Difference between revisions of "51 Mental factors"
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| − | '''THE 5 OMNIPRESENT (EVER-RECURRING) MENTAL FACTORS''' | + | |
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| + | {{Seealso|51 Mental factors}} | ||
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| + | In the [[Abhidharmakosha]] of [[Vasubandu]], 51 types of [[mind]] states or [[mental factors]] are {{Wiki|distinguished}}. They are mainly categorised by the way they are related to the main [[delusions]] of [[attachment]], [[anger]] and [[ignorance]], (see below) and their relevance to [[mind training]]. Note that the English terms used often have different connotations than the actual definitions in [[Buddhism]]. Although below list may appear a dull list of definitions, a careful study of it can explain much of the [[Buddhist]] [[attitude]] towards the [[mind]]. | ||
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| + | The list does not have the {{Wiki|intention}} to be complete in describing all possible [[mental states]], but describes merely the most important ones in [[relation]] to [[spiritual]] practice. | ||
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| + | '''THE 5 OMNIPRESENT (EVER-RECURRING) [[MENTAL]] FACTORS''' | ||
1. [[Feeling]] (the first [[aggregate]]) | 1. [[Feeling]] (the first [[aggregate]]) | ||
| − | 2. Recognition / discrimination / distinguishing [[awareness]] (the second [[aggregate]]) | + | 2. [[Recognition]] / {{Wiki|discrimination}} / distinguishing [[awareness]] (the second [[aggregate]]) |
3. {{Wiki|Intention}} / [[mental]] impulse - I will ... | 3. {{Wiki|Intention}} / [[mental]] impulse - I will ... | ||
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4. [[Concentration]] / [[attention]] / [[mental]] application - focused {{Wiki|grasping}} of an [[object]] of [[awareness]] | 4. [[Concentration]] / [[attention]] / [[mental]] application - focused {{Wiki|grasping}} of an [[object]] of [[awareness]] | ||
| − | 5. [[Contact]] - the connection of an [[object]] with the [[mind]], this may be pleasurable, [[painful]] or neutral as [[experienced]] by the [[aggregate]] of [[Feeling]]. | + | 5. [[Contact]] - the [[connection]] of an [[object]] with the [[mind]], this may be [[pleasurable]], [[painful]] or [[neutral]] as [[experienced]] by the [[aggregate]] of [[Feeling]]. |
| − | '''THE 5 DETERMINATIVE MENTAL FACTORS''' | + | '''THE 5 DETERMINATIVE [[MENTAL]] FACTORS''' |
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6. Resolution / [[aspiration]] - directing [[effort]] to fulfill [[desired]] {{Wiki|intention}}, basis for [[diligence]] and [[enthusiasm]]. | 6. Resolution / [[aspiration]] - directing [[effort]] to fulfill [[desired]] {{Wiki|intention}}, basis for [[diligence]] and [[enthusiasm]]. | ||
| − | 7. Interest / {{Wiki|appreciation}} - holding on to a particular thing, not allowing distraction | + | 7. [[Interest]] / {{Wiki|appreciation}} - holding on to a particular thing, not allowing {{Wiki|distraction}} |
8. [[Mindfulness]] / [[Recollection]] - repeatedly bringing [[objects]] back to [[mind]], not {{Wiki|forgetting}} | 8. [[Mindfulness]] / [[Recollection]] - repeatedly bringing [[objects]] back to [[mind]], not {{Wiki|forgetting}} | ||
| − | 9. [[Concentration]] / [[Samadhi]] - one-pointed focus on an [[object]], basis for increasing {{Wiki|intelligence}} | + | 9. [[Concentration]] / [[Samadhi]] - [[one-pointed]] focus on an [[object]], basis for increasing {{Wiki|intelligence}} |
| − | 10. {{Wiki|Intelligence}} / [[Wisdom]] - "{{Wiki|common-sense}} {{Wiki|intelligence}}", fine {{Wiki|discrimination}}, examines characteristics of [[objects]], stops [[doubt]], maintains root of all [[wholesome]] qualities. | + | 10. {{Wiki|Intelligence}} / [[Wisdom]] - "{{Wiki|common-sense}} {{Wiki|intelligence}}", fine {{Wiki|discrimination}}, examines [[characteristics]] of [[objects]], stops [[doubt]], maintains [[root]] of all [[wholesome]] qualities. |
| − | '''THE 4 VARIABLE (POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE) MENTAL FACTORS''' | + | '''THE 4 VARIABLE (POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE) [[MENTAL]] FACTORS''' |
11. [[Sleep]] - makes [[mind]] unclear, [[sense]] [[consciousness]] turns inwards | 11. [[Sleep]] - makes [[mind]] unclear, [[sense]] [[consciousness]] turns inwards | ||
| − | 12. [[Regret]] - makes [[mind]] unhappy when regarding a previously done action as bad, prevents the [[mind]] from being at ease. | + | 12. [[Regret]] - makes [[mind]] [[unhappy]] when regarding a previously done [[action]] as bad, prevents the [[mind]] from being at ease. |
| − | 13. General examination / coarse [[discernment]] - depending on {{Wiki|intelligence}} or {{Wiki|intention}}, searches for rough idea about the [[object]]. | + | 13. General {{Wiki|examination}} / coarse [[discernment]] - depending on {{Wiki|intelligence}} or {{Wiki|intention}}, searches for rough [[idea]] about the [[object]]. |
| − | 14. Precise analysis / subtle [[discernment]] - depending on {{Wiki|intelligence}} or {{Wiki|intention}}, examines the [[object]] in detail. | + | 14. Precise analysis / {{Wiki|subtle}} [[discernment]] - depending on {{Wiki|intelligence}} or {{Wiki|intention}}, examines the [[object]] in detail. |
| − | '''THE 11 VIRTUOUS MENTAL FACTORS | + | '''THE 11 VIRTUOUS [[MENTAL]] FACTORS |
| − | (Note that 18 and 19 are not necessary always [[virtuous]]. The first 3 are also known as roots of [[virtue]].) | + | (Note that 18 and 19 are not necessary always [[virtuous]]. The first 3 are also known as [[roots]] of [[virtue]].) |
[[File:Buddh on Flicrk.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Buddh on Flicrk.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
| − | 15. [[Faith]] / [[confidence]] / respectful [[belief]] - gives us positive attitude to [[virtue]] and [[objects]] that are [[worthy]] of [[respect]]. Three types are {{Wiki|distinguished}}, with the last one being the preferred type: | + | 15. [[Faith]] / [[confidence]] / respectful [[belief]] - gives us positive [[attitude]] to [[virtue]] and [[objects]] that are [[worthy]] of [[respect]]. Three types are {{Wiki|distinguished}}, with the last one being the preferred type: |
: a. uncritical [[faith]]: [[motivation]] is for no apparent [[reason]] | : a. uncritical [[faith]]: [[motivation]] is for no apparent [[reason]] | ||
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: b. longing [[faith]]: [[motivation]] is by an [[emotionally]] unstable [[mind]] | : b. longing [[faith]]: [[motivation]] is by an [[emotionally]] unstable [[mind]] | ||
| − | : c. conviction: motivated by [[sound]] reasons | + | : c. conviction: motivated by [[sound]] [[reasons]] |
| − | 16. Sense of [[Propriety]] / [[self-respect]] - usually the personal conscience to stop negative actions and perform positive actions | + | 16. [[Sense]] of [[Propriety]] / [[self-respect]] - usually the personal {{Wiki|conscience}} to stop [[negative actions]] and perform positive [[actions]] |
17. Considerateness / [[decency]] - avoids [[evil]] towards others, basis for unspoiled [[moral]] [[discipline]]. | 17. Considerateness / [[decency]] - avoids [[evil]] towards others, basis for unspoiled [[moral]] [[discipline]]. | ||
| − | 18. Suppleness / thorough training / [[flexibility]] - enables the [[mind]] to engage in positive acts as wished, interrupting [[mental]] or [[physical]] rigidity. | + | 18. [[Suppleness]] / thorough {{Wiki|training}} / [[flexibility]] - enables the [[mind]] to engage in positive acts as wished, interrupting [[mental]] or [[physical]] rigidity. |
| − | 19. [[Equanimity]] / clear-minded [[tranquility]] - [[peaceful]] [[mind]], not being overpowered by [[delusions]], no [[mental]] dullness or [[agitation]] | + | 19. [[Equanimity]] / clear-minded [[tranquility]] - [[peaceful]] [[mind]], not being overpowered by [[delusions]], no [[mental]] [[dullness]] or [[agitation]] |
20. [[Conscientiousness]] / [[carefulness]] - [[causes]] avoiding negative acts & doing good; [[mind]] with [[detachment]], [[non-hatred]], non-[[ignorance]] and [[enthusiasm]] | 20. [[Conscientiousness]] / [[carefulness]] - [[causes]] avoiding negative acts & doing good; [[mind]] with [[detachment]], [[non-hatred]], non-[[ignorance]] and [[enthusiasm]] | ||
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21. [[Renunciation]] / [[detachment]] - no [[attachment]] to cyclic [[existence]] and [[objects]] | 21. [[Renunciation]] / [[detachment]] - no [[attachment]] to cyclic [[existence]] and [[objects]] | ||
| − | 22. Non [[hatred]] / imperturbability - no [[animosity]] to others or conditions; rejoicing | + | 22. Non [[hatred]] / imperturbability - no [[animosity]] to others or [[conditions]]; [[rejoicing]] |
| − | 23. [[Non-bewilderment]] / non [[ignorance]] / open-mindedness - usually understanding the meaning of things through clear discrimination, never unwilling to learn | + | 23. [[Non-bewilderment]] / non [[ignorance]] / open-mindedness - usually [[understanding]] the meaning of things through clear {{Wiki|discrimination}}, never unwilling to learn |
| − | 24. Non violence / complete [[harmlessness]] - [[compassion]] without any [[hatred]], pacifist | + | 24. Non [[violence]] / complete [[harmlessness]] - [[compassion]] without any [[hatred]], pacifist |
| − | 25. {{Wiki|Enthusiasm}} / [[diligence]] - doing positive acts (specifically [[mental]] development and [[meditation]]) with delight | + | 25. {{Wiki|Enthusiasm}} / [[diligence]] - doing positive acts (specifically [[mental]] [[development]] and [[meditation]]) with [[delight]] |
[[File:Ha-at-Work.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Ha-at-Work.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
| − | '''THE 6 NON-VIRTUOUS MENTAL FACTORS''' | + | '''THE 6 NON-VIRTUOUS [[MENTAL]] FACTORS''' |
| − | '''THE 6 ROOT DELUSIONS''' ([[Delusion]] is defined as any secondary [[mental factor]] that, when developed, brings about [[suffering]] and uneasiness to [[self]] or others.) | + | '''THE [[6 ROOT DELUSIONS]]''' ([[Delusion]] is defined as any secondary [[mental factor]] that, when developed, brings about [[suffering]] and uneasiness to [[self]] or others.) |
| − | 26. [[Ignorance]] - not knowing [[karma]], meaning and practice of 3 Jewels, includes closed-mindedness, lack of [[wisdom]] of [[emptiness]]. | + | 26. [[Ignorance]] - not [[knowing]] [[karma]], meaning and practice of [[3 Jewels]], includes closed-mindedness, lack of [[wisdom]] of [[emptiness]]. |
| − | 27. [[Attachment]] / [[desire]] - definition: not wanting to be separated from someone or something. {{Wiki|Grasping}} at [[aggregates]] in cyclic [[existence]] [[causes]] [[rebirth]] & [[suffering]] of [[existence]] | + | 27. [[Attachment]] / [[desire]] - [[definition]]: not wanting to be separated from someone or something. {{Wiki|Grasping}} at [[aggregates]] in cyclic [[existence]] [[causes]] [[rebirth]] & [[suffering]] of [[existence]] |
| − | 28. [[Anger]] - definition: wanting to be separated from someone or something, can lead to relentless [[desire]] to hurt others; [[causes]] unhappiness | + | 28. [[Anger]] - [[definition]]: wanting to be separated from someone or something, can lead to relentless [[desire]] to {{Wiki|hurt}} others; [[causes]] [[unhappiness]] |
| − | 29. {{Wiki|Pride}} - inflated superiority, supported by one's [[worldly]] [[views]], which include disrespect of others | + | 29. {{Wiki|Pride}} - inflated {{Wiki|superiority}}, supported by one's [[worldly]] [[views]], which include {{Wiki|disrespect}} of others |
| − | 30. [[Doubt]] / deluded indecisive wavering - being in two [[minds]] about [[reality]]; usually leads to negative actions | + | 30. [[Doubt]] / [[deluded indecisive wavering]] - being in two [[minds]] about [[reality]]; usually leads to [[negative actions]] |
| − | 31. [[Wrong views]] / speculative [[delusions]] - based on [[emotional]] afflictions. Distinguished in 5 types: [[belief]] in the [[self]] as permanent or non-[[existent]] (as opposite to the [[view]] of [[emptiness]]); denying [[karma]], not understanding the value of the 3 Jewels; closed-mindedness (my [[view]] -which is wrong- is best); wrong conduct (not towards [[liberation]]) | + | 31. [[Wrong views]] / speculative [[delusions]] - based on [[emotional]] [[afflictions]]. Distinguished in 5 types: [[belief]] in the [[self]] as [[permanent]] or non-[[existent]] (as opposite to the [[view]] of [[emptiness]]); denying [[karma]], not [[understanding]] the value of the [[3 Jewels]]; closed-mindedness (my [[view]] -which is wrong- is best); wrong conduct (not towards [[liberation]]) |
| − | '''THE 20 SECONDARY NON-VIRTUOUS MENTAL FACTORS | + | '''THE 20 SECONDARY NON-VIRTUOUS [[MENTAL]] FACTORS |
Derived from [[anger]]:<br/> | Derived from [[anger]]:<br/> | ||
| − | 32. Wrath / [[hatred]] - by increased [[anger]], malicious state wishing to [[cause]] immediate harm to others | + | 32. [[Wrath]] / [[hatred]] - by increased [[anger]], malicious [[state]] wishing to [[cause]] immediate harm to others |
33. Vengeance / [[malice]] / [[resentment]] - not {{Wiki|forgetting}} harm done by a [[person]], and seeking to return harm done to oneself | 33. Vengeance / [[malice]] / [[resentment]] - not {{Wiki|forgetting}} harm done by a [[person]], and seeking to return harm done to oneself | ||
| − | 34. [[Rage]] / [[spite]] / outrage - {{Wiki|intention}} to utter harsh [[speech]] in reply to unpleasant words, when wrath and [[malice]] become unbearable | + | 34. [[Rage]] / [[spite]] / outrage - {{Wiki|intention}} to utter harsh [[speech]] in reply to [[unpleasant]] words, when [[wrath]] and [[malice]] become unbearable |
| − | 35. Cruelty / vindictiveness / mercilessness - being devoid of [[compassion]] or [[kindness]], seeking harm to others. | + | 35. [[Cruelty]] / vindictiveness / mercilessness - being devoid of [[compassion]] or [[kindness]], seeking harm to others. |
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37. [[Greed]] / [[avarice]] / [[miserliness]] - intense [[clinging]] to possessions and their increase | 37. [[Greed]] / [[avarice]] / [[miserliness]] - intense [[clinging]] to possessions and their increase | ||
| − | 38. Vanity / [[self]]-[[satisfaction]] - seeing one's good [[fortune]] giving one a false [[sense]] of [[confidence]]; being intoxicated with oneself | + | 38. Vanity / [[self]]-[[satisfaction]] - [[seeing]] one's good [[fortune]] giving one a false [[sense]] of [[confidence]]; being {{Wiki|intoxicated}} with oneself |
| − | 39. [[Excitement]] / wildness / [[mental]] [[agitation]] - distraction towards [[desire]] [[objects]], not allowing the [[mind]] to rest on something [[wholesome]]; obstructs single pointed [[concentration]]. | + | 39. [[Excitement]] / wildness / [[mental]] [[agitation]] - {{Wiki|distraction}} towards [[desire]] [[objects]], not allowing the [[mind]] to rest on something [[wholesome]]; obstructs single pointed [[concentration]]. |
Derived from [[ignorance]]:<br/> | Derived from [[ignorance]]:<br/> | ||
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40. [[Concealment]] - hiding one's negative qualities when others with good {{Wiki|intention}} refer to them this [[causes]] [[regret]] | 40. [[Concealment]] - hiding one's negative qualities when others with good {{Wiki|intention}} refer to them this [[causes]] [[regret]] | ||
| − | 41. {{Wiki|Dullness}} / muddle-headedness - [[caused]] by fogginess which makes [[mind]] dark/heavy - like when going to [[sleep]], coarse dullness is when the [[object]] is unclear, subtle dullness is when the [[object]] has no intense clarity | + | 41. {{Wiki|Dullness}} / muddle-headedness - [[caused]] by fogginess which makes [[mind]] dark/heavy - like when going to [[sleep]], coarse [[dullness]] is when the [[object]] is unclear, {{Wiki|subtle}} [[dullness]] is when the [[object]] has no intense clarity |
| − | 42. Faithlessness - no [[belief]] of that which is [[worthy]] of [[respect]]; it can be the idea that [[virtue]] is unnecessary, or a mistaken [[view]] of [[virtue]]; it forms the basis for [[laziness]] (43) | + | 42. Faithlessness - no [[belief]] of that which is [[worthy]] of [[respect]]; it can be the [[idea]] that [[virtue]] is unnecessary, or a mistaken [[view]] of [[virtue]]; it [[forms]] the basis for [[laziness]] (43) |
| − | 43. [[Laziness]] - being attached to temporary [[pleasure]], not wanting to do [[virtue]] or only little; opposite to [[diligence]] [25]) | + | 43. [[Laziness]] - being [[attached]] to temporary [[pleasure]], not wanting to do [[virtue]] or only little; opposite to [[diligence]] [25]) |
| − | 44. Forgetfulness - [[causes]] to not clearly remember [[virtuous]] acts, inducing distraction to disturbing [[objects]] - not "just {{Wiki|forgetting}}", but negative tendency | + | 44. [[Forgetfulness]] - [[causes]] to not clearly remember [[virtuous]] acts, inducing {{Wiki|distraction}} to {{Wiki|disturbing}} [[objects]] - not "just {{Wiki|forgetting}}", but negative tendency |
| − | 45. [[Inattentiveness]] / lack of conscience - "distracted [[wisdom]]" after rough or no analysis, not fully aware of one's conduct, careless indifference and [[moral]] failings; intentional seeking [[mental]] distraction like daydreaming | + | 45. [[Inattentiveness]] / lack of {{Wiki|conscience}} - "distracted [[wisdom]]" after rough or no analysis, not fully {{Wiki|aware}} of one's conduct, careless [[indifference]] and [[moral]] failings; intentional seeking [[mental]] {{Wiki|distraction}} like {{Wiki|daydreaming}} |
Derived from [[attachment]] and [[ignorance]]:<br/> | Derived from [[attachment]] and [[ignorance]]:<br/> | ||
| − | 46. [[Hypocrisy]] / pretension - pretend non-[[existent]] qualities of oneself | + | 46. [[Hypocrisy]] / [[pretension]] - pretend non-[[existent]] qualities of oneself |
47. [[Dishonesty]] / smugness - hiding one's faults, giving no clear answers, no [[regret]], snobbery & [[conceit]], [[self-importance]] and finding faults with others | 47. [[Dishonesty]] / smugness - hiding one's faults, giving no clear answers, no [[regret]], snobbery & [[conceit]], [[self-importance]] and finding faults with others | ||
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Derived from [[attachment]], [[anger]] and [[ignorance]] | Derived from [[attachment]], [[anger]] and [[ignorance]] | ||
| − | 48. [[Shamelessness]] - [[consciously]] not avoiding [[evil]], it supports all root and secondary [[delusions]] | + | 48. [[Shamelessness]] - [[consciously]] not avoiding [[evil]], it supports all [[root]] and secondary [[delusions]] |
| − | 49. Inconsiderateness - not avoiding [[evil]], being inconsiderate of other's practice, ingratitude | + | 49. Inconsiderateness - not avoiding [[evil]], being inconsiderate of other's practice, [[ingratitude]] |
50. [[Unconscientiousness]] / [[carelessness]]- 3 [[delusions]] plus [[laziness]]; wanting to act unrestrained | 50. [[Unconscientiousness]] / [[carelessness]]- 3 [[delusions]] plus [[laziness]]; wanting to act unrestrained | ||
| − | 51. Distraction / [[mental wandering]] - inability to focus on any [[virtuous]] [[object]] | + | 51. {{Wiki|Distraction}} / [[mental wandering]] - inability to focus on any [[virtuous]] [[object]] |
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{{R}} | {{R}} | ||
[http://viewonbuddhism.org/mind.html viewonbuddhism.org] | [http://viewonbuddhism.org/mind.html viewonbuddhism.org] | ||
| + | [[Category:Buddhist Terms]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Buddhism]] | ||
[[Category:Mental factors]] | [[Category:Mental factors]] | ||
| + | {{BuddhismbyNumber}}{{BuddhismbyNumber}} | ||
Latest revision as of 07:45, 14 May 2023
- See also :
- See also :
In the Abhidharmakosha of Vasubandu, 51 types of mind states or mental factors are distinguished. They are mainly categorised by the way they are related to the main delusions of attachment, anger and ignorance, (see below) and their relevance to mind training. Note that the English terms used often have different connotations than the actual definitions in Buddhism. Although below list may appear a dull list of definitions, a careful study of it can explain much of the Buddhist attitude towards the mind.
The list does not have the intention to be complete in describing all possible mental states, but describes merely the most important ones in relation to spiritual practice.
THE 5 OMNIPRESENT (EVER-RECURRING) MENTAL FACTORS
1. Feeling (the first aggregate)
2. Recognition / discrimination / distinguishing awareness (the second aggregate)
3. Intention / mental impulse - I will ...
4. Concentration / attention / mental application - focused grasping of an object of awareness
5. Contact - the connection of an object with the mind, this may be pleasurable, painful or neutral as experienced by the aggregate of Feeling.
THE 5 DETERMINATIVE MENTAL FACTORS
6. Resolution / aspiration - directing effort to fulfill desired intention, basis for diligence and enthusiasm.
7. Interest / appreciation - holding on to a particular thing, not allowing distraction
8. Mindfulness / Recollection - repeatedly bringing objects back to mind, not forgetting
9. Concentration / Samadhi - one-pointed focus on an object, basis for increasing intelligence
10. Intelligence / Wisdom - "common-sense intelligence", fine discrimination, examines characteristics of objects, stops doubt, maintains root of all wholesome qualities.
THE 4 VARIABLE (POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE) MENTAL FACTORS
11. Sleep - makes mind unclear, sense consciousness turns inwards
12. Regret - makes mind unhappy when regarding a previously done action as bad, prevents the mind from being at ease.
13. General examination / coarse discernment - depending on intelligence or intention, searches for rough idea about the object.
14. Precise analysis / subtle discernment - depending on intelligence or intention, examines the object in detail.
THE 11 VIRTUOUS MENTAL FACTORS
(Note that 18 and 19 are not necessary always virtuous. The first 3 are also known as roots of virtue.)
15. Faith / confidence / respectful belief - gives us positive attitude to virtue and objects that are worthy of respect. Three types are distinguished, with the last one being the preferred type:
- a. uncritical faith: motivation is for no apparent reason
- b. longing faith: motivation is by an emotionally unstable mind
16. Sense of Propriety / self-respect - usually the personal conscience to stop negative actions and perform positive actions
17. Considerateness / decency - avoids evil towards others, basis for unspoiled moral discipline.
18. Suppleness / thorough training / flexibility - enables the mind to engage in positive acts as wished, interrupting mental or physical rigidity.
19. Equanimity / clear-minded tranquility - peaceful mind, not being overpowered by delusions, no mental dullness or agitation
20. Conscientiousness / carefulness - causes avoiding negative acts & doing good; mind with detachment, non-hatred, non-ignorance and enthusiasm
21. Renunciation / detachment - no attachment to cyclic existence and objects
22. Non hatred / imperturbability - no animosity to others or conditions; rejoicing
23. Non-bewilderment / non ignorance / open-mindedness - usually understanding the meaning of things through clear discrimination, never unwilling to learn
24. Non violence / complete harmlessness - compassion without any hatred, pacifist
25. Enthusiasm / diligence - doing positive acts (specifically mental development and meditation) with delight
THE 6 NON-VIRTUOUS MENTAL FACTORS
THE 6 ROOT DELUSIONS (Delusion is defined as any secondary mental factor that, when developed, brings about suffering and uneasiness to self or others.)
26. Ignorance - not knowing karma, meaning and practice of 3 Jewels, includes closed-mindedness, lack of wisdom of emptiness.
27. Attachment / desire - definition: not wanting to be separated from someone or something. Grasping at aggregates in cyclic existence causes rebirth & suffering of existence
28. Anger - definition: wanting to be separated from someone or something, can lead to relentless desire to hurt others; causes unhappiness
29. Pride - inflated superiority, supported by one's worldly views, which include disrespect of others
30. Doubt / deluded indecisive wavering - being in two minds about reality; usually leads to negative actions
31. Wrong views / speculative delusions - based on emotional afflictions. Distinguished in 5 types: belief in the self as permanent or non-existent (as opposite to the view of emptiness); denying karma, not understanding the value of the 3 Jewels; closed-mindedness (my view -which is wrong- is best); wrong conduct (not towards liberation)
THE 20 SECONDARY NON-VIRTUOUS MENTAL FACTORS
Derived from anger:
32. Wrath / hatred - by increased anger, malicious state wishing to cause immediate harm to others
33. Vengeance / malice / resentment - not forgetting harm done by a person, and seeking to return harm done to oneself
34. Rage / spite / outrage - intention to utter harsh speech in reply to unpleasant words, when wrath and malice become unbearable
35. Cruelty / vindictiveness / mercilessness - being devoid of compassion or kindness, seeking harm to others.
Derived from anger and attachment:
36. Envy / jealousy - internal anger caused by attachment; unbearable to bear good things others have
Derived from attachment:
37. Greed / avarice / miserliness - intense clinging to possessions and their increase
38. Vanity / self-satisfaction - seeing one's good fortune giving one a false sense of confidence; being intoxicated with oneself
39. Excitement / wildness / mental agitation - distraction towards desire objects, not allowing the mind to rest on something wholesome; obstructs single pointed concentration.
Derived from ignorance:
40. Concealment - hiding one's negative qualities when others with good intention refer to them this causes regret
41. Dullness / muddle-headedness - caused by fogginess which makes mind dark/heavy - like when going to sleep, coarse dullness is when the object is unclear, subtle dullness is when the object has no intense clarity
42. Faithlessness - no belief of that which is worthy of respect; it can be the idea that virtue is unnecessary, or a mistaken view of virtue; it forms the basis for laziness (43)
43. Laziness - being attached to temporary pleasure, not wanting to do virtue or only little; opposite to diligence [25])
44. Forgetfulness - causes to not clearly remember virtuous acts, inducing distraction to disturbing objects - not "just forgetting", but negative tendency
45. Inattentiveness / lack of conscience - "distracted wisdom" after rough or no analysis, not fully aware of one's conduct, careless indifference and moral failings; intentional seeking mental distraction like daydreaming
Derived from attachment and ignorance:
46. Hypocrisy / pretension - pretend non-existent qualities of oneself
47. Dishonesty / smugness - hiding one's faults, giving no clear answers, no regret, snobbery & conceit, self-importance and finding faults with others
Derived from attachment, anger and ignorance
48. Shamelessness - consciously not avoiding evil, it supports all root and secondary delusions
49. Inconsiderateness - not avoiding evil, being inconsiderate of other's practice, ingratitude
50. Unconscientiousness / carelessness- 3 delusions plus laziness; wanting to act unrestrained
51. Distraction / mental wandering - inability to focus on any virtuous object
