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Difference between revisions of "Daman Hongren"

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[[Daman Hongren]] ({{Wiki|Chinese}}: [[弘忍]]) (Wade–Giles:[[Shih Hung-jen]]; [[Japanese]]: [[Daiman Konin]]) (601–674) was the 5th [[Chan]] [[Chán]] ([[Buddhist]]) [[Patriarch]] in the [[traditional]] [[lineage]] of {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Chan]].
 
  
[[Hongren]] is said to have received [[Dharma transmission]] from [[Daoxin]] and passed on the [[symbolic]] [[bowl]] and robe of [[transmission]] to [[Huineng]], the Sixth and last [[Chan Patriarch]].
+
 
 +
 
 +
[[Daman Hongren]] ({{Wiki|Chinese}}: [[弘忍]]) (Wade–Giles:[[Shih Hung-jen]]; [[Japanese]]: [[Daiman Konin]]) (601–674) was the [[5th Chan Buddhist  Patriarch]] in the [[traditional lineage of Chinese Chan]].
 +
 
 +
[[Hongren]] is said to have received [[Dharma transmission]] from [[Daoxin]] and passed on the [[symbolic]] [[bowl]] and robe of [[transmission]] to [[Huineng]], the [[Sixth and last Chan Patriarch]].
 +
 
  
 
=={{Wiki|Biography}}==
 
=={{Wiki|Biography}}==
 +
  
 
As with all the early [[Chan patriarchs]], many of the details of [[Hongren’s]] [[life]] are uncertain and much of his {{Wiki|biography}} is layered with legend added well after his [[death]]. The following {{Wiki|biography}} is based on [[Chan]] [[traditional]] sources.
 
As with all the early [[Chan patriarchs]], many of the details of [[Hongren’s]] [[life]] are uncertain and much of his {{Wiki|biography}} is layered with legend added well after his [[death]]. The following {{Wiki|biography}} is based on [[Chan]] [[traditional]] sources.
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[[Hongren]] was born in [[Wikipedia:Huangmei County|Huangmei]] with the [[family]] [[name]] [[Chou]]. His father abandoned the [[family]] but [[Hongren]] displayed exemplary filial [[duty]] in supporting his mother.
 
[[Hongren]] was born in [[Wikipedia:Huangmei County|Huangmei]] with the [[family]] [[name]] [[Chou]]. His father abandoned the [[family]] but [[Hongren]] displayed exemplary filial [[duty]] in supporting his mother.
  
Although the Records of the [[Teachers]] and [[Disciples]] of the [[Lankavatara]] claim that [[Hongren’s]] father abandoned the [[family]], [[Chan]] [[scholar]] John McRae points out that [[Hongren’s]] residence was converted to a [[monastery]], implying that [[Hongren’s]] [[family]] was probably wealthy and prominent locally. Furthermore, mention of [[Hongren]] doing menial labour would only be of significance if this were unusual, indicating that [[Hongren]] was of upper-class [[birth]].
+
Although the Records of the [[Teachers]] and [[Disciples]] of the [[Lankavatara]] claim that [[Hongren’s]] father abandoned the [[family]], [[Chan]] [[scholar]] [[John McRae]] points out that [[Hongren’s]] residence was converted to a [[monastery]], implying that [[Hongren’s]] [[family]] was probably wealthy and prominent locally. Furthermore, mention of [[Hongren]] doing menial labour would only be of significance if this were unusual, indicating that [[Hongren]] was of upper-class [[birth]].
 +
 
  
 
===[[Chán]]-studies under [[Daoxin]]===
 
===[[Chán]]-studies under [[Daoxin]]===
 +
  
 
At the age of either seven or twelve, [[Hongren]] left home to become a [[monk]] and began his studies under [[Daoxin]], who, according to [[tradition]], immediately [[recognized]] his [[insight]]:
 
At the age of either seven or twelve, [[Hongren]] left home to become a [[monk]] and began his studies under [[Daoxin]], who, according to [[tradition]], immediately [[recognized]] his [[insight]]:
 +
  
 
: [[Daoxin]] met [[Hongren]] on a road in [[Wikipedia:Huangmei County|Huangmei]]. [[Daoxin]] asked his [[name]].
 
: [[Daoxin]] met [[Hongren]] on a road in [[Wikipedia:Huangmei County|Huangmei]]. [[Daoxin]] asked his [[name]].
 +
 
: [[Hongren]] replied, “I have [[essence]] but it is not a common [[name]].”
 
: [[Hongren]] replied, “I have [[essence]] but it is not a common [[name]].”
 +
 
: The [[Chan]] [[master]] asked, “What [[name]] is it?”
 
: The [[Chan]] [[master]] asked, “What [[name]] is it?”
 +
 
: [[Hongren]] said, “It is the [[essence]] of [[Buddhahood]].”
 
: [[Hongren]] said, “It is the [[essence]] of [[Buddhahood]].”
 +
 
: [[Daoxin]] replied, “Have you no [[name]]?”
 
: [[Daoxin]] replied, “Have you no [[name]]?”
 +
 
: [[Hongren]] said, “None, because [[essence]] is [[empty]].”
 
: [[Hongren]] said, “None, because [[essence]] is [[empty]].”
 +
 
: With this, [[Daoxin]] passed on the [[teaching]] and the robe (making [[Hongren]] the next [[Patriarch of Chan]]).
 
: With this, [[Daoxin]] passed on the [[teaching]] and the robe (making [[Hongren]] the next [[Patriarch of Chan]]).
  
The [[Ch’üan fa pao chi]] ([[Annals of the Transmission of the Dharma-treasure]]), written approximately 712, says that [[Hongren]] was quiet and withdrawn, diligent in his menial labors, and sat in [[meditation]] throughout the night. He “never looked at the [[Buddhist scriptures]]” but understood everything he heard. After some ten years of [[teaching]], the record claims that “eight or nine of every ten [[ordained]] and lay aspirants in the country had studied under him.”  
+
 
 +
 
 +
The [[Ch’üan fa pao chi]] ([[Annals of the Transmission of the Dharma-treasure]]), written approximately 712, says that [[Hongren]] was quiet and withdrawn, diligent in his menial labors, and sat in [[meditation]] throughout the night. He “never looked at the [[Buddhist scriptures]]” but understood everything he heard. After some ten years of [[teaching]], the record claims that “eight [[or nine]] of every ten [[ordained]] and lay aspirants in the country had studied under him.”  
 +
 
  
 
[[Hongren]] stayed with [[Daoxin]] until the latter’s [[death]] in 651. Presumably, he was with [[Daoxin]] when the [[master]] was at Ta-lin ssu on Mount Lou and followed him to Mount [[Shuangfeng]], one of the “[[twin peaks]]” of [[Wikipedia:Huangmei County|Huangmei]].
 
[[Hongren]] stayed with [[Daoxin]] until the latter’s [[death]] in 651. Presumably, he was with [[Daoxin]] when the [[master]] was at Ta-lin ssu on Mount Lou and followed him to Mount [[Shuangfeng]], one of the “[[twin peaks]]” of [[Wikipedia:Huangmei County|Huangmei]].
 +
 +
  
 
==Teachings==
 
==Teachings==
 
===[[East mountain Teaching]]===
 
===[[East mountain Teaching]]===
 +
  
 
[[Hongren]] was significant in the [[development]] of early {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Chan]].
 
[[Hongren]] was significant in the [[development]] of early {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Chan]].
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Later [[tradition]] has it that [[Hongren]], after [[Daoxin’s]] [[death]], moved the [[community of monks]] to Mount Dong-Shan, “[[East Mountain]]”, the easterly of the “[[twin peaks]]”. The teachings of [[Daoxin]] and [[Hongren]] became known as the “[[East Mountain Teachings]]” ([[tung-shan fa-men]]).
 
Later [[tradition]] has it that [[Hongren]], after [[Daoxin’s]] [[death]], moved the [[community of monks]] to Mount Dong-Shan, “[[East Mountain]]”, the easterly of the “[[twin peaks]]”. The teachings of [[Daoxin]] and [[Hongren]] became known as the “[[East Mountain Teachings]]” ([[tung-shan fa-men]]).
  
The [[East Mountain Teachings]] were seen as the “[[Wikipedia:Authenticity|authentic]]” [[Chan]] [[Buddhist teachings]], promoted by [[Hongren’s]] [[student]], [[Shenxiu]] (神秀)(606?-706), the most prominent [[Buddhist monk]] of his [[time]]. [[Hongren’s]] significance can be noted by the fact that a compilation of his teachings, presumably shortly after his [[death]], the [[Treatise on the Essentials of Cultivating the Mind]], (Wade–Giles: [[Hsiu-hsin-yao lun]]; [[Japanese]]: [[Shūshinyō-ron]]) is the earliest collection of the teachings of a [[Chan]] [[master]].
+
The [[East Mountain Teachings]] were seen as the “[[Wikipedia:Authenticity|authentic]]” [[Chan]] [[Buddhist teachings]], promoted by [[Hongren’s]] [[student]],  
 +
[[Shenxiu]] (神秀)(606?-706), the most prominent [[Buddhist monk]] of his [[time]]. [[Hongren’s]] significance can be noted by the fact that a compilation of  
 +
his teachings, presumably shortly after his [[death]], the [[Treatise on the Essentials of Cultivating the Mind]], (Wade–Giles: [[Hsiu-hsin-yao lun]];  
 +
[[Japanese]]: [[Shūshinyō-ron]]) is the earliest collection of the teachings of a [[Chan]] [[master]].
 +
 
  
 
===[[Meditation]] practice===
 
===[[Meditation]] practice===
  
Although [[Hongren’s]] students included [[Vinaya]] specialists, [[sutra]] [[translators]], and [[Lotus Sutra]] and [[Pure Land]] {{Wiki|devotees}}, [[Hongren’s]] [[teaching]] focused on [[meditation]] practice. According to the [[Treatise on the Essentials of Cultivating the Mind]], [[Hongren's]] basic [[teaching]] was that the [[Pure Mind]] was obscured by “[[discriminating]] [[thinking]], false [[thoughts]], and [[Wikipedia:Ascription|ascriptive]] [[views]].”  Eliminating false [[thoughts]] and maintaining a [[constant]] [[awareness]] of one’s natural [[enlightenment]] ensures [[Nirvana]] naturally arises.
 
  
Two [[meditation]] techniques are specifically mention in the Treatise. [[Hongren]] is said to have instructed,
+
Although [[Hongren’s]] students included [[Vinaya]] specialists, [[sutra]] [[translators]], and [[Lotus Sutra]] and [[Pure Land]] {{Wiki|devotees}},
 +
[[Hongren’s]] [[teaching]] focused on [[meditation]] practice. According to the [[Treatise on the Essentials of Cultivating the Mind]], [[Hongren's]] basic
 +
[[teaching]] was that the [[Pure Mind]] was obscured by “[[discriminating]] [[thinking]], false [[thoughts]], and [[Wikipedia:Ascription|ascriptive]]
 +
[[views]].”  Eliminating false [[thoughts]] and maintaining a [[constant]] [[awareness]] of one’s natural [[enlightenment]] ensures [[Nirvana]] naturally arises.
  
: Look to where the horizon disappears [[beyond]] the sky and behold the figure one. … It is good for those beginning to sit in [[meditation]], when they find their [[mind]] distracted, to focus their [[mind]] on the figure one.  
+
Two [[meditation]] [[techniques]] are specifically mention in the Treatise. [[Hongren]] is said to have instructed,
 +
 
 +
: Look to where the horizon disappears [[beyond]] the sky and behold the figure one. … It is good for those beginning to sit in [[meditation]], when they find  
 +
their [[mind]] distracted, to focus their [[mind]] on the figure one.  
  
 
He also [[taught]] that the [[meditator]] should observe the {{Wiki|mental processes}} within:
 
He also [[taught]] that the [[meditator]] should observe the {{Wiki|mental processes}} within:
  
: [[View]] your [[own]] [[consciousness]] tranquilly and attentively, so that you can see how it is always moving, like flowing [[water]] or a glittering {{Wiki|mirage}}. …until its fluctuations dissolve into [[peaceful]] stability. This flowing [[consciousness]] will disappear like a gust of [[wind]]. When this [[consciousness]] disappears, all one’s [[illusions]] will disappear along with it.
+
 
 +
: [[View]] your [[own]] [[consciousness]] tranquilly and attentively, so that you can see how it is always moving, like flowing [[water]] or a glittering  
 +
{{Wiki|mirage}}. …until its fluctuations dissolve into [[peaceful]] stability. This flowing [[consciousness]] will disappear like a gust of [[wind]]. When this  
 +
[[consciousness]] disappears, all one’s [[illusions]] will disappear along with it.
 +
 
  
 
===Influence===
 
===Influence===
  
[[Hongren]] was held in high esteem by later [[Chan]]-{{Wiki|adepts}} in the {{Wiki|ancient}} {{Wiki|capital}} cities of {{Wiki|Chang'an}} and {{Wiki|Luoyang}} in the early eighth century, when [[Chan]] moved from a rural base to the centre of {{Wiki|Chinese}} power, in the major urban areas and the {{Wiki|imperial court}}.
+
 
 +
[[Hongren]] was held in high esteem by later [[Chan]]-{{Wiki|adepts}} in the {{Wiki|ancient}} {{Wiki|capital}} cities of {{Wiki|Chang'an}} and {{Wiki|Luoyang}}  
 +
in the early eighth century, when [[Chan]] moved from a rural base to the centre of {{Wiki|Chinese}} power, in the major urban areas and the {{Wiki|imperial court}}.
 +
 
  
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:100%;">
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:100%;">
 
|style="text-align:center;" | || colspan=4 style="text-align:center;" | [[Zen lineage charts#Six patriarchs|Predecessors]]
 
|style="text-align:center;" | || colspan=4 style="text-align:center;" | [[Zen lineage charts#Six patriarchs|Predecessors]]
 
|-
 
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | 5 ||colspan=4 style="text-align:center;" | [[Daman Hongren]] (601-674)(5th [[Patriarch]])<br>(WG Ta-man [[Hung-jen]], Jpn. [[Gunin]])
+
|style="text-align:center;" | 5 ||colspan=4 style="text-align:center;" | [[Daman Hongren]] (601-674)([[5th Patriarch]])<br>(WG [[Ta-man Hung-jen]], Jpn. [[Gunin]])
 
|-
 
|-
 
|style="text-align:center;" | 6 || style="text-align:center;" | [[Yuquan Shenxiu]] (605?-706)<br>(WG [[Yü-Ch'uan shen-hsiu]], Jpn. [[Jinshū]]) || colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" | [[Huineng]] (638-713)<br>(WG [[Hui-neng]], Jpn. [[Enō]])
 
|style="text-align:center;" | 6 || style="text-align:center;" | [[Yuquan Shenxiu]] (605?-706)<br>(WG [[Yü-Ch'uan shen-hsiu]], Jpn. [[Jinshū]]) || colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" | [[Huineng]] (638-713)<br>(WG [[Hui-neng]], Jpn. [[Enō]])
 
|-
 
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7 || style="text-align:center;" | [[Northern School]] || style="text-align:center;" | [[Qingyuan Xingsi]] (660-740)<br>(WG Ch'ing-yüan Hsing-ssu, Jpn. Seigen Gyōshi) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Nanyue Huairang]] (677-744)<br>(wg [[Nan-yüeh Huai-jang]], Jpn. [[Nangaku Ejō]]) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Heze Shenhui]]<br>(WG [[Ho-tse Shen-hui]], Jpn. [[Kataku Jin'e]])
+
| style="text-align:center;" | 7 || style="text-align:center;" | [[Northern School]] || style="text-align:center;" | [[Qingyuan Xingsi]] (660-740)<br>(WG [[Ch'ing-yüan Hsing-ssu]], Jpn. [[Seigen Gyōshi]]) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Nanyue Huairang]] (677-744)<br>(wg [[Nan-yüeh Huai-jang]], Jpn. [[Nangaku Ejō]]) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Heze Shenhui]]<br>(WG [[Ho-tse Shen-hui]], Jpn. [[Kataku Jin'e]])
 
|-
 
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8 || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | [[Shitou Xiqian]] (700-790)<br>(WG Shih-t'ou Hsi-ch'ien, Jpn. Sekitō Kisen) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Mazu Daoyi]] (709-788)<br>(WG [[Ma-tsu Tao-i]], Jpn. [[Baso Dōitsu]]) || style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Southern School]]'''<br>(WG [[Ho-tse School]], Jpn. [[Kataku School]])
+
| style="text-align:center;" | 8 || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | [[Shitou Xiqian]] (700-790)<br>(WG [[Shih-t'ou Hsi-ch'ien]], Jpn. [[Sekitō Kisen]]) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Mazu Daoyi]] (709-788)<br>(WG [[Ma-tsu Tao-i]], Jpn. [[Baso Dōitsu]]) || style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Southern School]]'''<br>(WG [[Ho-tse School]], Jpn. [[Kataku School]])
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;" | 9 || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | [[Fayan school]]<br>[[Yunmen school]]<br>[[Caodong school]]) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Hongzhou school]]<br>[[Linji school]] || style="text-align:center;" |
 
| style="text-align:center;" | 9 || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | [[Fayan school]]<br>[[Yunmen school]]<br>[[Caodong school]]) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Hongzhou school]]<br>[[Linji school]] || style="text-align:center;" |
 
|-
 
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | Fifth generation: [[Guifeng Zongmi]] (780–841)<br>((圭峰 [[宗密]] WG [[Kuei-feng Tsung-mi]], Jpn. [[Keihō Shūmitsu]])
+
| style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" | Fifth generation: [[Guifeng Zongmi]] (780–841)<br>(([[圭峰 宗密]] WG [[Kuei-feng Tsung-mi]], Jpn. [[Keihō Shūmitsu]])
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
{{W}}
 
{{W}}
  
[[Category:Chan]]
+
 
[[Category:Chinese Buddhist Teachers]]
+
[[Category:5th Zen Partriach]]
 +
{{JapaneseTerminology}}

Latest revision as of 00:08, 23 November 2020

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Daman Hongren (Chinese: 弘忍) (Wade–Giles:Shih Hung-jen; Japanese: Daiman Konin) (601–674) was the 5th Chan Buddhist Patriarch in the traditional lineage of Chinese Chan.

Hongren is said to have received Dharma transmission from Daoxin and passed on the symbolic bowl and robe of transmission to Huineng, the Sixth and last Chan Patriarch.


Biography

As with all the early Chan patriarchs, many of the details of Hongren’s life are uncertain and much of his biography is layered with legend added well after his death. The following biography is based on Chan traditional sources.

Childhood

Hongren was born in Huangmei with the family name Chou. His father abandoned the family but Hongren displayed exemplary filial duty in supporting his mother.

Although the Records of the Teachers and Disciples of the Lankavatara claim that Hongren’s father abandoned the family, Chan scholar John McRae points out that Hongren’s residence was converted to a monastery, implying that Hongren’s family was probably wealthy and prominent locally. Furthermore, mention of Hongren doing menial labour would only be of significance if this were unusual, indicating that Hongren was of upper-class birth.


Chán-studies under Daoxin

At the age of either seven or twelve, Hongren left home to become a monk and began his studies under Daoxin, who, according to tradition, immediately recognized his insight:


Daoxin met Hongren on a road in Huangmei. Daoxin asked his name.
Hongren replied, “I have essence but it is not a common name.”
The Chan master asked, “What name is it?”
Hongren said, “It is the essence of Buddhahood.”
Daoxin replied, “Have you no name?”
Hongren said, “None, because essence is empty.”
With this, Daoxin passed on the teaching and the robe (making Hongren the next Patriarch of Chan).


The Ch’üan fa pao chi (Annals of the Transmission of the Dharma-treasure), written approximately 712, says that Hongren was quiet and withdrawn, diligent in his menial labors, and sat in meditation throughout the night. He “never looked at the Buddhist scriptures” but understood everything he heard. After some ten years of teaching, the record claims that “eight or nine of every ten ordained and lay aspirants in the country had studied under him.”


Hongren stayed with Daoxin until the latter’s death in 651. Presumably, he was with Daoxin when the master was at Ta-lin ssu on Mount Lou and followed him to Mount Shuangfeng, one of the “twin peaks” of Huangmei.


Teachings

East mountain Teaching

Hongren was significant in the development of early Chinese Chan.

The teachings of both Daoxin and Hongren became known as the “East Mountain Teachings”, but Hongren was the more prominent of the two.

Later tradition has it that Hongren, after Daoxin’s death, moved the community of monks to Mount Dong-Shan, “East Mountain”, the easterly of the “twin peaks”. The teachings of Daoxin and Hongren became known as the “East Mountain Teachings” (tung-shan fa-men).

The East Mountain Teachings were seen as the “authenticChan Buddhist teachings, promoted by Hongren’s student, Shenxiu (神秀)(606?-706), the most prominent Buddhist monk of his time. Hongren’s significance can be noted by the fact that a compilation of his teachings, presumably shortly after his death, the Treatise on the Essentials of Cultivating the Mind, (Wade–Giles: Hsiu-hsin-yao lun; Japanese: Shūshinyō-ron) is the earliest collection of the teachings of a Chan master.


Meditation practice

Although Hongren’s students included Vinaya specialists, sutra translators, and Lotus Sutra and Pure Land devotees, Hongren’s teaching focused on meditation practice. According to the Treatise on the Essentials of Cultivating the Mind, Hongren's basic teaching was that the Pure Mind was obscured by “discriminating thinking, false thoughts, and ascriptive views.” Eliminating false thoughts and maintaining a constant awareness of one’s natural enlightenment ensures Nirvana naturally arises.

Two meditation techniques are specifically mention in the Treatise. Hongren is said to have instructed,

Look to where the horizon disappears beyond the sky and behold the figure one. … It is good for those beginning to sit in meditation, when they find

their mind distracted, to focus their mind on the figure one.

He also taught that the meditator should observe the mental processes within:


View your own consciousness tranquilly and attentively, so that you can see how it is always moving, like flowing water or a glittering

mirage. …until its fluctuations dissolve into peaceful stability. This flowing consciousness will disappear like a gust of wind. When this consciousness disappears, all one’s illusions will disappear along with it.


Influence

Hongren was held in high esteem by later Chan-adepts in the ancient capital cities of Chang'an and Luoyang in the early eighth century, when Chan moved from a rural base to the centre of Chinese power, in the major urban areas and the imperial court.


Predecessors
5 Daman Hongren (601-674)(5th Patriarch)
(WG Ta-man Hung-jen, Jpn. Gunin)
6 Yuquan Shenxiu (605?-706)
(WG Yü-Ch'uan shen-hsiu, Jpn. Jinshū)
Huineng (638-713)
(WG Hui-neng, Jpn. Enō)
7 Northern School Qingyuan Xingsi (660-740)
(WG Ch'ing-yüan Hsing-ssu, Jpn. Seigen Gyōshi)
Nanyue Huairang (677-744)
(wg Nan-yüeh Huai-jang, Jpn. Nangaku Ejō)
Heze Shenhui
(WG Ho-tse Shen-hui, Jpn. Kataku Jin'e)
8 Shitou Xiqian (700-790)
(WG Shih-t'ou Hsi-ch'ien, Jpn. Sekitō Kisen)
Mazu Daoyi (709-788)
(WG Ma-tsu Tao-i, Jpn. Baso Dōitsu)
Southern School
(WG Ho-tse School, Jpn. Kataku School)
9 Fayan school
Yunmen school
Caodong school)
Hongzhou school
Linji school
Fifth generation: Guifeng Zongmi (780–841)
((圭峰 宗密 WG Kuei-feng Tsung-mi, Jpn. Keihō Shūmitsu)

Source

Wikipedia:Daman Hongren