Difference between revisions of "Tibetan Grammar - Formation of the Tibetan Word"
m (1 revision: tibetan grammar) |
m (Text replacement - "{{Wiki|related}}" to "related") |
||
(6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
<br/><br/><br/> | <br/><br/><br/> | ||
− | {{Grammar articles}} | + | {{Grammar articles}}{{DisplayImages|1986}} |
''by Stefan J. Eckel'' | ''by Stefan J. Eckel'' | ||
− | =Formation of the Tibetan Word= | + | =Formation of the [[Tibetan]] [[Word]]= |
− | This section is just intended as an introduction and information. You will become naturally familiar with Tibetan words in the process of learning Tibetan, so there is no need to learn everything presented here. The important informations will be pointed out during class. | + | This section is just intended as an introduction and [[information]]. You will become naturally familiar with [[Tibetan]] words in the process of {{Wiki|learning}} [[Tibetan]], so there is no need to learn everything presented here. The important informations will be pointed out during class. |
− | + | ||
− | '''Definition from {{BigTibetan|བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}, the Great Tibetan Chinese Dictionary:''' | + | '''[[Definition]] from {{BigTibetan|བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}, the Great [[Tibetan]] {{Wiki|Chinese}} {{Wiki|Dictionary}}:''' |
* {{BigTibetan|མིང་ཚིག་}}: ...{{BigTibetan|དོན་གྱི་ངོ་བོ་སྟོན་པ་མིང་སྟེ། བུམ་པ། ཀ་བ་ལྟ་བུ་དང༌། དོན་གྱི་ཁྱད་པར་སྟོན་པ་ཚིག་སྟེ། རི་མཐོན་པོ། ངས་བཤད། ཁྱོད་ཀྱིས་ཉན་ལྟ་བུའོ།}} | * {{BigTibetan|མིང་ཚིག་}}: ...{{BigTibetan|དོན་གྱི་ངོ་བོ་སྟོན་པ་མིང་སྟེ། བུམ་པ། ཀ་བ་ལྟ་བུ་དང༌། དོན་གྱི་ཁྱད་པར་སྟོན་པ་ཚིག་སྟེ། རི་མཐོན་པོ། ངས་བཤད། ཁྱོད་ཀྱིས་ཉན་ལྟ་བུའོ།}} | ||
− | :{{BigTibetan|མིང་ཚིག་}}, name word: "showing the essence of the object" is the name, like "vase" or "pillar", and "showing the particularities of the object" is the word / phrase like "high mountain", "I explained", "you listened". | + | :{{BigTibetan|མིང་ཚིག་}}, [[name]] [[word]]: "showing the [[essence]] of the [[object]]" is the [[name]], like "vase" or "pillar", and "showing the particularities of the [[object]]" is the [[word]] / phrase like "high mountain", "I explained", "you listened". |
==Simple nouns== | ==Simple nouns== | ||
− | ===One syllable=== | + | ===One {{Wiki|syllable}}=== |
− | * {{BigTibetan|མགོ་}}, head; {{BigTibetan|ཁྱི་}}, dog; {{BigTibetan|གྲུ་}}, boat; {{BigTibetan|གྲོ་}}, wheat; {{BigTibetan|ཤིང་}}, wood; {{BigTibetan|གཡག་}}, bos grunniens; {{BigTibetan|མིག་}}, eye; {{BigTibetan|མི་}}, person, man; {{BigTibetan|རྩྭ་}}, grass; {{BigTibetan|མེ་}}, fire; {{BigTibetan|ཉ་}}, fish; {{BigTibetan|བྱ་}}, bird; {{BigTibetan|ཁ་}}, mouth | + | * {{BigTibetan|མགོ་}}, head; {{BigTibetan|ཁྱི་}}, {{Wiki|dog}}; {{BigTibetan|གྲུ་}}, boat; {{BigTibetan|གྲོ་}}, {{Wiki|wheat}}; {{BigTibetan|ཤིང་}}, wood; {{BigTibetan|གཡག་}}, bos grunniens; {{BigTibetan|མིག་}}, [[eye]]; {{BigTibetan|མི་}}, [[person]], man; {{BigTibetan|རྩྭ་}}, grass; {{BigTibetan|མེ་}}, [[fire]]; {{BigTibetan|ཉ་}}, {{Wiki|fish}}; {{BigTibetan|བྱ་}}, {{Wiki|bird}}; {{BigTibetan|ཁ་}}, {{Wiki|mouth}} |
− | ==Two syllables== | + | ==Two {{Wiki|syllables}}== |
* {{BigTibetan|ཅོག་ཙེ་}}, table; {{BigTibetan|སོག་ལེ་}}, saw (the carpenters tool); {{BigTibetan|སྟ་རེ་}}, axe; {{BigTibetan|སྟོན་ཀ་}}, autumn | * {{BigTibetan|ཅོག་ཙེ་}}, table; {{BigTibetan|སོག་ལེ་}}, saw (the carpenters tool); {{BigTibetan|སྟ་རེ་}}, axe; {{BigTibetan|སྟོན་ཀ་}}, autumn | ||
− | ===Compound nouns with པ་ and བ་=== | + | ===Compound nouns with {{BigTibetan|པ་}} and {{BigTibetan|བ་}}=== |
− | * The endings པ་ and བ་ are used to form nouns and are then part of the noun as second syllable without adding any extra meaning. (See [[#Compound nouns|Compound nouns]]). | + | * The endings {{BigTibetan|པ་}} and {{BigTibetan|བ་}} are used to [[form]] nouns and are then part of the {{Wiki|noun}} as second {{Wiki|syllable}} without adding any extra meaning. (See [[#Compound nouns|Compound nouns]]). |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ཀོ་བ་}}, hide, leather; {{BigTibetan|ཁང་པ་}}, house; {{BigTibetan|བུམ་པ་}}, vase; {{BigTibetan|ཐོ་བ་}}, hammer; {{BigTibetan|ཟླ་བ་}}, moon | + | * {{BigTibetan|ཀོ་བ་}}, hide, leather; {{BigTibetan|ཁང་པ་}}, house; {{BigTibetan|བུམ་པ་}}, vase; {{BigTibetan|ཐོ་བ་}}, hammer; {{BigTibetan|ཟླ་བ་}}, [[moon]] |
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" width="100%" | {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" width="100%" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |style="vertical-align:top; width:70%"|With the same root as a verb:<br>{{BigTibetan|འཁོར་ལོ་}}, wheel, with {{BigTibetan|འཁོར་བ་}}, to turn, spin | + | |style="vertical-align:top; width:70%"|With the same [[root]] as a verb:<br>{{BigTibetan|འཁོར་ལོ་}}, [[wheel]], with {{BigTibetan|འཁོར་བ་}}, to turn, spin |
|style="width:30%; vertical-align:top; align:right"|{{gverb|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།| |to turn|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ}} | |style="width:30%; vertical-align:top; align:right"|{{gverb|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།| |to turn|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | + | {{DisplayImages|330|1778|1521|664}} | |
==Compound nouns== | ==Compound nouns== | ||
===Nouns, adjectives and verbs forming compound nouns=== | ===Nouns, adjectives and verbs forming compound nouns=== | ||
− | ====Noun and noun==== | + | ====Noun and {{Wiki|noun}}==== |
{{gsample|ཀོ་གྲུ་|leather boat|leather-boat, a boat made from animal hide; ({{BigTibetan|ཀོ་བ་}}, hide, leather)}} | {{gsample|ཀོ་གྲུ་|leather boat|leather-boat, a boat made from animal hide; ({{BigTibetan|ཀོ་བ་}}, hide, leather)}} | ||
Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
====Noun and adjective==== | ====Noun and adjective==== | ||
− | {{gsample|ཉེ་རིགས་|near lineage|relatives, kinsman<br>{{BigTibetan|ཉེ་བ་}}, near; {{BigTibetan|རིགས་}}, lineage, family line, caste, blood-line, class, type}}<br> | + | {{gsample|ཉེ་རིགས་|near lineage|relatives, kinsman<br>{{BigTibetan|ཉེ་བ་}}, near; {{BigTibetan|རིགས་}}, [[lineage]], family line, [[caste]], blood-line, class, type}}<br> |
{{gsample|གླང་ཆེན|ox big|elephant; {{BigTibetan|ཆེན་པོ་}}, big, great}}<br> | {{gsample|གླང་ཆེན|ox big|elephant; {{BigTibetan|ཆེན་པོ་}}, big, great}}<br> | ||
Line 64: | Line 64: | ||
* {{BigTibetan|ཆེ་ཆུང་}}, size; {{BigTibetan|ཆེ་བ་}}, bigger, {{BigTibetan|ཆུང་བ་}}, smaller | * {{BigTibetan|ཆེ་ཆུང་}}, size; {{BigTibetan|ཆེ་བ་}}, bigger, {{BigTibetan|ཆུང་བ་}}, smaller | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|མང་ཉུང་}}, quantity; {{BigTibetan|མང་པོ་}}, many, {{BigTibetan|ཉུང་ངུ་}}, few | + | * {{BigTibetan|མང་ཉུང་}}, {{Wiki|quantity}}; {{BigTibetan|མང་པོ་}}, many, {{BigTibetan|ཉུང་ངུ་}}, few |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ཕྲ་སྦོམ་}}, thickness; {{BigTibetan|ཕྲ་མོ་}} / {{BigTibetan|ཕྲ་བ་}}, subtle, fine, tiny, {{BigTibetan|སྦམ་པོ་}}, thick, rough, coarse, bulky | + | * {{BigTibetan|ཕྲ་སྦོམ་}}, thickness; {{BigTibetan|ཕྲ་མོ་}} / {{BigTibetan|ཕྲ་བ་}}, {{Wiki|subtle}}, fine, tiny, {{BigTibetan|སྦམ་པོ་}}, thick, rough, coarse, bulky |
− | ====Compound nouns where the meaning is not clearly apparent from knowing the words in the compound==== | + | ====Compound nouns where the meaning is not clearly apparent from [[knowing]] the words in the compound==== |
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
Line 86: | Line 86: | ||
− | ====Translation compounds used for translations into Tibetan==== | + | ====Translation compounds used for translations into [[Tibetan]]==== |
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="0" border="0px" width="100%" | {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="0" border="0px" width="100%" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |style="vertical-align:top; width:70%"|{{BigTibetan|སྒྲོལ་དཀར་}}, White Tara; {{BigTibetan|སྒྲོལ་མ་}}, Tara, {{BigTibetan|དཀར་མོ་}} white<br>{{BigTibetan|གྲུབ་མཐའ་}}, siddhanta, siddhyanta, philosophical tenets; {{BigTibetan|མཐའ་}}, limit, end, border, {{BigTibetan|གྲུབ་པ་}}, accomplishment, existence, established | + | |style="vertical-align:top; width:70%"|{{BigTibetan|སྒྲོལ་དཀར་}}, [[White Tara]]; {{BigTibetan|སྒྲོལ་མ་}}, [[Tara]], {{BigTibetan|དཀར་མོ་}} white<br>{{BigTibetan|གྲུབ་མཐའ་}}, [[siddhanta]], siddhyanta, [[philosophical]] {{Wiki|tenets}}; {{BigTibetan|མཐའ་}}, limit, end, border, {{BigTibetan|གྲུབ་པ་}}, [[accomplishment]], [[existence]], established |
|style="width:30%; vertical-align:top; align:right"|{{gverb|གྲུབ་པ།|འགྲུབ་པ།|འགྲུབ་པ།| |to be accomplished<br>existent, proven|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |style="width:30%; vertical-align:top; align:right"|{{gverb|གྲུབ་པ།|འགྲུབ་པ།|འགྲུབ་པ།| |to be accomplished<br>existent, proven|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Nominalizer and formatives=== | ===Nominalizer and formatives=== | ||
− | '''Note:''' Nominalization generally refers to change a verb, an adjective, or an adverb into a noun. In Tibetan nominalizers can also be used to change nouns into different (new) nouns.<ref>'''S. V. Beyer:''' ''The Classical Tibetan Language'', "Syllabic formatives"</ref> | + | '''Note:''' Nominalization generally refers to change a verb, an adjective, or an adverb into a {{Wiki|noun}}. In [[Tibetan]] nominalizers can also be used to change nouns into different (new) nouns.<ref>'''S. V. Beyer:''' ''The Classical [[Tibetan Language]]'', "Syllabic formatives"</ref> |
− | + | {{DisplayImages|1148|320|1482|776}} | |
− | ====ཅན་==== | + | ===={{BigTibetan|ཅན་}}==== |
− | ཅན་ comes after a word or phrase showing the idea of possession of this word or phrase, or changes it into a new noun-phrase from the idea of "possession, being endowed, to have" (similar to a {{BigTibetan|བདག་སྒྲ་}}). It can be used with animated and inanimate things. | + | {{BigTibetan|ཅན་}} comes after a [[word]] or phrase showing the [[idea]] of possession of this [[word]] or phrase, or changes it into a new noun-phrase from the [[idea]] of "possession, being endowed, to have" (similar to a {{BigTibetan|བདག་སྒྲ་}}). It can be used with animated and [[inanimate]] things. |
'''Noun phrase''' | '''Noun phrase''' | ||
Line 142: | Line 142: | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |style="vertical-align:top; width:70%"|'''Note on other usages:''' Rather different from the former two {{BigTibetan|ཅན་}} also shows "in the presence of, near to, side, in front of, before...", {{BigTibetan|ཁོའི་ཅན་དུ་འགྲོ་བ།}}, "went to him", {{BigTibetan|ང་ཅན་དུ་མ་ཡོང།}}, "will not come to me" ({{BigTibetan|ཡོང་བ་}} could have different meanings as all tenses have the same form.) | + | |style="vertical-align:top; width:70%"|'''Note on other usages:''' Rather different from the former two {{BigTibetan|ཅན་}} also shows "in the presence of, near to, side, in front of, before...", {{BigTibetan|ཁོའི་ཅན་དུ་འགྲོ་བ།}}, "went to him", {{BigTibetan|ང་ཅན་དུ་མ་ཡོང།}}, "will not come to me" ({{BigTibetan|ཡོང་བ་}} could have different meanings as all tenses have the same [[form]].) |
|style="width:30%; vertical-align:top; align:right"|{{gverb|ཡོང་བ|ཡོང་བ།|ཡོང་བ།| |to come|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |style="width:30%; vertical-align:top; align:right"|{{gverb|ཡོང་བ|ཡོང་བ།|ཡོང་བ།| |to come|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | ====མཁན་==== | + | ===={{BigTibetan|མཁན་}}==== |
− | * {{BigTibetan|མཁན་}} comes after a word or phrase showing the "the doer, agent". | + | * {{BigTibetan|མཁན་}} comes after a [[word]] or phrase showing the "the doer, agent". |
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | ||
Line 165: | Line 165: | ||
− | ====བདག་==== | + | ===={{BigTibetan|བདག་}}==== |
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="0" border="0px" width="100%" | {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="0" border="0px" width="100%" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |style="vertical-align:top; width:70%"|{{BigTibetan|བདག་པོ་}}, owner, ruler, sovereign, master<br> | + | |style="vertical-align:top; width:70%"|{{BigTibetan|བདག་པོ་}}, [[owner]], [[ruler]], sovereign, [[master]]<br> |
− | {{BigTibetan|བདག་}}, I, me, self, ego<br> | + | {{BigTibetan|བདག་}}, I, me, [[self]], [[ego]]<br> |
{{BigTibetan|བདག་པ་}}, to be owned, belong to, being controlled, governed | {{BigTibetan|བདག་པ་}}, to be owned, belong to, being controlled, governed | ||
|style="width:30%; vertical-align:top; align:right"|{{gverb|བདག་པ།|བདག་པ།|བདག་པ།||to be owned<br>being controlled|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | |style="width:30%; vertical-align:top; align:right"|{{gverb|བདག་པ།|བདག་པ།|བདག་པ།||to be owned<br>being controlled|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | ||
Line 190: | Line 190: | ||
|{{gsample|སྦྱིན་བདག་|giving, generosity|patron, benefactor, sponsor}} | |{{gsample|སྦྱིན་བདག་|giving, generosity|patron, benefactor, sponsor}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | + | {{DisplayImages|1670|1166|1044|667|120|1417|797|1083|2006|150|271|976|526|636|113|918|1823|699|1910|1489|1317|919|991|675|1483}} | |
− | ====ལྡན་==== | + | ===={{BigTibetan|ལྡན་}}==== |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ལྡན་པ་}} is a abbreviation of {{BigTibetan|དང་ལྡན་པ་}} and is in its full form treated in the | + | * {{BigTibetan|ལྡན་པ་}} is a abbreviation of {{BigTibetan|དང་ལྡན་པ་}} and is in its full [[form]] treated in the verb section, (although it is not considerated to be a verb in {{Wiki|Tibetan grammar}}). The meaning of {{BigTibetan|ལྡན་པ་}} is that of possession, associated with and concordant with. |
'''Noun phrase''' | '''Noun phrase''' | ||
Line 215: | Line 215: | ||
− | ====ཉིད་==== | + | ===={{BigTibetan|ཉིད་}}==== |
− | *{{BigTibetan|ཉིད་}} when placed after other terms it is used to produce abstract nouns, like in English "''-ness''". It’s used for the translation of the Sanskrit "''ta''" at the end of a noun. e.g. the ''ta'' in shunya''ta''. | + | *{{BigTibetan|ཉིད་}} when placed after other terms it is used to produce abstract nouns, like in English "''-ness''". It’s used for the translation of the [[Sanskrit]] "''ta''" at the end of a {{Wiki|noun}}. e.g. the ''ta'' in shunya''ta''. |
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | ||
Line 236: | Line 236: | ||
− | ====པོ་ཆེ་==== | + | ===={{BigTibetan|པོ་ཆེ་}}==== |
* Joined {{BigTibetan|པོ་ཆེ་}} expresses "big, bigger, great, greater". | * Joined {{BigTibetan|པོ་ཆེ་}} expresses "big, bigger, great, greater". | ||
Line 248: | Line 248: | ||
− | ====བུ་, འུ་==== | + | ===={{BigTibetan|བུ་}}, {{BigTibetan|འུ་}}==== |
− | * {{BigTibetan|བུ་}} and {{BigTibetan|འུ་}} form diminutives of nouns. | + | * {{BigTibetan|བུ་}} and {{BigTibetan|འུ་}} [[form]] diminutives of nouns. |
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | ||
Line 270: | Line 270: | ||
This process can also occur with taking off and then using the noun’s postfix-letter: | This process can also occur with taking off and then using the noun’s postfix-letter: | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|གཟེར་}}, nail, stake; both {{BigTibetan|གཟེར་བུ་}} and {{BigTibetan|གཟེ་རུ་}} mean "spike, little nail", (taking off and using the ར་) | + | * {{BigTibetan|གཟེར་}}, nail, stake; both {{BigTibetan|གཟེར་བུ་}} and {{BigTibetan|གཟེ་རུ་}} mean "spike, little nail", (taking off and using the {{BigTibetan|ར་}}) |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ལུག་}}, sheep; both {{BigTibetan|ལུག་གུ་}} and {{BigTibetan|ལུ་གུ་}} mean "lamb", (taking off and using the ག་) | + | * {{BigTibetan|ལུག་}}, {{Wiki|sheep}}; both {{BigTibetan|ལུག་གུ་}} and {{BigTibetan|ལུ་གུ་}} mean "lamb", (taking off and using the {{BigTibetan|ག་}}) |
− | A change of the noun’s vowel can also occur: | + | A change of the noun’s {{Wiki|vowel}} can also occur: |
− | * {{BigTibetan|རྟ་}}, horse; {{BigTibetan|རྟེའུ་}}, foal; {{BigTibetan|སྟ་རེ་}}, axe; {{BigTibetan|སྟེའུ་}}, small axe; {{BigTibetan|བྱ་}}, bird; {{BigTibetan|བྱིའུ་}}, little bird; {{BigTibetan|མཚོ་}}, lake; {{BigTibetan|མཚེའུ་}}, pond, small lake; {{BigTibetan|རྡོ་}}, stone; {{BigTibetan|རྡེའུ་}}, pebbles, small stone; {{BigTibetan|ཁྱོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|ཁྱོ་བོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|ཁྱོ་ག་}}, husband; {{BigTibetan|ཁྱེའུ་}}, child | + | * {{BigTibetan|རྟ་}}, [[horse]]; {{BigTibetan|རྟེའུ་}}, foal; {{BigTibetan|སྟ་རེ་}}, axe; {{BigTibetan|སྟེའུ་}}, small axe; {{BigTibetan|བྱ་}}, {{Wiki|bird}}; {{BigTibetan|བྱིའུ་}}, little {{Wiki|bird}}; {{BigTibetan|མཚོ་}}, lake; {{BigTibetan|མཚེའུ་}}, pond, small lake; {{BigTibetan|རྡོ་}}, stone; {{BigTibetan|རྡེའུ་}}, pebbles, small stone; {{BigTibetan|ཁྱོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|ཁྱོ་བོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|ཁྱོ་ག་}}, husband; {{BigTibetan|ཁྱེའུ་}}, child |
− | ====ཕྲུག་==== | + | ===={{BigTibetan|ཕྲུག་}}==== |
* {{BigTibetan|ཕྲུག་}} from {{BigTibetan|ཕྲུ་གུ་}} indicates the young ones of a species. | * {{BigTibetan|ཕྲུག་}} from {{BigTibetan|ཕྲུ་གུ་}} indicates the young ones of a species. | ||
Line 302: | Line 302: | ||
− | ====བྱ་==== | + | ===={{BigTibetan|བྱ་}}==== |
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
Line 318: | Line 318: | ||
− | ====ས་==== | + | ===={{BigTibetan|ས་}}==== |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ས་}} itself means "place, earth, ground, land, soil, base, territory; the element earth; stage, state, level, ground", related to that ས་ forms noun with the meaning "the place where": | + | * {{BigTibetan|ས་}} itself means "place, [[earth]], ground, land, soil, base, territory; the [[element]] [[earth]]; stage, state, level, ground", related to that {{BigTibetan|[[ས་]]}} [[forms]] {{Wiki|noun}} with the meaning "the place where": |
{{gfverb|བསྡད་པ།|སྡོད་པ།|བསྡད་པ།|སྡོད།|to stay, to live|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | {{gfverb|བསྡད་པ།|སྡོད་པ།|བསྡད་པ།|སྡོད།|to stay, to live|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | ||
Line 326: | Line 326: | ||
*{{BigTibetan|སྐྱེ་ས་}}, birthplace, homeland, one's native land {{gfverb|སྐྱེས་པ།|སྐྱེ་བ།|སྐྱེ་བ།| |to be born, to arise|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | *{{BigTibetan|སྐྱེ་ས་}}, birthplace, homeland, one's native land {{gfverb|སྐྱེས་པ།|སྐྱེ་བ།|སྐྱེ་བ།| |to be born, to arise|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | ||
*{{BigTibetan|སྐྱེ་བ་}}, to be born; to arise, to be produced; to develop, grow; to happen | *{{BigTibetan|སྐྱེ་བ་}}, to be born; to arise, to be produced; to develop, grow; to happen | ||
− | *{{BigTibetan|སྐམ་ས་}}, shore, dry land" སྐམ་ "be dry | + | *{{BigTibetan|སྐམ་ས་}}, shore, dry land" {{BigTibetan|སྐམ་}} "be dry |
− | *{{BigTibetan|རེ་ས་}}, place of hope" རེ་བ་ "hope; to hope, want | + | *{{BigTibetan|རེ་ས་}}, place of {{Wiki|hope}}" {{BigTibetan|[[རེ་བ་]]}} "{{Wiki|hope}}; to {{Wiki|hope}}, want |
{{gfverb|རེ་བ།|རེ་བ།|རེ་བ།| |to hope, want|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | {{gfverb|རེ་བ།|རེ་བ།|རེ་བ།| |to hope, want|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | ||
− | ====ངད་==== | + | ===={{BigTibetan|ངད་}}==== |
− | *{{BigTibetan|ངད་}}, expressing the "power, potency, strength" of the noun. ({{BigTibetan|ངད་}} also means "smell, scent, odor") | + | *{{BigTibetan|ངད་}}, expressing the "power, [[potency]], strength" of the {{Wiki|noun}}. ({{BigTibetan|ངད་}} also means "{{Wiki|smell}}, scent, {{Wiki|odor}}") |
− | *{{BigTibetan|སྨན་}}, medicine, {{BigTibetan|སྨན་ངད་}}, potency of the medicine | + | *{{BigTibetan|སྨན་}}, [[medicine]], {{BigTibetan|སྨན་ངད་}}, [[potency]] of the [[medicine]] |
*{{BigTibetan|དྲོ་པོ་}}, heat, warmth; to be warm, {{BigTibetan|དྲོ་ངད་}}, strength of the warmth | *{{BigTibetan|དྲོ་པོ་}}, heat, warmth; to be warm, {{BigTibetan|དྲོ་ངད་}}, strength of the warmth | ||
*{{BigTibetan|དྲོ་ངད་ཡལ་བ།}}, the strength of the warmth disappears, {{BigTibetan|ཡལ་བ་}}, to disappear, fade away, vanish | *{{BigTibetan|དྲོ་ངད་ཡལ་བ།}}, the strength of the warmth disappears, {{BigTibetan|ཡལ་བ་}}, to disappear, fade away, vanish | ||
− | ==Usage of པ་, བ་, མ་, པོ་, བོ་, མོ་== | + | ==Usage of {{BigTibetan|པ་}}, {{BigTibetan|བ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མ་}}, {{BigTibetan|པོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|བོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མོ་}}== |
− | ===པ་ / བ་ change=== | + | ==={{BigTibetan|པ་}} / {{BigTibetan|བ་}} change=== |
Euphonic changes of {{BigTibetan|པ་}} and {{BigTibetan|པོ་}} to {{BigTibetan|བ་}} and {{BigTibetan|བོ་}} do not occur in all usages. | Euphonic changes of {{BigTibetan|པ་}} and {{BigTibetan|པོ་}} to {{BigTibetan|བ་}} and {{BigTibetan|བོ་}} do not occur in all usages. | ||
* {{BigTibetan|པ་}} after {{BigTibetan|ག་}}, {{BigTibetan|ད་}}, {{BigTibetan|ན་}}, {{BigTibetan|བ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མ་}}, {{BigTibetan|ས་}}, {{BigTibetan|ད་དྲག་}} | * {{BigTibetan|པ་}} after {{BigTibetan|ག་}}, {{BigTibetan|ད་}}, {{BigTibetan|ན་}}, {{BigTibetan|བ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མ་}}, {{BigTibetan|ས་}}, {{BigTibetan|ད་དྲག་}} | ||
* {{BigTibetan|བ་}} after {{BigTibetan|ང་}}, {{BigTibetan|འ་}}, {{BigTibetan|ར་}}, {{BigTibetan|ལ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མཐའ་མེད་}} | * {{BigTibetan|བ་}} after {{BigTibetan|ང་}}, {{BigTibetan|འ་}}, {{BigTibetan|ར་}}, {{BigTibetan|ལ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མཐའ་མེད་}} | ||
− | ===པ་ / བ་ as part of a noun=== | + | ==={{BigTibetan|པ་}} / {{BigTibetan|བ་}} as part of a {{Wiki|noun}}=== |
− | Here {{BigTibetan|པ་}} / {{BigTibetan|བ་}} were used to form a noun and are now part of the noun as second syllable without adding any extra meaning. | + | Here {{BigTibetan|པ་}} / {{BigTibetan|བ་}} were used to [[form]] a {{Wiki|noun}} and are now part of the {{Wiki|noun}} as second {{Wiki|syllable}} without adding any extra meaning. |
− | {{BigTibetan|ཀོ་བ་}}, hide, leather; {{BigTibetan|ཁང་པ་}}, house; {{BigTibetan|བུམ་པ་}}, vase; {{BigTibetan|ཐོ་བ་}}, hammer; {{BigTibetan|ཟླ་བ་}}, moon; | + | {{BigTibetan|ཀོ་བ་}}, hide, leather; {{BigTibetan|ཁང་པ་}}, house; {{BigTibetan|བུམ་པ་}}, vase; {{BigTibetan|ཐོ་བ་}}, hammer; {{BigTibetan|ཟླ་བ་}}, [[moon]]; |
{{BigTibetan|རྐང་པ་}}, foot; {{BigTibetan|ལག་པ་}}, hand. | {{BigTibetan|རྐང་པ་}}, foot; {{BigTibetan|ལག་པ་}}, hand. | ||
− | ===པ་ forming nouns—"having to do with"=== | + | ==={{BigTibetan|པ་}} forming nouns—"having to do with"=== |
− | '''Showing the owner, agent, user with an "active" connection''' | + | '''Showing the [[owner]], agent, user with an "active" connection''' |
::'''Note:''' There are different opinions which usage/example falls into which subcategory. For {{BigTibetan|པ་}} forming nouns see also [[1.2]] | ::'''Note:''' There are different opinions which usage/example falls into which subcategory. For {{BigTibetan|པ་}} forming nouns see also [[1.2]] | ||
* {{BigTibetan|ཞིང་}}, "field, {{BigTibetan|ཞིང་པ་}}, farmer; {{BigTibetan|མདའ་}}, arrow, {{BigTibetan|མདའ་པ་}}, archer | * {{BigTibetan|ཞིང་}}, "field, {{BigTibetan|ཞིང་པ་}}, farmer; {{BigTibetan|མདའ་}}, arrow, {{BigTibetan|མདའ་པ་}}, archer | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|སྨན་}}, medicine, {{BigTibetan|སྨན་པ་}}, doctor; {{BigTibetan|ཁྱིམ་}}, household, house, {{BigTibetan|ཁྱིམ་པ་}}, householder, layman; {{BigTibetan|རྟ་}}, horse, {{BigTibetan|རྟ་པ་}}, horseman; {{BigTibetan|གར་}}, dance, acting, {{BigTibetan|གར་པ་}} "dancer, actor | + | * {{BigTibetan|སྨན་}}, [[medicine]], {{BigTibetan|སྨན་པ་}}, doctor; {{BigTibetan|ཁྱིམ་}}, household, house, {{BigTibetan|ཁྱིམ་པ་}}, [[householder]], [[layman]]; {{BigTibetan|རྟ་}}, [[horse]], {{BigTibetan|རྟ་པ་}}, horseman; {{BigTibetan|གར་}}, dance, acting, {{BigTibetan|གར་པ་}} "dancer, actor |
− | * {{BigTibetan|རྣལ་འབྱོར་}}, yoga, {{BigTibetan|རྣལ་འབྱོར་པ་}}, yogi | + | * {{BigTibetan|རྣལ་འབྱོར་}}, [[yoga]], {{BigTibetan|རྣལ་འབྱོར་པ་}}, [[yogi]] |
'''Showing connection''' | '''Showing connection''' | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|བོད་}}, Tibet, {{BigTibetan|བོད་པ་}}, Tibetan; {{BigTibetan|སངས་རྒྱས་}}, Buddha, {{BigTibetan|སངས་རྒྱས་པ་}}, follower of Buddha | + | * {{BigTibetan|བོད་}}, [[Tibet]], {{BigTibetan|བོད་པ་}}, [[Tibetan]]; {{BigTibetan|སངས་རྒྱས་}}, [[Buddha]], {{BigTibetan|སངས་རྒྱས་པ་}}, follower of [[Buddha]] |
'''Possession, having the feature''' | '''Possession, having the feature''' | ||
Line 374: | Line 374: | ||
− | ===པོ་ (/ མོ་ ) "doer" of the verb=== | + | ==={{BigTibetan|པོ་}} (/ {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} ) "doer" of the verb=== |
− | * The "doer" of the verb (nomina agentis) is only formed from present tense form of the verb. | + | * The "doer" of the verb (nomina agentis) is only formed from {{Wiki|present}} tense [[form]] of the verb. |
* {{BigTibetan|བྱེད་པ་}}, to do, {{BigTibetan|བྱེད་པ་པོ་}}, the doer (also short {{BigTibetan|བྱེད་པོ་}}) | * {{BigTibetan|བྱེད་པ་}}, to do, {{BigTibetan|བྱེད་པ་པོ་}}, the doer (also short {{BigTibetan|བྱེད་པོ་}}) | ||
Line 382: | Line 382: | ||
* {{BigTibetan|ཞོན་པ་}}, to ride, {{BigTibetan|ཞོན་པ་པོ་}}, the rider | * {{BigTibetan|ཞོན་པ་}}, to ride, {{BigTibetan|ཞོན་པ་པོ་}}, the rider | ||
* {{BigTibetan|སྟོན་པ་}}, to teach, show, explain | * {{BigTibetan|སྟོན་པ་}}, to teach, show, explain | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|སྟོན་པ་པོ་}}, the teacher, demonstrator, explainer | + | * {{BigTibetan|སྟོན་པ་པོ་}}, the [[teacher]], [[demonstrator]], explainer |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ས་བོན་འདེབས་པ་}}, to plant seeds | + | * {{BigTibetan|ས་བོན་འདེབས་པ་}}, to plant [[seeds]] |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ས་བོན་འདེབས་པ་པོ་}}, the one who plants the seed/seeds | + | * {{BigTibetan|ས་བོན་འདེབས་པ་པོ་}}, the one who [[plants]] the seed/seeds |
* {{BigTibetan|ས་བོན་}}, seed, {{BigTibetan|འདེབས་པ་}}, to sow, to plant, to establish, start; to strike, hit; to stamp (with a seal) | * {{BigTibetan|ས་བོན་}}, seed, {{BigTibetan|འདེབས་པ་}}, to sow, to plant, to establish, start; to strike, hit; to stamp (with a seal) | ||
− | In some cases the specific female form is formed by using {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} {{gfverb|བྱིན་པ།|སྦྱིན་པ།|སྦྱིན་པ།|སྦྱིན།|to give, donate<br>to bestow|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | + | In some cases the specific {{Wiki|female}} [[form]] is formed by using {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} {{gfverb|བྱིན་པ།|སྦྱིན་པ།|སྦྱིན་པ།|སྦྱིན།|to give, donate<br>to bestow|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} |
− | * {{BigTibetan|སྦྱིན་པ་མོ་}}, female giver, bestower | + | * {{BigTibetan|སྦྱིན་པ་མོ་}}, {{Wiki|female}} giver, bestower |
− | ===པ་, བ་ nominalizing verbs=== | + | ==={{BigTibetan|པ་}}, {{BigTibetan|བ་}} nominalizing verbs=== |
− | * {{BigTibetan|པ་}} and {{BigTibetan|བ་}} are used to nominalize verbs | + | * {{BigTibetan|པ་}} and {{BigTibetan|བ་}} are used to nominalize verbs, which then can be used in different ways. |
− | ===པ་, བ་ verbal adjective=== | + | ==={{BigTibetan|པ་}}, {{BigTibetan|བ་}} [[verbal]] adjective=== |
− | * One usage of nominalized verbs is as verbal adjectives which can function as qualifier (see | + | * One usage of nominalized verbs is as [[verbal]] adjectives which can [[function]] as qualifier (see connective case), or can be used as a {{Wiki|noun}}. |
− | * {{BigTibetan|འགྲོ་བ་}} to go, (verbal root {{BigTibetan|འགྲོ་}} | + | * {{BigTibetan|འགྲོ་བ་}} to go, (verbal root {{BigTibetan|འགྲོ་}} |
− | ''Verbal adjectives as qualifier:'' | + | ''[[Verbal]] adjectives as qualifier:'' |
{{gsample|འགྲོ་བའི་མི་འདི་|to go person this|this walking person}}<br> | {{gsample|འགྲོ་བའི་མི་འདི་|to go person this|this walking person}}<br> | ||
− | ''As a noun:'' | + | ''As a {{Wiki|noun}}:'' |
− | {{BigTibetan|འགྲོ་བ་}}, the goer, the going one, migrators, for "sentient beings" | + | {{BigTibetan|འགྲོ་བ་}}, the goer, the going one, migrators, for "[[sentient beings]]" |
− | * {{BigTibetan|མཐོང་བ་}} to see (verbal root {{BigTibetan|མཐོང་}}) | + | * {{BigTibetan|མཐོང་བ་}} to see ([[verbal]] [[root]] {{BigTibetan|མཐོང་}}) |
− | ''Verbal adjectives as qualifier:'' | + | ''[[Verbal]] adjectives as qualifier:'' |
{{gsample|མཐོང་བའི་རྒྱལ་པོ་འདི་|to see king this|this seeing king, this king who sees, or: "this king who is seen"}} | {{gsample|མཐོང་བའི་རྒྱལ་པོ་འདི་|to see king this|this seeing king, this king who sees, or: "this king who is seen"}} | ||
− | ''As a noun:'' | + | ''As a {{Wiki|noun}}:'' |
− | {{BigTibetan|མཐོང་བ་}}, what is seen, sight | + | {{BigTibetan|མཐོང་བ་}}, what is seen, [[sight]] |
− | * '''Note:''' In some cases the verbal adjective can become the nomina agentis. {{BigTibetan|[[རྒྱལ་བ་]]}}, to be victorious, becomes nomina agentis to translate the Sanskrit ''jina'', conqueror, victorious one, an epithet for the Buddha and used in reference to high lamas. | + | * '''Note:''' In some cases the [[verbal]] adjective can become the nomina agentis. {{BigTibetan|[[རྒྱལ་བ་]]}}, to be victorious, becomes nomina agentis to translate the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[jina]]'', conqueror, [[victorious one]], an [[epithet]] for the [[Buddha]] and used in reference to high [[lamas]]. |
− | ===པ་, བ་ nouns with the same root as a verb=== | + | ==={{BigTibetan|པ་}}, {{BigTibetan|བ་}} nouns with the same [[root]] as a verb=== |
* {{BigTibetan|འཁོར་བ་}}, ''v.'' to rotate, spin, to cycle through, to go around {{gfverb|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།| |to rotate|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | * {{BigTibetan|འཁོར་བ་}}, ''v.'' to rotate, spin, to cycle through, to go around {{gfverb|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།|འཁོར་བ།| |to rotate|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|འཁོར་བ་}}, ''n.'' samsara, cyclic existence<br> | + | * {{BigTibetan|འཁོར་བ་}}, ''n.'' [[samsara]], [[cyclic existence]]<br> |
* {{BigTibetan|རིག་པ་}}, ''v.'' to know, understand; to see {{gfverb|རིག་པ།|རིག་པ།|རིག་པ།| |to know|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}} | * {{BigTibetan|རིག་པ་}}, ''v.'' to know, understand; to see {{gfverb|རིག་པ།|རིག་པ།|རིག་པ།| |to know|''v.t.''(!)|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་(!)}} | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|རིག་པ་}}, ''n.'' rigpa; knowledge; intelligence; science<br> | + | * {{BigTibetan|རིག་པ་}}, ''n.'' [[rigpa]]; [[knowledge]]; [[intelligence]]; [[science]]<br> |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ཐར་བ་}}, ''v.'' to be liberated, freed, to escape {{gfverb|ཐར་པ།|ཐར་པ།|ཐར་པ།| |to be liberated|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} | + | * {{BigTibetan|ཐར་བ་}}, ''v.'' to be {{Wiki|liberated}}, freed, to escape {{gfverb|ཐར་པ།|ཐར་པ།|ཐར་པ།| |to be liberated|''v.i.''|ཐ་མི་དད་པ་}} |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ཐར་པ་}}, ''n.'' ''mokṣa'', liberation, emancipation, freedom<br> | + | * {{BigTibetan|ཐར་པ་}}, ''n.'' ''[[mokṣa]]'', [[liberation]], {{Wiki|emancipation}}, freedom<br> |
Line 437: | Line 437: | ||
* {{BigTibetan|འཁྲུལ་བ་}}, ''v.'' to confuse, mistake; be bewildered, deluded, confused | * {{BigTibetan|འཁྲུལ་བ་}}, ''v.'' to confuse, mistake; be bewildered, deluded, confused | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|འཁྲུལ་པ་}}, ''n.'' confusion<br> | + | * {{BigTibetan|འཁྲུལ་པ་}}, ''n.'' {{Wiki|confusion}}<br> |
− | ::'''Note:''' In the last three examples {{BigTibetan|པ་}} instead of {{BigTibetan|བ་}} follows {{BigTibetan|ར་}} and {{BigTibetan|ལ་}}, which shows that it is not just a nominalized verb used as noun. | + | ::'''Note:''' In the last three examples {{BigTibetan|པ་}} instead of {{BigTibetan|བ་}} follows {{BigTibetan|ར་}} and {{BigTibetan|ལ་}}, which shows that it is not just a nominalized verb used as {{Wiki|noun}}. |
− | ===པོ་, བོ་, མ་, མོ་ as genus-indicator for nouns=== | + | ==={{BigTibetan|པོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|བོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} as genus-indicator for nouns=== |
− | * {{BigTibetan|མ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} are used to form the feminine form, either for nouns which do have a masculine form, or those without. Often only the feminine form is expressed. | + | * {{BigTibetan|མ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} are used to [[form]] the {{Wiki|feminine}} [[form]], either for nouns which do have a {{Wiki|masculine}} [[form]], or those without. Often only the {{Wiki|feminine}} [[form]] is expressed. |
* {{BigTibetan|པོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|བོ་}} are not as strong a genus-indicator as {{BigTibetan|མ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} and nouns with {{BigTibetan|པོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|བོ་}} might be still used as just general terms. | * {{BigTibetan|པོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|བོ་}} are not as strong a genus-indicator as {{BigTibetan|མ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} and nouns with {{BigTibetan|པོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|བོ་}} might be still used as just general terms. | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|གྲོགས་}}, a friend, {{BigTibetan|གྲོགས་པོ་}}, ''also'' a friend ''or specifically'' a male friend | + | * {{BigTibetan|གྲོགས་}}, a [[friend]], {{BigTibetan|གྲོགས་པོ་}}, ''also'' a [[friend]] ''or specifically'' a {{Wiki|male}} [[friend]] |
− | * {{BigTibetan|གྲོགས་མོ་}}, a female friend | + | * {{BigTibetan|གྲོགས་མོ་}}, a {{Wiki|female}} [[friend]] |
− | * {{BigTibetan|[[དགྲ་]]}}, enemy, foe, {{BigTibetan|དགྲ་བོ་}}, opponent, enemy, {{BigTibetan|དགྲ་མོ་}}, a female enemy, opponent | + | * {{BigTibetan|[[དགྲ་]]}}, enemy, foe, {{BigTibetan|དགྲ་བོ་}}, opponent, enemy, {{BigTibetan|དགྲ་མོ་}}, a {{Wiki|female}} enemy, opponent |
− | * {{BigTibetan|[[རྒྱལ་པོ་]]}}, the king, {{BigTibetan|རྒྱལ་མོ་}}, the queen, (from {{BigTibetan|རྒྱལ་བ་}}, to be victorious, to win) | + | * {{BigTibetan|[[རྒྱལ་པོ་]]}}, the [[king]], {{BigTibetan|རྒྱལ་མོ་}}, the [[Wikipedia:Queen consort|queen]], (from {{BigTibetan|རྒྱལ་བ་}}, to be victorious, to win) |
− | * {{BigTibetan|རྒན་པ་}}, the older, senior; elders, {{BigTibetan|རྒན་པོ་}}, old man, {{BigTibetan|རྒན་མོ་}}, old woman | + | * {{BigTibetan|རྒན་པ་}}, the older, senior; [[elders]], {{BigTibetan|རྒན་པོ་}}, old man, {{BigTibetan|རྒན་མོ་}}, old woman |
− | * {{BigTibetan|དཔའ་}}, courageous, brave, fearless, {{BigTibetan|དཔའ་བོ་}}, the hero; daka, {{BigTibetan|དཔའ་མོ་}}, heroine, female warrior | + | * {{BigTibetan|དཔའ་}}, courageous, brave, [[fearless]], {{BigTibetan|དཔའ་བོ་}}, the [[hero]]; [[daka]], {{BigTibetan|དཔའ་མོ་}}, [[Wikipedia:Hero|heroine]], {{Wiki|female}} [[warrior]] |
− | * {{BigTibetan|[[སྟག་]]}}, tiger, {{BigTibetan|སྟག་མོ་}}, tigress, {{BigTibetan|ལྷ་}}, god, deva, {{BigTibetan|ལྷ་མོ་}}, goddess, devi | + | * {{BigTibetan|[[སྟག་]]}}, [[tiger]], {{BigTibetan|སྟག་མོ་}}, tigress, {{BigTibetan|ལྷ་}}, [[god]], [[deva]], {{BigTibetan|ལྷ་མོ་}}, [[goddess]], [[devi]] |
* {{BigTibetan|སྲས་}}, son ''(h.)'' {{BigTibetan|སྲས་མོ་}}, daughter ''(h.)'' | * {{BigTibetan|སྲས་}}, son ''(h.)'' {{BigTibetan|སྲས་མོ་}}, daughter ''(h.)'' | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|ཆང་ཚོང་མ་}}, barmaid, female tavern worker/owner, {{BigTibetan|ཆང་}}, barley beer, {{BigTibetan|ཚོང་པ་}}, a shop-keeper, merchant, {{BigTibetan|འཚོང་བ་}}, to trade, sell | + | * {{BigTibetan|ཆང་ཚོང་མ་}}, barmaid, {{Wiki|female}} tavern worker/owner, {{BigTibetan|ཆང་}}, {{Wiki|barley}} beer, {{BigTibetan|ཚོང་པ་}}, a shop-keeper, {{Wiki|merchant}}, {{BigTibetan|འཚོང་བ་}}, to trade, sell |
− | * {{BigTibetan|རེས་}}, ''vāra'', sometimes; [mutually taking] turn[s], times" {{BigTibetan|རེས་མ་}}, ''vārā'', courtesan; prostitute | + | * {{BigTibetan|རེས་}}, ''vāra'', sometimes; [mutually taking] turn[s], times" {{BigTibetan|རེས་མ་}}, ''vārā'', {{Wiki|courtesan}}; {{Wiki|prostitute}} |
− | ===པོ་, མོ་ genus specific adjectives=== | + | ==={{BigTibetan|པོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} genus specific adjectives=== |
* With {{BigTibetan|པོ་}} and {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} genus specific adjectives can be formed. (See [[#Adjectives|Adjectives]].) | * With {{BigTibetan|པོ་}} and {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} genus specific adjectives can be formed. (See [[#Adjectives|Adjectives]].) | ||
− | ===བོ་, མ་, མོ་ genus-neutral nouns=== | + | ==={{BigTibetan|བོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} genus-neutral nouns=== |
− | * {{BigTibetan|བོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} can be part of a noun without indicating a genus. | + | * {{BigTibetan|བོ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མ་}}, {{BigTibetan|མོ་}} can be part of a {{Wiki|noun}} without indicating a genus. |
* {{BigTibetan|གད་མོ་}}, laughter, {{BigTibetan|བགད་པ་}}, to laugh {{gfverb|བགད་པ།|དགོད་པ།|བགད་པ།|དགོད།|to laugh|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | * {{BigTibetan|གད་མོ་}}, laughter, {{BigTibetan|བགད་པ་}}, to laugh {{gfverb|བགད་པ།|དགོད་པ།|བགད་པ།|དགོད།|to laugh|''v.t.''|ཐ་དད་པ་}} | ||
* {{BigTibetan|རྩེ་མོ་}}, peak, pinnacle, tip; the finger-nail, {{BigTibetan|རྩེ་}}, point, tip, peak | * {{BigTibetan|རྩེ་མོ་}}, peak, pinnacle, tip; the finger-nail, {{BigTibetan|རྩེ་}}, point, tip, peak | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|བླ་མ་}}, lama, {{BigTibetan|བླ་}}, superior, higher, that which above | + | * {{BigTibetan|བླ་མ་}}, [[lama]], {{BigTibetan|བླ་}}, {{Wiki|superior}}, higher, that which above |
− | * {{BigTibetan|གོང་མ་}}, the superior, higher (one); previous, earlier (one), {{BigTibetan|གོང་}}, above, on top; higher, superior | + | * {{BigTibetan|གོང་མ་}}, the {{Wiki|superior}}, higher (one); previous, earlier (one), {{BigTibetan|གོང་}}, above, on top; higher, {{Wiki|superior}} |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ངོ་བོ་}}, essence | + | * {{BigTibetan|ངོ་བོ་}}, [[essence]] |
− | ===Using པ་ for ordinal numbers=== | + | ===Using {{BigTibetan|པ་}} for ordinal numbers=== |
* {{BigTibetan|པ་}} is used to create ordinal numbers. The one exception is for "first". | * {{BigTibetan|པ་}} is used to create ordinal numbers. The one exception is for "first". | ||
Line 484: | Line 484: | ||
==Adjectives== | ==Adjectives== | ||
− | ===ཡས་པ་, ཀླས་པ་=== | + | ==={{BigTibetan|ཡས་པ་}}, {{BigTibetan|ཀླས་པ་}}=== |
− | *One meaning of {{BigTibetan|ཡས་}}, {{BigTibetan|ཡས་པ་}} and {{BigTibetan|ཀླས་}}, {{BigTibetan|ཀླས་པ་}} when coming after a word is to express negation in terms of absence, of being without like the English "-less". | + | *One meaning of {{BigTibetan|ཡས་}}, {{BigTibetan|ཡས་པ་}} and {{BigTibetan|ཀླས་}}, {{BigTibetan|ཀླས་པ་}} when coming after a [[word]] is to express {{Wiki|negation}} in terms of absence, of being without like the English "-less". |
{| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | {| class="wikitable" style="color:black;background-color:#ffffff; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #fff;" cellspacing="10" border="0px" | ||
Line 506: | Line 506: | ||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
==Onomatopoeia== | ==Onomatopoeia== | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|ཁྲུམ་ཁྲུམ་}}, the peculiarity of the sound of chewing dry food | + | * {{BigTibetan|ཁྲུམ་ཁྲུམ་}}, the peculiarity of the [[sound]] of chewing dry [[food]] |
− | :::From the ''Great Dictionary'', {{BigTibetan|བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}: {{BigTibetan|ཟས་སྐམ་པོ་སྡད་པའི་སྒྲའི་ཁྱད་པར་}} | + | :::From the ''Great {{Wiki|Dictionary}}'', {{BigTibetan|བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་}}: {{BigTibetan|ཟས་སྐམ་པོ་སྡད་པའི་སྒྲའི་ཁྱད་པར་}} |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ཁྲོལ་ཁྲོལ་}}, one of the sounds of a damaru etc. | + | * {{BigTibetan|ཁྲོལ་ཁྲོལ་}}, one of the {{Wiki|sounds}} of a [[damaru]] etc. |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ཆེམ་ཆེམ་}}, sound of cymbals; tremble, shake | + | * {{BigTibetan|ཆེམ་ཆེམ་}}, [[sound]] of [[cymbals]]; tremble, shake |
==Interjection== | ==Interjection== | ||
− | * {{BigTibetan|ཨ་ཆུ་ཆུ་}}, the sounds uttered because of cold | + | * {{BigTibetan|ཨ་ཆུ་ཆུ་}}, the {{Wiki|sounds}} uttered because of cold |
− | * {{BigTibetan|ཨ་ཚ་ཚ་}}, the cry out because of pain from heat | + | * {{BigTibetan|ཨ་ཚ་ཚ་}}, the cry out because of [[pain]] from heat |
* {{BigTibetan|ཨ་ལེ་}}, expression of surprise | * {{BigTibetan|ཨ་ལེ་}}, expression of surprise | ||
* {{BigTibetan|ཀྱེ་}}, O!, Hey! for calling someone higher than oneself | * {{BigTibetan|ཀྱེ་}}, O!, Hey! for calling someone higher than oneself | ||
Line 524: | Line 524: | ||
[[Category:Tibetan Grammar]] | [[Category:Tibetan Grammar]] | ||
+ | {{RigpaWiki}} |
Latest revision as of 15:44, 31 December 2014
Articles on Tibetan Grammar |
1. Introduction |
2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable |
3. Formation of the Tibetan Word |
4. First case: ming tsam |
5. La don particles |
6. La don particles—Notes |
7. Originative case |
8. Verbs |
9. Verbs—Notes |
10. Syntactic particles |
by Stefan J. Eckel
Formation of the Tibetan Word
This section is just intended as an introduction and information. You will become naturally familiar with Tibetan words in the process of learning Tibetan, so there is no need to learn everything presented here. The important informations will be pointed out during class.
Definition from བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་, the Great Tibetan Chinese Dictionary:
- མིང་ཚིག་: ...དོན་གྱི་ངོ་བོ་སྟོན་པ་མིང་སྟེ། བུམ་པ། ཀ་བ་ལྟ་བུ་དང༌། དོན་གྱི་ཁྱད་པར་སྟོན་པ་ཚིག་སྟེ། རི་མཐོན་པོ། ངས་བཤད། ཁྱོད་ཀྱིས་ཉན་ལྟ་བུའོ།
- མིང་ཚིག་, name word: "showing the essence of the object" is the name, like "vase" or "pillar", and "showing the particularities of the object" is the word / phrase like "high mountain", "I explained", "you listened".
Simple nouns
One syllable
- མགོ་, head; ཁྱི་, dog; གྲུ་, boat; གྲོ་, wheat; ཤིང་, wood; གཡག་, bos grunniens; མིག་, eye; མི་, person, man; རྩྭ་, grass; མེ་, fire; ཉ་, fish; བྱ་, bird; ཁ་, mouth
Two syllables
- ཅོག་ཙེ་, table; སོག་ལེ་, saw (the carpenters tool); སྟ་རེ་, axe; སྟོན་ཀ་, autumn
Compound nouns with པ་ and བ་
- The endings པ་ and བ་ are used to form nouns and are then part of the noun as second syllable without adding any extra meaning. (See Compound nouns).
- ཀོ་བ་, hide, leather; ཁང་པ་, house; བུམ་པ་, vase; ཐོ་བ་, hammer; ཟླ་བ་, moon
With the same root as a verb: འཁོར་ལོ་, wheel, with འཁོར་བ་, to turn, spin |
|
Compound nouns
Nouns, adjectives and verbs forming compound nouns
Noun and noun
ཀོ་གྲུ་ |
leather boat |
leather-boat, a boat made from animal hide; (ཀོ་བ་, hide, leather) |
སྦྲ་ཐག་, rope of a yaks' hairs, སྦྲ་, thick material woven from long, coarse yak hairs ཐག་པ་, rope, string
|
|
|
སྙིང་རུས་ |
heart bone |
courage, endeavour |
Noun and adjective
ཉེ་རིགས་ |
near lineage |
relatives, kinsman ཉེ་བ་, near; རིགས་, lineage, family line, caste, blood-line, class, type |
གླང་ཆེན |
ox big |
elephant; ཆེན་པོ་, big, great |
བྱ་རྒོད་ |
bird wild |
vulture |
Adjective and adjective
Two adjectives with opposite meaning forming an abstract noun |
- ཆེ་ཆུང་, size; ཆེ་བ་, bigger, ཆུང་བ་, smaller
- མང་ཉུང་, quantity; མང་པོ་, many, ཉུང་ངུ་, few
- ཕྲ་སྦོམ་, thickness; ཕྲ་མོ་ / ཕྲ་བ་, subtle, fine, tiny, སྦམ་པོ་, thick, rough, coarse, bulky
Compound nouns where the meaning is not clearly apparent from knowing the words in the compound
|
|
|
|
|
|
Translation compounds used for translations into Tibetan
སྒྲོལ་དཀར་, White Tara; སྒྲོལ་མ་, Tara, དཀར་མོ་ white གྲུབ་མཐའ་, siddhanta, siddhyanta, philosophical tenets; མཐའ་, limit, end, border, གྲུབ་པ་, accomplishment, existence, established |
|
Nominalizer and formatives
Note: Nominalization generally refers to change a verb, an adjective, or an adverb into a noun. In Tibetan nominalizers can also be used to change nouns into different (new) nouns.[1]
ཅན་
ཅན་ comes after a word or phrase showing the idea of possession of this word or phrase, or changes it into a new noun-phrase from the idea of "possession, being endowed, to have" (similar to a བདག་སྒྲ་). It can be used with animated and inanimate things.
Noun phrase
|
|
|
|
Possession, adjectival phrase
|
|
|
The same phrase can have both meanings:
ཡོན་ཏན་ཅན་ |
qualities |
1. having good qualities, 2. learned, talented or holy, virtuous person |
ལས་ཅན་ |
action, karma |
1. karmically fortunate one, 2. fortunate, having merit |
བསམ་གཏན་གཉིས་པ་སྐྱོན་ཅན་དང་གསུམ་པ་ཡོན་ཏན་ཅན་དུ་ཡིད་བྱེད་དྲུག་གིས་ |
dhyana second fault third good qualities mental attention six |
through the six mental attentions [apprehending] the second dhyana as faulty and the third as possessing good qualities... |
and from the same text:
ཡོན་ཏན་ཅན་ལ་བསྔགས་པ་བརྗོད་པས་མི་བསྔགས་པ་ |
virtuous person praise to express not praise |
not to praise—through expressing praise—the virtuous person, good qualities having one. (Here "expressing praise" is the means one is not using and so one doesn’t praise) |
Note on other usages: Rather different from the former two ཅན་ also shows "in the presence of, near to, side, in front of, before...", ཁོའི་ཅན་དུ་འགྲོ་བ།, "went to him", ང་ཅན་དུ་མ་ཡོང།, "will not come to me" (ཡོང་བ་ could have different meanings as all tenses have the same form.) |
|
མཁན་
- མཁན་ comes after a word or phrase showing the "the doer, agent".
|
|
|
|
|
བདག་
བདག་པོ་, owner, ruler, sovereign, master བདག་, I, me, self, ego |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ལྡན་
- ལྡན་པ་ is a abbreviation of དང་ལྡན་པ་ and is in its full form treated in the verb section, (although it is not considerated to be a verb in Tibetan grammar). The meaning of ལྡན་པ་ is that of possession, associated with and concordant with.
Noun phrase
|
|
|
|
Adjectival phrase
|
|
ཉིད་
- ཉིད་ when placed after other terms it is used to produce abstract nouns, like in English "-ness". It’s used for the translation of the Sanskrit "ta" at the end of a noun. e.g. the ta in shunyata.
|
|
|
|
|
- ཉིད་ has different meanings, one very common is "this one, that very, itself"
པོ་ཆེ་
- Joined པོ་ཆེ་ expresses "big, bigger, great, greater".
|
|
|
བུ་, འུ་
- བུ་ and འུ་ form diminutives of nouns.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This process can also occur with taking off and then using the noun’s postfix-letter:
- གཟེར་, nail, stake; both གཟེར་བུ་ and གཟེ་རུ་ mean "spike, little nail", (taking off and using the ར་)
- ལུག་, sheep; both ལུག་གུ་ and ལུ་གུ་ mean "lamb", (taking off and using the ག་)
A change of the noun’s vowel can also occur:
- རྟ་, horse; རྟེའུ་, foal; སྟ་རེ་, axe; སྟེའུ་, small axe; བྱ་, bird; བྱིའུ་, little bird; མཚོ་, lake; མཚེའུ་, pond, small lake; རྡོ་, stone; རྡེའུ་, pebbles, small stone; ཁྱོ་, ཁྱོ་བོ་, ཁྱོ་ག་, husband; ཁྱེའུ་, child
ཕྲུག་
- ཕྲུག་ from ཕྲུ་གུ་ indicates the young ones of a species.
|
|
|
|
also:
|
|
|
|
བྱ་
|
|
|
|
ས་
- ས་ itself means "place, earth, ground, land, soil, base, territory; the element earth; stage, state, level, ground", related to that ས་ forms noun with the meaning "the place where":
|
- སྡོད་ས་, place to stay or live, residence, dwelling
- སྡོད་པ་, to stay, live, reside, remain, to sit
- སྐྱེ་ས་, birthplace, homeland, one's native land
|
- སྐྱེ་བ་, to be born; to arise, to be produced; to develop, grow; to happen
- སྐམ་ས་, shore, dry land" སྐམ་ "be dry
- རེ་ས་, place of hope" རེ་བ་ "hope; to hope, want
|
ངད་
- ངད་, expressing the "power, potency, strength" of the noun. (ངད་ also means "smell, scent, odor")
- སྨན་, medicine, སྨན་ངད་, potency of the medicine
- དྲོ་པོ་, heat, warmth; to be warm, དྲོ་ངད་, strength of the warmth
- དྲོ་ངད་ཡལ་བ།, the strength of the warmth disappears, ཡལ་བ་, to disappear, fade away, vanish
Usage of པ་, བ་, མ་, པོ་, བོ་, མོ་
པ་ / བ་ change
Euphonic changes of པ་ and པོ་ to བ་ and བོ་ do not occur in all usages.
- པ་ after ག་, ད་, ན་, བ་, མ་, ས་, ད་དྲག་
- བ་ after ང་, འ་, ར་, ལ་, མཐའ་མེད་
པ་ / བ་ as part of a noun
Here པ་ / བ་ were used to form a noun and are now part of the noun as second syllable without adding any extra meaning.
ཀོ་བ་, hide, leather; ཁང་པ་, house; བུམ་པ་, vase; ཐོ་བ་, hammer; ཟླ་བ་, moon; རྐང་པ་, foot; ལག་པ་, hand.
པ་ forming nouns—"having to do with"
Showing the owner, agent, user with an "active" connection
- Note: There are different opinions which usage/example falls into which subcategory. For པ་ forming nouns see also 1.2
- ཞིང་, "field, ཞིང་པ་, farmer; མདའ་, arrow, མདའ་པ་, archer
- སྨན་, medicine, སྨན་པ་, doctor; ཁྱིམ་, household, house, ཁྱིམ་པ་, householder, layman; རྟ་, horse, རྟ་པ་, horseman; གར་, dance, acting, གར་པ་ "dancer, actor
- རྣལ་འབྱོར་, yoga, རྣལ་འབྱོར་པ་, yogi
Showing connection
Possession, having the feature
- (see also ཅན་ and བདག་ )
|
|
|
པོ་ (/ མོ་ ) "doer" of the verb
- བྱེད་པ་, to do, བྱེད་པ་པོ་, the doer (also short བྱེད་པོ་)
- ཉན་པ་, to listen, ཉན་པ་པོ་, the listener
- རྩོམ་པ་, to compose, རྩོམ་པ་པོ་, the composer, author
- ཞོན་པ་, to ride, ཞོན་པ་པོ་, the rider
- སྟོན་པ་, to teach, show, explain
- སྟོན་པ་པོ་, the teacher, demonstrator, explainer
- ས་བོན་འདེབས་པ་, to plant seeds
- ས་བོན་འདེབས་པ་པོ་, the one who plants the seed/seeds
- ས་བོན་, seed, འདེབས་པ་, to sow, to plant, to establish, start; to strike, hit; to stamp (with a seal)
In some cases the specific female form is formed by using མོ་
|
- སྦྱིན་པ་མོ་, female giver, bestower
པ་, བ་ nominalizing verbs
- པ་ and བ་ are used to nominalize verbs, which then can be used in different ways.
པ་, བ་ verbal adjective
- One usage of nominalized verbs is as verbal adjectives which can function as qualifier (see connective case), or can be used as a noun.
- འགྲོ་བ་ to go, (verbal root འགྲོ་
Verbal adjectives as qualifier:
འགྲོ་བའི་མི་འདི་ |
to go person this |
this walking person |
As a noun:
འགྲོ་བ་, the goer, the going one, migrators, for "sentient beings"
Verbal adjectives as qualifier:
མཐོང་བའི་རྒྱལ་པོ་འདི་ |
to see king this |
this seeing king, this king who sees, or: "this king who is seen" |
As a noun:
མཐོང་བ་, what is seen, sight
- Note: In some cases the verbal adjective can become the nomina agentis. རྒྱལ་བ་, to be victorious, becomes nomina agentis to translate the Sanskrit jina, conqueror, victorious one, an epithet for the Buddha and used in reference to high lamas.
པ་, བ་ nouns with the same root as a verb
- འཁོར་བ་, v. to rotate, spin, to cycle through, to go around
|
- འཁོར་བ་, n. samsara, cyclic existence
- རིག་པ་, v. to know, understand; to see
|
- རིག་པ་, n. rigpa; knowledge; intelligence; science
- ཐར་བ་, v. to be liberated, freed, to escape
|
- ཐར་པ་, n. mokṣa, liberation, emancipation, freedom
- འགྲེལ་བ་, v. to elucidate, comment on, explain
|
- འགྲེལ་པ་, n. commentary, explanation
- འཁྲུལ་བ་, v. to confuse, mistake; be bewildered, deluded, confused
- འཁྲུལ་པ་, n. confusion
- Note: In the last three examples པ་ instead of བ་ follows ར་ and ལ་, which shows that it is not just a nominalized verb used as noun.
པོ་, བོ་, མ་, མོ་ as genus-indicator for nouns
- མ་, མོ་ are used to form the feminine form, either for nouns which do have a masculine form, or those without. Often only the feminine form is expressed.
- པོ་, བོ་ are not as strong a genus-indicator as མ་, མོ་ and nouns with པོ་, བོ་ might be still used as just general terms.
- གྲོགས་, a friend, གྲོགས་པོ་, also a friend or specifically a male friend
- གྲོགས་མོ་, a female friend
- དགྲ་, enemy, foe, དགྲ་བོ་, opponent, enemy, དགྲ་མོ་, a female enemy, opponent
- རྒྱལ་པོ་, the king, རྒྱལ་མོ་, the queen, (from རྒྱལ་བ་, to be victorious, to win)
- རྒན་པ་, the older, senior; elders, རྒན་པོ་, old man, རྒན་མོ་, old woman
- དཔའ་, courageous, brave, fearless, དཔའ་བོ་, the hero; daka, དཔའ་མོ་, heroine, female warrior
- སྟག་, tiger, སྟག་མོ་, tigress, ལྷ་, god, deva, ལྷ་མོ་, goddess, devi
- སྲས་, son (h.) སྲས་མོ་, daughter (h.)
- ཆང་ཚོང་མ་, barmaid, female tavern worker/owner, ཆང་, barley beer, ཚོང་པ་, a shop-keeper, merchant, འཚོང་བ་, to trade, sell
- རེས་, vāra, sometimes; [mutually taking] turn[s], times" རེས་མ་, vārā, courtesan; prostitute
པོ་, མོ་ genus specific adjectives
- With པོ་ and མོ་ genus specific adjectives can be formed. (See Adjectives.)
བོ་, མ་, མོ་ genus-neutral nouns
- བོ་, མ་, མོ་ can be part of a noun without indicating a genus.
- གད་མོ་, laughter, བགད་པ་, to laugh
|
- རྩེ་མོ་, peak, pinnacle, tip; the finger-nail, རྩེ་, point, tip, peak
- བླ་མ་, lama, བླ་, superior, higher, that which above
- གོང་མ་, the superior, higher (one); previous, earlier (one), གོང་, above, on top; higher, superior
- ངོ་བོ་, essence
Using པ་ for ordinal numbers
- པ་ is used to create ordinal numbers. The one exception is for "first".
- གཅིག་, one, but དང་པོ་, the first
- གཉིས་, two, གཉིས་པ་, the second, བཅོ་ལྔ་, fifteen, བཅོ་ལྔ་པ་, the fifteenth
Stubs
- Note: these stubs contain unfinished articles
Adjectives
ཡས་པ་, ཀླས་པ་
- One meaning of ཡས་, ཡས་པ་ and ཀླས་, ཀླས་པ་ when coming after a word is to express negation in terms of absence, of being without like the English "-less".
|
|
|
|
|
|
Verbs
Onomatopoeia
- From the Great Dictionary, བོད་རྒྱ་ཚིག་མཛོད་ཆེན་མོ་: ཟས་སྐམ་པོ་སྡད་པའི་སྒྲའི་ཁྱད་པར་
Interjection
- ཨ་ཆུ་ཆུ་, the sounds uttered because of cold
- ཨ་ཚ་ཚ་, the cry out because of pain from heat
- ཨ་ལེ་, expression of surprise
- ཀྱེ་, O!, Hey! for calling someone higher than oneself
Endnotes
- ↑ S. V. Beyer: The Classical Tibetan Language, "Syllabic formatives"