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Difference between revisions of "Pratimoksha Explained"

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The [[Pratimoksha]] is a [[Buddhist]] [[moral]] discipline(skt.). A loose translation of the term is "[[personal liberation]]", and thus the [[discipline]] is concerned with the [[Buddhist's]] quest for [[personal liberation]], and originated with the [[Pratimoksha Vows]] given by the [[Buddha]] to his followers. "[[Prati]]" means 'towards' or 'every', "[[moksha]]" [[liberation]] from [[cyclic existence]]. The [[Pratimoksha]] comprehends the [[vows]] for [[nuns]] and [[monks]] ([[Buddhist]] [[monastics]]) as well as [[vows]] for the lay followers of [[Buddhism]]. The [[Pratimoksha]] belongs to the [[Vinaya]] of the [[Buddhist doctrine]] and is seen as the very basis of [[Buddhism]]. The [[Pratimoksha]] of the Mulasarvastavadin [[lineage]], followed in [[Tibetan Buddhism]], is taken for the whole [[life]] and the [[vows]] end when the [[person]] who received it [[died]] or has broken one or more of the four [[root vows]]. On the basis of the [[Pratimoksha]] there [[exist]] in [[Mahayana Buddhism]] two additional [[set of vows]]: The [[Bodhisattva vows]] and the [[Vajrayana vows]]. If these two [[set of vows]] are not broken, they will last to {{Wiki|future}} [[lives]]. There is also a [[Dharmaguptaka]] [[Pratimoksha]], followed in {{Wiki|Chinese}} and [[Vietnamese Buddhism]], as well as some orders of [[Buddhism]] in S. [[Korea]].
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The [[Pratimoksha]] is a [[Buddhist moral discipline]](skt.).  
−
[[Patimokkha]] in [[Theravada]]
 
  
−
See main article: [[Patimokkha]]. The [[Patimokkha]] is the [[Pali]] {{Wiki|equivalent}} of [[Pratimoksha]] ([[Sanskrit]]). It is being followed by the [[monks]] of the [[Theravada lineage]] ([[Thailand]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]] and [[Laos]]).
+
A loose translation of the term is "[[personal liberation]]", and thus the [[discipline]] is concerned with the [[Buddhist's]] quest for [[personal liberation]], and originated with the [[Pratimoksha Vows]] given by the [[Buddha]] to his followers.
−
[[Division]] in the Mulasarvastavadin [[Lineage]]
+
 
 +
"[[Prati]]" means 'towards' or 'every', "[[moksha]]" [[liberation from cyclic existence]].
 +
 
 +
The [[Pratimoksha]] comprehends the [[vows]] for [[nuns]] and [[monks]] ([[Buddhist monastics]]) as well as [[vows]] for the lay followers of [[Buddhism]].
 +
 
 +
The [[Pratimoksha]] belongs to the [[Vinaya]] of the [[Buddhist doctrine]] and is seen as the very basis of [[Buddhism]].
 +
 
 +
The [[Pratimoksha of the Mulasarvastavadin lineage]], followed in [[Tibetan Buddhism]], is taken for the whole [[life]] and the [[vows]] end when the [[person]] who received it [[died]] or has broken one or more of the four [[root vows]].
 +
 
 +
On the basis of the [[Pratimoksha]] there [[exist]] in [[Mahayana Buddhism]] two additional [[set of vows]]:
 +
 
 +
The [[Bodhisattva vows]] and the [[Vajrayana vows]].
 +
 
 +
If these two [[set of vows]] are not broken, they will last to {{Wiki|future}} [[lives]].
 +
 
 +
There is also a [[Dharmaguptaka]] [[Pratimoksha]], followed in {{Wiki|Chinese}} and [[Vietnamese Buddhism]], as well as some orders of [[Buddhism]] in S. [[Korea]].
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==[[Patimokkha in Theravada]]==
 +
 
 +
 
 +
See main article: [[Patimokkha]]. The [[Patimokkha]] is the [[Pali]] {{Wiki|equivalent}} of [[Pratimoksha]] ([[Sanskrit]]).  
 +
 
 +
It is being followed by the [[monks]] of the [[Theravada lineage]] ([[Thailand]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]] and [[Laos]]).
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Division]] in the [[Mulasarvastavadin Lineage]]
  
 
There are eight types of [[Pratimoksha vows]]:
 
There are eight types of [[Pratimoksha vows]]:
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The three set of Householders' [[vows]] (for Lay-Followers)
 
  
 +
 +
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==The [[three set of Householders vows]] (for [[Lay-Followers]])==
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 +
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<poem>
 
     [[Fasting Vows]] (skt. [[Upavasa]]; tib. [[Nyung ne]]) - 8 [[vows]]
 
     [[Fasting Vows]] (skt. [[Upavasa]]; tib. [[Nyung ne]]) - 8 [[vows]]
 
     [[Laymans' Vows]] (skt. [[Upasaka]]; tib. [[Genyen]]) - 5 [[vows]]
 
     [[Laymans' Vows]] (skt. [[Upasaka]]; tib. [[Genyen]]) - 5 [[vows]]
 
     [[Laywomans' Vows]] (skt. [[Upasika]]) - 5 [[vows]]
 
     [[Laywomans' Vows]] (skt. [[Upasika]]) - 5 [[vows]]
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</poem>
 +
 +
[[Upaasak]] means 'worshipper' and [[Upasikaa]] '{{Wiki|female}} worshipper.'
 +
 +
 +
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==The [[Laymans]]' and [[Laywomans' Vows]]==
 +
  
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Upaasak means 'worshipper' and Upasikaa '{{Wiki|female}} worshipper.'
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The [[laywoman]] and [[layman Pratimoksha]] consists of [[5 vows]].
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The Laymans' and [[Laywomans' Vows]]
 
  
−
The [[laywoman]] and [[layman]] [[Pratimoksha]] consists of 5 [[vows]]. They are also named as The [[Five Shilas]] (skt. [[moral discipline]]):
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They are also named as The [[Five Shilas]] (skt. [[moral discipline]]):
  
 +
<poem>
 
     (1) to refrain from {{Wiki|killing}}
 
     (1) to refrain from {{Wiki|killing}}
 
     (2) to refrain from [[stealing]]
 
     (2) to refrain from [[stealing]]
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     (4) to refrain from [[sexual misconduct]]
 
     (4) to refrain from [[sexual misconduct]]
 
     (5) to refrain from using [[intoxicants]]
 
     (5) to refrain from using [[intoxicants]]
 +
</poem>
  
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One is not obliged to take all five [[vows]]. The commentaries describe seven types of lay followers:
+
One is not obliged to take all [[five vows]].  
  
 +
The commentaries describe [[seven types of lay followers]]:
 +
 +
<poem>
 
     [[Promising]] to keep just one [[vow]]
 
     [[Promising]] to keep just one [[vow]]
 
     [[Promising]] to keep certain [[vows]]
 
     [[Promising]] to keep certain [[vows]]
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     Keeping all five, [[pure conduct]], and wearing [[robes]] with the promise to behave like a [[monk]] or a [[nun]]
 
     Keeping all five, [[pure conduct]], and wearing [[robes]] with the promise to behave like a [[monk]] or a [[nun]]
 
     Lay follower of mere [[refuge]]. This [[person]] is unable to keep the [[vows]] but he promises to go for [[refuge]] to the [[triple gem]] until [[death]].
 
     Lay follower of mere [[refuge]]. This [[person]] is unable to keep the [[vows]] but he promises to go for [[refuge]] to the [[triple gem]] until [[death]].
 +
</poem>
  
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The five [[set of vows]] of those gone forth (for [[Monks and Nuns]])
 
  
 +
==The [[five set of vows Monks and Nuns]]==
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 +
 +
<poem>
 
     [[Male Novices' Vows]] (skt. [[Sramanera]], tib. [[Getsul]]) - 36 [[vows]]
 
     [[Male Novices' Vows]] (skt. [[Sramanera]], tib. [[Getsul]]) - 36 [[vows]]
 
     [[Female Novices' Vow]] (skt. [[Sramanerika]], tib. [[Getsulma]]) - 36 [[vows]]
 
     [[Female Novices' Vow]] (skt. [[Sramanerika]], tib. [[Getsulma]]) - 36 [[vows]]
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     [[Full Nun's Vows]] (skt. [[Bhikshuni]], tib. [[Gelongma]]) - 364 [[vows]]
 
     [[Full Nun's Vows]] (skt. [[Bhikshuni]], tib. [[Gelongma]]) - 364 [[vows]]
 
     [[Full Monk's Vows]] (skt. [[Bhikshu]], tib. [[Gelong]]) - 253 [[vows]]
 
     [[Full Monk's Vows]] (skt. [[Bhikshu]], tib. [[Gelong]]) - 253 [[vows]]
 +
</poem>
  
−
Only full [[monks]] and full [[nuns]] are seen as full members of the [[buddhist monastic order]]. A group of minimum 4 full [[ordained]] is seen as a [[Sangha]]. The [[Pratimoksha]] tells also how to {{Wiki|purify}} faults, how to solve conflicts and deal with all kinds of situations which can happen in the [[Sangha]] {{Wiki|Community}}.
+
Only [[full monks]] and [[full nuns]] are seen as [[full members of the buddhist monastic order]].  
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See also
 
  
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    A complete list of the [[novice monk]] and [[novice nun]] [[vow]] by [[Venerable]] [[Bhikshuni]] [[Thubten Chodron]] and [[Thich Nhat Hanh]]. The site discusses also [[ordained]] [[life]] in the [[west]].
+
A group of minimum 4 full [[ordained]] is seen as a [[Sangha]].  
 +
 
 +
The [[Pratimoksha]] tells also how to {{Wiki|purify}} faults, how to solve conflicts and deal with all kinds of situations which can happen in the [[Sangha]] {{Wiki|Community}}.
 +
 
 +
<poem>
 
     [[Patimokkha]]
 
     [[Patimokkha]]
 
     [[Vinaya]]
 
     [[Vinaya]]
 +
</poem>
 +
Resources and {{Wiki|Literature}}
 +
 +
 +
 +
==[[Mulasarvasatavadin Lineage]]==
 +
  
−
Resources and {{Wiki|Literature}}
 
−
Mulasarvasatavadin [[Lineage]]
 
  
 +
<poem>
 
     [[Novice Vows]]: [[Lama]] [[Mipham's]] commentary to [[Nagarjunas]] "[[Stanzas for a Novice Monk]]" together with "[[Essence of the ocean of Vinaya]]" by [[Tsongkhapa]] ISBN 81-86470-15-8 (LTWA [[India]])
 
     [[Novice Vows]]: [[Lama]] [[Mipham's]] commentary to [[Nagarjunas]] "[[Stanzas for a Novice Monk]]" together with "[[Essence of the ocean of Vinaya]]" by [[Tsongkhapa]] ISBN 81-86470-15-8 (LTWA [[India]])
−
     Full [[Monk]] [[Vows]]: "Advice from [[Buddha Sahkyamuni]]" by HH the [[14th Dalai Lama]], ISBN 81-86470-07-7 (LTWA [[India]])
+
 
 +
     [[Full Monk Vows]]: "Advice from [[Buddha Sahkyamuni]]" by HH the [[14th Dalai Lama]], ISBN 81-86470-07-7 (LTWA [[India]])
 +
 
 
     Complete Explanation of the [[Pratimoksha]], [[Bodhisattva]] and [[Vajrayana Vows]]: "[[Buddhist Ethics]]" ([[Treasury of Knowledge]]: [[Book]] Five), [[Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Taye]], ISBN 1-55939-191-X, [[Snow Lion Publications]]
 
     Complete Explanation of the [[Pratimoksha]], [[Bodhisattva]] and [[Vajrayana Vows]]: "[[Buddhist Ethics]]" ([[Treasury of Knowledge]]: [[Book]] Five), [[Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Taye]], ISBN 1-55939-191-X, [[Snow Lion Publications]]
−
    [[Monastic]] [[Rites]] by [[Geshe]] [[Jampa Thegchok]], [[Wisdom]] [[Books]], ISBN 0-86171-237-4
 
  
 +
    [[Monastic Rites]] by [[Geshe]] [[Jampa Thegchok]], [[Wisdom Books]], ISBN 0-86171-237-4
 +
</poem>
 
[[Nyingma lineage]]:
 
[[Nyingma lineage]]:
  
−
     [[Ngari Panchen]]: Perfect Conduct: [[Ascertaining the Three Vows]], [[Wisdom]] Publication, ISBN 0-86171-083-5 (Commentary on the [[three sets of vows]] by [[Dudjom Rinpoche]])
+
<poem>
 +
     [[Ngari Panchen]]: Perfect Conduct: [[Ascertaining the Three Vows]], [[Wisdom Publication]], ISBN 0-86171-083-5 (Commentary on the [[three sets of vows]] by [[Dudjom Rinpoche]])
 +
</poem>
 +
The [[two Sanskrit-Lineages]]
  
−
The two Sanskrit-Lineages
 
  
−
    "[[Buddhist Monastic Discipline]]: The [[Sanskrit]] Pratimokksha [[Sutras]] of the [[Mahasamghikas]] and [[Mulasarvastavadins]]" by [[Charles S. Prebish]], [[India]], {{Wiki|Motilal Banarsidass}}, ISBN 81-208-1339-1
+
"[[Buddhist Monastic Discipline]]: The [[Sanskrit]] [[Pratimokksha Sutras]] of the [[Mahasamghikas]] and [[Mulasarvastavadins]]" by [[Charles S. Prebish]], [[India]], {{Wiki|Motilal Banarsidass}}, ISBN 81-208-1339-1
 +
{{R}}
 +
http://everything.explained.today/Pratimoksha/
 +
[[Category:Prātimokṣa]]

Latest revision as of 16:26, 4 February 2016

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The Pratimoksha is a Buddhist moral discipline(skt.).

A loose translation of the term is "personal liberation", and thus the discipline is concerned with the Buddhist's quest for personal liberation, and originated with the Pratimoksha Vows given by the Buddha to his followers.

"Prati" means 'towards' or 'every', "moksha" liberation from cyclic existence.

The Pratimoksha comprehends the vows for nuns and monks (Buddhist monastics) as well as vows for the lay followers of Buddhism.

The Pratimoksha belongs to the Vinaya of the Buddhist doctrine and is seen as the very basis of Buddhism.

The Pratimoksha of the Mulasarvastavadin lineage, followed in Tibetan Buddhism, is taken for the whole life and the vows end when the person who received it died or has broken one or more of the four root vows.

On the basis of the Pratimoksha there exist in Mahayana Buddhism two additional set of vows:

The Bodhisattva vows and the Vajrayana vows.

If these two set of vows are not broken, they will last to future lives.

There is also a Dharmaguptaka Pratimoksha, followed in Chinese and Vietnamese Buddhism, as well as some orders of Buddhism in S. Korea.


Patimokkha in Theravada

See main article: Patimokkha. The Patimokkha is the Pali equivalent of Pratimoksha (Sanskrit).

It is being followed by the monks of the Theravada lineage (Thailand, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos).


Division in the Mulasarvastavadin Lineage

There are eight types of Pratimoksha vows:


The three set of Householders vows (for Lay-Followers)

    Fasting Vows (skt. Upavasa; tib. Nyung ne) - 8 vows
    Laymans' Vows (skt. Upasaka; tib. Genyen) - 5 vows
    Laywomans' Vows (skt. Upasika) - 5 vows

Upaasak means 'worshipper' and Upasikaa 'female worshipper.'


The Laymans' and Laywomans' Vows

The laywoman and layman Pratimoksha consists of 5 vows.

They are also named as The Five Shilas (skt. moral discipline):

    (1) to refrain from killing
    (2) to refrain from stealing
    (3) to refrain from false speech
    (4) to refrain from sexual misconduct
    (5) to refrain from using intoxicants

One is not obliged to take all five vows.

The commentaries describe seven types of lay followers:

    Promising to keep just one vow
    Promising to keep certain vows
    Promising to keep most of them
    Promising to keep all five
    Keeping all five and also promising to keep the pure conduct of avoiding sexual contact
    Keeping all five, pure conduct, and wearing robes with the promise to behave like a monk or a nun
    Lay follower of mere refuge. This person is unable to keep the vows but he promises to go for refuge to the triple gem until death.


The five set of vows Monks and Nuns

    Male Novices' Vows (skt. Sramanera, tib. Getsul) - 36 vows
    Female Novices' Vow (skt. Sramanerika, tib. Getsulma) - 36 vows
    Probationer Nun's Vows (skt. Siksamana)
    Full Nun's Vows (skt. Bhikshuni, tib. Gelongma) - 364 vows
    Full Monk's Vows (skt. Bhikshu, tib. Gelong) - 253 vows

Only full monks and full nuns are seen as full members of the buddhist monastic order.

A group of minimum 4 full ordained is seen as a Sangha.

The Pratimoksha tells also how to purify faults, how to solve conflicts and deal with all kinds of situations which can happen in the Sangha Community.

    Patimokkha
    Vinaya

Resources and Literature


Mulasarvasatavadin Lineage

    Novice Vows: Lama Mipham's commentary to Nagarjunas "Stanzas for a Novice Monk" together with "Essence of the ocean of Vinaya" by Tsongkhapa ISBN 81-86470-15-8 (LTWA India)

    Full Monk Vows: "Advice from Buddha Sahkyamuni" by HH the 14th Dalai Lama, ISBN 81-86470-07-7 (LTWA India)

    Complete Explanation of the Pratimoksha, Bodhisattva and Vajrayana Vows: "Buddhist Ethics" (Treasury of Knowledge: Book Five), Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Taye, ISBN 1-55939-191-X, Snow Lion Publications

    Monastic Rites by Geshe Jampa Thegchok, Wisdom Books, ISBN 0-86171-237-4

Nyingma lineage:

    Ngari Panchen: Perfect Conduct: Ascertaining the Three Vows, Wisdom Publication, ISBN 0-86171-083-5 (Commentary on the three sets of vows by Dudjom Rinpoche)

The two Sanskrit-Lineages


"Buddhist Monastic Discipline: The Sanskrit Pratimokksha Sutras of the Mahasamghikas and Mulasarvastavadins" by Charles S. Prebish, India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1339-1

Source

http://everything.explained.today/Pratimoksha/

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