Difference between revisions of "Hevajra"
(Created page with "<poem> Hevajra (Tibetan: ཀྱེའི་རྡོ་རྗེ་ kye'i rdo rje / kye rdo rje; Chinese: 喜金刚 Xǐ jīngāng;) is one of the main yidams (enlightened bei...") |
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| + | [[Hevajra]] ([[Tibetan]]: {{BigTibetan|[[ཀྱེའི་རྡོ་རྗེ་]]}} [[kye'i rdo rje]] / [[kye rdo rje]]; {{Wiki|Chinese}}: [[喜金刚]] [[Xǐ jīngāng]];) is one of the main [[yidams]] ([[enlightened]] [[beings]]) in [[Tantric]], or [[Vajrayana Buddhism]]. [[Hevajra's]] [[consort]] is [[Nairātmyā]] ([[Tibetan]]: [[bdag med ma]]). | ||
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| + | == History == | ||
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| + | === [[India]] === | ||
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| + | The [[Hevajra Tantra]], a [[yoginī tantra]] of the [[anuttarayogatantra]] class, is believed to have originated between the late eighth century CE. (Snellgrove ), and the "late ninth or early tenth century" (Davidson ), in Eastern [[India]], possibly {{Wiki|Bengal}}. | ||
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| + | [[Tāranātha]] lists [[Saroruha]] and [[Kampala]] (also known as "[[Lva-va-pā]], "[[Kambhalī]]", and "[[Śrī-prabhada]]") as its "bringers": | ||
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| + | : .. the foremost [[yogi]] [[Virūpā]] [[meditated]] on the [[path]] of [[Yamāri]] and [[attained]] [[siddhi]] under the [[blessings]] of [[Vajravārāhi]],...His [[disciple]] [[Dombi Heruka]]..understood the [[essence]] of the [[Hevajra Tantra]], and composed many [[śāstras]] like the [[Nairātmā]]-[[devi]]-[[sādhana]] and the [[Sahaja-siddhi]]. | ||
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| + | He also conferred [[abhiṣeka]] on his [[own]] [[disciples]]. After this, two [[ācāryas]] [[Lva-va-pā]] and [[Saroruha]] brought the [[Hevajra Tantra]]. ... [[Siddha]] [[Sarouha]] was the first to bring the [[Hevajra-pitṛ-sādhana]] | ||
| + | [[File:Hevajra-CN5.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
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| + | Another [[lineage]], mentioned by [[Kongtrul]], goes from [[Vilāśyavajra]] to [[Anangavajra]] to [[Saroruha]] and thence to [[Indrabhuti]]. | ||
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| + | [[Jamgon Amyeshab]], the [[28th throne holder of Sakya]], considers the [[Hevajra Tantra]] to have been revealed to [[Virupa]] by the [[Nirmanakaya]] [[Vajranairatma]]. | ||
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| + | This [[tantra]] is also considered by him to have been revealed to [[Dombhi[Heruka]], [[Virupa's]] senior [[disciple]], by [[Nirmanakaya]] [[Vajranairatma]], from whom the main [[Sakya]] {{Wiki|exegetical}} [[lineage]] of the [[Hevajra tantra]] descends. | ||
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| + | The [[Yogaratnamālā]], arguably the most important of the commentaries on the [[Hevajratantra]], was written by one [[Kṛṣṇa]] or [[Kāṇha]], who [[taught]] [[Bhadrapada]], another commentator, who in turn [[taught]] [[Tilopa]], the [[teacher of Nāropa]], who himself wrote a commentary. | ||
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| + | He, in turn, passed on his [[knowledge]] of this [[tantra]] to [[Marpa]] (1012-1097 AD), who also [[taught]] in [[Tibet]]. | ||
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| + | [[Marpa]] also received instruction in the [[Hevajratantra]] from [[Maitrīpa]], alias [[Advayavajra]], who was banished from [[Vikramaśilā]] for practicing with a [[yoginī]] during the [[time]] of [[Atīśa's]] abbothood. | ||
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| + | [[File:Hevajr4.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
| + | === [[Tibet]] === | ||
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| + | Some [[time]] in the early 11th century, [[Drogmi Lotsawa Shākya Yeshe]] ('[[brog mi lo ts'a ba sh'akya ye shes]]) (993-1077 AD) journeyed from [[Drompa-gyang]] in Lhatsé to [[Nepal]] and [[India]], [[including]] [[Vikramaśilā]], where he received instruction in the [[Hevajratantra]] from [[Śānti-pa]] ([[Ratnākaraśānti]]) and later to {{Wiki|Bengal}}, where he encountered [[Prajñedraruci]] ([[Vīravajra]]) who instructed him in the "[[rootless Margapala]]" | ||
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| + | (Tib. [[Lamdré]]) that is particularly concerned with the [[Hevajra tantra]] and its commentaries. | ||
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| + | [[Drakpa Gyeltsen]] writes in his Chronicle of the [[Indic]] [[Masters]]: | ||
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| + | : Now [[Lachen [Drokmi]]) first went to [[Nepal]] and entered into the door of [[mantra]] through [the [[teacher]]) [[Bhāro Ham-thung]]. | ||
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| + | Then he went to [[India]] itself and, [[realizing]] that the [[Āchārya]] [[Ratnākaraśānti]] was both greatly renowned and learned, he heard extensively the [[Vinaya]], [[Prajñapāramitā]], and [[mantra]]. | ||
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| + | Then having gone to the eastern part of [[India]], he encountered [[Bhikṣu]] [[Vīravajra]], who was the greatest direct [[disciple]] of [[Durjayachandra]], who himself had held the [[lineage]] of [[Āchārya]] [[Virūpa's]] [[own]] [[disciple]], [[Ḍombiheruka]]. | ||
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| + | From [[Bhikṣu Vīravajra]] he heard extensively the [[mantra]] material of the [[three tantras]] of [[Hevajra]], complete in all their branches. | ||
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| + | He also requested the many instruction manuals of [[Acintyakrama]] and so forth, so that he heard the "[[Lamdré without the fundamental text]]" ([[rtsa med lam 'bras]]) as well. | ||
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| + | In this way, [[Drokmi]] lived in [[India]] for twelve years and became a great [[translator]]. | ||
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| + | After twelve years he returned to {{Wiki|central Tibet}}, probably by 1030, translated the [[Hevajratantra]] into [[Tibetan]], and [[taught]], among others, [[Dkon mchog ryal po]] (1034-1102 AD), the founder of the [[Sa-skya Monastery]] in 1073 AD. | ||
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| + | This was the beginning of the close relationship between the [[Sakya Order]] and the [[Hevajratantra]]. | ||
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| + | In the [[Blue Annals]], [[Gos lotsawa]] suggests that both the [[Hevajra]] as well as the [[Kalachakra Tantras]] are commentaries on, or introductions to, the [[Guhyasamāja]]. | ||
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| + | === Elsewhere === | ||
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| + | ==== [[China]] ==== | ||
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| + | The {{Wiki|Chinese}} version of the [[Hevajra Tantra]] ([[Taishō]] XVIII 892, p.587-601) was translated by [[Fa-hu]] ([[Dharmapalā]]) at the Institute for {{Wiki|Canonical}} Translations ([[Yi jing yuan]]) in the {{Wiki|capital}} of the [[Northern Sung]] (960-1128 AD), [[Bian liang]], {{Wiki|present}} day [[Kaifeng]] in {{Wiki|Henan province}}. | ||
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| + | The five-volume translation was presented to the [[Emperor]] [[Jen-tsung]] at the end of Zhi he 1 (11 February 1054- 30 January 1055 AD) . However, the [[Hevajra Tantra]] did not become popular in [[China]]. | ||
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| + | The title of the {{Wiki|Chinese}} version reads "The [[Scriptural Text of the Ritual of The Great King of the Teaching The Adamantine One with Great Compassion and Knowledge of the Void explained by Buddha]]." The preface reads: | ||
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| + | [[File:Hevajra0001.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
| + | : From among the 32 [[sections]] of the general [[tantra of Mahāmāyā]] one has taken 2 [[rituals]] with [[Nairātmyā]]. [[Dharmapāla]], [[Great Master]] who transmits [[Sanskrit]] (texts), thoroughly [[illuminated]] and [[enlightened]] with [[Compassion]], | ||
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| + | Probationary Senior [[Lord]] of {{Wiki|Imperial}} Banquets, Grandee of {{Wiki|Imperial}} Banquets with the Honour of {{Wiki|Silver}} and Blue, [[Tripiţaka]] from [[India]] in the [[West]] during the Sung, received the [[honor]] of translating it by {{Wiki|Imperial}} Mandate. | ||
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| + | ==== [[Cambodia]] and [[Thailand]] ==== | ||
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| + | Surviving images indicate that the [[Hevajra Tantra]] was brought to [[Cambodia]] during the {{Wiki|Khmer}} [[Empire]] and it's practice thrived both in [[Cambodia]] and [[Thailand]] from the 10th to 13th centuries. | ||
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| + | ==== [[Mongolia]] ==== | ||
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| + | In 1244 the grandson of {{Wiki|Ghengis Khan}}, [[Prince Godan]], invited [[Sakya Pandita]] to [[Mongolia]] and was [[initiated]] by him into the [[Hevajra]] teachings. In 1253 {{Wiki|Kublai Khan}} invited [[Sakya Pandita's]] [[Nephew]] [[Chogyal Phagpa]] to court. | ||
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| + | As a result [[Buddhism]] was declared the [[state religion]] and [[Phagpa]] was given authority over three Of {{Wiki|Tibet's}} provinces. | ||
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| + | === [[West]] === | ||
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| − | + | The [[Hevajra Tantra]] became the first major [[Buddhist Tantra]] to be translated in its entirety into a {{Wiki|Western}} [[language]] when {{Wiki|David Snellgrove}} published his The [[Hevajra Tantra]]: | |
| − | + | A Critical Study in 1959. This work is in two volumes, the first volume containing his introduction [[including]] an "[[apology]]" explaining why such a text is [[worthy]] of study (apparently because of the unsavory reputation the [[tantras]] had acquired in the [[West]] early in the 20th century. | |
| − | + | [[Writing]] in 1959 he was able to say "There is still a tendency to regard them as something corrupt, as belonging to the {{Wiki|twilight}} of [[Buddhism]]", ) and his slightly bowdlerized English translation (showing that, perhaps subconsciously, he did [[feel]] conflicted about some of the contents). | |
| − | The | + | The second volume contains his editions of the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tibetan texts]] (the [[Tibetan]] text being taken from the [[snar thang Kengyur]]) as well as a [[Sanskrit]] text of the [[Yogaratnamālā]]. Another translation appeared in 1992 as The Concealed [[Essence]] of the [[Hevajra-tantra]]. by [[G.W. Farrow]] and [[I. Menon]]. |
| + | This version contains the [[Sanskrit]] text and English Translation of the [[tantra]] as well as a complete English translation of the [[Yogaratnamālā]]. An English translation from [[Fa-hu's]] {{Wiki|Chinese}} version was made by [[Ch. Willemen]] in 1983 and published as "The {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[Hevajratantra]]". | ||
| − | + | In 2008 the {{Wiki|German}} [[scholar]] [[Jan-Ulrich Sobisch]] published a detailed {{Wiki|literary}} history of [[Indian]] and [[Tibetan]] writings on [[Hevajra]] as it was seen through the [[eyes]] of [[A-mes-zhabs]], a 17th century [[master]] of the [[Sa-skya-pa]] [[tradition]] (Sobisch 2008). | |
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| − | + | == Text == | |
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| − | + | [[File:Hevajra02.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | |
| − | + | Originally written in mixed [[quality]] [[Sanskrit]] (with some verses in [[Apabhraṃśa]]), the {{Wiki|present}} 750 verse text is reported to be but an excerpt or summary of a much larger, original text of up to 500,000 [[ślokas]] (verses) in 32 [[sections]]. | |
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| − | + | Many [[Buddhist texts]] claim to be condensations of much larger missing originals, with most of the alleged originals either never having been found, or perhaps [[conceived]] of as "virtual" texts that [[exist]] permanently in some disembodied way. | |
| − | + | However, the [[existence]] of the 100,000 verse [[Prajnaparamita Sutra]] shows that works of such proportions were actually produced. | |
| − | + | The [[Hevajra Tantra]] has some material in common with other sources: II iii 29 of the [[Hevajratantra]] is the same as XVI 59c-60b of the [[Guhyasamajatantra]], and an [[Apabhraṃśa]] couplet at II v 67 of the [[Hevajratantra]] appears in one of [[Saraha's]] songs. | |
| − | + | In the case of the [[Guhyasamaja]], it is safe to assume that the [[Hevajra]] version is later, but the case is not as clear cut with the [[Saraha]] quote, since the [[relative]] dates are harder to establish with any {{Wiki|certainty}}. | |
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| − | + | === [[Root Tantra]] === | |
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| + | [[File:Hevajra2as.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
Dvātriṃśatkalpoddhṛtaḥ kalpadvayātmako śrīhevajraḍākinījālasamvaramahātantrarājā | Dvātriṃśatkalpoddhṛtaḥ kalpadvayātmako śrīhevajraḍākinījālasamvaramahātantrarājā | ||
| − | + | *Manuscripts in the National Archives, [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] | |
| − | + | **No. 3-303. | |
| − | + | **No. 3-238. | |
| − | + | **No. 4-6. | |
| − | + | **No. 4-71. | |
| − | + | *{{Wiki|Manuscript}} in the {{Wiki|Cambridge University}} Library, Add. 1340 | |
| − | + | *{{Wiki|Manuscript}} belonging to the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]], no. 11317 | |
| − | + | *Manuscripts in the [[Tōkyō University Library]]: Nos 509-512 | |
| − | + | *Editions: | |
| − | + | **[[Snellgrove]] | |
| − | + | **Farrow and Menon | |
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| + | [[Tibetan]]: | ||
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| + | *[[kye'i rdo rje]] [[zhes bya ba rgyud kyi rgyal po]] - [[Narthang]] [[Kangyur]], [[snar thang]] 369, vol. 80, rgyud (ka) 306b-351b | ||
| + | **colophon: rgyud kyi [[rgyal po]] sgyu ma'i brtag pa [[zhes bya ba]] brtag pa sum cu rtsa [[gnyis]] las phyung ba brtag pa [[gnyis]] kyi [[bdag nyid]] [[kye'i rdo rje]] [[mkha' 'gro ma]] dra ba'i [[sdom]] pa'i rgyud kyi [[rgyal po chen po]] [[rdzogs]] so/ /[[rgya]] gar gyi [[mkhan po]] ga ya d+ha ra'i zhal snga nas dang/ bod kyi lo ts+tsha ba [[dge slong]] shAkya [[ye shes]] [[kyis]] bsgyur [[cing]] zhus te gtan la phab pa/ | ||
| + | **Edition: Snellgrove | ||
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| + | *[[kye'i rdo rje]] [[zhes bya ba rgyud kyi rgyal po]] (Hevajratantrarājanāma) Tōh. 417, [[sDe-dge]] [[Kangyur]] [[rgyud 'bum]] vol. nga, 1b-13b | ||
| + | **colophon: [[kye'i rdo rje]] [[mkha' 'gro ma]] dra ba'i [[sdom pa]] las [[rdo rje]] [[snying po]] mngon [[par byang]] chub [[zhes bya ba]] brtag pa'i [[rgyal po]] [[rdzogs]] so | ||
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| + | *[[kye'i rdo rje]] [[zhes bya ba rgyud kyi rgyal po]] [[Urga Kangyur]], [[urga]] 418, vol.79, rgyud (nga), 1r-30r | ||
| + | **colophon: rgyud kyi [[rgyal po chen po]] sgyu ma'i brtag pa [[zhes bya ba]] brtag pa sum cu rtsa [[gnyis]] las phyung pa brtag pa [[gnyis]] kyi [[bdag nyid]] [[kye'i rdo rje]] [[mkha' 'gro ma]] dra ba'i [[sdom]] pa'i rgyud kyi [[rgyal po]] [[rdzogs]] so/ /[[rgya]] gar gyi [[mkhan po]] ga ya d+ha ra'i zhal snga nas bod kyi lo ts+tsha ba [[dge slong]] shAkya [[ye shes]] [[kyis]] bsgyur [[cing]] zhus te gtan la phab pa/slar [[yang]] lo ts+tsha ba [[gzhon nu dpal]] gyis 'gyur chad bsabs [[shing]] dag par bgyis pa'o/ | ||
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| + | *[[kye'i rdo rje]] [[zhes bya ba rgyud kyi rgyal po]] [[Stog Palace]] [[Kangyur]], [[stog]] 379, Volume 94, rgyud bum (ga), 107r-148v | ||
| + | **colophon: rgyud kyi [[rgyal po]] sgyu ma'i brtag pa [[zhes bya ba]] brtag pa sum cu rtsa [[gnyis]] las phyung ba brtag pa [[gnyis]] kyi [[bdag nyid]] [[kye'i rdo rje]] [[mkha' 'gro ma]] dra ba'i [[sdom]] pa'i rgyud kyi [[rgyal po chen po]] [[rdzogs]] so/ /[[rgya]] gar gyi [[mkhan po]] ga ya d+ha ra'i zhal snga nas dang/ bod kyi [[lo tsa ba]] [[dge slong]] shAkya [[ye shes]] [[kyis]] bsgyur [[cing]] zhus te gtan la phab pa | ||
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| + | *[[kye'i rdo rje]] [[zhes bya ba rgyud kyi rgyal po]] [[Lhasa Kangyur]], [[lhasa]] 380, volume 79, rgyud (ka), 672-761 | ||
| + | **colophon: rgyud kyi [[rgyal po]] sgyu ma'i brtag pa [[zhes bya ba]] brtag pa sum cu rtsa [[gnyis]] las phyung ba brtag pa [[gnyis]] kyi [[bdag nyid]] [[kye'i rdo rje]] [[mkha' 'gro ma]] dra ba'i [[sdom]] pa'i rgyud kyi [[rgyal po chen po]] [[rdzogs]] so/ /[[rgya]] gar gyi [[mkhan po]] ga ya d+ha ra'i zhal snga nas bod kyi lo ts+tsha ba [[dge slong]] shAkya [[ye shes]] [[kyis]] bsgyur [[cing]] zhus te gtan la phab pa | ||
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| + | === Commentaries === | ||
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| + | [[File:Hevajra78.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
| + | * [[Yogaratnamālā]] by [[Kāṇha]] | ||
| + | * [[Śrīhevajravyākhyākhyāvivaraṇa]] by [[Bhadrapāda]] | ||
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| + | * [[Netravibhanga]] by Dharmakīrtī | ||
| + | * [[Smṛtiniṣpatti]] (?) by [[Kāṇha]] | ||
| + | * [[Vajrapādasārasaṃgraha]] by [[Nāro]] | ||
| + | * Muktāvalī by [[Ratnākaraśānti]] | ||
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| + | ** [[Sanskrit]] edition from five [[manuscripts]] by [[Wikipedia:Ram (animal)|Ram]] Shankar Tripathi and Thakur Sain Negi in the series Bibliotheca [[Indo-Tibetica]] Series XLVIII, Central Institute for Higher [[Tibetan Studies]], [[Sarnath]], 2001. | ||
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| + | * [[Padminī]] | ||
| + | by [[Saroruha]] | ||
| + | * [[Suviśuddhasaṃpuṭa[[ by ppṬankadāsa]] | ||
| + | * [[Ṣaṭsāhasrikā-Hevajra-Ṭīkā]] by [[Daśabhūmīśvara Vajragharba]] | ||
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| + | ** [[Sanskrit]] edition from two incomplete mss, [[Tibetan]] edition, with English translation of [[Sanskrit]] portion and summary of remaining part, in Shendge, Malati J., 2004. [[Ṣaṭsāhasrikā-Hevajra-Ṭīkā]]: A Critical Edition. [[Pratibha Prakashan]], {{Wiki|Delhi}}. | ||
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| + | "On this shorter [[tantra]] of 750 verses containing many [[vajrapadas]] which is selected from abother big [[tantra]] of five [[lakhs]] (500,000) of verses, is revealed this commentary, which owes its inspiration to [[Hevajra]] and which is known to contain 6000 verses and following [[mulatantra]], by the illustrious [[Vajragarbha]]." (1.4-6) | ||
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| + | === [[Explanatory Tantras]] === | ||
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| + | * [[Ḍākinīvajrapañjaratantra]] | ||
| + | * [[Saṃpuṭatantra]] | ||
| + | [[File:Hevajra81.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
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| + | == {{Wiki|Iconography}} == | ||
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| + | [[Hevajra]] has four [[forms]] described in the [[Hevajra Tantra]] and four [[forms]] described the [[Samputa Tantra]]: | ||
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| + | === [[Hevajra Tantra]] === | ||
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| + | ==== [[Kaya Hevajra]] ==== | ||
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| + | The two armed [[Body Hevajra]] ([[Kaya Hevajra]]) described in the [[Hevajra Tantra]] stands in an advancing [[posture]] on a multi-coloured [[lotus]], corpse, and {{Wiki|sun}} disk. He is [[dark blue]] in {{Wiki|colour}}. His right hand holds a [[vajra club]], and his left hand holds a [[vajra]]-marked [[skull cup]]. He embraces his [[consort Vajranairatma]] ([[rDo-rje bDag-med-ma]]). A [[khatvanga staff]] rests on his left shoulder and he is adorned with the six [[symbolic]] ornaments. | ||
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| + | In the [[Sadhanamala]] this [[form]] of [[Hevajra]] is single ([[ekavira]]) - without a [[consort]]. | ||
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| + | ==== [[Vak Hevajra]] ==== | ||
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| + | The four armed [[Speech Hevajra]] ([[Vak Hevajra]]) described in the [[Hevajra Tantra]] stands in an advancing [[posture]] on a multi-coloured [[lotus]], corpse, and {{Wiki|sun}} disk. He is [[dark blue]] in {{Wiki|colour}}. One right hand holds a [[vajra]] and one left hand a skullfull of {{Wiki|blood}}, the other pair of arms embrace his [[consort Vajravarahi]] ([[rDo-rje phag-mo]]). | ||
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| + | ==== [[Citta Hevajra]] ==== | ||
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| + | The six armed [[Mind Hevajra]]; [[Citta Hevajra]] described in the [[Hevajra Tantra]] stands in an advancing [[posture]] with right leg extended and left bent on a multi-coloured [[lotus]], corpse, and {{Wiki|sun}} disk. | ||
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| + | He is [[dark blue]] in {{Wiki|colour}} with three faces - C. blue, R. white and L. [[red]]. Each face has three {{Wiki|blood}} shot [[eyes]] and four bared fangs, and frowns with knotted brows. | ||
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| + | His tawny [[hair]] streams up surmounted with a crossed [[vajra]].. Two right hands hold a [[vajra]] and a knife, two left a {{Wiki|trident}} and a [[bell]]; the remaining pair of arms embrace his [[consort]] [[Vajrasrinkhala]]. [[Hevajra]] is imbued with the nine dramatic sentiments and adorned with a diadem of five dry skulls, a [[necklace]] of fifty fresh heada and the [[six symbolic ornaments]] or '[[seals]]'. | ||
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| + | ==== [[Hrdaya Hevajra]] ==== | ||
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| + | [[File:Hevajra-CN5.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
| + | The sixteen-armed, four-legged eight-faced [[Heart Hevajra]] ([[Hrdaya Hevajra]])described in the [[Hevajra Tantra]] stands with two {{Wiki|legs}} in [[ardha-paryanka]] and the other two in [[alidha]] [[posture]] (left bent, right extended) on a multi-coloured eight petalled [[lotus]], the four [[Maras]] in the [[forms]] of [[yellow]] [[Brahma]], black [[Vishnu]], white [[Shiva]] ([[Mahesvara]]) and [[yellow]] [[Indra]] and a {{Wiki|sun}} disc resting on their hearts. | ||
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| + | [[Sri Hevajra]] is 16 years old, black in {{Wiki|color}}, naked, with eight faces, sixteen arms and four {{Wiki|legs}}. His central face is black, the first right white, the first left [[red]], the upper face smoke-coloured and ugly; the outer two faces on each side, black. | ||
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| + | All have three round {{Wiki|blood}} shot [[eyes]], four bared fangs, a vibrating {{Wiki|tongue}}, and frowning with knotted brows. His lustrous tawny [[hair]] streams upward crowned with a crossed [[vajra]]. He is adorned with a diadem of five dry skulls. | ||
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| + | The sixteen hands hold sixteen [[skull cups]]. | ||
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| + | The central pair of arms {{Wiki|skull}} contain a white [[elephant]] and the [[yellow earth-goddess]] [[Prithvi]], and embrace his [[consort]] [[Vajranairatma]] ([[rDo-rje bDag-med-ma]]) whose two {{Wiki|legs}} encircle his [[body]]. | ||
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| + | Her right hands holds a [[curved knife]] ([[kartika]]), while the left is wrapped around the neck of her [[lord]] and holds a [[skullcup]] ([[kapala]]). | ||
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| + | In the other seven [[skull cups]] held in [[Hevajra's]] outer right hands are: a blue [[horse]], a white-nosed ass, a [[red]] {{Wiki|ox}}, an ashen {{Wiki|camel}}, a [[red]] [[human]], a blue sarabha {{Wiki|deer}}, and an {{Wiki|owl}} or {{Wiki|cat}}. | ||
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| + | In the [[skull cups]] in the outer seven left hands are the white water-god {{Wiki|Varuna}}, the [[green]] wind-god [[Vayu]], the [[red]] [[fire-god]] [[Agni]] / [[Tejas]], the white [[moon god]] [[Candra]], the [[red]] [[sun god]] [[Surya]] or [[Aditya]], blue [[Yama]] [[lord of death]] and [[yellow]] [[Kubera]] or [[Dhanada]] [[lord of wealth]]. | ||
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| + | [[Hevajra]] is adorned with the [[six symbolic ornaments]]: circlet, earrings, [[necklace]], [[bracelets]], girdle armlets and anklets and smeared with the ashes of the [[charnel ground]]. | ||
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| + | He wears a [[necklace]] of fifty freshly severed [[human]] heads. | ||
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| + | === [[Samputa Tantra]] === | ||
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| + | The [[four forms of Hevajra]] described in the [[Samputa Tantra]] all [[dance]] on a [[lotus]], corpse, blood-filled [[skull cup]] and {{Wiki|sun}} disk [[throne]]. | ||
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| − | + | ==== [[Kaya Hevajra]] ==== | |
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| − | + | The [[two armed Kaya-Hevajra]] ([[sku kyE rdo rje]]) - "[[Shaker of all the Three Worlds]]" ([['jig-rten gsum kun-tu bskyod-pa]]) - stands in [[dancing]] [[posture]] on a multi-coloured [[lotus]], corpse, blood-filled [[skull cup]] and {{Wiki|sun}} disk. | |
| − | + | He is black in {{Wiki|colour}}, with one face, three round [[red]] [[eyes]], and two arms. | |
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| − | + | His right hand wields a five pronged [[vajra]] club and the left hand holds a [[skull cup]] brimming with {{Wiki|blood}}. He embraces his [[consort]] [[Vajranairatma]] ([[rdo-rje bdag-med-ma]]), blue in {{Wiki|colour}}, with one face and two arms, holding [[curved knife]] and [[skull cup]]. | |
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| − | + | ==== [[Vak Hevajra]] ==== | |
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| − | + | [[File:Hevajrah99.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | |
| − | + | The four armed [[Vak-Hevajra]] ([[sung kyE rdo rje]]), stands in [[dancing]] [[posture]] on a multi-coloured [[lotus]], corpse, blood-filled [[skull cup]] and {{Wiki|sun}} disk. He is black in {{Wiki|colour}} with one face, three round [[red]] [[eyes]] two {{Wiki|legs}} and four arms. | |
| − | The | + | The outer right hand wields a five pronged [[vajra club]], the outer left hand holds a blood-filled [[skull-cup]]; the other pair of arms embrace his [[consort]] [[Vajravarahi]] ([[rDo-rje phag-mo]]), who is similar to him. |
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| − | + | ==== [[Citta Hevajra]] ==== | |
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| + | The [[six armed Citta-Hevajra]] ([[thugs kyE rdo rje]]) stands in [[dancing]] [[posture]] ([[ardha paryanka]]) with his right toenails pressed against his left thigh on an eight-petaled multi-coloured [[lotus]], corpse, [[skull-cup]] brimming with {{Wiki|blood}}, and {{Wiki|sun}} disc. | ||
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| + | He is black, with three faces: black, white and [[red]] - each face having three round {{Wiki|blood}} shot [[eyes]]. | ||
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| + | His [[light]] yellowish [[hair]] streams upwards crested with a crossed [[vajra]], and he wears a diadem of five dry skulls. | ||
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| + | He is adorned with a [[necklace]] of fifty freshly severed [[human]] heads, the six [[symbolic]] ornaments and clad in a {{Wiki|tiger}} {{Wiki|skin}} skirt. | ||
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| + | The first pair of hands hold a [[vajra]] and [[bell]] embracing is [[consort]] [[Vajrasrnkhala]], who is similar to him. The other right hands hold an arrow and a {{Wiki|trident}}. The other left hands hold a [[bow]] and a [[skull cup]]. | ||
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| + | ==== [[Hrdaya Hevajra]] ==== | ||
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| + | The [[sixteen armed four legged Hrdaya Hevajra]] ([[snying po kyE rdo rje]]) stands with two {{Wiki|legs}} in [[dancing posture]] ([[ardha paryanka]]) and two in [[aleedha posture]] (right leg extended) on an eight-petalled multicoloured [[lotus]] are, the [[four Maras]]; | ||
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| + | <poem> | ||
| + | ([[Skanda Mara]] in the [[form]] of [[yellow]] [[Brahma]], | ||
| + | [[Klesa Mara]] as black [[Vishnu]], | ||
| + | [[Mrtyu Mara]] as white [[Shiva]], | ||
| + | [[Devaputra Mara]] as pale [[yellow]] [[Śakra]]), a {{Wiki|blood}} filled [[skull-cup]] and {{Wiki|sun}} disc. | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
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| + | He is black in {{Wiki|colour}} with eight faces, sixteen arms and four {{Wiki|legs}}. The central face is black and laughing loudly, the right is white and the left is [[red]], and the upper face black and bears its fangs; the other eight faces are black. | ||
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| + | Each face has three blod-shot [[eyes]]. His tawny [[hair]] flows upwards crested with a double [[vajra]] and he wears a diadem of five dry skulls. | ||
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| + | He is adorned with a [[necklace]] of fifty freshly severed [[human]] heads, the six [[symbolic]] ornaments and clad in a {{Wiki|tiger}} {{Wiki|skin}} skirt. His first pair of hands hold a [[vajra]] and [[bell]] his [[consort Nairatma]] blue in {{Wiki|colour}} with two hands holding a [[curved knife]] ([[gri gug]]) and [[skull cup]]. | ||
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| + | [[Hevajra's]] remaining right hands hold a sword, arrow, [[wheel]], [[skull cup]], club, {{Wiki|trident}} and hook; the remaining left hands hold a [[lotus]], [[bow]], {{Wiki|trident}}, {{Wiki|skull}}, [[jewel]], threatening forefinger and noose. | ||
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{{W}} | {{W}} | ||
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| + | '''[[Hevajra]]''' (Skt.; Tib. {{BigTibetan|[[ཀྱཻ་རྡོ་རྗེ་]]}}, ''[[Kyedorje]]''; [[Wyl.]] ''[[kyai rdo rje]]'') — one of the [[principal]] [[yidam deities of Anuttarayoga Tantra]], practised by the [[Sarma]] schools of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and especially the [[Sakya]] school. | ||
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| + | ==See Also== | ||
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| + | *[[Hevajra Tantra]] | ||
| + | {{RigpaWiki}} | ||
| + | {{NewSourceBreak}} | ||
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| + | [[Hevajra]] ([[Tibetan]] [[kye rdo rje]]) is a [[deity]] practice belonging to the [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhist tradition]]. His [[consort]] is [[Nairatmya]]. | ||
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| + | [[Hevajra]] is a [[principal]] [[tantric teaching deity]] in the [[Sakya]] [[Tibetan Buddhism]] [[tradition]], but the practice is also preserved in the other [[Tibetan Buddhist]] schools. | ||
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| + | The [[Hevajra tradition]] is collected into sets of texts, of which the [[Hevajra Tantra|Hevajra Root tantra]] that is in the [[Kangyur]] collection is the most important. | ||
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| + | The [[Hevajra practice]] plays an important role in the [[Sakya]] [[Lamdre]] practice system. | ||
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| + | The basis for the [[Hevajra tantra]] is the [[Hevajra root tantra]], [[kye rdor rtsa rgyud]] | ||
| + | {{RangjungWiki}} | ||
| + | {{NewSourceBreak}} | ||
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| + | [[Shri Hevajra]] is a [[principal]] [[meditational deity of the Anuttarayoga]] {{Wiki|classification}} in [[Buddhist Tantra]]. | ||
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| + | According to the [[Sakya]] system [[Hevajra]] belongs to the sub-class of '[[non-dual tantra]]. | ||
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| + | The [[Kagyu]] system classifies [[Hevajra]] as '[[Wisdom-mother tantra]]. | ||
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| + | From the numerous texts within the cycle of [[Hevajra]] the [[root Tantra]] of '[[Two Sections]]' is the most important.[[Wisdom-mother]] | ||
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| + | "...[[Shri Hevajra]] with a [[body]] blue in {{Wiki|colour}}, eight faces, sixteen hands and four {{Wiki|legs}}. | ||
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| + | The main face is blue, right white, left [[red]], upper face smoky; the two remaining pairs of faces are black. | ||
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| + | Each face has three [[eyes]] and four bared fangs; [[yellow]] [[hair]] flowing upwards; the top of the head is marked with a [[vishvavajra]]. | ||
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| + | ==[[The [[sixteen hands hold sixteen skullcups]].== | ||
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| + | The first right holds a white [[elephant]], the first left holds the [[yellow]] [[God]] of [[Earth]]; these two embrace the Mother. | ||
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| + | In the second right is a blue [[horse]]; third - ass with a white patch; fourth - [[yellow]] [[bull]]; fifth - ash-coloured {{Wiki|camel}}; sixth - [[red]] man; seventh - blue [[sharabha]]; eighth - {{Wiki|cat}} with a white patch. | ||
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| + | In the second left hand is the white [[God of Water]]; third - [[red]] [[God of Fire]]; fourth - [[green]] [[God of Air]]; fifth - white [[God of the Moon]]; sixth - [[red]] [[God of the Sun]]; seventh - blue [[Yama]]; eighth - [[yellow]] Holder of [[Wealth]]. | ||
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| + | <poem> | ||
| + | Each head has a [[crown of five dry human skulls]]; | ||
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| + | and a [[necklace]] of fifty fresh heads; | ||
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| + | [[six bone ornaments]]; | ||
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| + | the two right {{Wiki|legs}} are extended, on the thighs the toes of the two folded left {{Wiki|legs}} are pressing in the [[half-vajra posture]] in a [[dancing]] [[manner]]; | ||
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| + | possessing the nine sentiments of [[dancing]]: | ||
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| + | grace, strength and ugliness; | ||
| + | laughter, [[ferocity]] and [[frightful]]; | ||
| + | [[compassion]], [[fury]] and [[peace]]. | ||
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| + | </poem> | ||
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| + | In the lap is the mother [[Vajra Nairatmya]], with a [[body]] blue in {{Wiki|colour}}, one face, two hands, three [[eyes]]; [[yellow]] [[hair]] flowing upwards; right a [[curved knife]], left holding a [[skullcup]] and embracing the father; [[five dry human skulls as a crown]]; | ||
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| + | <poem> | ||
| + | a [[necklace of fifty dry skulls]]; | ||
| + | [[five bone ornaments]]; | ||
| + | left leg extended and the right drawn up embracing the father. | ||
| + | </poem> | ||
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| + | Both are [[standing]] in the middle of a blazing [[fire]] of [[pristine awareness]]." ([[Ngagwang Legpa]]). | ||
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| + | {{R}} | ||
| + | [http://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=168 himalayanart.org] | ||
| + | {{NewSourceBreak}} | ||
| + | A [[principal]] [[Deity]] of [[Mother Tantra]]. See [[Great Treasury of Merit]]. | ||
| + | -------- | ||
| + | The [[tutelary god Hevajra]] is described, with all the [[rites and ceremonies]] used in his {{Wiki|worship}}, in the [[sutra]] of the [[Hevajra tantra]], which figured historically in the [[conversion]] of the {{Wiki|Mongolian}} [[emperor]] [[Khoubilaii]] in the thirteenth century A. D. 5 | ||
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| + | [[Hevajra]] is represented with eight heads, sixteen arms, and four {{Wiki|legs}}. There are three heads on either side of the central head, which is larger than the rest, and all have the [[third eye]]. | ||
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| + | Above the central head is another head. The heads, however, may be disposed in two tiers of three, with a head on top. In this [[form]] there are only seven heads. | ||
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| + | Tibetian [[name]]: [[kye-ba-rdo-rje]] (oh, [[eternal thunderbolt]]!).<br/> | ||
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| + | {{Wiki|Mongolian}} [[name]]: [[kevajra]]. | ||
| + | ----------- | ||
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| + | [[Hevajra]] is one of the [[main yidams]] in [[Tantric]], or [[Vajrayana Buddhism]]. [[Hevajra's consort]] is [[Nairātmyā]] ([[Tibetan]]: [[bdag med ma]]). | ||
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| + | The [[Hevajra Tantra]] is believed to have originated between the late eighth century CE, and the "late ninth or early tenth century". | ||
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| + | [[Hevajra]] ([[Tibetan]]: {{BigTibetan|[[ཀྱེའི་རྡོ་རྗེ་]]}} [[kye'i rdo rje]] / [[kye rdo rje]]; {{Wiki|Chinese}}: [[喜金刚]] [[Xǐ jīngāng]];) | ||
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| + | ----------- | ||
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| + | [[Shri Hevajra]] is a [[principal]] [[meditational deity]] of the [[Anuttarayoga classification]] in [[Buddhist Tantra]]. According to the [[Sakya]] system [[Hevajra]] belongs to the sub-class of '[[non-dual tantra]]. | ||
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| + | The [[Kagyu]] system classifies [[Hevajra]] as '[[Wisdom-mother tantra]]. From the numerous texts within the cycle of [[Hevajra]] the [[root Tantra]] of '[[Two Sections]]' is the most important. | ||
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| + | {{R}} | ||
| + | [http://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/hevajra/index.html wisdomlib.org] | ||
| + | {{NewSourceBreak}} | ||
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| + | [[Hevajra]]. (T. [[Kye rdo rje]]; C. [[Jingangwang]]; J. [[Kongōō]]; K. [[Kŭmgangwang]] [[金剛王]]). | ||
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| + | An important [[Indian tantric deity]] in the [[Anuttarayoga class of tantras]], who is the central figure in the [[Hevajratantra Maṇḍala]]. | ||
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| + | The {{Wiki|cult}} of [[Hevajra]] developed in [[India]] at least by the eighth century, the date generally given for that [[Tantra]]. | ||
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| + | A number of [[Indian]] images from the eleventh century have been identified as [[Heruka Hevajra]], although the identification is uncertain. | ||
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| + | The [[tantric deity Hevajra]] is most commonly depicted as [[dark blue]] in {{Wiki|color}} and naked. | ||
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| + | ==[[Kapāladhārin]]== | ||
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| + | One of his most common [[forms]] is the [[Kapāladhārin]] (“[[Skull Bearing]]”) [[Hevajra]], with four {{Wiki|legs}}, eight faces with three [[eyes]] each, and sixteen hands, each of which holds a [[skull cup]]. Each face has three bloodshot [[eyes]], four fangs, and a protruding {{Wiki|tongue}}. | ||
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| + | The skulls in his right hands hold various [[animals]] and the skulls in his left hand hold various [[deities]]. | ||
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| + | He is often depicted in {{Wiki|sexual}} union with his [[consort]] is [[Nairātmyā]] (“[[Selflessness]]”), who holds a [[curved knife]] and [[skull cup]], the couple surrounded by a retinue of eight [[yoginīs]]. | ||
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| + | There are eight famous [[forms]] of [[Hevajra]]: four called the | ||
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| + | <poem> | ||
| + | [[body]] ([[Kāya]]), | ||
| + | {{Wiki|speech}} ([[vāc]]), | ||
| + | [[mind]] ([[Citta]]), and | ||
| + | [[heart]] ([[hṛdaya]]) [[Hevajras]], | ||
| + | </poem> | ||
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| + | as described in the [[Hevajratantra]] (the [[Kapāladhārin Hevajra]] corresponds to the [[heart Hevajra]]); | ||
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| + | <poem> | ||
| + | and the [[body]], | ||
| + | {{Wiki|speech}}, | ||
| + | [[mind]], and | ||
| + | [[heart Hevajras]], | ||
| + | </poem> | ||
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| + | as described in the [[Saṃpuṭatantra]]. | ||
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| + | His [[name]] literally means “[[Hey, Vajra]].” | ||
| + | {{PrincetonDict}} | ||
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| + | {{R}} | ||
[[Category:Buddhist Terms]] | [[Category:Buddhist Terms]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Deities]] | ||
[[Category:Hevajra]] | [[Category:Hevajra]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Hevajra Tantra]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:55, 30 March 2023
Click here to see other articles relating to word Hevajra
Hevajra (Tibetan: ཀྱེའི་རྡོ་རྗེ་ kye'i rdo rje / kye rdo rje; Chinese: 喜金刚 Xǐ jīngāng;) is one of the main yidams (enlightened beings) in Tantric, or Vajrayana Buddhism. Hevajra's consort is Nairātmyā (Tibetan: bdag med ma).
History
India
The Hevajra Tantra, a yoginī tantra of the anuttarayogatantra class, is believed to have originated between the late eighth century CE. (Snellgrove ), and the "late ninth or early tenth century" (Davidson ), in Eastern India, possibly Bengal.
Tāranātha lists Saroruha and Kampala (also known as "Lva-va-pā, "Kambhalī", and "Śrī-prabhada") as its "bringers":
- .. the foremost yogi Virūpā meditated on the path of Yamāri and attained siddhi under the blessings of Vajravārāhi,...His disciple Dombi Heruka..understood the essence of the Hevajra Tantra, and composed many śāstras like the Nairātmā-devi-sādhana and the Sahaja-siddhi.
He also conferred abhiṣeka on his own disciples. After this, two ācāryas Lva-va-pā and Saroruha brought the Hevajra Tantra. ... Siddha Sarouha was the first to bring the Hevajra-pitṛ-sādhana
Another lineage, mentioned by Kongtrul, goes from Vilāśyavajra to Anangavajra to Saroruha and thence to Indrabhuti.
Jamgon Amyeshab, the 28th throne holder of Sakya, considers the Hevajra Tantra to have been revealed to Virupa by the Nirmanakaya Vajranairatma.
This tantra is also considered by him to have been revealed to [[Dombhi[Heruka]], Virupa's senior disciple, by Nirmanakaya Vajranairatma, from whom the main Sakya exegetical lineage of the Hevajra tantra descends.
The Yogaratnamālā, arguably the most important of the commentaries on the Hevajratantra, was written by one Kṛṣṇa or Kāṇha, who taught Bhadrapada, another commentator, who in turn taught Tilopa, the teacher of Nāropa, who himself wrote a commentary.
He, in turn, passed on his knowledge of this tantra to Marpa (1012-1097 AD), who also taught in Tibet.
Marpa also received instruction in the Hevajratantra from Maitrīpa, alias Advayavajra, who was banished from Vikramaśilā for practicing with a yoginī during the time of Atīśa's abbothood.
Tibet
Some time in the early 11th century, Drogmi Lotsawa Shākya Yeshe ('brog mi lo ts'a ba sh'akya ye shes) (993-1077 AD) journeyed from Drompa-gyang in Lhatsé to Nepal and India, including Vikramaśilā, where he received instruction in the Hevajratantra from Śānti-pa (Ratnākaraśānti) and later to Bengal, where he encountered Prajñedraruci (Vīravajra) who instructed him in the "rootless Margapala"
(Tib. Lamdré) that is particularly concerned with the Hevajra tantra and its commentaries.
Drakpa Gyeltsen writes in his Chronicle of the Indic Masters:
- Now [[Lachen [Drokmi]]) first went to Nepal and entered into the door of mantra through [the teacher) Bhāro Ham-thung.
Then he went to India itself and, realizing that the Āchārya Ratnākaraśānti was both greatly renowned and learned, he heard extensively the Vinaya, Prajñapāramitā, and mantra.
Then having gone to the eastern part of India, he encountered Bhikṣu Vīravajra, who was the greatest direct disciple of Durjayachandra, who himself had held the lineage of Āchārya Virūpa's own disciple, Ḍombiheruka.
From Bhikṣu Vīravajra he heard extensively the mantra material of the three tantras of Hevajra, complete in all their branches.
He also requested the many instruction manuals of Acintyakrama and so forth, so that he heard the "Lamdré without the fundamental text" (rtsa med lam 'bras) as well.
In this way, Drokmi lived in India for twelve years and became a great translator.
After twelve years he returned to central Tibet, probably by 1030, translated the Hevajratantra into Tibetan, and taught, among others, Dkon mchog ryal po (1034-1102 AD), the founder of the Sa-skya Monastery in 1073 AD.
This was the beginning of the close relationship between the Sakya Order and the Hevajratantra.
In the Blue Annals, Gos lotsawa suggests that both the Hevajra as well as the Kalachakra Tantras are commentaries on, or introductions to, the Guhyasamāja.
Elsewhere
China
The Chinese version of the Hevajra Tantra (Taishō XVIII 892, p.587-601) was translated by Fa-hu (Dharmapalā) at the Institute for Canonical Translations (Yi jing yuan) in the capital of the Northern Sung (960-1128 AD), Bian liang, present day Kaifeng in Henan province.
The five-volume translation was presented to the Emperor Jen-tsung at the end of Zhi he 1 (11 February 1054- 30 January 1055 AD) . However, the Hevajra Tantra did not become popular in China.
The title of the Chinese version reads "The Scriptural Text of the Ritual of The Great King of the Teaching The Adamantine One with Great Compassion and Knowledge of the Void explained by Buddha." The preface reads:
- From among the 32 sections of the general tantra of Mahāmāyā one has taken 2 rituals with Nairātmyā. Dharmapāla, Great Master who transmits Sanskrit (texts), thoroughly illuminated and enlightened with Compassion,
Probationary Senior Lord of Imperial Banquets, Grandee of Imperial Banquets with the Honour of Silver and Blue, Tripiţaka from India in the West during the Sung, received the honor of translating it by Imperial Mandate.
Cambodia and Thailand
Surviving images indicate that the Hevajra Tantra was brought to Cambodia during the Khmer Empire and it's practice thrived both in Cambodia and Thailand from the 10th to 13th centuries.
Mongolia
In 1244 the grandson of Ghengis Khan, Prince Godan, invited Sakya Pandita to Mongolia and was initiated by him into the Hevajra teachings. In 1253 Kublai Khan invited Sakya Pandita's Nephew Chogyal Phagpa to court.
As a result Buddhism was declared the state religion and Phagpa was given authority over three Of Tibet's provinces.
West
The Hevajra Tantra became the first major Buddhist Tantra to be translated in its entirety into a Western language when David Snellgrove published his The Hevajra Tantra:
A Critical Study in 1959. This work is in two volumes, the first volume containing his introduction including an "apology" explaining why such a text is worthy of study (apparently because of the unsavory reputation the tantras had acquired in the West early in the 20th century.
Writing in 1959 he was able to say "There is still a tendency to regard them as something corrupt, as belonging to the twilight of Buddhism", ) and his slightly bowdlerized English translation (showing that, perhaps subconsciously, he did feel conflicted about some of the contents).
The second volume contains his editions of the Sanskrit and Tibetan texts (the Tibetan text being taken from the snar thang Kengyur) as well as a Sanskrit text of the Yogaratnamālā. Another translation appeared in 1992 as The Concealed Essence of the Hevajra-tantra. by G.W. Farrow and I. Menon.
This version contains the Sanskrit text and English Translation of the tantra as well as a complete English translation of the Yogaratnamālā. An English translation from Fa-hu's Chinese version was made by Ch. Willemen in 1983 and published as "The Chinese Hevajratantra".
In 2008 the German scholar Jan-Ulrich Sobisch published a detailed literary history of Indian and Tibetan writings on Hevajra as it was seen through the eyes of A-mes-zhabs, a 17th century master of the Sa-skya-pa tradition (Sobisch 2008).
Text
Originally written in mixed quality Sanskrit (with some verses in Apabhraṃśa), the present 750 verse text is reported to be but an excerpt or summary of a much larger, original text of up to 500,000 ślokas (verses) in 32 sections.
Many Buddhist texts claim to be condensations of much larger missing originals, with most of the alleged originals either never having been found, or perhaps conceived of as "virtual" texts that exist permanently in some disembodied way.
However, the existence of the 100,000 verse Prajnaparamita Sutra shows that works of such proportions were actually produced.
The Hevajra Tantra has some material in common with other sources: II iii 29 of the Hevajratantra is the same as XVI 59c-60b of the Guhyasamajatantra, and an Apabhraṃśa couplet at II v 67 of the Hevajratantra appears in one of Saraha's songs.
In the case of the Guhyasamaja, it is safe to assume that the Hevajra version is later, but the case is not as clear cut with the Saraha quote, since the relative dates are harder to establish with any certainty.
Root Tantra
Dvātriṃśatkalpoddhṛtaḥ kalpadvayātmako śrīhevajraḍākinījālasamvaramahātantrarājā
- Manuscripts in the National Archives, Kathmandu, Nepal
- No. 3-303.
- No. 3-238.
- No. 4-6.
- No. 4-71.
- Manuscript in the Cambridge University Library, Add. 1340
- Manuscript belonging to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, no. 11317
- Manuscripts in the Tōkyō University Library: Nos 509-512
- Editions:
- Snellgrove
- Farrow and Menon
- kye'i rdo rje zhes bya ba rgyud kyi rgyal po - Narthang Kangyur, snar thang 369, vol. 80, rgyud (ka) 306b-351b
- colophon: rgyud kyi rgyal po sgyu ma'i brtag pa zhes bya ba brtag pa sum cu rtsa gnyis las phyung ba brtag pa gnyis kyi bdag nyid kye'i rdo rje mkha' 'gro ma dra ba'i sdom pa'i rgyud kyi rgyal po chen po rdzogs so/ /rgya gar gyi mkhan po ga ya d+ha ra'i zhal snga nas dang/ bod kyi lo ts+tsha ba dge slong shAkya ye shes kyis bsgyur cing zhus te gtan la phab pa/
- Edition: Snellgrove
- kye'i rdo rje zhes bya ba rgyud kyi rgyal po (Hevajratantrarājanāma) Tōh. 417, sDe-dge Kangyur rgyud 'bum vol. nga, 1b-13b
- colophon: kye'i rdo rje mkha' 'gro ma dra ba'i sdom pa las rdo rje snying po mngon par byang chub zhes bya ba brtag pa'i rgyal po rdzogs so
- kye'i rdo rje zhes bya ba rgyud kyi rgyal po Urga Kangyur, urga 418, vol.79, rgyud (nga), 1r-30r
- colophon: rgyud kyi rgyal po chen po sgyu ma'i brtag pa zhes bya ba brtag pa sum cu rtsa gnyis las phyung pa brtag pa gnyis kyi bdag nyid kye'i rdo rje mkha' 'gro ma dra ba'i sdom pa'i rgyud kyi rgyal po rdzogs so/ /rgya gar gyi mkhan po ga ya d+ha ra'i zhal snga nas bod kyi lo ts+tsha ba dge slong shAkya ye shes kyis bsgyur cing zhus te gtan la phab pa/slar yang lo ts+tsha ba gzhon nu dpal gyis 'gyur chad bsabs shing dag par bgyis pa'o/
- kye'i rdo rje zhes bya ba rgyud kyi rgyal po Stog Palace Kangyur, stog 379, Volume 94, rgyud bum (ga), 107r-148v
- colophon: rgyud kyi rgyal po sgyu ma'i brtag pa zhes bya ba brtag pa sum cu rtsa gnyis las phyung ba brtag pa gnyis kyi bdag nyid kye'i rdo rje mkha' 'gro ma dra ba'i sdom pa'i rgyud kyi rgyal po chen po rdzogs so/ /rgya gar gyi mkhan po ga ya d+ha ra'i zhal snga nas dang/ bod kyi lo tsa ba dge slong shAkya ye shes kyis bsgyur cing zhus te gtan la phab pa
- kye'i rdo rje zhes bya ba rgyud kyi rgyal po Lhasa Kangyur, lhasa 380, volume 79, rgyud (ka), 672-761
- colophon: rgyud kyi rgyal po sgyu ma'i brtag pa zhes bya ba brtag pa sum cu rtsa gnyis las phyung ba brtag pa gnyis kyi bdag nyid kye'i rdo rje mkha' 'gro ma dra ba'i sdom pa'i rgyud kyi rgyal po chen po rdzogs so/ /rgya gar gyi mkhan po ga ya d+ha ra'i zhal snga nas bod kyi lo ts+tsha ba dge slong shAkya ye shes kyis bsgyur cing zhus te gtan la phab pa
Commentaries
- Netravibhanga by Dharmakīrtī
- Smṛtiniṣpatti (?) by Kāṇha
- Vajrapādasārasaṃgraha by Nāro
- Muktāvalī by Ratnākaraśānti
- Sanskrit edition from five manuscripts by Ram Shankar Tripathi and Thakur Sain Negi in the series Bibliotheca Indo-Tibetica Series XLVIII, Central Institute for Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath, 2001.
by Saroruha
- [[Suviśuddhasaṃpuṭaby ppṬankadāsa
- Ṣaṭsāhasrikā-Hevajra-Ṭīkā by Daśabhūmīśvara Vajragharba
- Sanskrit edition from two incomplete mss, Tibetan edition, with English translation of Sanskrit portion and summary of remaining part, in Shendge, Malati J., 2004. Ṣaṭsāhasrikā-Hevajra-Ṭīkā: A Critical Edition. Pratibha Prakashan, Delhi.
"On this shorter tantra of 750 verses containing many vajrapadas which is selected from abother big tantra of five lakhs (500,000) of verses, is revealed this commentary, which owes its inspiration to Hevajra and which is known to contain 6000 verses and following mulatantra, by the illustrious Vajragarbha." (1.4-6)
Explanatory Tantras
Iconography
Hevajra has four forms described in the Hevajra Tantra and four forms described the Samputa Tantra:
Hevajra Tantra
Kaya Hevajra
The two armed Body Hevajra (Kaya Hevajra) described in the Hevajra Tantra stands in an advancing posture on a multi-coloured lotus, corpse, and sun disk. He is dark blue in colour. His right hand holds a vajra club, and his left hand holds a vajra-marked skull cup. He embraces his consort Vajranairatma (rDo-rje bDag-med-ma). A khatvanga staff rests on his left shoulder and he is adorned with the six symbolic ornaments.
In the Sadhanamala this form of Hevajra is single (ekavira) - without a consort.
Vak Hevajra
The four armed Speech Hevajra (Vak Hevajra) described in the Hevajra Tantra stands in an advancing posture on a multi-coloured lotus, corpse, and sun disk. He is dark blue in colour. One right hand holds a vajra and one left hand a skullfull of blood, the other pair of arms embrace his consort Vajravarahi (rDo-rje phag-mo).
Citta Hevajra
The six armed Mind Hevajra; Citta Hevajra described in the Hevajra Tantra stands in an advancing posture with right leg extended and left bent on a multi-coloured lotus, corpse, and sun disk.
He is dark blue in colour with three faces - C. blue, R. white and L. red. Each face has three blood shot eyes and four bared fangs, and frowns with knotted brows.
His tawny hair streams up surmounted with a crossed vajra.. Two right hands hold a vajra and a knife, two left a trident and a bell; the remaining pair of arms embrace his consort Vajrasrinkhala. Hevajra is imbued with the nine dramatic sentiments and adorned with a diadem of five dry skulls, a necklace of fifty fresh heada and the six symbolic ornaments or 'seals'.
Hrdaya Hevajra
The sixteen-armed, four-legged eight-faced Heart Hevajra (Hrdaya Hevajra)described in the Hevajra Tantra stands with two legs in ardha-paryanka and the other two in alidha posture (left bent, right extended) on a multi-coloured eight petalled lotus, the four Maras in the forms of yellow Brahma, black Vishnu, white Shiva (Mahesvara) and yellow Indra and a sun disc resting on their hearts.
Sri Hevajra is 16 years old, black in color, naked, with eight faces, sixteen arms and four legs. His central face is black, the first right white, the first left red, the upper face smoke-coloured and ugly; the outer two faces on each side, black.
All have three round blood shot eyes, four bared fangs, a vibrating tongue, and frowning with knotted brows. His lustrous tawny hair streams upward crowned with a crossed vajra. He is adorned with a diadem of five dry skulls.
The sixteen hands hold sixteen skull cups.
The central pair of arms skull contain a white elephant and the yellow earth-goddess Prithvi, and embrace his consort Vajranairatma (rDo-rje bDag-med-ma) whose two legs encircle his body.
Her right hands holds a curved knife (kartika), while the left is wrapped around the neck of her lord and holds a skullcup (kapala).
In the other seven skull cups held in Hevajra's outer right hands are: a blue horse, a white-nosed ass, a red ox, an ashen camel, a red human, a blue sarabha deer, and an owl or cat.
In the skull cups in the outer seven left hands are the white water-god Varuna, the green wind-god Vayu, the red fire-god Agni / Tejas, the white moon god Candra, the red sun god Surya or Aditya, blue Yama lord of death and yellow Kubera or Dhanada lord of wealth.
Hevajra is adorned with the six symbolic ornaments: circlet, earrings, necklace, bracelets, girdle armlets and anklets and smeared with the ashes of the charnel ground.
He wears a necklace of fifty freshly severed human heads.
Samputa Tantra
The four forms of Hevajra described in the Samputa Tantra all dance on a lotus, corpse, blood-filled skull cup and sun disk throne.
Kaya Hevajra
The two armed Kaya-Hevajra (sku kyE rdo rje) - "Shaker of all the Three Worlds" ('jig-rten gsum kun-tu bskyod-pa) - stands in dancing posture on a multi-coloured lotus, corpse, blood-filled skull cup and sun disk.
He is black in colour, with one face, three round red eyes, and two arms.
His right hand wields a five pronged vajra club and the left hand holds a skull cup brimming with blood. He embraces his consort Vajranairatma (rdo-rje bdag-med-ma), blue in colour, with one face and two arms, holding curved knife and skull cup.
Vak Hevajra
The four armed Vak-Hevajra (sung kyE rdo rje), stands in dancing posture on a multi-coloured lotus, corpse, blood-filled skull cup and sun disk. He is black in colour with one face, three round red eyes two legs and four arms.
The outer right hand wields a five pronged vajra club, the outer left hand holds a blood-filled skull-cup; the other pair of arms embrace his consort Vajravarahi (rDo-rje phag-mo), who is similar to him.
Citta Hevajra
The six armed Citta-Hevajra (thugs kyE rdo rje) stands in dancing posture (ardha paryanka) with his right toenails pressed against his left thigh on an eight-petaled multi-coloured lotus, corpse, skull-cup brimming with blood, and sun disc.
He is black, with three faces: black, white and red - each face having three round blood shot eyes.
His light yellowish hair streams upwards crested with a crossed vajra, and he wears a diadem of five dry skulls.
He is adorned with a necklace of fifty freshly severed human heads, the six symbolic ornaments and clad in a tiger skin skirt.
The first pair of hands hold a vajra and bell embracing is consort Vajrasrnkhala, who is similar to him. The other right hands hold an arrow and a trident. The other left hands hold a bow and a skull cup.
Hrdaya Hevajra
The sixteen armed four legged Hrdaya Hevajra (snying po kyE rdo rje) stands with two legs in dancing posture (ardha paryanka) and two in aleedha posture (right leg extended) on an eight-petalled multicoloured lotus are, the four Maras;
(Skanda Mara in the form of yellow Brahma,
Klesa Mara as black Vishnu,
Mrtyu Mara as white Shiva,
Devaputra Mara as pale yellow Śakra), a blood filled skull-cup and sun disc.
He is black in colour with eight faces, sixteen arms and four legs. The central face is black and laughing loudly, the right is white and the left is red, and the upper face black and bears its fangs; the other eight faces are black.
Each face has three blod-shot eyes. His tawny hair flows upwards crested with a double vajra and he wears a diadem of five dry skulls.
He is adorned with a necklace of fifty freshly severed human heads, the six symbolic ornaments and clad in a tiger skin skirt. His first pair of hands hold a vajra and bell his consort Nairatma blue in colour with two hands holding a curved knife (gri gug) and skull cup.
Hevajra's remaining right hands hold a sword, arrow, wheel, skull cup, club, trident and hook; the remaining left hands hold a lotus, bow, trident, skull, jewel, threatening forefinger and noose.
Source
Hevajra (Skt.; Tib. ཀྱཻ་རྡོ་རྗེ་, Kyedorje; Wyl. kyai rdo rje) — one of the principal yidam deities of Anuttarayoga Tantra, practised by the Sarma schools of Tibetan Buddhism and especially the Sakya school.
See Also
Source
Hevajra (Tibetan kye rdo rje) is a deity practice belonging to the Vajrayana Buddhist tradition. His consort is Nairatmya.
Hevajra is a principal tantric teaching deity in the Sakya Tibetan Buddhism tradition, but the practice is also preserved in the other Tibetan Buddhist schools.
The Hevajra tradition is collected into sets of texts, of which the Hevajra Root tantra that is in the Kangyur collection is the most important.
The Hevajra practice plays an important role in the Sakya Lamdre practice system.
The basis for the Hevajra tantra is the Hevajra root tantra, kye rdor rtsa rgyud
Source
Shri Hevajra is a principal meditational deity of the Anuttarayoga classification in Buddhist Tantra.
According to the Sakya system Hevajra belongs to the sub-class of 'non-dual tantra.
The Kagyu system classifies Hevajra as 'Wisdom-mother tantra.
From the numerous texts within the cycle of Hevajra the root Tantra of 'Two Sections' is the most important.Wisdom-mother
"...Shri Hevajra with a body blue in colour, eight faces, sixteen hands and four legs.
The main face is blue, right white, left red, upper face smoky; the two remaining pairs of faces are black.
Each face has three eyes and four bared fangs; yellow hair flowing upwards; the top of the head is marked with a vishvavajra.
[[The sixteen hands hold sixteen skullcups.
The first right holds a white elephant, the first left holds the yellow God of Earth; these two embrace the Mother.
In the second right is a blue horse; third - ass with a white patch; fourth - yellow bull; fifth - ash-coloured camel; sixth - red man; seventh - blue sharabha; eighth - cat with a white patch.
In the second left hand is the white God of Water; third - red God of Fire; fourth - green God of Air; fifth - white God of the Moon; sixth - red God of the Sun; seventh - blue Yama; eighth - yellow Holder of Wealth.
Each head has a crown of five dry human skulls;
and a necklace of fifty fresh heads;
six bone ornaments;
the two right legs are extended, on the thighs the toes of the two folded left legs are pressing in the half-vajra posture in a dancing manner;
possessing the nine sentiments of dancing:
grace, strength and ugliness;
laughter, ferocity and frightful;
compassion, fury and peace.
In the lap is the mother Vajra Nairatmya, with a body blue in colour, one face, two hands, three eyes; yellow hair flowing upwards; right a curved knife, left holding a skullcup and embracing the father; five dry human skulls as a crown;
a necklace of fifty dry skulls;
five bone ornaments;
left leg extended and the right drawn up embracing the father.
Both are standing in the middle of a blazing fire of pristine awareness." (Ngagwang Legpa).
Source
A principal Deity of Mother Tantra. See Great Treasury of Merit.
The tutelary god Hevajra is described, with all the rites and ceremonies used in his worship, in the sutra of the Hevajra tantra, which figured historically in the conversion of the Mongolian emperor Khoubilaii in the thirteenth century A. D. 5
Hevajra is represented with eight heads, sixteen arms, and four legs. There are three heads on either side of the central head, which is larger than the rest, and all have the third eye.
Above the central head is another head. The heads, however, may be disposed in two tiers of three, with a head on top. In this form there are only seven heads.
Tibetian name: kye-ba-rdo-rje (oh, eternal thunderbolt!).
Hevajra is one of the main yidams in Tantric, or Vajrayana Buddhism. Hevajra's consort is Nairātmyā (Tibetan: bdag med ma).
The Hevajra Tantra is believed to have originated between the late eighth century CE, and the "late ninth or early tenth century".
Hevajra (Tibetan: ཀྱེའི་རྡོ་རྗེ་ kye'i rdo rje / kye rdo rje; Chinese: 喜金刚 Xǐ jīngāng;)
Shri Hevajra is a principal meditational deity of the Anuttarayoga classification in Buddhist Tantra. According to the Sakya system Hevajra belongs to the sub-class of 'non-dual tantra.
The Kagyu system classifies Hevajra as 'Wisdom-mother tantra. From the numerous texts within the cycle of Hevajra the root Tantra of 'Two Sections' is the most important.
Source
Hevajra. (T. Kye rdo rje; C. Jingangwang; J. Kongōō; K. Kŭmgangwang 金剛王).
An important Indian tantric deity in the Anuttarayoga class of tantras, who is the central figure in the Hevajratantra Maṇḍala.
The cult of Hevajra developed in India at least by the eighth century, the date generally given for that Tantra.
A number of Indian images from the eleventh century have been identified as Heruka Hevajra, although the identification is uncertain.
The tantric deity Hevajra is most commonly depicted as dark blue in color and naked.
Kapāladhārin
One of his most common forms is the Kapāladhārin (“Skull Bearing”) Hevajra, with four legs, eight faces with three eyes each, and sixteen hands, each of which holds a skull cup. Each face has three bloodshot eyes, four fangs, and a protruding tongue.
The skulls in his right hands hold various animals and the skulls in his left hand hold various deities.
He is often depicted in sexual union with his consort is Nairātmyā (“Selflessness”), who holds a curved knife and skull cup, the couple surrounded by a retinue of eight yoginīs.
There are eight famous forms of Hevajra: four called the
as described in the Hevajratantra (the Kapāladhārin Hevajra corresponds to the heart Hevajra);
and the body,
speech,
mind, and
heart Hevajras,
as described in the Saṃpuṭatantra.
His name literally means “Hey, Vajra.”
Source
The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism by Robert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.
