Difference between revisions of "The Buddhist Perspective on Cause and Condition"
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[[File:2fc Ksitigarbha.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:2fc Ksitigarbha.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
− | Dear Venerables and Dharma Friends, | + | Dear [[Venerables]] and [[Dharma]] Friends, |
− | More than two thousand five hundred years ago, [[Sakyamuni Buddha]] “was born into this [[world]] for the cause and condition of a major mission.” This major mission, this cause and condition, is what we now commonly refer to as the “[[Buddhist]] [[Dharma]],” the [[Truth]] [[realized]] by the [[Buddha]]. | + | More than two thousand five hundred years ago, [[Sakyamuni Buddha]] “was born into this [[world]] for the [[cause and condition]] of a major [[mission]].” This major [[mission]], this [[cause and condition]], is what we now commonly refer to as the “[[Buddhist]] [[Dharma]],” the [[Truth]] [[realized]] by the [[Buddha]]. |
− | The [[Buddhist teachings]] differ from scholastic inquiry and [[knowledge]]. Usual scholastic inquiry focuses on explanations of appearances; it is an interpretation based on the name and form of [[phenomena]]. In contrast, [[Buddhism]] emphasizes the penetrative understanding of the nature of [[phenomena]]; it is ultimate and complete. For example, let us talk about my hand. Common [[knowledge]] holds that it is a hand. Medical [[science]] looks at it as a structure of bones, muscles, nerves, and cells. Literature defines the hand in terms of style, gesture and expression. The [[philosophical]] interpretation of the hand sees it as the embodiment of [[destiny]] and [[friendship]]. In {{Wiki|physics}}, the extension and contraction of the hand is force and movement. In summation, the hand is regarded as real, as something that truly exists. In contrast, the [[Buddhist]] [[view]] of my hand is like a penetrating X-ray which surmises that the hand is really only an illusive form, unstable in nature, and will eventually decay and vanish. It is only a [[phenomenon]] that is ultimately empty in its nature. Let’s say I extend my hand and make a grasp. Common [[knowledge]] and intellect would say that I have grasped some air and dust particles. It is a movement and gesture. From the [[Buddhist]] point of [[view]], the grasp is “like a [[dream]], [[illusion]], bubble, or shadow, like the dew or lightning.” It is only a [[phenomenon]] that exists because of the combination of certain causes and conditions. Thus, we can see that human perspectives are narrow and confined; they often hinder us from looking at the [[world]] in the radiance of ultimate [[wisdom]]. [[Worldly]] [[happiness]] and [[suffering]] do not have an [[absolute]] existence of their own. They arise only because of the differentiations we make in our [[perceptions]] and {{Wiki|cognitions}}. When we come to understand and accept the [[Buddhist teachings]], we need to change our perspectives. We must go beyond superficial [[phenomena]] into the [[ultimate reality]] of | + | The [[Buddhist teachings]] differ from {{Wiki|scholastic}} inquiry and [[knowledge]]. Usual {{Wiki|scholastic}} inquiry focuses on explanations of [[appearances]]; it is an [[interpretation]] based on the [[name and form]] of [[phenomena]]. In contrast, [[Buddhism]] emphasizes the penetrative [[understanding]] of the [[nature]] of [[phenomena]]; it is [[Wikipedia:Absolute (philosophy)|ultimate]] and complete. For example, let us talk about my hand. Common [[knowledge]] holds that it is a hand. {{Wiki|Medical}} [[science]] looks at it as a {{Wiki|structure}} of {{Wiki|bones}}, {{Wiki|muscles}}, {{Wiki|nerves}}, and {{Wiki|cells}}. {{Wiki|Literature}} defines the hand in terms of style, gesture and expression. The [[philosophical]] [[interpretation]] of the hand sees it as the [[embodiment]] of [[destiny]] and [[friendship]]. In {{Wiki|physics}}, the extension and contraction of the hand is force and {{Wiki|movement}}. In summation, the hand is regarded as real, as something that truly [[exists]]. In contrast, the [[Buddhist]] [[view]] of my hand is like a penetrating X-ray which surmises that the hand is really only an illusive [[form]], unstable in [[nature]], and will eventually [[decay]] and vanish. It is only a [[phenomenon]] that is ultimately [[empty]] in its [[nature]]. Let’s say I extend my hand and make a [[grasp]]. Common [[knowledge]] and {{Wiki|intellect}} would say that I have grasped some [[air]] and dust {{Wiki|particles}}. It is a {{Wiki|movement}} and gesture. From the [[Buddhist]] point of [[view]], the [[grasp]] is “like a [[dream]], [[illusion]], bubble, or shadow, like the dew or {{Wiki|lightning}}.” It is only a [[phenomenon]] that [[exists]] because of the combination of certain [[causes and conditions]]. Thus, we can see that [[human]] perspectives are narrow and confined; they often hinder us from looking at the [[world]] in the radiance of [[Wikipedia:Absolute (philosophy)|ultimate]] [[wisdom]]. [[Worldly]] [[happiness]] and [[suffering]] do not have an [[absolute]] [[existence]] of their [[own]]. They arise only because of the differentiations we make in our [[perceptions]] and {{Wiki|cognitions}}. When we come to understand and accept the [[Buddhist teachings]], we need to change our perspectives. We must go beyond [[superficial]] [[phenomena]] into the [[ultimate reality]] of “[[suchness]],” [[illuminate]] our [[Prajna]] [[wisdom]] and sow [[Bodhi]] [[seeds]]. Only then, will the [[Dharma]] [[water]] of [[Samadhi]] flow into the [[spiritual]] fields of our hearts. |
[[File:Twin.miracle.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Twin.miracle.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | The scripture tells the following story that will further develop my explanation. There was once an old lady who cried all the time. Her elder daughter was married to an umbrella merchant while the younger daughter was the wife of a noodle vendor. On sunny days, she worried, “Oh no! The weather is so nice and sunny. No one is going to buy any umbrellas. What will happen if the shop has to be closed?” These worries made her sad. She just could not help but cry. When it rained, she would cry for the younger daughter. She [[thought]], “Oh no! My younger daughter is married to a noodle vendor. You cannot dry noodles without the sun. Now there will be no noodles to sell. What should we do?” As a result, the old lady lived in sorrow everyday. Whether sunny or rainy, she grieved for one of her daughters. Her neighbors could not console her and jokingly called her “the crying lady.” | + | The [[scripture]] tells the following story that will further develop my explanation. There was once an old lady who cried all the time. Her elder daughter was [[married]] to an [[umbrella]] {{Wiki|merchant}} while the younger daughter was the wife of a noodle vendor. On sunny days, she worried, “Oh no! The weather is so nice and sunny. No one is going to buy any umbrellas. What will happen if the shop has to be closed?” These worries made her [[sad]]. She just could not help but cry. When it rained, she would cry for the younger daughter. She [[thought]], “Oh no! My younger daughter is [[married]] to a noodle vendor. You cannot dry noodles without the {{Wiki|sun}}. Now there will be no noodles to sell. What should we do?” As a result, the old lady lived in [[sorrow]] everyday. Whether sunny or rainy, she grieved for one of her daughters. Her neighbors could not console her and jokingly called her “the crying lady.” |
− | One day, she met a [[monk]]. He was very curious as to why she was always crying. She explained the problem to him. The [[monk]] smiled kindly and said, “Madam! You need not worry. I will show you a way to [[happiness]], and you will need to grieve no more.” | + | One day, she met a [[monk]]. He was very curious as to why she was always crying. She explained the problem to him. The [[monk]] smiled kindly and said, “Madam! You need not {{Wiki|worry}}. I will show you a way to [[happiness]], and you will need to grieve no more.” |
− | The crying lady was very excited. She immediately asked the [[monk]] to show her what to do. The [[master]] replied, “It is very simple. You just need to change your perspective. On sunny days, do not think of your elder daughter not being able to sell umbrellas but the younger daughter being able to dry her noodles. With such good strong sunlight, she must be able to make plenty of noodles and her business must be very good. When it rains, think about the umbrella [[store]] of the elder daughter. With the rain, everyone must be buying umbrellas. She will sell a lot of umbrellas and her [[store]] will prosper.” | + | The crying lady was very excited. She immediately asked the [[monk]] to show her what to do. The [[master]] replied, “It is very simple. You just need to change your {{Wiki|perspective}}. On sunny days, do not think of your elder daughter not being able to sell umbrellas but the younger daughter being able to dry her noodles. With such good strong sunlight, she must be able to make plenty of noodles and her business must be very good. When it rains, think about the [[umbrella]] [[store]] of the elder daughter. With the [[rain]], everyone must be buying umbrellas. She will sell a lot of umbrellas and her [[store]] will prosper.” |
− | The old lady saw the [[light]]. She followed the monk’s instruction. After a while, she did not cry anymore; instead, she was smiling everyday. From that day on she was known as “the smiling lady.” | + | The old lady saw the [[light]]. She followed the [[monk’s]] instruction. After a while, she did not cry anymore; instead, she was smiling everyday. From that day on she was known as “the smiling lady.” |
− | When we all have worries and problems, if we can emulate “the crying lady” and change our perspectives a little, we can transform worries and problems into [[happiness]] and fortunes. This does not require magical [[power]]. If we can comprehend a minute amount of the wondrous [[Dharma]] of [[Buddhism]] and apply it effectively during pivotal junctures in our lives, we can have breakthroughs in our understandings. We will then turn [[foolishness]] into [[wisdom]] and [[ignorance]] into [[enlightenment]]. | + | When we all have worries and problems, if we can emulate “the crying lady” and change our perspectives a little, we can [[transform]] worries and problems into [[happiness]] and fortunes. This does not require [[magical]] [[power]]. If we can comprehend a minute amount of the wondrous [[Dharma]] of [[Buddhism]] and apply it effectively during pivotal junctures in our [[lives]], we can have breakthroughs in our understandings. We will then turn [[foolishness]] into [[wisdom]] and [[ignorance]] into [[enlightenment]]. |
− | Anyone who has the slightest [[knowledge]] regarding [[Buddhism]] would know that [[Sakyamuni Buddha]] achieved [[enlightenment]] while gazing at the evening stars under a [[Bodhi tree]] on a | + | Anyone who has the slightest [[knowledge]] regarding [[Buddhism]] would know that [[Sakyamuni Buddha]] achieved [[enlightenment]] while gazing at the evening {{Wiki|stars}} under a [[Bodhi tree]] on a “[[diamond]]” [[throne]]. When the bright shooting [[star]] streaked across the sky, what did the [[Buddha]] come to realize? |
[[File:29e.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:29e.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
He has seen the [[ultimate reality]] of the [[universe]] and [[life]]. | He has seen the [[ultimate reality]] of the [[universe]] and [[life]]. | ||
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What then is the [[Truth]] [[realized]] by the [[Buddha]]? | What then is the [[Truth]] [[realized]] by the [[Buddha]]? | ||
− | It is the law of cause and condition, the law of [[dependent origination]]. | + | It is the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]], the law of [[dependent origination]]. |
− | If we can understand the law of cause and condition, the law of [[dependent origination]], and if we can live by this [[truth]], we will be just like the [[Buddha]]. We can then abandon all the pains and anxieties that are associated with this imperfect [[worldly]] existence. The [[scripture]] discourses, “All [[phenomena]] arise out of causes and conditions; all [[phenomena]] cease due to causes and conditions.” What do we mean by causes and conditions? Causes and conditions are [[nothing]] other than human interactions and relationships. Relationships can be loving and respectful, antagonistic and competitive, good and bad. If we can grasp the law of cause and condition, we can understand the rise and fall of sentient | + | If we can understand the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]], the law of [[dependent origination]], and if we can live by this [[truth]], we will be just like the [[Buddha]]. We can then abandon all the [[pains]] and anxieties that are associated with this imperfect [[worldly]] [[existence]]. The [[scripture]] [[discourses]], “All [[phenomena]] arise out of [[causes and conditions]]; all [[phenomena]] cease due to [[causes and conditions]].” What do we mean by [[causes and conditions]]? [[Causes and conditions]] are [[nothing]] other than [[human]] interactions and relationships. Relationships can be [[loving]] and respectful, antagonistic and competitive, [[good and bad]]. If we can [[grasp]] the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]], we can understand the rise and fall of [[sentient beings]]’ {{Wiki|welfare}}, the origin and [[extinction]] of [[existence]], the [[reality]] of the [[universe]] and [[humanity]]. |
− | There are usually four ways people look at the ever arising and ceasing of causes and conditions: | + | There are usually [[four ways]] [[people]] look at the ever [[arising]] and ceasing of [[causes and conditions]]: |
− | A. Without Cause, Without Condition | + | A. Without [[Cause]], Without [[Condition]] |
[[File:Url.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Url.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | Commonly held beliefs about [[life]] include predetermination, random chance, and divine design. These perspectives do not look at [[life]] from the standpoint of cause and condition. For example, rocks do not normally produce oil, but let us say that once someone accidentally mines fossil oil from rocks. Instead of analyzing the fossil oil and finding the cause of its formation, the person just assumes it to be a random occurrence. When a child overeats and chokes to [[death]], instead of preventing overeating, the family members lament it as [[destiny]]. An unsuccessful robbery attempt turns into a murder; the family of the victim just blames it on predetermination. The most pitiful people are those who lay all responsibilities at | + | Commonly held [[beliefs]] about [[life]] include predetermination, random chance, and [[divine]] design. These perspectives do not look at [[life]] from the standpoint of [[cause and condition]]. For example, rocks do not normally produce oil, but let us say that once someone accidentally mines fossil oil from rocks. Instead of analyzing the fossil oil and finding the [[cause]] of its formation, the [[person]] just assumes it to be a random occurrence. When a child overeats and chokes to [[death]], instead of preventing overeating, the family members [[lament]] it as [[destiny]]. An unsuccessful robbery attempt turns into a murder; the family of the victim just blames it on predetermination. The most pitiful [[people]] are those who lay all responsibilities at [[gods]]’ doorsteps. They deny the value of choice, the meaning of efforts, and the importance of [[self]]-[[determination]]. This total reliance on [[destiny]] negates the significance of [[self]]-help. It is an erroneous and one-sided [[view]]. It is not in accordance with the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]]. |
− | B. Without Cause, but With Condition | + | B. Without [[Cause]], but With [[Condition]] |
− | Many people do not believe in past causes, conditions, and effects. They believe that [[life]] depends on present conditions and current opportunities. They look at mishaps as the lack of proper conditions, as a predicament that “Everything is in place except for the east wind.” Some siblings in a family can persevere and become successful. Others may just give up and fail. They blame it all on the lack of opportunities or ill [[fate]] and overlook their differences in education and character. Students in the same class finish with different grades. They attribute the differences only to the apparent condition of how much they apply themselves and overlook the underlying causes of the variations in aptitude and intellect. This is only a partial and biased understanding of cause and condition. | + | Many [[people]] do not believe in {{Wiki|past}} [[causes]], [[conditions]], and effects. They believe that [[life]] depends on {{Wiki|present}} [[conditions]] and current opportunities. They look at mishaps as the lack of proper [[conditions]], as a predicament that “Everything is in place except for the [[east]] [[wind]].” Some siblings in a family can persevere and become successful. Others may just give up and fail. They blame it all on the lack of opportunities or ill [[fate]] and overlook their differences in [[education]] and [[character]]. Students in the same class finish with different grades. They attribute the differences only to the apparent [[condition]] of how much they apply themselves and overlook the underlying [[causes]] of the variations in aptitude and {{Wiki|intellect}}. This is only a partial and biased [[understanding]] of [[cause and condition]]. |
− | C. With Cause, but Without Condition | + | C. With [[Cause]], but Without [[Condition]] |
[[File:Url-y.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Url-y.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | Many people look at cause and condition separately. They attribute their circumstances to causes but not to conditions. They overlook the wondrous and dynamic interplay of cause and condition. Many examples of talented people failing to live up to their potentials are precisely due to the lack of proper conditions to exert themselves. When first entering the work force, they apply for jobs that call for experienced workers. Finally when they are mature, they run into openings that want new graduates. Such situations happen all the time. Some people [[view]] cause and condition as separate and independent. Sometimes they believe in cause but not in condition. Other times, they only accept the existence of condition. These people fail to realize that cause and condition are not static, but are forever changing in the space-time continuum, never standing still to wait for anyone. There is an old saying which illustrates this point, “Good begets [[blessings]]; [[evil]] will be punished. It is not that there are no effects to our acts; it is just a matter of time.” | + | Many [[people]] look at [[cause and condition]] separately. They attribute their circumstances to [[causes]] but not to [[conditions]]. They overlook the wondrous and dynamic interplay of [[cause and condition]]. Many examples of talented [[people]] failing to live up to their potentials are precisely due to the lack of proper [[conditions]] to exert themselves. When first entering the work force, they apply for jobs that call for [[experienced]] workers. Finally when they are mature, they run into openings that want new graduates. Such situations happen all the time. Some [[people]] [[view]] [[cause and condition]] as separate and {{Wiki|independent}}. Sometimes they believe in [[cause]] but not in [[condition]]. Other times, they only accept the [[existence]] of [[condition]]. These [[people]] fail to realize that [[cause and condition]] are not static, but are forever changing in the {{Wiki|space-time}} {{Wiki|continuum}}, never [[standing]] still to wait for anyone. There is an old saying which illustrates this point, “Good begets [[blessings]]; [[evil]] will be punished. It is not that there are no effects to our acts; it is just a {{Wiki|matter}} of time.” |
− | The three views described above are biased and do not reflect the correct interpretation of the [[Buddhist]] [[view]] on cause and condition. In [[Buddhism]], we believe that cause, condition, reward, and punishment are all intertwined, one giving rise to the other. All circumstances happen because of “the existence of causes and conditions.” | + | The [[three views]] described above are biased and do not reflect the correct [[interpretation]] of the [[Buddhist]] [[view]] on [[cause and condition]]. In [[Buddhism]], we believe that [[cause]], [[condition]], reward, and {{Wiki|punishment}} are all intertwined, one giving rise to the other. All circumstances happen because of “the [[existence]] of [[causes and conditions]].” |
− | D. With Cause and With Condition | + | D. With [[Cause]] and With [[Condition]] |
− | In [[Buddhism]], the common thread for all [[Dharma]] is the law of cause and condition, regardless of whether it is the school of [[Mahayana]] or [[Theravada]], whether it is viewed from the angle of principles or [[phenomena]], whether the perspective is [[worldly]] or [[transcendental]]. All {{Wiki|phenomenal}} existences are products of the proper mix of causes and conditions. It is written in the [[Surangama Sutra]], “All holy teachings, from elementary to profound, cannot depart from the law of cause and condition.” It is like building a house. We need bricks, wood, cement, and other materials. The construction can only be completed when one has all the essential materials and all prerequisites are met. For example, if we want to throw a party, there are many conditions to consider. Do we know our guests well? Can they come? Can we find the appropriate accommodation? Only when all the proper causes and conditions are present can the party be a success. If not, the party will be a flop. | + | In [[Buddhism]], the common thread for all [[Dharma]] is the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]], regardless of whether it is the school of [[Mahayana]] or [[Theravada]], whether it is viewed from the angle of {{Wiki|principles}} or [[phenomena]], whether the {{Wiki|perspective}} is [[worldly]] or [[transcendental]]. All {{Wiki|phenomenal}} [[existences]] are products of the proper mix of [[causes and conditions]]. It is written in the [[Surangama Sutra]], “All {{Wiki|holy}} teachings, from elementary to profound, cannot depart from the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]].” It is like building a house. We need bricks, [[wood]], cement, and other materials. The construction can only be completed when one has all the [[essential]] materials and all prerequisites are met. For example, if we want to throw a party, there are many [[conditions]] to consider. Do we know our guests well? Can they come? Can we find the appropriate accommodation? Only when all the proper [[causes and conditions]] are {{Wiki|present}} can the party be a [[success]]. If not, the party will be a flop. |
− | Once, a rich man threw a party. When half of the guests had already arrived, the chef asked if he could start to serve. The man told him to wait a little bit longer. After waiting a few hours, many important guests still had not arrived. Impatient and irritated, he had a slip of the tongue and complained, “Oh! It is not easy to throw a party. Those who should have come have not; those who should not have come are all here.” | + | Once, a rich man threw a party. When half of the guests had already arrived, the chef asked if he could start to serve. The man told him to wait a little bit longer. After waiting a few hours, many important guests still had not arrived. Impatient and irritated, he had a slip of the {{Wiki|tongue}} and complained, “Oh! It is not easy to throw a party. Those who should have come have not; those who should not have come are all here.” |
[[File:D72a71.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:D72a71.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | His seated guests were shocked. They [[thought]], “Guess what? I am not really invited. If I am not welcomed, I may as well go home.” One by one, the guests quietly slipped away. Seeing the party was dying, the rich man had another slip of the tongue, “Oh! It is not easy to throw a party. Those who should leave have not. Those who should not have left are all gone.” | + | His seated guests were shocked. They [[thought]], “Guess what? I am not really invited. If I am not welcomed, I may as well go home.” One by one, the guests quietly slipped away. [[Seeing]] the party was dying, the rich man had another slip of the {{Wiki|tongue}}, “Oh! It is not easy to throw a party. Those who should leave have not. Those who should not have left are all gone.” |
Right after these words, every guest was upset. They all stood up and left the party in a huff. | Right after these words, every guest was upset. They all stood up and left the party in a huff. | ||
− | With the appropriate causes and conditions, endeavors will become successful. If we destroy our own causes and conditions, if we cannot seize the moment given by our own causes and conditions, success will be hard to come by. Allow me to build some good causes and conditions with you all today, and let me explain the [[Buddhist]] [[view]] on cause and condition in the following four points. | + | With the appropriate [[causes and conditions]], endeavors will become successful. If we destroy our [[own]] [[causes and conditions]], if we cannot seize the [[moment]] given by our [[own]] [[causes and conditions]], [[success]] will be hard to come by. Allow me [[to build]] some good [[causes and conditions]] with you all today, and let me explain the [[Buddhist]] [[view]] on [[cause and condition]] in the following four points. |
− | I. Cause and Condition and Human Relationship | + | I. [[Cause and Condition]] and [[Human]] Relationship |
− | Nowadays, it is popular to talk about “inter-personal relationships.” With good interpersonal relationships, everything goes smoothly; otherwise, obstacles and problems abound. Events are the products of combinations of forces with “the major force called the cause; the lesser forces called conditions.” | + | Nowadays, it is popular to talk about “inter-personal relationships.” With good {{Wiki|interpersonal relationships}}, everything goes smoothly; otherwise, [[obstacles]] and problems abound. Events are the products of combinations of forces with “the major force called the [[cause]]; the lesser forces called [[conditions]].” “{{Wiki|Interpersonal relationships}}” are a [[form]] of [[cause and condition]]. |
− | If we want to have a successful business, we must acquire sufficient capital, research the market, and then establish investments. If we do our homework, our business will thrive; otherwise, it will fail. These planning and arrangements are the causes and conditions of business. | + | If we want to have a successful business, we must acquire sufficient capital, research the market, and then establish investments. If we do our homework, our business will thrive; otherwise, it will fail. These planning and arrangements are the [[causes and conditions]] of business. |
− | We must learn to be humble and be appreciative of the relationships we have with others. [[Arrogance]] shuts off even the best of causes and conditions. One such example is the meeting between [[Bodhidharma]] and Emperor Wu. | + | We must learn to be [[humble]] and be appreciative of the relationships we have with others. [[Arrogance]] shuts off even the best of [[causes and conditions]]. One such example is the meeting between [[Bodhidharma]] and [[Wikipedia:Emperor Wu of Liang|Emperor Wu]]. |
[[File:WQ-300.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:WQ-300.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | [[Venerable]] [[Bodhidharma]], the Ch’an school’s first [[patriarch]], arrived from [[India]] to Canton, [[China]] by sea at the time of the Ta-Tung era of Emperor Wu during the Liang Dynasty. The Emperor quickly sent envoys to accompany [[Bodhidharma]] to the capital. Emperor Wu, who wished to show off his past accomplishments, proudly asked [[Bodhidharma]], “I have built numerous [[temples]], published many scriptures, and supported the [[Sangha]]. How much [[merit]] do you think I have accumulated?” | + | [[Venerable]] [[Bodhidharma]], the [[Ch’an]] school’s first [[patriarch]], arrived from [[India]] to [[Canton]], [[China]] by sea at the time of the Ta-Tung {{Wiki|era}} of [[Wikipedia:Emperor Wu of Liang|Emperor Wu]] during the {{Wiki|Liang Dynasty}}. The [[Emperor]] quickly sent envoys to accompany [[Bodhidharma]] to the capital. [[Wikipedia:Emperor Wu of Liang|Emperor Wu]], who wished to show off his {{Wiki|past}} accomplishments, proudly asked [[Bodhidharma]], “I have built numerous [[temples]], published many [[scriptures]], and supported the [[Sangha]]. How much [[merit]] do you think I have [[accumulated]]?” |
− | Dampening the Emperor’s enthusiasm, [[Bodhi]]-[[dharma]] replied coolly, “None at all.” | + | Dampening the Emperor’s [[enthusiasm]], [[Bodhi]]-[[dharma]] replied coolly, “None at all.” |
− | The Emperor was very upset. He asked further, “What do you mean? I have done so many good and outstanding acts of benevolence.” | + | The [[Emperor]] was very upset. He asked further, “What do you mean? I have done so many good and outstanding acts of [[benevolence]].” |
− | [[Bodhidharma]] replied, “Your Majesty! They are imperfect causes and will only bring you minor rewards in the human and celestial [[realms]]. They are as illusive as shadows. They are only empty [[phenomena]].” | + | [[Bodhidharma]] replied, “Your Majesty! They are imperfect [[causes]] and will only bring you minor rewards in the [[human]] and [[celestial]] [[realms]]. They are as illusive as shadows. They are only [[empty]] [[phenomena]].” |
“Well! What then are real [[merits]]?” | “Well! What then are real [[merits]]?” | ||
− | “Do not become attached to the name and form of [[merits]],” smiled [[Bodhidharma]]. “Sanctify your [[thoughts]]. Realize the ultimate nature of [[emptiness]]. Abstain from [[greed]] and do not pursue [[worldly]] rewards.” | + | “Do not become [[attached]] to the [[name and form]] of [[merits]],” smiled [[Bodhidharma]]. “Sanctify your [[thoughts]]. Realize the [[Wikipedia:Absolute (philosophy)|ultimate]] [[nature]] of [[emptiness]]. Abstain from [[greed]] and do not pursue [[worldly]] rewards.” |
− | The Emperor could not see this profound meaning. To show off his [[wisdom]] as the emperor of his people, he asked in his usual arrogant tone, “Between [[heaven]] and [[earth]], who is the holiest?” | + | The [[Emperor]] could not see this [[profound meaning]]. To show off his [[wisdom]] as the [[emperor]] of his [[people]], he asked in his usual [[arrogant]] tone, “Between [[heaven]] and [[earth]], who is the holiest?” |
− | [[Bodhidharma]] saw through the vanity of the Emperor. Not letting up, he replied, “Between [[heaven]] and [[earth]], there are neither the holy nor the ordinary.” | + | [[Bodhidharma]] saw through the vanity of the [[Emperor]]. Not letting up, he replied, “Between [[heaven]] and [[earth]], there are neither the {{Wiki|holy}} nor the ordinary.” |
[[File:Wat070.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Wat070.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | Emperor Wu asked loudly, “Do you know who I am?” | + | [[Wikipedia:Emperor Wu of Liang|Emperor Wu]] asked loudly, “Do you know who I am?” |
[[Bodhidharma]] smiled lightly, shook his head and said, “I do not know.” | [[Bodhidharma]] smiled lightly, shook his head and said, “I do not know.” | ||
− | The Emperor always considered himself a great benefactor of [[Buddhism]]. He was conceited and not truly sincere about learning the [[Truth]]. How could he possibly take such slighting by [[Bodhidharma]]? He immediately flaunted his powers as the emperor and rudely sent [[Bodhidharma]] away. In so doing, he had lost the cause and condition to learn Ch’an from [[Bodhidharma]]; he had dismissed the excellent opportunity for the metamorphosis of [[Chinese Buddhism]]. Although he eventually regretted his behavior and tried to send for [[Bodhidharma]] again, it was already too late. | + | The [[Emperor]] always considered himself a great benefactor of [[Buddhism]]. He was conceited and not truly {{Wiki|sincere}} about {{Wiki|learning}} the [[Truth]]. How could he possibly take such slighting by [[Bodhidharma]]? He immediately flaunted his [[powers]] as the [[emperor]] and rudely sent [[Bodhidharma]] away. In so doing, he had lost the [[cause and condition]] to learn [[Ch’an]] from [[Bodhidharma]]; he had dismissed the {{Wiki|excellent}} opportunity for the {{Wiki|metamorphosis}} of [[Chinese Buddhism]]. Although he eventually regretted his {{Wiki|behavior}} and tried to send for [[Bodhidharma]] again, it was already too late. |
− | As the Emperor was egotistic and hungry for [[fame]], he became caught up in the name of [[merits]] and swayed away from the [[Middle Path]]. He could not realize the [[ultimate truth]] that is “beyond true or false, beyond good or bad.” Since the cause was improper and conditions were poor, it was no wonder that the encounter went nowhere. | + | As the [[Emperor]] was egotistic and hungry for [[fame]], he became caught up in the [[name]] of [[merits]] and swayed away from the [[Middle Path]]. He could not realize the [[ultimate truth]] that is “beyond true or false, beyond good or bad.” Since the [[cause]] was improper and [[conditions]] were poor, it was no [[wonder]] that the encounter went nowhere. |
− | It is written in the [[Avatamsaka Sutra]], “All the water in the oceans can be consumed, all momentary [[thoughts]] as innumerable as dust particles can be counted, all the space can be measured, all the winds can be stopped; yet, the [[realm]] of the [[Buddha]] can never be fully described.” So, for your elucidation, I will describe an episode involving the [[Sixth Patriarch]] Hui Neng that can further illustrate the law of cause and condition. | + | It is written in the [[Avatamsaka Sutra]], “All the [[water]] in the oceans can be consumed, all momentary [[thoughts]] as {{Wiki|innumerable}} as dust {{Wiki|particles}} can be counted, all the [[space]] can be measured, all the [[winds]] can be stopped; yet, the [[realm]] of the [[Buddha]] can never be fully described.” So, for your elucidation, I will describe an episode involving the [[Sixth Patriarch]] [[Hui Neng]] that can further illustrate the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]]. |
− | When Hui Neng was young, he traveled thirty days from Canton to Hupeh to learn the [[Dharma]] from the Fifth [[Patriarch]]. When they first met, the Fifth [[Patriarch]] immediately knew that Hui Neng had great potential, that the right cause and conditions were ripening. He asked, “Where are you from? And what are you seeking?” | + | When [[Hui Neng]] was young, he traveled thirty days from [[Canton]] to Hupeh to learn the [[Dharma]] from the Fifth [[Patriarch]]. When they first met, the Fifth [[Patriarch]] immediately knew that [[Hui Neng]] had great potential, that the right [[cause]] and [[conditions]] were ripening. He asked, “Where are you from? And what are you seeking?” |
“I have come from very far away, from Ling Nan. My only goal is to be a [[Patriarch]] and become a [[Buddha]].” | “I have come from very far away, from Ling Nan. My only goal is to be a [[Patriarch]] and become a [[Buddha]].” | ||
[[File:Earth bodhisattva.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Earth bodhisattva.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | [[Hearing]] such a reply, the Fifth [[Patriarch]] was impressed. He wanted to test if Hui Neng had cultivated the right conditions and asked him pointedly, “You are only a barbarian from the South. How dare you wish to become a [[Buddha]]?” | + | [[Hearing]] such a reply, the Fifth [[Patriarch]] was impressed. He wanted to test if [[Hui Neng]] had cultivated the right [[conditions]] and asked him pointedly, “You are only a [[barbarian]] from the [[South]]. How dare you wish to become a [[Buddha]]?” |
− | Hui Neng replied calmly and confidently, | + | [[Hui Neng]] replied [[calmly]] and confidently, “[[People]] may be from the [[south]] or [[north]], but the [[Buddha nature]] is non-regional. When the right [[cause and condition]] [[exists]], anyone can become a [[Buddha]]. Why not me?” |
− | Hui Neng struck a chord with the Fifth [[Patriarch]]. He reflected and replied, “Okay! You are allowed to stay here and work. Report to the threshing mill.” | + | [[Hui Neng]] struck a chord with the Fifth [[Patriarch]]. He reflected and replied, “Okay! You are allowed to stay here and work. Report to the threshing mill.” |
− | Everyday for the next eight months, Hui Neng used a huge axe to collect firewood. Everyday, he wore stone weights around his waist to act as ballasts in helping him thresh grains. Not once did the Fifth [[Patriarch]] visit him; not once did the Fifth [[Patriarch]] teach him one word. Hui Neng did not complain or get upset. It was only late one night when the Fifth [[Patriarch]] finally handed Hui Neng his robe and bowl, making him the [[Sixth Patriarch]]. The Fifth [[Patriarch]] explained himself with this verse: | + | Everyday for the next eight months, [[Hui Neng]] used a huge axe to collect firewood. Everyday, he wore stone weights around his waist to act as ballasts in helping him thresh grains. Not once did the Fifth [[Patriarch]] visit him; not once did the Fifth [[Patriarch]] teach him one [[word]]. [[Hui Neng]] did not complain or get upset. It was only late one night when the Fifth [[Patriarch]] finally handed [[Hui Neng]] his robe and [[bowl]], making him the [[Sixth Patriarch]]. The Fifth [[Patriarch]] explained himself with this verse: |
− | Those with sentience come to sow | + | Those with [[sentience]] come to sow |
− | In fields of [[causation]], fruits will grow. | + | In fields of [[causation]], {{Wiki|fruits}} will grow. |
− | Ultimately without sentience, having [[nothing]] to sow, | + | Ultimately without [[sentience]], having [[nothing]] to sow, |
− | Without nature, there is [[nothing]] to grow. | + | Without [[nature]], there is [[nothing]] to grow. |
[[File:Wat Pho.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Wat Pho.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | What the Fifth [[Patriarch]] was saying through this verse is this: When you first arrived from the distant land of Ling Nan to learn the [[Truth]] from me, the cause was ripe and you were sincere. The environment and conditions, however, were inadequate. I must first have you polish and cultivate yourself for a period of time to the point “ultimately without sentience, having [[nothing]] to sow; without nature, there is [[nothing]] to grow.” Only when the right causes and conditions were met, would I then transmit the teachings. | + | What the Fifth [[Patriarch]] was saying through this verse is this: When you first arrived from the distant land of Ling Nan to learn the [[Truth]] from me, the [[cause]] was ripe and you were {{Wiki|sincere}}. The {{Wiki|environment}} and [[conditions]], however, were inadequate. I must first have you {{Wiki|polish}} and cultivate yourself for a period of time to the point “ultimately without [[sentience]], having [[nothing]] to sow; without [[nature]], there is [[nothing]] to grow.” Only when the right [[causes and conditions]] were met, would I then transmit the teachings. |
− | From this story, we can see how cause and condition can greatly influence how people interact with one another. Without the appropriate cause and condition, human relationships will be imperfect and regretful. Events must await the maturity of cause and condition. It is like planting flowers. Some seeds planted in spring may blossom in the autumn. Others may take a year to bloom. Some varieties may take even a few years to [[flower]] and bear fruits. Yu Han, a famous {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[scholar]] of the Tang dynasty, was demoted and transferred to the remote area of Chaochow. As this area was far removed and culturally backward, there were few learned [[scholars]] with whom he could converse. When he heard the Ch’an [[master]] Ta Tien was preaching in the area, he immediately went over for a visit. It just happened that the Ch’an [[master]] was [[meditating]], so Yu Han decided to wait outside. After a long wait, as the [[master]] was still in [[meditation]], Yu Han became restless so he stood up and was about to leave. The guarding attendant of the [[master]] suddenly said, “First, influence through [[meditative]] [[concentration]], then eradicate | + | From this story, we can see how [[cause and condition]] can greatly influence how [[people]] interact with one another. Without the appropriate [[cause and condition]], [[human]] relationships will be imperfect and regretful. Events must await the maturity of [[cause and condition]]. It is like planting [[flowers]]. Some [[seeds]] planted in spring may blossom in the autumn. Others may take a year to bloom. Some varieties may take even a few years to [[flower]] and bear {{Wiki|fruits}}. Yu Han, a famous {{Wiki|Chinese}} [[scholar]] of the [[Tang dynasty]], was demoted and transferred to the remote area of [[Chaochow]]. As this area was far removed and culturally backward, there were few learned [[scholars]] with whom he could converse. When he heard the [[Ch’an]] [[master]] Ta Tien was preaching in the area, he immediately went over for a visit. It just happened that the [[Ch’an]] [[master]] was [[meditating]], so Yu Han decided to wait outside. After a long wait, as the [[master]] was still in [[meditation]], Yu Han became restless so he stood up and was about to leave. The guarding attendant of the [[master]] suddenly said, “First, influence through [[meditative]] [[concentration]], then eradicate ([[arrogance]]) with [[wisdom]].” The words resonated like strong spring thunders and [[awakened]] Yu Han. Because his [[conditions]] of timing and opportunity were just right at that [[moment]], Yu Han was able and ready to [[recognize]] the [[teaching]] and learn the way of {{Wiki|emancipation}} from the attendant. |
− | Several years ago, a female university graduate left {{Wiki|Taiwan}} with high hopes and traveled halfway across the [[world]] to study for her doctorate degree in the [[United States]]. After a period of two years in the States, she felt that [[life]] was empty and aimless so she packed her bags and returned to {{Wiki|Taiwan}}. From Taipei, she took a two-hour train ride to Hsinchu and became a [[Buddhist nun]]. This news story got a lot of attention when reported by the media. The famous Professor Shih [[Chiu]] Liang sighed, “If what she had wanted originally was to renounce and become a [[nun]], all she had to do was take a two-hour train ride from Taipei to Hsinchu. There was no need to fly over to America. Why spend all that time struggling and then choose to renounce?” | + | Several years ago, a {{Wiki|female}} {{Wiki|university}} graduate left {{Wiki|Taiwan}} with high [[Wikipedia:Hope|hopes]] and traveled halfway across the [[world]] to study for her {{Wiki|doctorate}} [[degree]] in the [[United States]]. After a period of two years in the States, she felt that [[life]] was [[empty]] and aimless so she packed her bags and returned to {{Wiki|Taiwan}}. From {{Wiki|Taipei}}, she took a two-hour train ride to Hsinchu and became a [[Buddhist nun]]. This news story got a lot of [[attention]] when reported by the media. The famous {{Wiki|Professor}} Shih [[Chiu]] Liang sighed, “If what she had wanted originally was to {{Wiki|renounce}} and become a [[nun]], all she had to do was take a two-hour train ride from {{Wiki|Taipei}} to Hsinchu. There was no need to fly over to [[America]]. Why spend all that time struggling and then choose to {{Wiki|renounce}}?” |
[[File:Urma-9.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Urma-9.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | The causes and conditions of human affairs are rather similar to the unfolding circumstances relating to this woman’s [[renunciation]] of home [[life]] to become a [[nun]]. Events may come and go, people may meet and depart; however random it may appear, there is meaning in all turns of events. The following {{Wiki|Chinese}} saying captures this point well, “Without a bone-chilling freeze, how could plum blossoms have such great fragrance?” Everything must first have the right causes and proper conditions before results are produced and other favorable conditions are generated. There is the story of Ch’an [[master]] Shih T’ou Hsi Ch’ien and his [[master]] Ch’ing Yuan Hsing Ssu. When they first met, Ch’ing Yuan asked Shih T’ou if he was a student of the [[Sixth Patriarch]], and if he still had any questions, “What did you take with you when you first went to Ts’ao Hsi?” | + | The [[causes and conditions]] of [[human]] affairs are rather similar to the unfolding circumstances relating to this woman’s [[renunciation]] of home [[life]] to become a [[nun]]. Events may come and go, [[people]] may meet and depart; however random it may appear, there is meaning in all turns of events. The following {{Wiki|Chinese}} saying captures this point well, “Without a bone-chilling freeze, how could plum blossoms have such great {{Wiki|fragrance}}?” Everything must first have the right [[causes]] and proper [[conditions]] before results are produced and other favorable [[conditions]] are generated. There is the story of [[Ch’an]] [[master]] Shih T’ou Hsi [[Ch’ien]] and his [[master]] Ch’ing Yuan [[Hsing]] Ssu. When they first met, Ch’ing Yuan asked Shih T’ou if he was a [[student]] of the [[Sixth Patriarch]], and if he still had any questions, “What did you take with you when you first went to Ts’ao Hsi?” |
− | “My nature was complete,” Shih T’ou smiled. “I was not missing anything prior to studying with the [[Sixth Patriarch]] in Ts’ao Hsi.” | + | “My [[nature]] was complete,” Shih T’ou smiled. “I was not missing anything prior to studying with the [[Sixth Patriarch]] in Ts’ao Hsi.” |
− | “If everything was perfect, why then did you bother to go to study in Ts’ao Hsi?” | + | “If everything was {{Wiki|perfect}}, why then did you bother to go to study in Ts’ao Hsi?” |
− | Shih T’ou Hsi Ch’ien replied definitively, “If I had not gone, how would I have known that I was not lacking in anything? How could I have seen through my true and free nature?” | + | Shih T’ou Hsi [[Ch’ien]] replied definitively, “If I had not gone, how would I have known that I was not lacking in anything? How could I have seen through my true and free [[nature]]?” |
− | All causes and conditions are within our true nature. We must realize the [[Truth]] in our daily living. The continual flow of pure refreshing water is a form of cause and condition. The blossoming of beautiful flowers everywhere is another form of cause and condition. Parents raising us are our causes and conditions in family relationships. [[Teachers]] educating us are our causes and conditions in the pursuit of [[knowledge]]. Farmers, workers, and merchants supplying our daily needs are the causes and conditions of living in this society. Drivers driving us over here are the causes and conditions of traveling. Turning on the television and watching television programs are the causes and conditions of entertainment. It is with these wondrous combinations of causes and conditions that we can live happily and freely. | + | All [[causes and conditions]] are within our [[true nature]]. We must realize the [[Truth]] in our daily living. The continual flow of [[pure]] refreshing [[water]] is a [[form]] of [[cause and condition]]. The blossoming of beautiful [[flowers]] everywhere is another [[form]] of [[cause and condition]]. [[Parents]] raising us are our [[causes and conditions]] in family relationships. [[Teachers]] educating us are our [[causes and conditions]] in the pursuit of [[knowledge]]. {{Wiki|Farmers}}, workers, and {{Wiki|merchants}} supplying our daily needs are the [[causes and conditions]] of living in this {{Wiki|society}}. Drivers driving us over here are the [[causes and conditions]] of traveling. Turning on the television and watching television programs are the [[causes and conditions]] of {{Wiki|entertainment}}. It is with these wondrous combinations of [[causes and conditions]] that we can live happily and freely. |
[[File:Uppalavanna.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Uppalavanna.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | As far as the cause and condition of human relationships, I will cite a verse that can usually be found in [[temples]] next to [[statues]] of [[Maitreya]] [[Bodhisattva]]: | + | As far as the [[cause and condition]] of [[human]] relationships, I will cite a verse that can usually be found in [[temples]] next to [[statues]] of [[Maitreya]] [[Bodhisattva]]: |
− | Before our [[eyes]] are people | + | Before our [[eyes]] are [[people]] |
− | Connected to us through conditions; | + | Connected to us through [[conditions]]; |
As we meet and befriend each other, | As we meet and befriend each other, | ||
− | How can we not be filled with joy? | + | How can we not be filled with [[joy]]? |
The [[world]] is full | The [[world]] is full | ||
Line 143: | Line 143: | ||
Why not open our [[minds]] and be magnanimous? | Why not open our [[minds]] and be magnanimous? | ||
− | II. How Do We Know Cause and Condition Exist? | + | II. How Do We Know [[Cause and Condition]] [[Exist]]? |
− | How can we be certain that cause and condition really exist? How can it be discovered and harvested? For example, a machine in a factory suddenly stops functioning. The technician opens up the machine and discovers a small screw is broken. This small screw is the cause. When cause and condition are not fully satisfied, the machine will not function. When we build a house, if a supporting beam is missing, the roof will collapse. When any ingredient of cause or condition is missing, it can have a great impact on the circumstances of our lives. | + | How can we be certain that [[cause and condition]] really [[exist]]? How can it be discovered and harvested? For example, a machine in a factory suddenly stops functioning. The technician opens up the machine and discovers a small screw is broken. This small screw is the [[cause]]. When [[cause and condition]] are not fully satisfied, the machine will not function. When we build a house, if a supporting beam is missing, the roof will collapse. When any ingredient of [[cause]] or [[condition]] is missing, it can have a great impact on the circumstances of our [[lives]]. |
− | [[Buddhism]] teaches that our [[bodies]] are made up of the combination of the four great elements of [[earth]], water, [[fire]], and wind. These four great elements are the causes. We fall ill when the four elements are not harmonized. Why does a [[flower]] fail to blossom? Why is a harvest not abundant? It could be a lack of proper conditions, such as inadequate irrigation or fertilizers. Even the space shuttle can be delayed by a simple computer problem. With the slightest offset in cause and condition, the resulting circumstance will be totally different. | + | [[Buddhism]] teaches that our [[bodies]] are made up of the combination of the [[four great elements]] of [[earth]], [[water]], [[fire]], and [[wind]]. These [[four great elements]] are the [[causes]]. We fall ill when the [[four elements]] are not harmonized. Why does a [[flower]] fail to blossom? Why is a harvest not abundant? It could be a lack of proper [[conditions]], such as inadequate irrigation or fertilizers. Even the [[space]] shuttle can be delayed by a simple {{Wiki|computer}} problem. With the slightest offset in [[cause and condition]], the resulting circumstance will be totally different. |
− | No matter what problems or difficulties we may face, we must first reflect. We should examine the situation closely for any missing causes and conditions. We should not simply blame the [[gods]] or other people, or else we are creating further troubles for ourselves. There are many situations in which a couple falls in love, only to find that the families oppose the [[marriage]], criticizing the other party as unsuitable, poor, etc. When these conditions, or secondary causes, are absent, the [[marriage]] will not work. Other couples fall in love at first [[sight]] and get married with lightning speed. The whole development is even beyond their comprehension. The man may [[reason]] that it is a case of | + | No {{Wiki|matter}} what problems or difficulties we may face, we must first reflect. We should examine the situation closely for any missing [[causes and conditions]]. We should not simply blame the [[gods]] or other [[people]], or else we are creating further troubles for ourselves. There are many situations in which a couple falls in [[love]], only to find that the families oppose the [[marriage]], criticizing the other party as unsuitable, poor, etc. When these [[conditions]], or secondary [[causes]], are absent, the [[marriage]] will not work. Other couples fall in [[love]] at first [[sight]] and get [[married]] with {{Wiki|lightning}} {{Wiki|speed}}. The whole [[development]] is even beyond their [[comprehension]]. The man may [[reason]] that it is a case of “[[Beauty]] is in the [[eyes]] of the beholder.” The woman may attribute it to the fact that “With the right [[conditions]], [[people]] come to meet from thousands of {{Wiki|miles}} away.” This is what we call ripened [[conditions]]. |
[[File:Uongbotat.JPG|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Uongbotat.JPG|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | I will relate another story to illustrate the existence of cause and condition. Once, King [[Milinda]] asked [[Bhiksu]] [[Nagasena]], “Are your [[eyes]] the real you?” | + | I will relate another story to illustrate the [[existence]] of [[cause and condition]]. Once, [[King]] [[Milinda]] asked [[Bhiksu]] [[Nagasena]], “Are your [[eyes]] the real you?” |
[[Bhiksu]] [[Nagasena]] replied, “No!” | [[Bhiksu]] [[Nagasena]] replied, “No!” | ||
− | King [[Milinda]] further inquired, “What about the ears?” | + | [[King]] [[Milinda]] further inquired, “What about the [[ears]]?” |
“No!” | “No!” | ||
− | “Is the nose you?” | + | “Is the {{Wiki|nose}} you?” |
“No!” | “No!” | ||
− | “Is the tongue you?” | + | “Is the {{Wiki|tongue}} you?” |
“No!” | “No!” | ||
Line 169: | Line 169: | ||
“Then, does it mean that your [[body]] is the real you?” | “Then, does it mean that your [[body]] is the real you?” | ||
− | “No, the existence of the [[body]] is only an [[illusory]] combination.” | + | “No, the [[existence]] of the [[body]] is only an [[illusory]] combination.” |
− | + | “[[Mind]] must be the real you then.” | |
“It is not either.” | “It is not either.” | ||
− | King [[Milinda]] was annoyed and asked further “Well, if the [[eyes]], ears, nose, tongue, [[body]], and [[thoughts]] are not you, then tell me, where is your true [[self]]'?” | + | [[King]] [[Milinda]] was annoyed and asked further “Well, if the [[eyes]], [[ears]], {{Wiki|nose}}, {{Wiki|tongue}}, [[body]], and [[thoughts]] are not you, then tell me, where is your true [[self]]'?” |
[[Bhiksu]] [[Nagasena]] grinned and replied with a question, “Is the window the house?” | [[Bhiksu]] [[Nagasena]] grinned and replied with a question, “Is the window the house?” | ||
− | The King was taken by surprise and struggled for an answer, “No!” | + | The [[King]] was taken by surprise and struggled for an answer, “No!” |
“How about the door?” | “How about the door?” | ||
Line 195: | Line 195: | ||
[[Bhiksu]] [[Nagasena]] smiled and asked, “If the window, door, bricks, tiles, furniture, and pillars are not house, then where is the real house?” | [[Bhiksu]] [[Nagasena]] smiled and asked, “If the window, door, bricks, tiles, furniture, and pillars are not house, then where is the real house?” | ||
− | King [[Milinda]] finally understood that causes, conditions, and effects cannot be separated nor understood through a biased and partial [[view]]. A house can only be built with the fulfillment of many conditions. Likewise, human existence also needs the satisfaction of many conditions. If we know the law of cause and condition, believe in its existence, [[plant]] good causes everywhere and cultivate advantageous conditions all the time, our lives will be a smooth [[path]] full of success. To conclude, I will give you this verse to ponder: | + | [[King]] [[Milinda]] finally understood that [[causes]], [[conditions]], and effects cannot be separated nor understood through a biased and partial [[view]]. A house can only be built with the fulfillment of many [[conditions]]. Likewise, [[human existence]] also needs the [[satisfaction]] of many [[conditions]]. If we know the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]], believe in its [[existence]], [[plant]] good [[causes]] everywhere and cultivate advantageous [[conditions]] all the time, our [[lives]] will be a smooth [[path]] full of [[success]]. To conclude, I will give you this verse to ponder: |
− | If one understands | + | If one [[understands]] |
− | The law of cause and condition, | + | The [[law of cause]] and [[condition]], |
One can find spring | One can find spring | ||
Line 205: | Line 205: | ||
In the midst of autumn frost and winter snow. | In the midst of autumn frost and winter snow. | ||
− | III. The Different Levels of Cause and Condition | + | III. The Different Levels of [[Cause and Condition]] |
− | How many varieties of cause and condition are there? We can examine this from four different perspectives: | + | How many varieties of [[cause and condition]] are there? We can examine this from four different perspectives: |
A. Having or Not Having | A. Having or Not Having | ||
− | Cause and condition is not a matter of [[knowledge]]. It cannot be learned by research or via [[debates]]. It must be experienced through the [[heart]] and [[mind]] amidst our daily living. If we come to understand cause and condition from real practice and experience, then this is “having” the true understanding of cause and condition. Under the law of cause and condition, our natures are all equal. The [[universe]] is us and we are the [[universe]]. If we comprehend the law of cause and condition superficially through [[intellectual]] speculation or as mere word expressions, then this is “not having” the true understanding of cause and condition. The result will be as futile as looking for fish on [[trees]]. | + | [[Cause and condition]] is not a {{Wiki|matter}} of [[knowledge]]. It cannot be learned by research or via [[debates]]. It must be [[experienced]] through the [[heart]] and [[mind]] amidst our daily living. If we come to understand [[cause and condition]] from real [[practice]] and [[experience]], then this is “having” the true [[understanding]] of [[cause and condition]]. Under the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]], our natures are all {{Wiki|equal}}. The [[universe]] is us and we are the [[universe]]. If we comprehend the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]] superficially through [[intellectual]] speculation or as mere [[word]] {{Wiki|expressions}}, then this is “not having” the true [[understanding]] of [[cause and condition]]. The result will be as futile as looking for {{Wiki|fish}} on [[trees]]. |
− | B. Wholesome or Unwholesome | + | B. [[Wholesome]] or [[Unwholesome]] |
− | Causes and conditions can be good or [[evil]]. Wholesome causes and conditions are good. Unwholesome causes and conditions are [[evil]]. Let us suppose a person lives to be a hundred years old. If he/she does not understand the cause of arising and ceasing閠he ultimate [[reason]] of existence铘nd only comprehends cause and condition superficially, he/she will be easily enslaved by changing environments and be trapped in dark and [[evil]] causes and conditions without the chance for [[liberation]]. On the other hand, if a person has a firm belief and correct understanding, then all resulting causes and conditions will be bright and [[virtuous]]. | + | [[Causes and conditions]] can be good or [[evil]]. [[Wholesome]] [[causes and conditions]] are good. [[Unwholesome]] [[causes and conditions]] are [[evil]]. Let us suppose a [[person]] [[lives]] to be a hundred years old. If he/she does not understand the [[cause]] of [[arising]] and ceasing閠he [[Wikipedia:Absolute (philosophy)|ultimate]] [[reason]] of existence铘nd only comprehends [[cause and condition]] superficially, he/she will be easily enslaved by changing environments and be trapped in dark and [[evil]] [[causes and conditions]] without the chance for [[liberation]]. On the other hand, if a [[person]] has a firm [[belief]] and correct [[understanding]], then all resulting [[causes and conditions]] will be bright and [[virtuous]]. |
[[File:Ksitigarbha 19.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Ksitigarbha 19.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
C. Internal or External | C. Internal or External | ||
− | Causes and conditions can be internal or external. External causes and conditions are the commonly noticed environmental factors. Internal causes and conditions are more related to intrinsic value. It is like farming a field. The external factors may be the same, but the harvest from different seeds is not. Seeds, in this instance, have different causes and conditions of value. For example, the siblings of the same parents have different temperaments. The students of the same [[teacher]] have varying abilities. External causes and conditions such as parents and [[teachers]] may be the same, but the internal causes and conditions of value such as talents and aptitudes are very much dissimilar. Therefore, we say that cause and condition may be external and internal. Although external conditions may be complete, if internal causes are inadequate, the resulting effects will leave much to be desired. | + | [[Causes and conditions]] can be internal or external. External [[causes and conditions]] are the commonly noticed {{Wiki|environmental}} factors. Internal [[causes and conditions]] are more related to intrinsic value. It is like {{Wiki|farming}} a field. The external factors may be the same, but the harvest from different [[seeds]] is not. [[Seeds]], in this instance, have different [[causes and conditions]] of value. For example, the siblings of the same [[parents]] have different temperaments. The students of the same [[teacher]] have varying {{Wiki|abilities}}. External [[causes and conditions]] such as [[parents]] and [[teachers]] may be the same, but the internal [[causes and conditions]] of value such as talents and aptitudes are very much dissimilar. Therefore, we say that [[cause and condition]] may be external and internal. Although external [[conditions]] may be complete, if internal [[causes]] are inadequate, the resulting effects will leave much to be [[desired]]. |
D. Correct or Erroneous | D. Correct or Erroneous | ||
− | Causes and conditions can be correct or erroneous. Some people, when they become ill, know that illness is caused by disorders in the [[body]] or [[mind]]. They are willing to undergo treatments, and they can be cured. This is the “correct cause and condition.” In contrast, there are some people who, when sick, are confused about the true [[reason]] for their malady. They are suspicious and attribute their [[sickness]] to divine punishment. They go about looking for magical charms, special spells, or they ingest [[incense]] ashes; their illness will only worsen. This is “erroneous cause and condition.” [[Life]] may be smooth or bumpy, and obstacles may be many or few. Many of life’s difficulties are rooted in misconceptions about the law of cause and condition. We must know how to apply the correct understanding and shun the erroneous views. | + | [[Causes and conditions]] can be correct or erroneous. Some [[people]], when they become ill, know that {{Wiki|illness}} is [[caused]] by disorders in the [[body]] or [[mind]]. They are willing to undergo treatments, and they can be cured. This is the “correct [[cause and condition]].” In contrast, there are some [[people]] who, when sick, are confused about the true [[reason]] for their malady. They are suspicious and attribute their [[sickness]] to [[divine]] {{Wiki|punishment}}. They go about looking for [[magical]] charms, special {{Wiki|spells}}, or they ingest [[incense]] ashes; their {{Wiki|illness}} will only worsen. This is “erroneous [[cause and condition]].” [[Life]] may be smooth or bumpy, and [[obstacles]] may be many or few. Many of life’s difficulties are rooted in misconceptions about the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]]. We must know how to apply the correct [[understanding]] and [[shun]] the erroneous [[views]]. |
− | Furthermore, as far as the understanding of cause and condition is concerned, there are four levels. They are [[right understanding]], cause and condition, [[Sunyata]], and [[Prajna]]. | + | Furthermore, as far as the [[understanding]] of [[cause and condition]] is concerned, there are four levels. They are [[right understanding]], [[cause and condition]], [[Sunyata]], and [[Prajna]]. |
A. [[Right Understanding]] | A. [[Right Understanding]] | ||
[[File:The-buddha.png|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:The-buddha.png|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | As ordinary people, we can understand the law of cause and condition at the level of [[right understanding]]. Most of us have the experience and intellect to enable us to affirm cause and condition in the [[world]]. When confronted with [[sickness]], distress, and misfortune, we are able to find the cause and can therefore liberate ourselves from [[sufferings]]. This is the understanding of cause and condition from a [[worldly]] angle. | + | As [[ordinary people]], we can understand the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]] at the level of [[right understanding]]. Most of us have the [[experience]] and {{Wiki|intellect}} to enable us to affirm [[cause and condition]] in the [[world]]. When confronted with [[sickness]], {{Wiki|distress}}, and misfortune, we are able to find the [[cause]] and can therefore {{Wiki|liberate}} ourselves from [[sufferings]]. This is the [[understanding]] of [[cause and condition]] from a [[worldly]] angle. |
− | B. Cause and Condition | + | B. [[Cause and Condition]] |
− | Those who have reached the level of [[Arhat]] have [[realized]] the [[transcendental]] [[truth]]. Since they know that the [[five skandhas]] (form, [[feeling]], [[perception]], [[mental]] formation, and [[consciousness]]) are empty and can abandon the [[hindrances]] of [[knowledge]], they elevate themselves to a higher [[spiritual]] level. They understand that there is no [[absolute]] and that all existences are interdependent. They have [[realized]] the true nature of cause and condition. | + | Those who have reached the level of [[Arhat]] have [[realized]] the [[transcendental]] [[truth]]. Since they know that the [[five skandhas]] ([[form]], [[feeling]], [[perception]], [[mental]] formation, and [[consciousness]]) are [[empty]] and can abandon the [[hindrances]] of [[knowledge]], they elevate themselves to a higher [[spiritual]] level. They understand that there is no [[absolute]] and that all [[existences]] are [[interdependent]]. They have [[realized]] the [[true nature]] of [[cause and condition]]. |
C. [[Sunyata]] | C. [[Sunyata]] | ||
− | [[Sunyata]], [[emptiness]], is the [[realm]] of [[Bodhisattvas]]. They have [[realized]] both the [[worldly]] and [[transcendental]] [[truths]] and can function in this [[world]] in a [[transcendental]] way. They realize that, | + | [[Sunyata]], [[emptiness]], is the [[realm]] of [[Bodhisattvas]]. They have [[realized]] both the [[worldly]] and [[transcendental]] [[truths]] and can function in this [[world]] in a [[transcendental]] way. They realize that, “[[Forms]] and {{Wiki|smells}} are all [[Dharma]]. Words or quietude are ultimately [[Ch’an]].” When one can [[view]] the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]] from the point of [[view]] of [[Sunyata]], then [[life]] is full of possibilities and [[nothing]] is unreachable. |
D. [[Prajna]] | D. [[Prajna]] | ||
[[File:Thai-lifbud-09.JPG|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Thai-lifbud-09.JPG|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | [[Prajna]], the ultimate [[wisdom]], is in the [[realm]] of the [[Buddhas]]. It is the [[wisdom]], when one has achieved [[enlightenment]], of one’s original nature. It is the [[realm]] of one who has [[realized]] that true nature and [[phenomenon]] are one. In this [[realm]], there is no differentiation between the [[worldly]] [[truth]] and the [[transcendental]] [[truth]]. There is no distinction of [[self]] versus others. Cause and condition arise and cease of their own accord, just like the freely fleeting clouds in the sky. Everything is naturally integrated and fulfilled. | + | [[Prajna]], the [[Wikipedia:Absolute (philosophy)|ultimate]] [[wisdom]], is in the [[realm]] of the [[Buddhas]]. It is the [[wisdom]], when one has achieved [[enlightenment]], of one’s [[original nature]]. It is the [[realm]] of one who has [[realized]] that [[true nature]] and [[phenomenon]] are one. In this [[realm]], there is no differentiation between the [[worldly]] [[truth]] and the [[transcendental]] [[truth]]. There is no {{Wiki|distinction}} of [[self]] versus others. [[Cause and condition]] arise and cease of their [[own]] accord, just like the freely fleeting clouds in the sky. Everything is naturally integrated and fulfilled. |
− | We can explain these four levels of understandings from another angle. In order to play a musical instrument, such as a flute, violin or piano, beginners must first study scales and notes. They must first learn to read the musical score and familiarize themselves with the respective instruments. To generate each [[sound]], they must look at each note on the score, become knowledgeable in the use of the instrument, and practice. They continue this process of practicing until they are thoroughly familiar with the music. This is the first level of performance. These performers can only play with a musical score. Similarly, when we still need to look at the [[phenomena]] of the external [[world]] for our understanding, we are at the level of [[right understanding]]. | + | We can explain these four levels of understandings from another angle. In order to play a musical instrument, such as a {{Wiki|flute}}, violin or piano, beginners must first study scales and notes. They must first learn to read the musical score and familiarize themselves with the respective instruments. To generate each [[sound]], they must look at each note on the score, become [[knowledgeable]] in the use of the instrument, and [[practice]]. They continue this process of practicing until they are thoroughly familiar with the [[music]]. This is the first level of performance. These performers can only play with a musical score. Similarly, when we still need to look at the [[phenomena]] of the external [[world]] for our [[understanding]], we are at the level of [[right understanding]]. |
− | When the performers have perfected their practice, the musical score now has been etched into their hearts and [[minds]]. They can close their [[eyes]] and the notes will naturally appear in the [[mind]]. Although they appear to perform without the [[physical]] music sheet, their [[minds]] are still bound by the existence of the score. They still perform by following the notes and cannot freely express musically. This is the second level of performance. When the internal understanding is in agreement with the external [[world]], this corresponds to the second level of understanding, that of cause and condition. | + | When the performers have perfected their [[practice]], the musical score now has been etched into their hearts and [[minds]]. They can close their [[eyes]] and the notes will naturally appear in the [[mind]]. Although they appear to perform without the [[physical]] [[music]] sheet, their [[minds]] are still [[bound]] by the [[existence]] of the score. They still perform by following the notes and cannot freely express musically. This is the second level of performance. When the internal [[understanding]] is in agreement with the external [[world]], this corresponds to the second level of [[understanding]], that of [[cause and condition]]. |
− | As the performers continue to practice, they soon enter the [[realm]] where the boundary between the external and internal vanishes. They do not need to look at the music sheet, nor do they feel the existence of the score in their [[minds]]. When they perform, they become one with the music, forgoing their sense of separate identity. The resulting music flows seamlessly, smoothly, and wonderfully. Although the performers no longer hold on to the musical score physically or in their [[minds]], they are still playing something that they have previously learned rather than out of their spontaneous composition. This level of performance corresponds to the third level of understanding, that of [[Sunyata]]. | + | As the performers continue to [[practice]], they soon enter the [[realm]] where the boundary between the external and internal vanishes. They do not need to look at the [[music]] sheet, nor do they [[feel]] the [[existence]] of the score in their [[minds]]. When they perform, they become one with the [[music]], forgoing their [[sense]] of separate [[Wikipedia:Identity (social science)|identity]]. The resulting [[music]] flows seamlessly, smoothly, and wonderfully. Although the performers no longer hold on to the musical score {{Wiki|physically}} or in their [[minds]], they are still playing something that they have previously learned rather than out of their spontaneous composition. This level of performance corresponds to the third level of [[understanding]], that of [[Sunyata]]. |
[[File:Teaching-buddha.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Teaching-buddha.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | Finally when the performers truly know and integrate the musical [[harmony]] and concepts of composition, they are now musicians in tune with nature. They are one with the music, and they create beautiful musical compositions with every turn of their [[thoughts]]. Everything is music. Likewise, when one reaches the level in which each [[thought]] is [[Prajna]], the ultimate [[wisdom]], and each hand gesture is a wondrous {{Wiki|discourse}}, one then is in the [[realm]] where there are no distinctions of inside versus outside, without remembering or not remembering. This is the highest level of [[Prajna]] [[realization]] in the law of cause and condition. | + | Finally when the performers truly know and integrate the musical [[harmony]] and [[Wikipedia:concept|concepts]] of composition, they are now musicians in tune with [[nature]]. They are one with the [[music]], and they create beautiful musical compositions with every turn of their [[thoughts]]. Everything is [[music]]. Likewise, when one reaches the level in which each [[thought]] is [[Prajna]], the [[Wikipedia:Absolute (philosophy)|ultimate]] [[wisdom]], and each hand gesture is a wondrous {{Wiki|discourse}}, one then is in the [[realm]] where there are no {{Wiki|distinctions}} of inside versus outside, without remembering or not remembering. This is the [[highest]] level of [[Prajna]] [[realization]] in the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]]. |
− | People nowadays tend not to have even the [[right understanding]]. We often look at the [[world]] in a topsy-turvy way. We regard [[fame]] and [[fortune]], the cause of many afflictions, as [[pleasure]]. Out of our equal, undivided, unbound original nature, we insist on making distinctions and divisions of superiority. When the cause and condition call for our peaceful mutual caring, cooperation, and coexistence, we instead become distrustful and hostile to each other, thereby generating conflict and disputes among ourselves. What is the point of all these troubles? The only way to free ourselves is to understand the law of cause and condition correctly. When we can realize [[Prajna]], [[concentration]], and [[wisdom]], when we are not bound by {{Wiki|phenomenal}} existence, and when we let go of the fixation of us versus them, then we will be able to be in complete accordance with the [[Buddhas]], venture into the [[realms]] of the [[Dharma]] and be wonderfully free. | + | [[People]] nowadays tend not to have even the [[right understanding]]. We often look at the [[world]] in a topsy-turvy way. We regard [[fame]] and [[fortune]], the [[cause]] of many [[afflictions]], as [[pleasure]]. Out of our {{Wiki|equal}}, undivided, unbound [[original nature]], we insist on making {{Wiki|distinctions}} and divisions of {{Wiki|superiority}}. When the [[cause and condition]] call for our [[peaceful]] mutual caring, cooperation, and coexistence, we instead become distrustful and {{Wiki|hostile}} to each other, thereby generating conflict and [[disputes]] among ourselves. What is the point of all these troubles? The only way to free ourselves is to understand the [[law of cause]] and [[condition]] correctly. When we can realize [[Prajna]], [[concentration]], and [[wisdom]], when we are not [[bound]] by {{Wiki|phenomenal}} [[existence]], and when we let go of the fixation of us versus them, then we will be able to be in complete accordance with the [[Buddhas]], venture into the [[realms]] of the [[Dharma]] and be wonderfully free. |
− | IV. How to Multiply and Improve Wholesome Conditions | + | IV. How to Multiply and Improve [[Wholesome]] [[Conditions]] |
− | Some people say, “The greatest invention of the twentieth century is human communication.” It is also written in the [[scripture]], “Before achieving the [[Buddha]] Way, we must first cultivate favorable conditions with others.” To cultivate favorable conditions is to build harmonious relationships and to establish good communication with other people. | + | Some [[people]] say, “The greatest invention of the twentieth century is [[human]] [[communication]].” It is also written in the [[scripture]], “Before achieving the [[Buddha]] Way, we must first cultivate favorable [[conditions]] with others.” To cultivate favorable [[conditions]] is [[to build]] harmonious relationships and to establish good [[communication]] with other [[people]]. |
[[File:Tawatoot4.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Tawatoot4.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | One of the greatest treasures of [[life]] is the | + | One of the greatest [[treasures]] of [[life]] is the “[[cultivating]] of favorable [[conditions]].” Building plenty of good [[conditions]] is [[essential]] for one’s [[happiness]] in particular and the {{Wiki|welfare}} of the public in general. How, then, can we establish a multitude of good [[conditions]] with others? |
− | To cultivate favorable conditions with others, people in the past put up lanterns by the side of the road. They built rest stops and provided free tea drinks. They built bridges to establish good conditions with people of the other shore. They dug wells to develop good conditions with everyone. Others may give you a watch or a clock to foster good conditions with you. All of these are examples of precious good conditions with others. If you have a [[heart]] of gold, good conditions will open up everywhere. I can provide you some suggestions on a few methods to form favorable conditions with others. | + | To cultivate favorable [[conditions]] with others, [[people]] in the {{Wiki|past}} put up lanterns by the side of the road. They built rest stops and provided free tea drinks. They built [[bridges]] to establish good [[conditions]] with [[people]] of the other shore. They dug wells to develop good [[conditions]] with everyone. Others may give you a watch or a clock to foster good [[conditions]] with you. All of these are examples of [[precious]] good [[conditions]] with others. If you have a [[heart]] of {{Wiki|gold}}, good [[conditions]] will open up everywhere. I can provide you some suggestions on a few methods to [[form]] favorable [[conditions]] with others. |
− | 1) Monetary Assistance鏆e can donate [[money]] as a way to build good conditions with others. Not only does it make others feel our concern for them, it may even save a [[life]]. For example, if there is a car accident on the road, someone may need a coin to call for emergency assistance. If you offer a coin, the person can make the call. Paramedics and physicians will then arrive and provide assistance to the needy victims. Your coin will have built a multitude of good conditions with others. | + | 1) Monetary Assistance鏆e can donate [[money]] as a way [[to build]] good [[conditions]] with others. Not only does it make others [[feel]] our [[concern]] for them, it may even save a [[life]]. For example, if there is a car accident on the road, someone may need a coin to call for emergency assistance. If you offer a coin, the [[person]] can make the call. Paramedics and physicians will then arrive and provide assistance to the needy {{Wiki|victims}}. Your coin will have built a multitude of good [[conditions]] with others. |
− | 2) Kind Encouragement鏆hen others are frustrated, a word of encouragement can bring them immense hope. When others are disappointed, a word of praise can give them a positive outlook on [[life]]. There is a saying that, “A kind word is more valuable than the gift of royal attire; a harsh word is more severe than the fall of the axe.” There are times that a few kind words can bring great joy and [[peace]] to everyone. | + | 2) Kind Encouragement鏆hen others are frustrated, a [[word]] of encouragement can bring them immense {{Wiki|hope}}. When others are disappointed, a [[word]] of praise can give them a positive outlook on [[life]]. There is a saying that, “A kind [[word]] is more valuable than the [[gift]] of {{Wiki|royal}} attire; a harsh [[word]] is more severe than the fall of the axe.” There are times that a few kind words can bring great [[joy]] and [[peace]] to everyone. |
[[File:Tavatimsa.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Tavatimsa.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | 3) [[Meritorious]] Deeds① small kind gesture or even a simple kind [[thought]] can have tremendous impact. Once upon a time in Holland, there was a child who walked home one evening and saw a small hole in the dike. When he saw that the sea water was slowly seeping in, he [[thought]] to himself, “Oh no! How disastrous! If the hole is not patched up immediately, the dam is going to break before dawn and the town will be flooded.” As he could not find anything to patch the hole, he stuck his finger into the hole to stop the leak. He stood like this by the dike throughout the windy rainy night. The whole night passed and not even one person walked by the dike. In the morning, he was found frozen by the dike with his finger still tightly stuck in the hole. The entire town was very grateful to learn that his finger had saved the lives and properties of the entire town. Therefore, “Do not commit an act of atrocity just because it is minor. Do not pass up the opportunity to perform a [[virtuous]] deed just because it is small.” A simple kind [[thought]] can save countless lives and build boundless [[virtue]]. | + | 3) [[Meritorious]] Deeds① small kind gesture or even a simple kind [[thought]] can have tremendous impact. Once upon a time in [[Holland]], there was a child who walked home one evening and saw a small hole in the dike. When he saw that the sea [[water]] was slowly seeping in, he [[thought]] to himself, “Oh no! How disastrous! If the hole is not patched up immediately, the dam is going to break before dawn and the town will be flooded.” As he could not find anything to patch the hole, he stuck his finger into the hole to stop the leak. He stood like this by the dike throughout the windy rainy night. The whole night passed and not even one [[person]] walked by the dike. In the morning, he was found frozen by the dike with his finger still tightly stuck in the hole. The entire town was very grateful to learn that his finger had saved the [[lives]] and properties of the entire town. Therefore, “Do not commit an act of atrocity just because it is minor. Do not pass up the opportunity to perform a [[virtuous]] [[deed]] just because it is small.” A simple kind [[thought]] can save countless [[lives]] and build [[boundless]] [[virtue]]. |
− | 4) Educating Others鏆e can use [[knowledge]] and know-how to cultivate favorable conditions with others. Each day, there are over one hundred and eighty thousand [[teachers]] in {{Wiki|Taiwan}} patiently teaching and passing on their [[knowledge]] to the younger generations. They are instrumental in promoting the national intellect and catalyzing growth. You show someone a minor skill; it can be his/her means for future survival. You teach others a word of [[wisdom]]; it can influence his/her entire [[life]] and serve as the guiding principle of how he/she deals with others. | + | 4) Educating Others鏆e can use [[knowledge]] and know-how to cultivate favorable [[conditions]] with others. Each day, there are over one hundred and eighty thousand [[teachers]] in {{Wiki|Taiwan}} patiently [[teaching]] and passing on their [[knowledge]] to the younger generations. They are instrumental in promoting the national {{Wiki|intellect}} and catalyzing growth. You show someone a minor skill; it can be his/her means for {{Wiki|future}} survival. You teach others a [[word]] of [[wisdom]]; it can influence his/her entire [[life]] and serve as the guiding [[principle]] of how he/she deals with others. |
− | 5) Helping Hand鏆e can gain much [[respect]] if we accommodate others. The traffic officer helping an elderly person to cross the street becomes a model civil servant. The sales representative who kindly helps shoppers find what they need can make the customers’ shopping experience a real [[pleasure]]. The young person who gives his seat up politely to an elderly person gives us confidence in our country’s future. From the way we assist others in our daily lives, we can gauge if we live in a truly progressive and developed society. | + | 5) Helping Hand鏆e can gain much [[respect]] if we accommodate others. The traffic officer helping an elderly [[person]] to cross the street becomes a model civil servant. The sales representative who kindly helps shoppers find what they need can make the customers’ shopping [[experience]] a real [[pleasure]]. The young [[person]] who gives his seat up politely to an elderly [[person]] gives us [[confidence]] in our country’s {{Wiki|future}}. From the way we assist others in our daily [[lives]], we can gauge if we live in a truly progressive and developed {{Wiki|society}}. |
[[File:Ksitigarbha 58.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Ksitigarbha 58.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | 6) Warm Gesture⑲ometimes a [[smile]], a nod, or a simple handshake can build us unimaginable good conditions. Once in {{Wiki|Taiwan}}, an unemployed young man was wandering the streets near the Taipei train station, wanting to commit suicide by running in front of the car of a wealthy person. In this way, his impoverished mother would be able to collect some monetary compensation to live on. When he was about to make his move, a beautiful gracious lady walked by and smiled at him. He was so excited that he dismissed the idea of committing suicide. The next day, he found a job to support his family. Of course, he no longer wanted to die anymore. Therefore, the [[smile]] managed to build such great cause and condition for the young man. | + | 6) Warm Gesture⑲ometimes a [[smile]], a nod, or a simple handshake can build us unimaginable good [[conditions]]. Once in {{Wiki|Taiwan}}, an unemployed young man was wandering the streets near the {{Wiki|Taipei}} train station, wanting to commit {{Wiki|suicide}} by running in front of the car of a wealthy [[person]]. In this way, his impoverished mother would be able to collect some monetary compensation to live on. When he was about to make his move, a beautiful gracious lady walked by and smiled at him. He was so excited that he dismissed the [[idea]] of [[committing suicide]]. The next day, he found a job to support his family. Of course, he no longer wanted to [[die]] anymore. Therefore, the [[smile]] managed [[to build]] such great [[cause and condition]] for the young man. |
− | Learning [[Buddhism]] and building [[merits]] are more than retreating to a mountain or donating [[money]]. A kind word, a good deed, a [[smile]], or a bit of know-how can help us build plenty of good conditions and accrue tremendous [[merits]]. In [[China]], there are four famous mountains. Each mountain is the [[sacred]] site for one [[Bodhisattva]] preaching his [[Dharma]]. These four [[Bodhisattvas]], to whom we commonly pay [[respect]], are [[Avalokitesvara]], [[Ksitigarbha]], [[Manjusri]], and [[Samantabhadra]]. As discussed in the following paragraphs, each of these four [[Bodhisattvas]] has a special cause and condition with us. | + | {{Wiki|Learning}} [[Buddhism]] and building [[merits]] are more than retreating to a mountain or donating [[money]]. A kind [[word]], a good [[deed]], a [[smile]], or a bit of know-how can help us build plenty of good [[conditions]] and accrue tremendous [[merits]]. In [[China]], there are four famous [[mountains]]. Each mountain is the [[sacred]] site for one [[Bodhisattva]] preaching his [[Dharma]]. These four [[Bodhisattvas]], to whom we commonly pay [[respect]], are [[Avalokitesvara]], [[Ksitigarbha]], [[Manjusri]], and [[Samantabhadra]]. As discussed in the following paragraphs, each of these four [[Bodhisattvas]] has a special [[cause and condition]] with us. |
− | [[Avalokitesvara]] [[Bodhisattva]] has a special condition with us through the Bodhisattva’s kindness and [[compassion]]. The [[Bodhisattva]] brings [[universal]] salvation to all. Through the Bodhisattva’s kind [[heart]] and [[compassionate]] [[vows]], all [[sentient beings]] may benefit from the nurture of the [[Dharma]] and actualize the [[mind]] of [[compassion]]. | + | [[Avalokitesvara]] [[Bodhisattva]] has a special [[condition]] with us through the [[Bodhisattva’s]] [[kindness]] and [[compassion]]. The [[Bodhisattva]] brings [[universal]] {{Wiki|salvation}} to all. Through the [[Bodhisattva’s]] kind [[heart]] and [[compassionate]] [[vows]], all [[sentient beings]] may [[benefit]] from the nurture of the [[Dharma]] and actualize the [[mind]] of [[compassion]]. |
− | [[Ksitigarbha]] [[Bodhisattva]] has a special condition with us through his great [[vow]]. The [[Bodhisattva vows]] to deliver all living beings as noted in the verse, “Only when all beings are emancipated, then shall I attain [[enlightenment]]. As long as [[hell]] is not emptied, I [[vow]] not to reach [[Buddhahood]].” For thousands of years, [[Ksitigarbha]] Bodhisattva’s limitless [[vow]], as reflected in this verse, has served as the pointer for countless beings to the [[path]] of [[Buddhahood]]. It has also lit an eternal [[light]] for the [[Buddhist teachings]]. | + | [[Ksitigarbha]] [[Bodhisattva]] has a special [[condition]] with us through his great [[vow]]. The [[Bodhisattva vows]] to deliver [[all living beings]] as noted in the verse, “Only when all [[beings]] are emancipated, then shall I attain [[enlightenment]]. As long as [[hell]] is not emptied, I [[vow]] not to reach [[Buddhahood]].” For thousands of years, [[Ksitigarbha]] [[Bodhisattva’s]] {{Wiki|limitless}} [[vow]], as reflected in this verse, has served as the pointer for countless [[beings]] to the [[path]] of [[Buddhahood]]. It has also lit an eternal [[light]] for the [[Buddhist teachings]]. |
[[File:Url-uyt.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | [[File:Url-uyt.jpg|thumb|250px|]] | ||
− | [[Manjusri]] [[Bodhisattva]] has a special condition with us through his [[wisdom]]. The [[Bodhisattva]] uses his extraordinary [[eloquence]] to expound the ultimate teachings. He brings [[light]] to the blinded and the [[Dharma]] [[sound]] to the ignorant. With great [[wisdom]] the [[Bodhisattva]] has propelled [[Buddhism]] into the profound and wondrous [[realm]] of great [[Prajna]]. [[Buddhism]] in [[China]] has been greatly benefited. | + | [[Manjusri]] [[Bodhisattva]] has a special [[condition]] with us through his [[wisdom]]. The [[Bodhisattva]] uses his [[extraordinary]] [[eloquence]] to expound the [[Wikipedia:Absolute (philosophy)|ultimate]] teachings. He brings [[light]] to the blinded and the [[Dharma]] [[sound]] to the [[ignorant]]. With great [[wisdom]] the [[Bodhisattva]] has propelled [[Buddhism]] into the profound and wondrous [[realm]] of great [[Prajna]]. [[Buddhism]] in [[China]] has been greatly benefited. |
− | [[Samantabhadra]] [[Bodhisattva]] has a special condition with us through his actual practice. The [[Bodhisattva]] shows us the Way with every movement of the hands and feet. With the raise of his eyebrows or the twinkle of his [[eyes]], the [[Bodhisattva]] expresses the wonderful teachings. In [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Samantabhadra]] [[Bodhisattva]] is an exemplary model and has established [[virtuous]] ways for the cultivation of [[simplicity]] and the striving for thoroughness. | + | [[Samantabhadra]] [[Bodhisattva]] has a special [[condition]] with us through his actual practice. The [[Bodhisattva]] shows us the Way with every {{Wiki|movement}} of the hands and feet. With the raise of his eyebrows or the twinkle of his [[eyes]], the [[Bodhisattva]] expresses the wonderful teachings. In [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Samantabhadra]] [[Bodhisattva]] is an exemplary model and has established [[virtuous]] ways for the [[cultivation]] of [[simplicity]] and the striving for thoroughness. |
− | In addition to these four great [[Bodhisattvas]], there are countless [[patriarchs]], [[masters]], and [[Buddhist]] practitioners who cultivate favorable conditions with others in their unique ways. | + | In addition to these four great [[Bodhisattvas]], there are countless [[patriarchs]], [[masters]], and [[Buddhist]] practitioners who cultivate favorable [[conditions]] with others in their unique ways. |
− | Through his {{Wiki|calligraphy}} and upholding the [[precepts]], [[Venerable]] [[Master]] Hung Yi cultivated favorable conditions with others. For those sincerely interested in [[Buddhism]], he often used {{Wiki|calligraphy}} to present the words of [[Dharma wisdom]] as the means for cultivating good conditions with them. Personally he was diligent with his cultivation and strict with upholding the [[precepts]]. He never uttered a word to slight the [[Dharma]] nor committed an act in violation of the [[precepts]]. Like “the luxuriant flowering branches in spring and the perfect full moon in the sky,” he has set a highly regarded example in [[Buddhism]]. | + | Through his {{Wiki|calligraphy}} and upholding the [[precepts]], [[Venerable]] [[Master]] Hung Yi cultivated favorable [[conditions]] with others. For those sincerely [[interested]] in [[Buddhism]], he often used {{Wiki|calligraphy}} to {{Wiki|present}} the words of [[Dharma wisdom]] as the means for [[cultivating]] good [[conditions]] with them. Personally he was diligent with his [[cultivation]] and strict with upholding the [[precepts]]. He never uttered a [[word]] to slight the [[Dharma]] nor committed an act in {{Wiki|violation}} of the [[precepts]]. Like “the luxuriant flowering branches in spring and the {{Wiki|perfect}} [[full moon]] in the sky,” he has set a highly regarded example in [[Buddhism]]. |
− | With his [[meditative]] [[concentration]], [[Venerable]] [[Master]] Hsu Yun fostered wholesome conditions with others. He was [[immovable]], in accordance with the [[ultimate reality]] of | + | With his [[meditative]] [[concentration]], [[Venerable]] [[Master]] [[Hsu Yun]] fostered [[wholesome]] [[conditions]] with others. He was [[immovable]], in accordance with the [[ultimate reality]] of “[[suchness]].” His [[mind]] was focused and imperturbable. He propagated the [[Dharma]] without {{Wiki|speaking}} about the teachings. He interacted with different types of [[people]], yet remained true to himself. |
− | Through preaching the [[Dharma]], [[Venerable]] [[Master]] T’ai Hsu was able to cultivate favorable conditions with people. He used words to expound the great [[wisdom]] of [[Prajna]]. He preached the [[sutras]] to awaken the confused. He traveled to all corners of [[China]] and helped to revive the declining [[Chinese Buddhism]] with a dose of effective [[medicine]]. | + | Through preaching the [[Dharma]], [[Venerable]] [[Master]] [[T’ai]] Hsu was able to cultivate favorable [[conditions]] with [[people]]. He used words to expound the great [[wisdom]] of [[Prajna]]. He [[preached]] the [[sutras]] to [[awaken]] the confused. He traveled to all corners of [[China]] and helped to revive the declining [[Chinese Buddhism]] with a dose of effective [[medicine]]. |
− | [[Master]] {{Wiki|Shan Tao}} cultivated favorable conditions with others through illuminating radiance. For the physically blind, he ensured that they were not blinded in their [[minds]]. For those blinded [[mentally]], he brought the [[light]] of [[wisdom]] back into their [[minds]]. He brightened the dark and defiled human existence with his illuminating [[light]]. | + | [[Master]] {{Wiki|Shan Tao}} cultivated favorable [[conditions]] with others through [[illuminating]] radiance. For the {{Wiki|physically}} [[blind]], he ensured that they were not blinded in their [[minds]]. For those blinded [[mentally]], he brought the [[light]] of [[wisdom]] back into their [[minds]]. He brightened the dark and {{Wiki|defiled}} [[human existence]] with his [[illuminating]] [[light]]. |
− | [[Venerable]] [[Master]] Yin Kuang cultivated favorable connections with others through [[chanting]]. With each [[thought]], he was continuously mindful and contemplative of the [[Amitabha]] [[Buddha]], and he chanted the [[Amitabha]] Buddha’s name incessantly everyday. In this way, he guided the faithful to maintain a strong belief in the Western [[Pure Land]] and to form wondrous causes and conditions with the [[Amitabha]] [[Buddha]]. | + | [[Venerable]] [[Master]] [[Yin]] Kuang cultivated favorable connections with others through [[chanting]]. With each [[thought]], he was continuously [[mindful]] and {{Wiki|contemplative}} of the [[Amitabha]] [[Buddha]], and he chanted the [[Amitabha]] [[Buddha’s]] [[name]] incessantly everyday. In this way, he guided the faithful to maintain a strong [[belief]] in the [[Western]] [[Pure Land]] and to [[form]] wondrous [[causes and conditions]] with the [[Amitabha]] [[Buddha]]. |
− | Other examples include Elder [[Sudatta]] in [[India]] who gave [[alms]] to cultivate favorable conditions with others. He was well respected for building the [[Jetavana]] [[Monastery]], which became the focal point of the Buddha’s missionary work in Northern [[India]]. Ch’an [[Master]] Yung Ming Yen Shou cultivated favorable conditions by setting captured [[animals]] free. He saved countless [[animals]] and water creatures from the pain of the slaughterhouse and the torture of fiery stove in the kitchen. [[Master]] Lung K’u used tea services to cultivate favorable conditions with others. He helped to quench the thirst of exhausted travelers and gave them renewed energy to continue with their long journeys. | + | Other examples include Elder [[Sudatta]] in [[India]] who gave [[alms]] to cultivate favorable [[conditions]] with others. He was well respected for building the [[Jetavana]] [[Monastery]], which became the focal point of the [[Buddha’s]] {{Wiki|missionary}} work in Northern [[India]]. [[Ch’an]] [[Master]] [[Yung Ming]] Yen Shou cultivated favorable [[conditions]] by setting captured [[animals]] free. He saved countless [[animals]] and [[water]] creatures from the [[pain]] of the slaughterhouse and the torture of fiery stove in the kitchen. [[Master]] Lung K’u used tea services to cultivate favorable [[conditions]] with others. He helped to quench the [[thirst]] of exhausted travelers and gave them renewed [[energy]] to continue with their long journeys. |
− | Society needs to have the unity of group efforts to thrive, just as the [[happiness]] of individual existence relies on the integration of the six [[senses]]. Our daily subsistence depends on the close cooperation of all professions working together to facilitate the workings of supply and demand. In this way, we can live in abundance. We should be thankful for the workings of causes and conditions and for the help of all in the society. If we want to be successful and [[happy]], we must cultivate favorable causes and conditions with all beings. We must do it for the present as well as for the future. We should also cultivate favorable [[Dharma]] conditions with the [[Buddhas]] and [[Bodhisattvas]]. We must treasure, build, and live within our causes and conditions. “[Resources] coming from the ten [[directions]], going to the ten [[directions]], to accomplish endeavors of the ten [[directions]]. Ten thousand people contributing, ten thousand people giving, to cultivate ten thousand favorable conditions.” If we can do this, we will be able to attain [[Buddhahood]] and the [[wisdom]] of [[enlightenment]]. | + | {{Wiki|Society}} needs to have the {{Wiki|unity}} of group efforts to thrive, just as the [[happiness]] of {{Wiki|individual}} [[existence]] relies on the {{Wiki|integration}} of the six [[senses]]. Our daily subsistence depends on the close cooperation of all professions working together to facilitate the workings of supply and demand. In this way, we can live in abundance. We should be thankful for the workings of [[causes and conditions]] and for the help of all in the {{Wiki|society}}. If we want to be successful and [[happy]], we must cultivate favorable [[causes and conditions]] with all [[beings]]. We must do it for the {{Wiki|present}} as well as for the {{Wiki|future}}. We should also cultivate favorable [[Dharma]] [[conditions]] with the [[Buddhas]] and [[Bodhisattvas]]. We must [[treasure]], build, and live within our [[causes and conditions]]. “[Resources] coming from the ten [[directions]], going to the ten [[directions]], to accomplish endeavors of the ten [[directions]]. Ten thousand [[people]] contributing, ten thousand [[people]] giving, to cultivate ten thousand favorable [[conditions]].” If we can do this, we will be able to attain [[Buddhahood]] and the [[wisdom]] of [[enlightenment]]. |
− | Finally, my best wishes to all of you. May each of you become a well-respected and loved person. May each of you have plenty of good causes and great conditions. May each of you be successful. | + | Finally, my best wishes to all of you. May each of you become a well-respected and loved [[person]]. May each of you have plenty of good [[causes]] and great [[conditions]]. May each of you be successful. |
</poem> | </poem> | ||
{{R}} | {{R}} | ||
[http://www.ibps.org/english/master/Cause%20and%20Condition.html www.ibps.org] | [http://www.ibps.org/english/master/Cause%20and%20Condition.html www.ibps.org] | ||
[[Category:Buddhist Philosophy]] | [[Category:Buddhist Philosophy]] |
Latest revision as of 19:53, 4 April 2016
Dear Venerables and Dharma Friends,
More than two thousand five hundred years ago, Sakyamuni Buddha “was born into this world for the cause and condition of a major mission.” This major mission, this cause and condition, is what we now commonly refer to as the “Buddhist Dharma,” the Truth realized by the Buddha.
The Buddhist teachings differ from scholastic inquiry and knowledge. Usual scholastic inquiry focuses on explanations of appearances; it is an interpretation based on the name and form of phenomena. In contrast, Buddhism emphasizes the penetrative understanding of the nature of phenomena; it is ultimate and complete. For example, let us talk about my hand. Common knowledge holds that it is a hand. Medical science looks at it as a structure of bones, muscles, nerves, and cells. Literature defines the hand in terms of style, gesture and expression. The philosophical interpretation of the hand sees it as the embodiment of destiny and friendship. In physics, the extension and contraction of the hand is force and movement. In summation, the hand is regarded as real, as something that truly exists. In contrast, the Buddhist view of my hand is like a penetrating X-ray which surmises that the hand is really only an illusive form, unstable in nature, and will eventually decay and vanish. It is only a phenomenon that is ultimately empty in its nature. Let’s say I extend my hand and make a grasp. Common knowledge and intellect would say that I have grasped some air and dust particles. It is a movement and gesture. From the Buddhist point of view, the grasp is “like a dream, illusion, bubble, or shadow, like the dew or lightning.” It is only a phenomenon that exists because of the combination of certain causes and conditions. Thus, we can see that human perspectives are narrow and confined; they often hinder us from looking at the world in the radiance of ultimate wisdom. Worldly happiness and suffering do not have an absolute existence of their own. They arise only because of the differentiations we make in our perceptions and cognitions. When we come to understand and accept the Buddhist teachings, we need to change our perspectives. We must go beyond superficial phenomena into the ultimate reality of “suchness,” illuminate our Prajna wisdom and sow Bodhi seeds. Only then, will the Dharma water of Samadhi flow into the spiritual fields of our hearts.
The scripture tells the following story that will further develop my explanation. There was once an old lady who cried all the time. Her elder daughter was married to an umbrella merchant while the younger daughter was the wife of a noodle vendor. On sunny days, she worried, “Oh no! The weather is so nice and sunny. No one is going to buy any umbrellas. What will happen if the shop has to be closed?” These worries made her sad. She just could not help but cry. When it rained, she would cry for the younger daughter. She thought, “Oh no! My younger daughter is married to a noodle vendor. You cannot dry noodles without the sun. Now there will be no noodles to sell. What should we do?” As a result, the old lady lived in sorrow everyday. Whether sunny or rainy, she grieved for one of her daughters. Her neighbors could not console her and jokingly called her “the crying lady.”
One day, she met a monk. He was very curious as to why she was always crying. She explained the problem to him. The monk smiled kindly and said, “Madam! You need not worry. I will show you a way to happiness, and you will need to grieve no more.”
The crying lady was very excited. She immediately asked the monk to show her what to do. The master replied, “It is very simple. You just need to change your perspective. On sunny days, do not think of your elder daughter not being able to sell umbrellas but the younger daughter being able to dry her noodles. With such good strong sunlight, she must be able to make plenty of noodles and her business must be very good. When it rains, think about the umbrella store of the elder daughter. With the rain, everyone must be buying umbrellas. She will sell a lot of umbrellas and her store will prosper.”
The old lady saw the light. She followed the monk’s instruction. After a while, she did not cry anymore; instead, she was smiling everyday. From that day on she was known as “the smiling lady.”
When we all have worries and problems, if we can emulate “the crying lady” and change our perspectives a little, we can transform worries and problems into happiness and fortunes. This does not require magical power. If we can comprehend a minute amount of the wondrous Dharma of Buddhism and apply it effectively during pivotal junctures in our lives, we can have breakthroughs in our understandings. We will then turn foolishness into wisdom and ignorance into enlightenment.
Anyone who has the slightest knowledge regarding Buddhism would know that Sakyamuni Buddha achieved enlightenment while gazing at the evening stars under a Bodhi tree on a “diamond” throne. When the bright shooting star streaked across the sky, what did the Buddha come to realize?
He has seen the ultimate reality of the universe and life.
What then is the Truth realized by the Buddha?
It is the law of cause and condition, the law of dependent origination.
If we can understand the law of cause and condition, the law of dependent origination, and if we can live by this truth, we will be just like the Buddha. We can then abandon all the pains and anxieties that are associated with this imperfect worldly existence. The scripture discourses, “All phenomena arise out of causes and conditions; all phenomena cease due to causes and conditions.” What do we mean by causes and conditions? Causes and conditions are nothing other than human interactions and relationships. Relationships can be loving and respectful, antagonistic and competitive, good and bad. If we can grasp the law of cause and condition, we can understand the rise and fall of sentient beings’ welfare, the origin and extinction of existence, the reality of the universe and humanity.
There are usually four ways people look at the ever arising and ceasing of causes and conditions:
A. Without Cause, Without Condition
Commonly held beliefs about life include predetermination, random chance, and divine design. These perspectives do not look at life from the standpoint of cause and condition. For example, rocks do not normally produce oil, but let us say that once someone accidentally mines fossil oil from rocks. Instead of analyzing the fossil oil and finding the cause of its formation, the person just assumes it to be a random occurrence. When a child overeats and chokes to death, instead of preventing overeating, the family members lament it as destiny. An unsuccessful robbery attempt turns into a murder; the family of the victim just blames it on predetermination. The most pitiful people are those who lay all responsibilities at gods’ doorsteps. They deny the value of choice, the meaning of efforts, and the importance of self-determination. This total reliance on destiny negates the significance of self-help. It is an erroneous and one-sided view. It is not in accordance with the law of cause and condition.
B. Without Cause, but With Condition
Many people do not believe in past causes, conditions, and effects. They believe that life depends on present conditions and current opportunities. They look at mishaps as the lack of proper conditions, as a predicament that “Everything is in place except for the east wind.” Some siblings in a family can persevere and become successful. Others may just give up and fail. They blame it all on the lack of opportunities or ill fate and overlook their differences in education and character. Students in the same class finish with different grades. They attribute the differences only to the apparent condition of how much they apply themselves and overlook the underlying causes of the variations in aptitude and intellect. This is only a partial and biased understanding of cause and condition.
C. With Cause, but Without Condition
Many people look at cause and condition separately. They attribute their circumstances to causes but not to conditions. They overlook the wondrous and dynamic interplay of cause and condition. Many examples of talented people failing to live up to their potentials are precisely due to the lack of proper conditions to exert themselves. When first entering the work force, they apply for jobs that call for experienced workers. Finally when they are mature, they run into openings that want new graduates. Such situations happen all the time. Some people view cause and condition as separate and independent. Sometimes they believe in cause but not in condition. Other times, they only accept the existence of condition. These people fail to realize that cause and condition are not static, but are forever changing in the space-time continuum, never standing still to wait for anyone. There is an old saying which illustrates this point, “Good begets blessings; evil will be punished. It is not that there are no effects to our acts; it is just a matter of time.”
The three views described above are biased and do not reflect the correct interpretation of the Buddhist view on cause and condition. In Buddhism, we believe that cause, condition, reward, and punishment are all intertwined, one giving rise to the other. All circumstances happen because of “the existence of causes and conditions.”
D. With Cause and With Condition
In Buddhism, the common thread for all Dharma is the law of cause and condition, regardless of whether it is the school of Mahayana or Theravada, whether it is viewed from the angle of principles or phenomena, whether the perspective is worldly or transcendental. All phenomenal existences are products of the proper mix of causes and conditions. It is written in the Surangama Sutra, “All holy teachings, from elementary to profound, cannot depart from the law of cause and condition.” It is like building a house. We need bricks, wood, cement, and other materials. The construction can only be completed when one has all the essential materials and all prerequisites are met. For example, if we want to throw a party, there are many conditions to consider. Do we know our guests well? Can they come? Can we find the appropriate accommodation? Only when all the proper causes and conditions are present can the party be a success. If not, the party will be a flop.
Once, a rich man threw a party. When half of the guests had already arrived, the chef asked if he could start to serve. The man told him to wait a little bit longer. After waiting a few hours, many important guests still had not arrived. Impatient and irritated, he had a slip of the tongue and complained, “Oh! It is not easy to throw a party. Those who should have come have not; those who should not have come are all here.”
His seated guests were shocked. They thought, “Guess what? I am not really invited. If I am not welcomed, I may as well go home.” One by one, the guests quietly slipped away. Seeing the party was dying, the rich man had another slip of the tongue, “Oh! It is not easy to throw a party. Those who should leave have not. Those who should not have left are all gone.”
Right after these words, every guest was upset. They all stood up and left the party in a huff.
With the appropriate causes and conditions, endeavors will become successful. If we destroy our own causes and conditions, if we cannot seize the moment given by our own causes and conditions, success will be hard to come by. Allow me to build some good causes and conditions with you all today, and let me explain the Buddhist view on cause and condition in the following four points.
I. Cause and Condition and Human Relationship
Nowadays, it is popular to talk about “inter-personal relationships.” With good interpersonal relationships, everything goes smoothly; otherwise, obstacles and problems abound. Events are the products of combinations of forces with “the major force called the cause; the lesser forces called conditions.” “Interpersonal relationships” are a form of cause and condition.
If we want to have a successful business, we must acquire sufficient capital, research the market, and then establish investments. If we do our homework, our business will thrive; otherwise, it will fail. These planning and arrangements are the causes and conditions of business.
We must learn to be humble and be appreciative of the relationships we have with others. Arrogance shuts off even the best of causes and conditions. One such example is the meeting between Bodhidharma and Emperor Wu.
Venerable Bodhidharma, the Ch’an school’s first patriarch, arrived from India to Canton, China by sea at the time of the Ta-Tung era of Emperor Wu during the Liang Dynasty. The Emperor quickly sent envoys to accompany Bodhidharma to the capital. Emperor Wu, who wished to show off his past accomplishments, proudly asked Bodhidharma, “I have built numerous temples, published many scriptures, and supported the Sangha. How much merit do you think I have accumulated?”
Dampening the Emperor’s enthusiasm, Bodhi-dharma replied coolly, “None at all.”
The Emperor was very upset. He asked further, “What do you mean? I have done so many good and outstanding acts of benevolence.”
Bodhidharma replied, “Your Majesty! They are imperfect causes and will only bring you minor rewards in the human and celestial realms. They are as illusive as shadows. They are only empty phenomena.”
“Well! What then are real merits?”
“Do not become attached to the name and form of merits,” smiled Bodhidharma. “Sanctify your thoughts. Realize the ultimate nature of emptiness. Abstain from greed and do not pursue worldly rewards.”
The Emperor could not see this profound meaning. To show off his wisdom as the emperor of his people, he asked in his usual arrogant tone, “Between heaven and earth, who is the holiest?”
Bodhidharma saw through the vanity of the Emperor. Not letting up, he replied, “Between heaven and earth, there are neither the holy nor the ordinary.”
Emperor Wu asked loudly, “Do you know who I am?”
Bodhidharma smiled lightly, shook his head and said, “I do not know.”
The Emperor always considered himself a great benefactor of Buddhism. He was conceited and not truly sincere about learning the Truth. How could he possibly take such slighting by Bodhidharma? He immediately flaunted his powers as the emperor and rudely sent Bodhidharma away. In so doing, he had lost the cause and condition to learn Ch’an from Bodhidharma; he had dismissed the excellent opportunity for the metamorphosis of Chinese Buddhism. Although he eventually regretted his behavior and tried to send for Bodhidharma again, it was already too late.
As the Emperor was egotistic and hungry for fame, he became caught up in the name of merits and swayed away from the Middle Path. He could not realize the ultimate truth that is “beyond true or false, beyond good or bad.” Since the cause was improper and conditions were poor, it was no wonder that the encounter went nowhere.
It is written in the Avatamsaka Sutra, “All the water in the oceans can be consumed, all momentary thoughts as innumerable as dust particles can be counted, all the space can be measured, all the winds can be stopped; yet, the realm of the Buddha can never be fully described.” So, for your elucidation, I will describe an episode involving the Sixth Patriarch Hui Neng that can further illustrate the law of cause and condition.
When Hui Neng was young, he traveled thirty days from Canton to Hupeh to learn the Dharma from the Fifth Patriarch. When they first met, the Fifth Patriarch immediately knew that Hui Neng had great potential, that the right cause and conditions were ripening. He asked, “Where are you from? And what are you seeking?”
“I have come from very far away, from Ling Nan. My only goal is to be a Patriarch and become a Buddha.”
Hearing such a reply, the Fifth Patriarch was impressed. He wanted to test if Hui Neng had cultivated the right conditions and asked him pointedly, “You are only a barbarian from the South. How dare you wish to become a Buddha?”
Hui Neng replied calmly and confidently, “People may be from the south or north, but the Buddha nature is non-regional. When the right cause and condition exists, anyone can become a Buddha. Why not me?”
Hui Neng struck a chord with the Fifth Patriarch. He reflected and replied, “Okay! You are allowed to stay here and work. Report to the threshing mill.”
Everyday for the next eight months, Hui Neng used a huge axe to collect firewood. Everyday, he wore stone weights around his waist to act as ballasts in helping him thresh grains. Not once did the Fifth Patriarch visit him; not once did the Fifth Patriarch teach him one word. Hui Neng did not complain or get upset. It was only late one night when the Fifth Patriarch finally handed Hui Neng his robe and bowl, making him the Sixth Patriarch. The Fifth Patriarch explained himself with this verse:
Those with sentience come to sow
In fields of causation, fruits will grow.
Ultimately without sentience, having nothing to sow,
Without nature, there is nothing to grow.
What the Fifth Patriarch was saying through this verse is this: When you first arrived from the distant land of Ling Nan to learn the Truth from me, the cause was ripe and you were sincere. The environment and conditions, however, were inadequate. I must first have you polish and cultivate yourself for a period of time to the point “ultimately without sentience, having nothing to sow; without nature, there is nothing to grow.” Only when the right causes and conditions were met, would I then transmit the teachings.
From this story, we can see how cause and condition can greatly influence how people interact with one another. Without the appropriate cause and condition, human relationships will be imperfect and regretful. Events must await the maturity of cause and condition. It is like planting flowers. Some seeds planted in spring may blossom in the autumn. Others may take a year to bloom. Some varieties may take even a few years to flower and bear fruits. Yu Han, a famous Chinese scholar of the Tang dynasty, was demoted and transferred to the remote area of Chaochow. As this area was far removed and culturally backward, there were few learned scholars with whom he could converse. When he heard the Ch’an master Ta Tien was preaching in the area, he immediately went over for a visit. It just happened that the Ch’an master was meditating, so Yu Han decided to wait outside. After a long wait, as the master was still in meditation, Yu Han became restless so he stood up and was about to leave. The guarding attendant of the master suddenly said, “First, influence through meditative concentration, then eradicate (arrogance) with wisdom.” The words resonated like strong spring thunders and awakened Yu Han. Because his conditions of timing and opportunity were just right at that moment, Yu Han was able and ready to recognize the teaching and learn the way of emancipation from the attendant.
Several years ago, a female university graduate left Taiwan with high hopes and traveled halfway across the world to study for her doctorate degree in the United States. After a period of two years in the States, she felt that life was empty and aimless so she packed her bags and returned to Taiwan. From Taipei, she took a two-hour train ride to Hsinchu and became a Buddhist nun. This news story got a lot of attention when reported by the media. The famous Professor Shih Chiu Liang sighed, “If what she had wanted originally was to renounce and become a nun, all she had to do was take a two-hour train ride from Taipei to Hsinchu. There was no need to fly over to America. Why spend all that time struggling and then choose to renounce?”
The causes and conditions of human affairs are rather similar to the unfolding circumstances relating to this woman’s renunciation of home life to become a nun. Events may come and go, people may meet and depart; however random it may appear, there is meaning in all turns of events. The following Chinese saying captures this point well, “Without a bone-chilling freeze, how could plum blossoms have such great fragrance?” Everything must first have the right causes and proper conditions before results are produced and other favorable conditions are generated. There is the story of Ch’an master Shih T’ou Hsi Ch’ien and his master Ch’ing Yuan Hsing Ssu. When they first met, Ch’ing Yuan asked Shih T’ou if he was a student of the Sixth Patriarch, and if he still had any questions, “What did you take with you when you first went to Ts’ao Hsi?”
“My nature was complete,” Shih T’ou smiled. “I was not missing anything prior to studying with the Sixth Patriarch in Ts’ao Hsi.”
“If everything was perfect, why then did you bother to go to study in Ts’ao Hsi?”
Shih T’ou Hsi Ch’ien replied definitively, “If I had not gone, how would I have known that I was not lacking in anything? How could I have seen through my true and free nature?”
All causes and conditions are within our true nature. We must realize the Truth in our daily living. The continual flow of pure refreshing water is a form of cause and condition. The blossoming of beautiful flowers everywhere is another form of cause and condition. Parents raising us are our causes and conditions in family relationships. Teachers educating us are our causes and conditions in the pursuit of knowledge. Farmers, workers, and merchants supplying our daily needs are the causes and conditions of living in this society. Drivers driving us over here are the causes and conditions of traveling. Turning on the television and watching television programs are the causes and conditions of entertainment. It is with these wondrous combinations of causes and conditions that we can live happily and freely.
As far as the cause and condition of human relationships, I will cite a verse that can usually be found in temples next to statues of Maitreya Bodhisattva:
Before our eyes are people
Connected to us through conditions;
As we meet and befriend each other,
How can we not be filled with joy?
The world is full
Of difficult and unbearable problems;
As we end up reaping what we sow,
Why not open our minds and be magnanimous?
II. How Do We Know Cause and Condition Exist?
How can we be certain that cause and condition really exist? How can it be discovered and harvested? For example, a machine in a factory suddenly stops functioning. The technician opens up the machine and discovers a small screw is broken. This small screw is the cause. When cause and condition are not fully satisfied, the machine will not function. When we build a house, if a supporting beam is missing, the roof will collapse. When any ingredient of cause or condition is missing, it can have a great impact on the circumstances of our lives.
Buddhism teaches that our bodies are made up of the combination of the four great elements of earth, water, fire, and wind. These four great elements are the causes. We fall ill when the four elements are not harmonized. Why does a flower fail to blossom? Why is a harvest not abundant? It could be a lack of proper conditions, such as inadequate irrigation or fertilizers. Even the space shuttle can be delayed by a simple computer problem. With the slightest offset in cause and condition, the resulting circumstance will be totally different.
No matter what problems or difficulties we may face, we must first reflect. We should examine the situation closely for any missing causes and conditions. We should not simply blame the gods or other people, or else we are creating further troubles for ourselves. There are many situations in which a couple falls in love, only to find that the families oppose the marriage, criticizing the other party as unsuitable, poor, etc. When these conditions, or secondary causes, are absent, the marriage will not work. Other couples fall in love at first sight and get married with lightning speed. The whole development is even beyond their comprehension. The man may reason that it is a case of “Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.” The woman may attribute it to the fact that “With the right conditions, people come to meet from thousands of miles away.” This is what we call ripened conditions.
I will relate another story to illustrate the existence of cause and condition. Once, King Milinda asked Bhiksu Nagasena, “Are your eyes the real you?”
Bhiksu Nagasena replied, “No!”
King Milinda further inquired, “What about the ears?”
“No!”
“Is the nose you?”
“No!”
“Is the tongue you?”
“No!”
“Then, does it mean that your body is the real you?”
“No, the existence of the body is only an illusory combination.”
“Mind must be the real you then.”
“It is not either.”
King Milinda was annoyed and asked further “Well, if the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and thoughts are not you, then tell me, where is your true self'?”
Bhiksu Nagasena grinned and replied with a question, “Is the window the house?”
The King was taken by surprise and struggled for an answer, “No!”
“How about the door?”
“No!”
“Are the bricks and tiles the house?”
“No!”
“Then, what about the furniture and pillars?”
“No, of course not.”
Bhiksu Nagasena smiled and asked, “If the window, door, bricks, tiles, furniture, and pillars are not house, then where is the real house?”
King Milinda finally understood that causes, conditions, and effects cannot be separated nor understood through a biased and partial view. A house can only be built with the fulfillment of many conditions. Likewise, human existence also needs the satisfaction of many conditions. If we know the law of cause and condition, believe in its existence, plant good causes everywhere and cultivate advantageous conditions all the time, our lives will be a smooth path full of success. To conclude, I will give you this verse to ponder:
If one understands
The law of cause and condition,
One can find spring
In the midst of autumn frost and winter snow.
III. The Different Levels of Cause and Condition
How many varieties of cause and condition are there? We can examine this from four different perspectives:
A. Having or Not Having
Cause and condition is not a matter of knowledge. It cannot be learned by research or via debates. It must be experienced through the heart and mind amidst our daily living. If we come to understand cause and condition from real practice and experience, then this is “having” the true understanding of cause and condition. Under the law of cause and condition, our natures are all equal. The universe is us and we are the universe. If we comprehend the law of cause and condition superficially through intellectual speculation or as mere word expressions, then this is “not having” the true understanding of cause and condition. The result will be as futile as looking for fish on trees.
B. Wholesome or Unwholesome
Causes and conditions can be good or evil. Wholesome causes and conditions are good. Unwholesome causes and conditions are evil. Let us suppose a person lives to be a hundred years old. If he/she does not understand the cause of arising and ceasing閠he ultimate reason of existence铘nd only comprehends cause and condition superficially, he/she will be easily enslaved by changing environments and be trapped in dark and evil causes and conditions without the chance for liberation. On the other hand, if a person has a firm belief and correct understanding, then all resulting causes and conditions will be bright and virtuous.
C. Internal or External
Causes and conditions can be internal or external. External causes and conditions are the commonly noticed environmental factors. Internal causes and conditions are more related to intrinsic value. It is like farming a field. The external factors may be the same, but the harvest from different seeds is not. Seeds, in this instance, have different causes and conditions of value. For example, the siblings of the same parents have different temperaments. The students of the same teacher have varying abilities. External causes and conditions such as parents and teachers may be the same, but the internal causes and conditions of value such as talents and aptitudes are very much dissimilar. Therefore, we say that cause and condition may be external and internal. Although external conditions may be complete, if internal causes are inadequate, the resulting effects will leave much to be desired.
D. Correct or Erroneous
Causes and conditions can be correct or erroneous. Some people, when they become ill, know that illness is caused by disorders in the body or mind. They are willing to undergo treatments, and they can be cured. This is the “correct cause and condition.” In contrast, there are some people who, when sick, are confused about the true reason for their malady. They are suspicious and attribute their sickness to divine punishment. They go about looking for magical charms, special spells, or they ingest incense ashes; their illness will only worsen. This is “erroneous cause and condition.” Life may be smooth or bumpy, and obstacles may be many or few. Many of life’s difficulties are rooted in misconceptions about the law of cause and condition. We must know how to apply the correct understanding and shun the erroneous views.
Furthermore, as far as the understanding of cause and condition is concerned, there are four levels. They are right understanding, cause and condition, Sunyata, and Prajna.
A. Right Understanding
As ordinary people, we can understand the law of cause and condition at the level of right understanding. Most of us have the experience and intellect to enable us to affirm cause and condition in the world. When confronted with sickness, distress, and misfortune, we are able to find the cause and can therefore liberate ourselves from sufferings. This is the understanding of cause and condition from a worldly angle.
B. Cause and Condition
Those who have reached the level of Arhat have realized the transcendental truth. Since they know that the five skandhas (form, feeling, perception, mental formation, and consciousness) are empty and can abandon the hindrances of knowledge, they elevate themselves to a higher spiritual level. They understand that there is no absolute and that all existences are interdependent. They have realized the true nature of cause and condition.
C. Sunyata
Sunyata, emptiness, is the realm of Bodhisattvas. They have realized both the worldly and transcendental truths and can function in this world in a transcendental way. They realize that, “Forms and smells are all Dharma. Words or quietude are ultimately Ch’an.” When one can view the law of cause and condition from the point of view of Sunyata, then life is full of possibilities and nothing is unreachable.
D. Prajna
Prajna, the ultimate wisdom, is in the realm of the Buddhas. It is the wisdom, when one has achieved enlightenment, of one’s original nature. It is the realm of one who has realized that true nature and phenomenon are one. In this realm, there is no differentiation between the worldly truth and the transcendental truth. There is no distinction of self versus others. Cause and condition arise and cease of their own accord, just like the freely fleeting clouds in the sky. Everything is naturally integrated and fulfilled.
We can explain these four levels of understandings from another angle. In order to play a musical instrument, such as a flute, violin or piano, beginners must first study scales and notes. They must first learn to read the musical score and familiarize themselves with the respective instruments. To generate each sound, they must look at each note on the score, become knowledgeable in the use of the instrument, and practice. They continue this process of practicing until they are thoroughly familiar with the music. This is the first level of performance. These performers can only play with a musical score. Similarly, when we still need to look at the phenomena of the external world for our understanding, we are at the level of right understanding.
When the performers have perfected their practice, the musical score now has been etched into their hearts and minds. They can close their eyes and the notes will naturally appear in the mind. Although they appear to perform without the physical music sheet, their minds are still bound by the existence of the score. They still perform by following the notes and cannot freely express musically. This is the second level of performance. When the internal understanding is in agreement with the external world, this corresponds to the second level of understanding, that of cause and condition.
As the performers continue to practice, they soon enter the realm where the boundary between the external and internal vanishes. They do not need to look at the music sheet, nor do they feel the existence of the score in their minds. When they perform, they become one with the music, forgoing their sense of separate identity. The resulting music flows seamlessly, smoothly, and wonderfully. Although the performers no longer hold on to the musical score physically or in their minds, they are still playing something that they have previously learned rather than out of their spontaneous composition. This level of performance corresponds to the third level of understanding, that of Sunyata.
Finally when the performers truly know and integrate the musical harmony and concepts of composition, they are now musicians in tune with nature. They are one with the music, and they create beautiful musical compositions with every turn of their thoughts. Everything is music. Likewise, when one reaches the level in which each thought is Prajna, the ultimate wisdom, and each hand gesture is a wondrous discourse, one then is in the realm where there are no distinctions of inside versus outside, without remembering or not remembering. This is the highest level of Prajna realization in the law of cause and condition.
People nowadays tend not to have even the right understanding. We often look at the world in a topsy-turvy way. We regard fame and fortune, the cause of many afflictions, as pleasure. Out of our equal, undivided, unbound original nature, we insist on making distinctions and divisions of superiority. When the cause and condition call for our peaceful mutual caring, cooperation, and coexistence, we instead become distrustful and hostile to each other, thereby generating conflict and disputes among ourselves. What is the point of all these troubles? The only way to free ourselves is to understand the law of cause and condition correctly. When we can realize Prajna, concentration, and wisdom, when we are not bound by phenomenal existence, and when we let go of the fixation of us versus them, then we will be able to be in complete accordance with the Buddhas, venture into the realms of the Dharma and be wonderfully free.
IV. How to Multiply and Improve Wholesome Conditions
Some people say, “The greatest invention of the twentieth century is human communication.” It is also written in the scripture, “Before achieving the Buddha Way, we must first cultivate favorable conditions with others.” To cultivate favorable conditions is to build harmonious relationships and to establish good communication with other people.
One of the greatest treasures of life is the “cultivating of favorable conditions.” Building plenty of good conditions is essential for one’s happiness in particular and the welfare of the public in general. How, then, can we establish a multitude of good conditions with others?
To cultivate favorable conditions with others, people in the past put up lanterns by the side of the road. They built rest stops and provided free tea drinks. They built bridges to establish good conditions with people of the other shore. They dug wells to develop good conditions with everyone. Others may give you a watch or a clock to foster good conditions with you. All of these are examples of precious good conditions with others. If you have a heart of gold, good conditions will open up everywhere. I can provide you some suggestions on a few methods to form favorable conditions with others.
1) Monetary Assistance鏆e can donate money as a way to build good conditions with others. Not only does it make others feel our concern for them, it may even save a life. For example, if there is a car accident on the road, someone may need a coin to call for emergency assistance. If you offer a coin, the person can make the call. Paramedics and physicians will then arrive and provide assistance to the needy victims. Your coin will have built a multitude of good conditions with others.
2) Kind Encouragement鏆hen others are frustrated, a word of encouragement can bring them immense hope. When others are disappointed, a word of praise can give them a positive outlook on life. There is a saying that, “A kind word is more valuable than the gift of royal attire; a harsh word is more severe than the fall of the axe.” There are times that a few kind words can bring great joy and peace to everyone.
3) Meritorious Deeds① small kind gesture or even a simple kind thought can have tremendous impact. Once upon a time in Holland, there was a child who walked home one evening and saw a small hole in the dike. When he saw that the sea water was slowly seeping in, he thought to himself, “Oh no! How disastrous! If the hole is not patched up immediately, the dam is going to break before dawn and the town will be flooded.” As he could not find anything to patch the hole, he stuck his finger into the hole to stop the leak. He stood like this by the dike throughout the windy rainy night. The whole night passed and not even one person walked by the dike. In the morning, he was found frozen by the dike with his finger still tightly stuck in the hole. The entire town was very grateful to learn that his finger had saved the lives and properties of the entire town. Therefore, “Do not commit an act of atrocity just because it is minor. Do not pass up the opportunity to perform a virtuous deed just because it is small.” A simple kind thought can save countless lives and build boundless virtue.
4) Educating Others鏆e can use knowledge and know-how to cultivate favorable conditions with others. Each day, there are over one hundred and eighty thousand teachers in Taiwan patiently teaching and passing on their knowledge to the younger generations. They are instrumental in promoting the national intellect and catalyzing growth. You show someone a minor skill; it can be his/her means for future survival. You teach others a word of wisdom; it can influence his/her entire life and serve as the guiding principle of how he/she deals with others.
5) Helping Hand鏆e can gain much respect if we accommodate others. The traffic officer helping an elderly person to cross the street becomes a model civil servant. The sales representative who kindly helps shoppers find what they need can make the customers’ shopping experience a real pleasure. The young person who gives his seat up politely to an elderly person gives us confidence in our country’s future. From the way we assist others in our daily lives, we can gauge if we live in a truly progressive and developed society.
6) Warm Gesture⑲ometimes a smile, a nod, or a simple handshake can build us unimaginable good conditions. Once in Taiwan, an unemployed young man was wandering the streets near the Taipei train station, wanting to commit suicide by running in front of the car of a wealthy person. In this way, his impoverished mother would be able to collect some monetary compensation to live on. When he was about to make his move, a beautiful gracious lady walked by and smiled at him. He was so excited that he dismissed the idea of committing suicide. The next day, he found a job to support his family. Of course, he no longer wanted to die anymore. Therefore, the smile managed to build such great cause and condition for the young man.
Learning Buddhism and building merits are more than retreating to a mountain or donating money. A kind word, a good deed, a smile, or a bit of know-how can help us build plenty of good conditions and accrue tremendous merits. In China, there are four famous mountains. Each mountain is the sacred site for one Bodhisattva preaching his Dharma. These four Bodhisattvas, to whom we commonly pay respect, are Avalokitesvara, Ksitigarbha, Manjusri, and Samantabhadra. As discussed in the following paragraphs, each of these four Bodhisattvas has a special cause and condition with us.
Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva has a special condition with us through the Bodhisattva’s kindness and compassion. The Bodhisattva brings universal salvation to all. Through the Bodhisattva’s kind heart and compassionate vows, all sentient beings may benefit from the nurture of the Dharma and actualize the mind of compassion.
Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva has a special condition with us through his great vow. The Bodhisattva vows to deliver all living beings as noted in the verse, “Only when all beings are emancipated, then shall I attain enlightenment. As long as hell is not emptied, I vow not to reach Buddhahood.” For thousands of years, Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva’s limitless vow, as reflected in this verse, has served as the pointer for countless beings to the path of Buddhahood. It has also lit an eternal light for the Buddhist teachings.
Manjusri Bodhisattva has a special condition with us through his wisdom. The Bodhisattva uses his extraordinary eloquence to expound the ultimate teachings. He brings light to the blinded and the Dharma sound to the ignorant. With great wisdom the Bodhisattva has propelled Buddhism into the profound and wondrous realm of great Prajna. Buddhism in China has been greatly benefited.
Samantabhadra Bodhisattva has a special condition with us through his actual practice. The Bodhisattva shows us the Way with every movement of the hands and feet. With the raise of his eyebrows or the twinkle of his eyes, the Bodhisattva expresses the wonderful teachings. In Chinese Buddhism, Samantabhadra Bodhisattva is an exemplary model and has established virtuous ways for the cultivation of simplicity and the striving for thoroughness.
In addition to these four great Bodhisattvas, there are countless patriarchs, masters, and Buddhist practitioners who cultivate favorable conditions with others in their unique ways.
Through his calligraphy and upholding the precepts, Venerable Master Hung Yi cultivated favorable conditions with others. For those sincerely interested in Buddhism, he often used calligraphy to present the words of Dharma wisdom as the means for cultivating good conditions with them. Personally he was diligent with his cultivation and strict with upholding the precepts. He never uttered a word to slight the Dharma nor committed an act in violation of the precepts. Like “the luxuriant flowering branches in spring and the perfect full moon in the sky,” he has set a highly regarded example in Buddhism.
With his meditative concentration, Venerable Master Hsu Yun fostered wholesome conditions with others. He was immovable, in accordance with the ultimate reality of “suchness.” His mind was focused and imperturbable. He propagated the Dharma without speaking about the teachings. He interacted with different types of people, yet remained true to himself.
Through preaching the Dharma, Venerable Master T’ai Hsu was able to cultivate favorable conditions with people. He used words to expound the great wisdom of Prajna. He preached the sutras to awaken the confused. He traveled to all corners of China and helped to revive the declining Chinese Buddhism with a dose of effective medicine.
Master Shan Tao cultivated favorable conditions with others through illuminating radiance. For the physically blind, he ensured that they were not blinded in their minds. For those blinded mentally, he brought the light of wisdom back into their minds. He brightened the dark and defiled human existence with his illuminating light.
Venerable Master Yin Kuang cultivated favorable connections with others through chanting. With each thought, he was continuously mindful and contemplative of the Amitabha Buddha, and he chanted the Amitabha Buddha’s name incessantly everyday. In this way, he guided the faithful to maintain a strong belief in the Western Pure Land and to form wondrous causes and conditions with the Amitabha Buddha.
Other examples include Elder Sudatta in India who gave alms to cultivate favorable conditions with others. He was well respected for building the Jetavana Monastery, which became the focal point of the Buddha’s missionary work in Northern India. Ch’an Master Yung Ming Yen Shou cultivated favorable conditions by setting captured animals free. He saved countless animals and water creatures from the pain of the slaughterhouse and the torture of fiery stove in the kitchen. Master Lung K’u used tea services to cultivate favorable conditions with others. He helped to quench the thirst of exhausted travelers and gave them renewed energy to continue with their long journeys.
Society needs to have the unity of group efforts to thrive, just as the happiness of individual existence relies on the integration of the six senses. Our daily subsistence depends on the close cooperation of all professions working together to facilitate the workings of supply and demand. In this way, we can live in abundance. We should be thankful for the workings of causes and conditions and for the help of all in the society. If we want to be successful and happy, we must cultivate favorable causes and conditions with all beings. We must do it for the present as well as for the future. We should also cultivate favorable Dharma conditions with the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. We must treasure, build, and live within our causes and conditions. “[Resources] coming from the ten directions, going to the ten directions, to accomplish endeavors of the ten directions. Ten thousand people contributing, ten thousand people giving, to cultivate ten thousand favorable conditions.” If we can do this, we will be able to attain Buddhahood and the wisdom of enlightenment.
Finally, my best wishes to all of you. May each of you become a well-respected and loved person. May each of you have plenty of good causes and great conditions. May each of you be successful.