Perfections]] ([[Sanskrit]] = [[Paramita]]). In addition to the {{Wiki|central}} [[virtue]] of [[compassion]], there are [[six perfections]] that a [[Bodhisattva]] must cultivate in [[order]] to attain [[Buddhahood]]. |
==[[Six Perfections]], Jp. = Ropparamitsu 六波羅蜜== | ==[[Six Perfections]], Jp. = Ropparamitsu 六波羅蜜== | ||
| − | [[Sanskrit]] = [[Pāramitā]] (read "Haramitsu" in [[Japan]]). Chn. = Liù pōluómì, Jp. = Ropparamitsu. The [[six perfections]] (Skt. = [[Pāramitās]]) are a set of [[Mahayana]] practices that lead to [[enlightenment]] if pursued with an [[attitude]] of [[detachment]] ([[wisdom]] of [[emptiness]]) -- without [[selfish]] intent for personal gain. Each [[perfection]] has its opposite (labeled "O" in below list). | + | [[Sanskrit]] = [[Pāramitā]] (read "Haramitsu" in [[Japan]]). Chn. = Liù pōluómì, Jp. = Ropparamitsu. The [[six perfections]] (Skt. = [[Pāramitās]]) are a set of [[Mahayana]] practices that lead to [[enlightenment]] if pursued with an [[attitude]] of [[detachment]] ([[wisdom]] of [[emptiness]]) -- without [[selfish]] intent for personal gain. Each [[perfection]] has its {{Wiki|opposite}} (labeled "O" in below list). |
# [[Charity]], [[Generosity]] (Skt. Dana-paramita); [[selfless]] and impartial [[generosity]]. O = Meanness. Also written as [[Generosity]] (J. = [[danna]] 檀那) | # [[Charity]], [[Generosity]] (Skt. Dana-paramita); [[selfless]] and impartial [[generosity]]. O = Meanness. Also written as [[Generosity]] (J. = [[danna]] 檀那) | ||
| − | # [[Morality]], [[Discipline]] (Skt. Shila-paramita); observance of the [[ethical]] regimen. O = Wickedness. Also written as [[Right Conduct]] (J = shira 尸羅) | + | # [[Morality]], [[Discipline]] (Skt. Shila-paramita); [[observance]] of the [[ethical]] regimen. O = Wickedness. Also written as [[Right Conduct]] (J = shira 尸羅) |
# [[Forbearance]], [[Patience]] (Skt. Kshanti-paramita); patient [[endurance]] of difficulties.O = [[Anger]]. Also written as [[Endurance]] (J = sebdai 羼提) | # [[Forbearance]], [[Patience]] (Skt. Kshanti-paramita); patient [[endurance]] of difficulties.O = [[Anger]]. Also written as [[Endurance]] (J = sebdai 羼提) | ||
# [[Effort]], [[Energy]] (Skt. Virya-paramita); zealous [[energy]] in perseverance. O = [[Sloth]]. Also written as Endeavor (J = biriya 毘梨耶) | # [[Effort]], [[Energy]] (Skt. Virya-paramita); zealous [[energy]] in perseverance. O = [[Sloth]]. Also written as Endeavor (J = biriya 毘梨耶) | ||
# [[Meditation]] (Skt. Dhyana-paramita); [[mindful]] absorption in [[meditation]]. O = Distracted [[Mind]]. Also written as [[Meditation]] (J = zenna 禅那) | # [[Meditation]] (Skt. Dhyana-paramita); [[mindful]] absorption in [[meditation]]. O = Distracted [[Mind]]. Also written as [[Meditation]] (J = zenna 禅那) | ||
| − | # [[Wisdom]] (Skt. Prajna-paramita); [[wisdom]] of [[transcendent]] [[insight]]. O = [[Ignorance]]. Also written as [[Wisdom]] (J = [[hannya]] [[般若]]).<br/><br/>'''Four more [[perfections]] were added in later times:'''<br/> | + | # [[Wisdom]] (Skt. [[Prajna-paramita]]); [[wisdom]] of [[transcendent]] [[insight]]. O = [[Ignorance]]. Also written as [[Wisdom]] (J = [[hannya]] [[般若]]).<br/><br/>'''Four more [[perfections]] were added in later times:'''<br/> |
# Right method (or means) | # Right method (or means) | ||
# [[Vows]] | # [[Vows]] | ||
# [[Manifestation]] of 10 [[powers]] | # [[Manifestation]] of 10 [[powers]] | ||
| − | # True understanding of all [[dharmas]] (laws) | + | # True [[understanding]] of all [[dharmas]] ([[laws]]) |
| − | ==Five Great Kokūzō== | + | ==Five [[Great]] Kokūzō== |
[[File:Kokuzo-godai.jpg|thumb|250px|Godai Kokūzō Bodhisattva, Jingo-ji Temple 神護寺 (Kyoto) Early Heian Period, 794-969 CE]] | [[File:Kokuzo-godai.jpg|thumb|250px|Godai Kokūzō Bodhisattva, Jingo-ji Temple 神護寺 (Kyoto) Early Heian Period, 794-969 CE]] | ||
| − | Below text courtesy JAANUS. There is a pentad called the Five Great Kokūzō [[Bodhisattva]] (Godai [[Kokūzō Bosatsu]] 五大虚空蔵菩薩). The five are [[manifestations]] of the Five [[Buddha]] (Gobutsu 五仏) of [[Esoteric Buddhism]] and invoked in the Godai Kokūzōhō 五大虚空蔵法, an [[esoteric]] [[rite]] for fulfilling wishes and averting misfortune. The names and descriptions of these five vary, but in the YUGIKYŌ 瑜祇経 [[sutra]] they are called: | + | Below text [[courtesy]] JAANUS. There is a pentad called the Five [[Great]] Kokūzō [[Bodhisattva]] (Godai [[Kokūzō Bosatsu]] 五大虚空蔵菩薩). The five are [[manifestations]] of the Five [[Buddha]] (Gobutsu 五仏) of [[Esoteric Buddhism]] and invoked in the Godai Kokūzōhō 五大虚空蔵法, an [[esoteric]] [[rite]] for fulfilling wishes and averting misfortune. The names and descriptions of these five vary, but in the YUGIKYŌ 瑜祇経 [[sutra]] they are called: |
# Hokkai Kokūzō 法界虚空蔵 | # Hokkai Kokūzō 法界虚空蔵 | ||
| Line 106: | Line 106: | ||
# Gyōyō Kokūzō 業用虚空蔵 | # Gyōyō Kokūzō 業用虚空蔵 | ||
| − | There is a set of five at Kanchiin 観智院 in Tōji [[Temple]] 東寺 ({{Wiki|Kyoto}}) brought from Tang [[China]] in 847 by Eun 恵運 (798-869) where the figures are seated on a [[lion]], elephant, [[horse]], [[peacock]] and [[garuda]] ([[mythical]] bird) respectively. Another set of five images at Jingoji 神護寺 ({{Wiki|Kyoto}}) are seated on [[lotus]] pedestals and date from the mid-9th century. This latter set is a designated national [[treasure]]. | + | There is a set of five at Kanchiin 観智院 in Tōji [[Temple]] 東寺 ({{Wiki|Kyoto}}) brought from Tang [[China]] in 847 by Eun 恵運 (798-869) where the figures are seated on a [[lion]], [[elephant]], [[horse]], [[peacock]] and [[garuda]] ([[mythical]] {{Wiki|bird}}) respectively. Another set of five images at Jingoji 神護寺 ({{Wiki|Kyoto}}) are seated on [[lotus]] pedestals and date from the mid-9th century. This latter set is a designated national [[treasure]]. |
{{R}} | {{R}} | ||
Revision as of 03:46, 20 September 2013
Bodhisattva of Wisdom & Memory
Kokūzō is especially important to Japan's Shingon sect of Esoteric Buddhism (Mikkyō 密教). Kokūzō symbolizes the "vast and boundless" Buddha wisdom that permeates the universe. In Japan, believers pray to Kokūzō to grant them wisdom on their quest toward enlightenment. They also pray to Kokūzō to improve their memory, technical skills, and artistic talents.
| English | Japanese | Chinese | Sanskrit / Pali | Korean | Tibetan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Space Repository, Boundless Wisdom, Deity of Memory, Patron of Artisans |
Kokūzō 虚空蔵, Kokuzo 虚空蔵, Kokūyō 虚空孕 |
Xūkōng Zàng Púsà, Zukongzang, Hsü-kung tsang, Xu Kong Zang |
गगनगञ्ज Ākāśagarbha, Akasagarbha, Akashagarbha, Khagarbha |
허공장 Heogong jang, Hŏkong chang |
Nam kai nying po, Namkhai Nyingpo, Namkhai snying-po |
- Origin India.
- Kokūzō is often translated as Space Repository or Sky Repository (空 = Space, Sky; 蔵 = Repository), for Kokūzō's wisdom and compassion are said to be as boundless as the sky; Kokūzō personifies infinitely vast wisdom and compassion.
- One who removes obstacles, one who helps people recognize & overcome their errors, one who encourages the practice of the Six Perfections, one who fulfills all wishes.
- Invoked in the Gumonjihō 求聞持法, an esoteric rite to improve one's memory that involves reciting Kokūzō's morning star mantra. Kūkai 空海 (774 - 835), the founder of Japan's Shingon sect, practiced this rite prior to achieving enlightenment.
- Identified with the planet Venus (Myōjō 明星) and with Aruṇa (charioteer of the sun in Hindu lore). Aruṇa also represents dawn. By tradition, the founder of Japan's Shingon sect -- Kūkai -- attained enlightenment in the early dawn when Kokūzō appeared as the morning star and pierced Kūkai's mouth.
- One of 13 Deities 十三仏 (Jūsanbutsu) of Japan's Shingon Sect; in this role, Kokūzō presides over the memorial service held on the 32nd anniversary after one's death.
- In the Womb World Mandala (Jp. = Taizōkai 胎藏界, Skt. = Garbhadhātu), Kokūzō appears as the central deity in the Court of Space (Kokūzō-in 虚空蔵院) wearing a crown of five gems, with right hand holding a sword and left a lotus topped with a jewel. Kokūzō also appears in the Court of Shaka (Shakain 釈迦院) as Shaka's right-hand attendant; in this role, Kokūzō graps a fly whisk in one hand and a lotus topped with a green gem in the other.
- In the Diamond World Mandala (Jp. = Kongōkai; Skt. = Vajradhatu), Kokūzō appears as Kongōhō 金剛宝菩薩 (Skt. = Vajraratna), one of the 16 Great Bodhisattva; Kokūzō is also counted among the 16 Deities of the Auspicious Aeon.
- Appears in five forms known as the Godai Kokūzō Bosatsu 五大虚空蔵菩薩 (Five Great Kokūzō); the five are manifestations of the Five Buddha (Gobutsu 五仏) and are invoked in the Godai Kokūzōhō 五大虚空蔵法, an esoteric rite for fulfilling wishes and averting misfortune.
- Appears as the central object of worship in the Kokūzō Bosatsu Mandara 虚空蔵菩薩曼荼羅.
- In Japan, Kokūzō is also worshipped as the patron of craftspeople and artisans.
- On Japan's Honshu island, children who are 13 years of age still follow the custom of paying homage to Kokūzō in the hopes of becoming more intelligent.
- Guardian of People Born in the Zodiac Years of the Ox and the Tiger. Click here to find your patron deity.
English Translations for Kokūzō
- Womb of the Sky
- Treasure of Emptiness
- Bodhisattva of Space (Wisdom of Emptiness)
- Vast & Boundless Vessel of Buddha's Wisdom
- Bodhisattva of All-Encompassing Wisdom.
- Space / Sky Repository (also Space / Sky Treasury)
- Guardian of the Treasury of All Wisdom & Achievement
Shingon Mantras for Kokūzō
Sanskrit version
Japanese version of above Sanskrit mantra
- on bazara aratannō on taraku sowaka
Shortened version of the mantra is:
on basara aratana kan - on basara aratana un
おん ばさら あらたな かん - おん ばさら あらたな うん.
Gumonjihō 求聞持法 - Esoteric Rite to Improve One's Memory
Morning Star Mantra, Kokūzō as the Morning Star
Kokūzō was introduced to Japan in the late Nara period (circa 790 AD) as part of an esoteric rite to improve one's memory, and even today Kokūzō is venerated as a deity who bestows intelligence on devotees. The esoteric rite, known as Gumonjihō or Gubunjihō 求聞持法 (Chn. = Qiúwén chífǎ), comes from a sutra known in Japan as Kokūzō Bosatsu nō man shogan saishō shin darani gumonji hō 虛空藏菩薩能滿諸願最勝心陀羅尼求聞持法 (Taishō Canon #1145). It was first translated into Chinese in 716 CE, and may be loosely translated as Kokuzo Bosatsu's power-filled, wish-fulfilling, supreme mind dharāṇi technique for seeking, hearing, and retention.
Kūkai 空海 （774–835), the patriarch of Japan's Shingon sect, was taught to recite the Gumonji-hō mantra during his training as a teenager. Since the sutra promises devotees who earnestly recite the mantra that Kokūzō will appear to them as the morning star, the chant is also called the Morning Star mantra. Kūkai reportedly attained enlightenment in the early dawn at Cape Muroto (Shikoku island) while reciting the mantra, and as promised, Kokūzō appeared to him in the form of the morning star. Kūkai himself writes in the Sangō Shiiki 三教指帰 (Guide to the Three Teachings, 797 AD):
- "The valleys echoed, and the morning star made its appearance."
Morning Star Mantra in Sanskrit
namo ākāśagarbhaya oṃ ārya kamari mauli svāhā (transliteration)
Japanese Version of Morning Star Mantra
nōbō akyasha kyarabaya on arikya mari bori sowaka
Kōbō Daishi 弘法大師 (Kūkai's posthumous title, lit. = Great Teacher Kōbō), said people who chant this mantra one million times will gain the ability to remember and understand any Buddhist text. The Gumonjihō sutra itself says: "If people recite the mantra of Kokūzō one million times, in accord with the teachings [in this sutra], they will achieve the ability to memorize the words and understand the real meaning of all scriptures [they study]."
Sculptures
In Japan, sculptures of Kokūzō are generally found only among Shingon temples and some Tendai temples, where special esoteric rites are still performed (mostly in secret) to ensure good memory, the granting of wishes, and the bestowal of Kokūzō's "vast and boundless" blessings.
Kokūzō can appear in many different forms. In sculpture, Kokūzō's role as bestower of wishes means that Kokūzō is shown frequently holding the wish-granting jewel. In another variant, Kokūzō holds a lotus stem surmounted with the sacred wish-giving gem. In another popular representation, Kokūzō holds a sword to symbolize wisdom cutting through ignorance. Kokūzō is sometimes portrayed with the "Fear Not" Mudra, a gesture that symbolizes the granting of protection to Buddhist followers. NOTE: Photo at right shows Kokūzō forming the Fear Not Mudra while holding a lotus spear surmounted by the wish-granting jewel. At other times, Kokūzō is depicted with a hand gesture known as the Wish-Granting Mudra (aka the Charity, Welcome, or Blessing mudra). This latter mudra is associated closely with the Historical Buddha, and represents the granting of wishes to those who welcome the teachings of Buddhism.
Kokūzō is no longer venerated widely in Asia or Japan, with the exception of Japan's Shingon Sect of Esoteric Buddhism, where Kokūzō serves as one of the Thirteen Deities of the Shingon School. As one of the thirteen, Kokūzō presides over the memorial service held on the 32nd anniversary after one's death. On the Japanese island of Honshu, children who are 13 years of age still follow the custom of paying homage to Kokūzō in the hopes of becoming more intelligent. In Japan's esoteric traditions, Kokūzō is also counted among the 16 Deities of the Auspicious Aeon, and as one of the 16 Great Bodhisattva.
Kokūzō Bodhisattva (lit. Space Repository) was originally paired with Jizō Bodhisattva (lit. Earth Repository), with the two representing the blessings of space and earth respectively. This pairing is now almost completely forgotten. Today Jizō is one of Japan's most popular deities among the common folk, and is worshipped both independently and as an important member of Amida Buddha's retinue. In contrast, Kokūzō is a relatively neglected deity whose devotees come largely from the Shingon tradition.
Kokūzō's central role in the esoteric rite to improve one's memory is described in the Gumonjihō (Jp.). Kokūzō is described in the Kokuzo Sutra (Jp. = Kokūzō Bosatsu Kyō) as one who removes obstacles, one who helps people recognize and overcome their errors, and one who encourages the practice of the Six Perfections (Sanskrit = Paramita). In addition to the central virtue of compassion, there are six perfections that a Bodhisattva must cultivate in order to attain Buddhahood.
Six Perfections, Jp. = Ropparamitsu 六波羅蜜
Sanskrit = Pāramitā (read "Haramitsu" in Japan). Chn. = Liù pōluómì, Jp. = Ropparamitsu. The six perfections (Skt. = Pāramitās) are a set of Mahayana practices that lead to enlightenment if pursued with an attitude of detachment (wisdom of emptiness) -- without selfish intent for personal gain. Each perfection has its opposite (labeled "O" in below list).
- Charity, Generosity (Skt. Dana-paramita); selfless and impartial generosity. O = Meanness. Also written as Generosity (J. = danna 檀那)
- Morality, Discipline (Skt. Shila-paramita); observance of the ethical regimen. O = Wickedness. Also written as Right Conduct (J = shira 尸羅)
- Forbearance, Patience (Skt. Kshanti-paramita); patient endurance of difficulties.O = Anger. Also written as Endurance (J = sebdai 羼提)
- Effort, Energy (Skt. Virya-paramita); zealous energy in perseverance. O = Sloth. Also written as Endeavor (J = biriya 毘梨耶)
- Meditation (Skt. Dhyana-paramita); mindful absorption in meditation. O = Distracted Mind. Also written as Meditation (J = zenna 禅那)
- Wisdom (Skt. Prajna-paramita); wisdom of transcendent insight. O = Ignorance. Also written as Wisdom (J = hannya 般若).
Four more perfections were added in later times: - Right method (or means)
- Vows
- Manifestation of 10 powers
- True understanding of all dharmas (laws)
Five Great Kokūzō
Below text courtesy JAANUS. There is a pentad called the Five Great Kokūzō Bodhisattva (Godai Kokūzō Bosatsu 五大虚空蔵菩薩). The five are manifestations of the Five Buddha (Gobutsu 五仏) of Esoteric Buddhism and invoked in the Godai Kokūzōhō 五大虚空蔵法, an esoteric rite for fulfilling wishes and averting misfortune. The names and descriptions of these five vary, but in the YUGIKYŌ 瑜祇経 sutra they are called:
- Hokkai Kokūzō 法界虚空蔵
- Kongō Kokūzō 金剛虚空蔵
- Hōkō Kokūzō 宝光虚空蔵
- Renge Kokūzō 蓮華虚空蔵
- Gyōyō Kokūzō 業用虚空蔵
There is a set of five at Kanchiin 観智院 in Tōji Temple 東寺 (Kyoto) brought from Tang China in 847 by Eun 恵運 (798-869) where the figures are seated on a lion, elephant, horse, peacock and garuda (mythical bird) respectively. Another set of five images at Jingoji 神護寺 (Kyoto) are seated on lotus pedestals and date from the mid-9th century. This latter set is a designated national treasure.
