Doctrine
Doctrine (from Latin: doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system. The Greek analogue is the etymology of catechism.
Often doctrine specifically connotes a corpus of religious dogma as it is promulgated by a church, but not necessarily: doctrine is also used to refer to a principle of law, in the common law traditions, established through a history of past decisions, such as the doctrine of self-defense, or the principle of fair use, or the more narrowly applicable first-sale doctrine. In some organizations, doctrine is simply defined as "that which is taught", in other words the basis for institutional teaching of its personnel internal ways of doing business.
Religious usage
Examples of religious doctrines include:
Christian Trinity and Virgin birth
Christian Original Sin and its cure, the Redemption of Jesus Christ
Roman Catholic Transubstantiation and Immaculate Conception
Calvinist predestination
Methodist Prevenient Grace
Hinduism The Doctrine of epoch or Yuga
Jainism The Doctrine of Postulation or Syādvāda
Buddhist Doctrine
One department of the Roman Curia is called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Also shows other doctrines involved in the shape of government and politics.
Military usage
The term also applies to the concept of an established procedure to a complex operation in warfare. The typical example is tactical doctrine in which a standard set of maneuvers, kinds of troops and weapons are employed as a default approach to a kind of attack.
Examples of military doctrines include:
Blitzkrieg of World War II
Guerre de course
Hit-and-run tactics
Mahanian of late 19th up to mid-20th century
Manhunting doctrine, or assured individual destruction
Reagan Doctrine of the Cold War
Shock and Awe
Soviet deep battle of World War II
Trench warfare of World War I
Almost every military organization has its own doctrine, sometimes written, sometimes unwritten. Some military doctrines are transmitted through training programs. More recently, in modern peacekeeping operations, which involve both civilian and military operations, more comprehensive (not just military) doctrines are now emerging such as the 2008 United Nations peacekeeping operations' "Capstone Doctrine" which speaks to integrated civilian and military operations.
Political
A policy, position or principle advocated, taught or put into effect concerning the acquisition and exercise of the power to govern or administrate in society.
Legal usage
A legal doctrine is a body of inter-related rules (usually of common law and built over a long period of time) associated with a legal concept or principle. For example the doctrine of frustration of purpose now has many tests and rules applicable with regards to each other and can be contained within a "bubble" of frustration. In a court session a defendant may refer to the doctrine of justification.
It can be seen that a branch of law contains various doctrines, which in turn contain various rules or tests. The test of non-occurrence of crucial event is part of the doctrine of frustration which is part of contract law. Doctrines can grow into a branch of law; restitution is now considered a branch of law separate to contract and tort.
Indoctrination
The term indoctrination came to have awkward connotations during the 20th century, but it is necessary to retain it, in order to distinguish it from education. In education one is asked to stand as much as possible outside the body of accumulated knowledge and analyze it oneself. In indoctrination on the other hand, one stands within the body of knowledge and absorbs its teachings without critical thought.
