Category of errors fallacies
Category of errors fallacies occur because the author mistakenly assumes that the whole is nothing more than the sum of its parts. However, things joined together may have different properties as a whole than any of them do separately.
Composition
Because the parts of a whole have a certain property, it is argued that the whole has that property. That whole may be either an object composed of different parts, or it may be a collection or set of individual members. For example:
"The brick wall is six feet tall. Thus, the bricks in the wall are six feet tall."
"Judo is a gentle art. Thus, each Judo player is gentle.".
Division
Because the whole has a certain property, it is argued that the parts have that property. The whole in question may be either a whole object or a collection or set of individual members. For example:
"Because the brain is capable of consciousness, each neural cell in the brain must be capable of consciousness."
