Tibetan Grammar - originative case
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In the verb section the approach to explain Tibetan verbs is changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent" - there will be discrepancies to the other grammar section until they are matched with it
Articles on Tibetan Grammar |
1. Introduction |
2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable |
3. Formation of the Tibetan Word |
4. First case: ming tsam |
5. La don particles |
6. La don particles—Notes |
7. Originative case |
8. Verbs |
9. Verbs—Notes |
10. Syntactic particles |
by Stefan J. Eckel
Originative Case—འབྱུང་ཁུངས་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་: ནས་, ལས་
- Also called: originative particle, source particle, ablative particle.
Independent of verb type
Source, origin, འབྱུང་ཁུངས་, place, substance, person
|
སངས་རྒྱས་ལས་ཆོས་འབྱུང༌། |
Buddha Dharma originate |
The Dharma comes from the Buddha. |
བའི་ནུ་མ་ལས་འོ་མ་འབྱུང༌། |
cow udder milk come |
The milk comes form the cow's udder. |
རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལས་ནོར་བུ་འབྱུང༌། |
ocean jewel originate |
Jewels originate from the ocean. |
|
གནམ་ནས་ཆར་པ་འབབ། |
sky rain fall |
Rain falls from the sky. |
བླ་མའི་ཞལ་ནས་ལེགས་བཤད་བྱུང༌། |
lama mouth eloquent teaching came |
The lama gave eloquent teachings. |
ས་བོན་ལས་མྱུ་གུ་བྱུང༌། |
seed sprout came |
The sprout came form the seed. |
|
རྟ་ལས་ལྷུང༌། |
horse fall |
to fall from the horse |
སྐས་ཐོག་ནས་བབ། |
ladder 'on top of' fall |
fallen from the ladder |
ལྷ་ས་ནས་མི་དེ་རྣམས་ |
Lhasa person those |
those persons from Lhasa |
Originative of reason
- Tibetan grammatical term: རྒྱུ་མཚན་དང་འབྲེལ་བའི་འབྱུང་ཁུངས་
|
དུ་བ་མཐོང་བ་ལས་མེ་ཡོད་པར་ཤེས། |
smoke see fire exist know (transitive grammar)' |
From seeing smoke (one) knows that fire is there (exist). |
བུང་བས་ནི་མེ་ཏོག་དྲི་ལས་ཤེས། |
bee flower smell know |
The bee knows the flower from the smell. |
|
སྐོམ་ནས་འཆི་བ་ |
thirst die |
to die from thirst |
Originative of instrument and means
Originative of instrument and means
|
རྩོལ་བ་ལས་ཐོབ། |
effort attained (transitive grammar)' |
attained through / from effort |
|
དུང་ནས་བཤད་པ་ |
conch speak |
to speak by means of conch |
Forming instrumental postpositions
- See also 1.5
སྒོ་ནས་ |
door |
by means of, from the point of view, from the approach of, through, by |
|
ལུས་ངག་ཡིད་ཀྱི་སྒོ་ནས་དགེ་བ་ལ་བརྩོན། |
body speech mind virtue exert (see verb class)' |
Inclusion—only ནས་
- Tibetan grammatical term: སྡུད་པ་
For all the following usages under in this section, only ནས་ is used.
Temporal beginning, succession
|
ཞག་གསུམ་ནས་འཆི་བར་འགྱུར། |
day three after die auxiliary |
after the third day [he] will die |
ཞག་འགའ་ནས་ |
day few after |
after a few days |
Beginning of a confined sequence or extent of space, time and enumerations
Space
- Tibetan grammatical term in regard to space: ཡུལ་གྱི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་
རྒྱ་གར་ནས་རྒྱ་ནག་བར་ |
India China |
from India until China |
Numbers
- Tibetan grammatical term in regard to numbers: གྲངས་ཀྱི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་
གཅིག་ནས་བརྒྱའི་བར་ |
one hundred |
from one to hundred |
Enumerations
- Tibetan grammatical term in regard to functional objects: དངོས་པོའི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་
མིག་ནས་ཡིད་བར་ |
eye mind |
from the eye up to the mind |
མ་གི་བསྙེན་གནས་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་པ་ནས་ ཡ་གི་གསང་སྔགས་ཀྱི་སྡོམ་པའི་པར་ |
lower end precepts of lay ordination eight-fold upper end secret mantra vows of |
from the lower end, the eight-fold precepts of lay ordination to the upper end, the vows of the secret mantra |
Time
སྐྱེ་བ་ནས་འཆི་བའི་བར་དུ་ |
birth death |
from birth until death |
མགོ་ནས་མཇུག་གི་བར་ |
beginning conclusion |
from beginning to conclusion |
|
ཟླ་བ་དང་པོ་ནས་ཟླ་བ་དྲུག་པའི་བར་དུ་དེར་བསྡད། |
month first from month sixth until there stayed |
[He] stayed there from first until the sixth month. |
Beginning of a confined sequence with negation of the verb
|
- This is mostly translated in to English by "until" while leaving out the negation of the verb.
|
སྐྱེས་ནས་མ་ཤིའི་བར་དུ་ |
born not died |
from birth until death, more lit.: from being born until [one] has died; from being born for [as long as one] has not died |
|
དགུ་པ་གནས་པ་ནི། རྒྱུན་དེ་ཉིད་སྐྱེས་ནས་མ་ཤིའི་བར་དུ་མི་འཇིག་པར་ཡོད་པའོ། |
ninth subsistence continuum that born not died not disintegrate exist [is] |
The ninth: Subsistence is to exist in a non-disintegrated [way] from being born until [one] has died. |
|
རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་མཆོག་མ་ཐོབ་བར་དུ་ |
miraculous display supreme not obtained (transitive grammar)' |
until [one] has obtained the [ability of] supreme miraculous displays; |
དེ་ལས་གྲོལ་བར་འདོད་པའི་བསམ་པས་གནས་སྐབས་དུས་ཇི་སྲིད་འཚོ་བའི་བར་དང་མཐར་ཐུག་ |
that liberated wish intention temporary time for as long alive and ultimate |
རང་ལམ་གྱི་འབྲས་བུ་མ་ཐོབ་བར་དུ་སྐྱབས་སུ་འགྲོ་ |
ones path result not attained to take refuge |
With the intention to be liberated form that [samsara one] takes refuge temporary for as long as [one] is alive and ultimately until [one] obtains the result of one's path. |
Postpositions with ནས་
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