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Girimānandasuttaṁ (Aṅg 10:60)
The Discourse to Girimānanda
edited and translated by
Ānandajoti Bhikkhu
(revised edition, November 2008)

Evaṁ me sutaṁ:
Thus I have heard:

ekaṁ samayaṁ Bhagavā Sāvatthiyaṁ viharati
at one time the Gracious One was dwelling near Sāvatthī

Jetavane Anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme.
at Anāthapiṇḍika's grounds in Jeta's Wood.

Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā Girimānando
Then at that time venerable Girimānanda

ābādhiko hoti dukkhito bāḷhagilāno.
was afflicted, suffering, and very sick.

Atha kho āyasmā Ānando yena Bhagavā tenupasaṅkami,
Then venerable Ānanda approached the Gracious One,

upasaṅkamitvā Bhagavantaṁ abhivādetvā ekam-antaṁ nisīdi.
and after approaching and worshipping the Gracious One, he sat down on one side.

Ekam-antaṁ nisinno kho āyasmā Ānando Bhagavantaṁ etad-avoca:
While sitting on one side venerable Ānanda said this to the Gracious One:

“Āyasmā bhante Girimānando ābādhiko dukkhito bāḷhagilāno.
“Reverend Sir, venerable Girimānanda is afflicted, suffering, and very sick.

Sādhu bhante Bhagavā yenāyasmā Girimānando
Please, reverend Sir, may the Gracious One approach

tenupasaṅkamatu, anukampaṁ upādāyā” ti.
venerable Girimānanda, taking pity on him.”

“Sace kho tvaṁ Ānanda Girimānandassa bhikkhuno upasaṅkamitvā,
“If you, Ānanda, having approached the monk Girimānanda,

dasasaññā bhāseyyāsi, ṭhānaṁ kho panetaṁ vijjati yaṁ
were to recite ten perceptions, then it is possible that

Girimānandassa bhikkhuno dasasaññā sutvā
having heard the ten perceptions, the monk Girimānanda's

so ābādho ṭhānaso paṭippassambheyya.
affliction would immediately abate.

Katamā dasa?
What are the ten?

i. Aniccasaññā,
The perception of impermanence,

ii. anattasaññā,
the perception of non-self,

iii. asubhasaññā,
the perception of the unattractive,

iv. ādīnavasaññā,
the perception of danger,

v. pahānasaññā,
the perception of giving up,

vi. virāgasaññā,
the perception of dispassion,

vii. nirodhasaññā,
the perception of cessation,

viii. sabbaloke anabhiratasaññā,
the perception of non-delight in the whole world,

ix. sabbasaṅkhāresu aniccasaññā,
the perception of impermanence in all processes,

x. ānāpānasati.
mindfulness while breathing.

* * *

i. Katamā c' Ānanda aniccasaññā?
Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of impermanence?

Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,

suññāgāragato vā, iti paṭisañcikkhati:
or to an empty place, ^[1] considers thus:

rūpaṁ aniccaṁ
form is impermanent

vedanā aniccā
feelings are impermanent

saññā aniccā
perceptions are impermanent

saṅkhārā aniccā
(mental) processes are impermanent

viññāṇaṁ aniccan-ti.
consciousness is impermanent. ^[2]

Iti imesu pañcasupādānakkhandhesu aniccānupassī viharati.
Thus in regard to these five constituent groups (of mind and body) he dwells contemplating impermanence.

Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda aniccasaññā.
This, Ānanda, is called the perception of impermanence. ^[3]

ii. Katamā c' Ānanda anattasaññā?
Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of non-self?

Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,

suññāgāragato vā, iti paṭisañcikkhati:
or to an empty place, considers thus:

Cakkhuṁ anattā - rūpā anattā
the eye is not self - forms are not self

sotaṁ anattā - saddā anattā
the ear is not self - sounds are not self

ghāṇaṁ anattā - gandhā anattā
the nose is not self - smells are not self

jivhā anattā - rasā anattā
the tongue is not self - tastes are not self

kāyo anattā - phoṭṭhabbā anattā
the body is not self - tangibles are not self

mano anattā - dhammā anattā ti.
the mind is not self - thoughts are not self.

Iti imesu chasu ajjhattikabāhiresu āyatanesu
Thus in regard to these six internal and external sense spheres

anattānupassī viharati.
he dwells contemplating non-self.

Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda anattasaññā.
This, Ānanda, is called the perception of non-self. ^[4]

iii. Katamā c' Ānanda asubhasaññā?
Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of the unattractive?

Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu imam-eva kāyaṁ -
Here, Ānanda, a monk (in regard to) this body -

uddhaṁ pādatalā, adho kesamatthakā, tacapariyantaṁ,
from the sole of the feet upwards, from the hair of the head down, bounded by the skin,

pūraṁ nānappakārassa asucino - paccavekkhati:
and filled with manifold impurities - reflects (thus):

Atthi imasmiṁ kāye:
There are in this body:

kesā, lomā, nakhā, dantā, taco,
hairs of the head, body hairs, nails, teeth, skin,

maṁsaṁ, nahāru, aṭṭhi, aṭṭhimiñjā, vakkaṁ,
flesh, sinews, bones, bone-marrow, kidneys,

hadayaṁ, yakanaṁ, kilomakaṁ, pihakaṁ, papphāsaṁ,
heart, liver, pleura, spleen, lungs,

antaṁ, antaguṇaṁ, udariyaṁ, karīsaṁ,
intestines, mesentery, undigested food, excrement,

pittaṁ, semhaṁ, pubbo, lohitaṁ, sedo, medo,
bile, phlegm, pus, blood, sweat, fat,

assu, vasā, kheḷo, siṅghānikā, lasikā, muttan-ti.
tears, grease, spit, mucus, synovial fluid, urine. ^[5]

Iti imasmiṁ kāye asubhānupassī viharati.
Thus in regard to this body he dwells contemplating what is unattractive.

Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda asubhasaññā.
This, Ānanda, is called the perception of the unattractive.

iv. Katamā c' Ānanda ādīnavasaññā?
Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of danger?

Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,

suññāgāragato vā, iti paṭisañcikkhati:
or to an empty place, considers thus:

Bahu dukkho kho ayaṁ kāyo bahu ādīnavo,
This body has many sufferings, many dangers,

iti imasmiṁ kāye vividhā ābādhā uppajjanti, seyyathīdaṁ
thus, in connection with this body, various afflictions arise, like this:

cakkhurogo, sotarogo, ghāṇarogo, jivhārogo, kāyarogo,
eye-disease, ear-disease, nose-disease, tongue-disease, body-disease (i.e diseases affecting the sense spheres),

sīsarogo, kaṇṇarogo, mukharogo, dantarogo,
head-disease, ear-disease, mouth-disease, tooth-disease,

kāso, sāso, pināso, ḍaho, jaro,
cough, asthma, catarrh, pyrexia, fever,

kucchirogo, mucchā, pakkhandikā, sūlā, visūcikā,
stomach-ache, fainting, diarrhoea, gripes, cholera,

kuṭṭhaṁ, gaṇḍo, kilāso, soso, apamāro,
leprosy, boils, eczema, consumption, epilepsy,

daddu, kaṇḍu, kacchu, rakhasā, vitacchikā,
ringworm, itch, scab, chickenpox, scabies,

lohitapittaṁ, madhumeho, aṁsā, piḷakā, bhagandalā,
haemorrhage, diabetes, piles, cancer, ulcers,

pittasamuṭṭhānā ābādhā, semhasamuṭṭhānā ābādhā,
afflictions arising from excess bile, afflictions arising from excess phlegm,

vātasamuṭṭhānā ābādhā, sannipātikā ābādhā,
afflictions arising from excess wind, afflictions arising from a conflict of humours,

utupariṇāmajā ābādhā, visamaparihārajā ābādhā,
afflictions born of a change of season, afflictions born of not being careful,

opakkamikā ābādhā, kammavipākajā ābādhā,
afflictions from being attacked, afflictions born as a result of (previous unwholesome) actions,

sītaṁ, uṇhaṁ, jighacchā, pipāsā, uccāro, passāvo ti.
cold, heat, hunger, thirst, stool, urine.

Iti imasmiṁ kāye ādīnavānupassī viharati.
Thus, in regard to this body, he dwells contemplating danger.

Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda ādīnavasaññā.
This, Ānanda, is called the perception of danger. ^[6]

v. Katamā c' Ānanda pahānasaññā?
Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of giving up?

Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu uppannaṁ kāmavitakkaṁ nādhivāseti,
Here, Ānanda, a monk does not consent to thoughts of sense desire that have arisen,

pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṁ gameti.
(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes non-existent.

Uppannaṁ vyāpādavitakkaṁ nādhivāseti,
He does not consent to thoughts of ill-will that have arisen,

pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṁ gameti.
(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes non-existent.

Uppannaṁ vihiṁsāvitakkaṁ nādhivāseti,
He does not consent to thoughts of violence that have arisen,

pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṁ gameti.
(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes non-existent.

Uppannuppanne pāpake akusale dhamme nādhivāseti,
He does not consent to any bad, unwholesome, thoughts that have arisen,

pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṁ gameti.
(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes non-existent.

Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda pahānasaññā.
This, Ānanda, is called the perception of giving up. ^[7]

vi. Katamā c' Ānanda virāgasaññā?
Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of dispassion?

Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,

suññāgāragato vā, iti paṭisañcikkhati:
or to an empty place, considers thus:

Etaṁ santaṁ, etaṁ paṇītaṁ,
This is peaceful, this is excellent,

yad-idaṁ
that is to say

sabbasaṅkhārasamatho,
the tranquilising of all processes,

sabbūpadhipaṭinissaggo,
the letting go of all bases for cleaving, ^[8]

taṇhakkhayo,
the end of craving,

virāgo,
dispassion,

Nibbānan-ti.
Nibbāna.

Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda virāgasaññā.
This, Ānanda, is called the perception of dispassion.

vii. Katamā c' Ānanda nirodhasaññā?
Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of cessation?

Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,

suññāgāragato vā, iti paṭisañcikkhati:
or to an empty place, considers thus:

Etaṁ santaṁ, etaṁ paṇītaṁ,
This is peaceful, this is excellent, ^[9]

yad-idaṁ
that is to say

sabbasaṅkhārasamatho,
the tranquilising of all processes,

sabbūpadhipaṭinissaggo,
the letting go of all bases for cleaving,

taṇhakkhayo,
the end of craving,

nirodho,
cessation,

Nibbānan-ti.
Nibbāna.

Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda nirodhasaññā.
This, Ānanda, is called the perception of cessation. ^[10]

viii. Katamā c' Ānanda sabbaloke anabhiratasaññā?
Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of non-delight in the whole world?

Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu
Here, Ānanda, a monk

ye loke upāyupādānā cetaso adhiṭṭhānābhinivesānusayā,
in regard to whatever in the world are selfish means and attachments, or mental determinations, settled beliefs, and tendencies, ^[11]

te pajahanto, viramati, na upādiyanto.
giving these up, not being attached, he abstains (from them).

Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda sabbaloke anabhiratasaññā.
This, Ānanda, is the perception of non-delight in the whole world.

ix. Katamā c' Ānanda sabbasaṅkhāresu aniccasaññā?
Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of impermanence in all processes?

Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu
Here, Ānanda, a monk

sabbasaṅkhārehi aṭṭīyati, harāyati, jigucchati.
in regard to all processes is distressed, ashamed, and disgusted. ^[12]

Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda sabbasaṅkhāresu aniccasaññā.
This, Ānanda, is the perception of impermanence in all processes.

x. Katamā c' Ānanda ānāpānasati?
Now what, Ānanda, is mindfulness while breathing?

Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,

suññāgāragato vā, nisīdati.
or to an empty place, sits down.

Pallaṅkaṁ ābhujitvā, ujuṁ kāyaṁ paṇidhāya,
After folding his legs crosswise, setting his body straight,

parimukhaṁ satiṁ upaṭṭhapetvā,
and establishing mindfulness at the front,

so sato va assasati, sato passasati.
ever mindful he breathes in, mindful he breathes out.

Contemplation of the body

Dīghaṁ vā assasanto “dīghaṁ assasāmī” ti pajānāti,
While breathing in long, he knows “I am breathing in long”,

dīghaṁ vā passasanto “dīghaṁ passasāmī” ti pajānāti,
while breathing out long, he knows “I am breathing out long”,

rassaṁ vā assasanto “rassaṁ assasāmī” ti pajānāti,
while breathing in short, he knows “I am breathing in short”,

rassaṁ vā passasanto “rassaṁ passasāmī” ti pajānāti,
while breathing out short, he knows “I am breathing out short”,

sabbakāyapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: experiencing the whole body I will breathe in,

sabbakāyapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: experiencing the whole body I will breathe out,

passambhayaṁ kāyasaṅkhāraṁ assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: making the bodily process calm I will breathe in,

passambhayaṁ kāyasaṅkhāraṁ passasissāmī ti sikkhati.
he trains like this: making the bodily process calm I will breathe out.

Contemplation of feelings

Pītipaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
He trains like this: experiencing joy I will breathe in,

pītipaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: experiencing joy I will breathe out,

sukhapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: experiencing pleasure I will breathe in,

sukhapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: experiencing pleasure I will breathe out,

cittasaṅkhārapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: experiencing the mental process I will breathe in,

cittasaṅkhārapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: experiencing the mental process I will breathe out,

passambhayaṁ cittasaṅkhāraṁ assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: making the mental process calm I will breathe in,

passambhayaṁ cittasaṅkhāraṁ passasissāmī ti sikkhati.
he trains like this: making the mental process calm I will breathe out.

Contemplation of the mind

Cittapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
He trains like this: experiencing the mind I will breathe in,

cittapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: experiencing the mind I will breathe out,

abhippamodayaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: gladdening the mind I will breathe in,

abhippamodayaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: gladdening the mind I will breathe out,

samādahaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: concentrating the mind I will breathe in,

samādahaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: concentrating the mind I will breathe out,

vimocayaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: freeing the mind I will breathe in,

vimocayaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī ti sikkhati.
he trains like this: freeing the mind I will breathe out.

Contemplation of phenomena

Aniccānupassī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
He trains like this: contemplating impermanence I will breathe in,

aniccānupassī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: contemplating impermanence I will breathe out,

virāgānupassī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: contemplating dispassion I will breathe in,

virāgānupassī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: contemplating dispassion I will breathe out,

nirodhānupassī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: contemplating cessation I will breathe in,

nirodhānupassī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: contemplating cessation I will breathe out,

paṭinissaggānupassī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
he trains like this: contemplating letting go I will breathe in,

paṭinissaggānupassī passasissāmī ti sikkhati.
he trains like this: contemplating letting go I will breathe out.

Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda ānāpānasati.
This, Ānanda, is mindfulness while breathing.

Sace kho tvaṁ Ānanda Girimānandassa bhikkhuno upasaṅkamitvā,
If you, Ānanda, having approached the monk Girimānanda,

imā dasasaññā bhāseyyāsi, ṭhānaṁ kho pan' etaṁ vijjati yaṁ
were to recite these ten percpetions, then it is possible that

Girimānandassa bhikkhuno dasasaññā sutvā
having heard the ten perceptions, the monk Girimānanda's

so ābādho ṭhānaso paṭippassambheyyā” ti.
affliction would immediately abate.”

Atha kho āyasmā Ānando Bhagavato santike imā dasasaññā uggahetvā,
Then venerable Ānanda, having learned these ten perceptions from the Gracious One,

yen' āyasmā Girimānando ten' upasaṅkami,
approached venerable Girimānanda,

upasaṅkamitvā āyasmato Girimānandassa imā dasasaññā abhāsi.
and after approaching he recited these ten perceptions to venerable Girimānanda.

Atha kho āyasmato Girimānandassa imā dasasaññā sutvā
Then, having heard these ten percpetions, venerable Girimānanda's

so ābādho ṭhānaso paṭippassambhī,
afliction immediately abated,

vuṭṭhāhi c' āyasmā Girimānando tamhā ābādhā,
and venerable Girimānanda arose from that affliction,

tathā pahīno ca pan' āyasmato Girimānandassa so ābādho ahosī ti.
and by that venerable Girimānanda's affliction was brought to an end.

Footnotes

↑ A wilderness is considered to be anywhere away from a village or an inhabited area; the root of a tree may be inside or outside of a village (or monastery); an empty place is said to be a mountain, a cleft, a hill cave, a cemetery, a jungle, an open space, or a heap of straw. Commentary: Thus he points out a dwelling place suitable for the 3 seasons (the hot, the wet, & the cold), for disposition, and one favourable to meditation.
↑ At Saṁ 22. 95 form is likened to a great ball of foam on the river Ganges; feelings to bubbles in a puddle in the Autumn rains; perception to a mirage trembling in the midday sun; (mental) processes to the lack of heartwood in a banana tree; and consciousness to a magician's illusion...one who sees them, meditates on them, and examines their source, realises that they are empty, void, and without essence...so should the constituent groups (of mind and body) be looked upon...by one who aspires to the deathless state (nibbāna).
↑ Commentary: Because of not applying the mind to rise and fall, the mark of impermanence, being concealed by continuity, is not apparent; but by grasping rise and fall continuity is destroyed, and the mark of impermanence becomes apparent according to its true nature. Translator's note: Impermanance is one of the marks (lakkhaṇa) of existence, and the perception of impermanence meditatively may be called the root insight which leads to seeing the other two, namely, suffering (dukkha), and non-self (anattā), as can be seen from the following exchange in Anattalakkhaṇasuttaṁ (Saṁ 22. 59), where, in regard to the five constituent groups of mind and body (the pañcakkhandha) the Buddha asks the monks: “Is form (etc) permanent or impermanent?” “Impermanent, reverend Sir.” “And that which is impermanent, is that suffering or pleasureable?” “Suffering, reverend Sir.” “Now that which is an impermanent, suffering, and changeable thing, is it proper to look upon that as: This is mine, this I am, this is my self?” “Surely not, reverend Sir.” Accordingly the commentary remarks that the perception of suffering is also implied in this opening contemplation (for the mark of non-self see the next perception).
↑ Commentary: Because of not applying the mind to the classification of the various elements, the mark of non-self, being concealed by density, is not apparent; but by classifying the various elements thus: The earth element is one, the water element is another, and so on...the mark of non-self becomes apparent according to its true nature. Translator's note: This meditation is worked out in detail in MahāRāhulovādasuttaṁ, also translated in this series. The translation of anatta by non-self is rather unsatisfactory, but also hard to avoid, as there is a constant punning on the use of the word in the Pāḷi. Originally atta is a reflexive pronoun meaning oneself, yourself, herself or himself, according to context. But it also came to be used to signify what in English we may call the soul or spirit, envisaged as a permanent, pleasureable, unchanging thing (cf. note 2 above). If it wasn't for the punning on these usages it might be better to render it as ‘the perception of insubstantiality’ (and ‘the eye is insubstantial’ etc.), as in whatever way we look at phenomena we find all is in a state of flux, and there is nothing abiding or substantial anywhere.
↑ Elsewhere this meditation is called applying the mind to repulsiveness (Majjh 10); the thirty-two fold nature (Khp 4); or mindfulness relating to the body (Visuddhimagga). Under whatever name, the meditation is still traditionally given as the ‘first place for (meditational) action (kammaṭṭhāna) to those who are ordaining as novice monks in Buddhism, at the time they are having their hair shorn off. For those wishing to develop this meditation a method in general use is to recite the first line forwards, then backwards, then forwards again before going on to the second line, thus:

Kesā, lomā, nakhā, dantā, taco,
taco, dantā, nakhā, lomā, kesā,
kesā, lomā, nakhā, dantā, taco,
maṁsaṁ, nahārū, aṭṭhi, aṭṭhimiñjā, vakkaṁ,
vakkaṁ, aṭṭhimiñjā and so on.

At the end of the 4th line matthaluṅgaṁ, the brain, is normally added in after karīsaṁ, excement, thus:

antaṁ, antaguṇaṁ, udariyaṁ, karīsaṁ, matthaluṅgaṁ,
matthaluṅgaṁ, karīsaṁ...etc.

A different development of the same meditation is given in Visuddhimagga under kāyagatāsati, where it is also stated that the recitation should be done verbally at first even by one who can recite the Tipiṭaka by heart.
↑ Some of the names of these diseases are still in use in Indian medical science, so that we can be fairly sure of their connotation, while others are unsure, or rather vague in meaning e.g. sīsaroga, literally ‘head-disease’ (here rendered by ‘headache’). The first five in the list are diseases affecting the sense-spheres, then follow various diseases, which I've tried to divide into some sort of order. These are followed by afflictions arising from an excess of one (or two) of the three humours into which Indian aetiology is divided, and ends with a fairly miscellaneous group.

It should be noted that this, and the previous meditation are not intended to be comprehensive, rather they are merely indicative. Similarly, it is not, of course, the exact nature of any of the diseases named here that is important, but the fact that the body is susceptible to diseases and afflictions of various kinds, and is therefore subject to many dangers.
↑ This is the second of the four right efforts (sammappadhāna) or right endeavours (sammāvāyāma) that form the sixth part of the eightfold path. The first is to make an effort to restrain (saṁvara) bad and unwholesome things that have not yet arisen. The second, the effort to give up, is as outlined here. The third is the effort to develop (bhāvanā) wholesome things (like the seven factors of Awakening) that have not yet arisen. The fourth is to make the effort to protect (anurakkhāna) those wholesome things that have arisen. See Saccavibhaṅgasuttaṁ also translated in this series and also cf. Aṅg IV. 13-14.
↑ Commentary: There are four bases for cleaving - either through cleaving to sense desires (kāma), the constituent groups (khandha), the corruptions (kilesa), or to processes which lead to rebirth (abhisaṅkhāra).
↑ Commentary: He said “This is peaceful, this is excellent” pointing to nibbāna, for nibbāna is peaceful owing to the pacification of the corruptions. Also nibbāna is peaceful because having reached the attainment of fruition (i.e realised nibbāna), even if one sits in meditation posture for the day, while sitting only the thought of peace arises. But besides nibbāna being peaceful, it is named as excellent in the sense of not tormenting, because having reached the attainment of fruition, even if one sits in meditation posture for the day, while sitting only the thought of excellence occurs, and so it is called excellent.
↑ The perceptions of dispassion and cessation. These are two aspects of what is otherwise known as the recollection of peace (upasamānupassati), which is the last of the ten recollections as ordered in Aṅg 1. 16 1-10 (the other nine are, recollection of the Buddha, Dhamma, & Saṅgha; of virtue & liberality, and of the gods; mindfulness with breathing; mindfulness of death; and mindfulness relating to the body). The two may be said to be looking at the same perception - that of nibbāna - from different angles. The first in its subjective effect on the mind, bringing dispassion in its wake; the second seen objectively as the cessation of suffering.
↑ According to the commentary (selfish) means are craving (taṇhā) & views (diṭṭhi); attachments are sense desire (kāma), views (diṭṭhi), virtue and practices (silabbata), and the self-theories(attavāda); mental determinations are the mind's inclinations to the eternity or annihilation views (sassatadiṭṭhi & ucchedadiṭṭhi); settled beliefs are views about the self (attānudiṭṭhi); while tendencies are usually said to be seven: the passion for sense pleasures (kāmarāga), reaction (paṭigha), views (diṭṭhi), uncertainty (vicikicchā), conceit (māna), passion for existence or rebirth (bhavarāga), and ignorance (avijjā). As can be seen from the above, views figures in each of the definitions given, and the perception and understanding of views may be called the dominant theme in this meditation.
↑ Saṅkhāra is one of the most difficult terms to find a satisfactory translation for in English. Nor does the rendering by processes that has been adopted here claim to be much better than the many translations normally seen in the literature. It does have the advantage though that it gives a fairly comprehensible English sentence, and can be employed, with suitable bracketed modifications, in the various usages we come across in the Pāḷi. That range of applications can usefully be summarised here.

First there are the famous verses from the Dhammapada beginning: Sabbe saṅkhāra aniccā - all processes are impermanent (Dhp 277ff.), where saṅkhāra evidently means everything within phenomenal existence. In the Conditional Arising (Paticcasamuppāda) formula, however, the meaning of the word is restricted and rather specific, there we read: Avijjāpaccaya saṅkhārā, saṅkhārapaccaya viññānaṁ - because of ignorance there are (volitional) processes, because there are (volitional) processes there is (rebirth) consciousness (Saṁ 12. 1), where saṅkhāra is virtually equivalent to cetanā, volition.

Overlapping somewhat with this is the use of the term in the analysis of the constituent groups (of mind and body) (khandha) where saṅkhāra is, in the discourses, again made equivalent to cetanā (see e.g. Saṁ 22. 56). (Note that in the Abhidhamma it has been given a much broader definition to include the 50 mental processes not covered by the single factors of feeling, perception, and consciousness.) A further use of the word occurs in the following perception, mindfulness with breathing, which speaks of kāyasaṅkhāra & cittasaṅkhāra, the bodily process & the mental process. The former is said to be in and out-breathing, and the latter is defined as feeling and perception. The definition of saṅkhāra in this contemplation corresponds to the first of the definitions given above.

Source

dhammatalks.net

[1] A wilderness is considered to be anywhere away from a village or an inhabited area; the root of a tree may be inside or outside of a village (or monastery); an empty place is said to be a mountain, a cleft, a hill cave, a cemetery, a jungle, an open space, or a heap of straw. Commentary: Thus he points out a dwelling place suitable for the 3 seasons (the hot, the wet, & the cold), for disposition, and one favourable to meditation.

[2] At Saṁ 22. 95 form is likened to a great ball of foam on the river Ganges; feelings to bubbles in a puddle in the Autumn rains; perception to a mirage trembling in the midday sun; (mental) processes to the lack of heartwood in a banana tree; and consciousness to a magician's illusion...one who sees them, meditates on them, and examines their source, realises that they are empty, void, and without essence...so should the constituent groups (of mind and body) be looked upon...by one who aspires to the deathless state (nibbāna).

[3] Commentary: Because of not applying the mind to rise and fall, the mark of impermanence, being concealed by continuity, is not apparent; but by grasping rise and fall continuity is destroyed, and the mark of impermanence becomes apparent according to its true nature. Translator's note: Impermanance is one of the marks (lakkhaṇa) of existence, and the perception of impermanence meditatively may be called the root insight which leads to seeing the other two, namely, suffering (dukkha), and non-self (anattā), as can be seen from the following exchange in Anattalakkhaṇasuttaṁ (Saṁ 22. 59), where, in regard to the five constituent groups of mind and body (the pañcakkhandha) the Buddha asks the monks: “Is form (etc) permanent or impermanent?” “Impermanent, reverend Sir.” “And that which is impermanent, is that suffering or pleasureable?” “Suffering, reverend Sir.” “Now that which is an impermanent, suffering, and changeable thing, is it proper to look upon that as: This is mine, this I am, this is my self?” “Surely not, reverend Sir.” Accordingly the commentary remarks that the perception of suffering is also implied in this opening contemplation (for the mark of non-self see the next perception).

[4] Commentary: Because of not applying the mind to the classification of the various elements, the mark of non-self, being concealed by density, is not apparent; but by classifying the various elements thus: The earth element is one, the water element is another, and so on...the mark of non-self becomes apparent according to its true nature. Translator's note: This meditation is worked out in detail in MahāRāhulovādasuttaṁ, also translated in this series. The translation of anatta by non-self is rather unsatisfactory, but also hard to avoid, as there is a constant punning on the use of the word in the Pāḷi. Originally atta is a reflexive pronoun meaning oneself, yourself, herself or himself, according to context. But it also came to be used to signify what in English we may call the soul or spirit, envisaged as a permanent, pleasureable, unchanging thing (cf. note 2 above). If it wasn't for the punning on these usages it might be better to render it as ‘the perception of insubstantiality’ (and ‘the eye is insubstantial’ etc.), as in whatever way we look at phenomena we find all is in a state of flux, and there is nothing abiding or substantial anywhere.

[5] Elsewhere this meditation is called applying the mind to repulsiveness (Majjh 10); the thirty-two fold nature (Khp 4); or mindfulness relating to the body (Visuddhimagga). Under whatever name, the meditation is still traditionally given as the ‘first place for (meditational) action (kammaṭṭhāna) to those who are ordaining as novice monks in Buddhism, at the time they are having their hair shorn off. For those wishing to develop this meditation a method in general use is to recite the first line forwards, then backwards, then forwards again before going on to the second line, thus:

Kesā, lomā, nakhā, dantā, taco,
taco, dantā, nakhā, lomā, kesā,
kesā, lomā, nakhā, dantā, taco,
maṁsaṁ, nahārū, aṭṭhi, aṭṭhimiñjā, vakkaṁ,
vakkaṁ, aṭṭhimiñjā and so on.

At the end of the 4th line matthaluṅgaṁ, the brain, is normally added in after karīsaṁ, excement, thus:

antaṁ, antaguṇaṁ, udariyaṁ, karīsaṁ, matthaluṅgaṁ,
matthaluṅgaṁ, karīsaṁ...etc.

A different development of the same meditation is given in Visuddhimagga under kāyagatāsati, where it is also stated that the recitation should be done verbally at first even by one who can recite the Tipiṭaka by heart.

[6] Some of the names of these diseases are still in use in Indian medical science, so that we can be fairly sure of their connotation, while others are unsure, or rather vague in meaning e.g. sīsaroga, literally ‘head-disease’ (here rendered by ‘headache’). The first five in the list are diseases affecting the sense-spheres, then follow various diseases, which I've tried to divide into some sort of order. These are followed by afflictions arising from an excess of one (or two) of the three humours into which Indian aetiology is divided, and ends with a fairly miscellaneous group.

It should be noted that this, and the previous meditation are not intended to be comprehensive, rather they are merely indicative. Similarly, it is not, of course, the exact nature of any of the diseases named here that is important, but the fact that the body is susceptible to diseases and afflictions of various kinds, and is therefore subject to many dangers.

[7] This is the second of the four right efforts (sammappadhāna) or right endeavours (sammāvāyāma) that form the sixth part of the eightfold path. The first is to make an effort to restrain (saṁvara) bad and unwholesome things that have not yet arisen. The second, the effort to give up, is as outlined here. The third is the effort to develop (bhāvanā) wholesome things (like the seven factors of Awakening) that have not yet arisen. The fourth is to make the effort to protect (anurakkhāna) those wholesome things that have arisen. See Saccavibhaṅgasuttaṁ also translated in this series and also cf. Aṅg IV. 13-14.

[8] Commentary: There are four bases for cleaving - either through cleaving to sense desires (kāma), the constituent groups (khandha), the corruptions (kilesa), or to processes which lead to rebirth (abhisaṅkhāra).

[9] Commentary: He said “This is peaceful, this is excellent” pointing to nibbāna, for nibbāna is peaceful owing to the pacification of the corruptions. Also nibbāna is peaceful because having reached the attainment of fruition (i.e realised nibbāna), even if one sits in meditation posture for the day, while sitting only the thought of peace arises. But besides nibbāna being peaceful, it is named as excellent in the sense of not tormenting, because having reached the attainment of fruition, even if one sits in meditation posture for the day, while sitting only the thought of excellence occurs, and so it is called excellent.

[10] The perceptions of dispassion and cessation. These are two aspects of what is otherwise known as the recollection of peace (upasamānupassati), which is the last of the ten recollections as ordered in Aṅg 1. 16 1-10 (the other nine are, recollection of the Buddha, Dhamma, & Saṅgha; of virtue & liberality, and of the gods; mindfulness with breathing; mindfulness of death; and mindfulness relating to the body). The two may be said to be looking at the same perception - that of nibbāna - from different angles. The first in its subjective effect on the mind, bringing dispassion in its wake; the second seen objectively as the cessation of suffering.

[11] According to the commentary (selfish) means are craving (taṇhā) & views (diṭṭhi); attachments are sense desire (kāma), views (diṭṭhi), virtue and practices (silabbata), and the self-theories(attavāda); mental determinations are the mind's inclinations to the eternity or annihilation views (sassatadiṭṭhi & ucchedadiṭṭhi); settled beliefs are views about the self (attānudiṭṭhi); while tendencies are usually said to be seven: the passion for sense pleasures (kāmarāga), reaction (paṭigha), views (diṭṭhi), uncertainty (vicikicchā), conceit (māna), passion for existence or rebirth (bhavarāga), and ignorance (avijjā). As can be seen from the above, views figures in each of the definitions given, and the perception and understanding of views may be called the dominant theme in this meditation.

[12] Saṅkhāra is one of the most difficult terms to find a satisfactory translation for in English. Nor does the rendering by processes that has been adopted here claim to be much better than the many translations normally seen in the literature. It does have the advantage though that it gives a fairly comprehensible English sentence, and can be employed, with suitable bracketed modifications, in the various usages we come across in the Pāḷi. That range of applications can usefully be summarised here.

First there are the famous verses from the Dhammapada beginning: Sabbe saṅkhāra aniccā - all processes are impermanent (Dhp 277ff.), where saṅkhāra evidently means everything within phenomenal existence. In the Conditional Arising (Paticcasamuppāda) formula, however, the meaning of the word is restricted and rather specific, there we read: Avijjāpaccaya saṅkhārā, saṅkhārapaccaya viññānaṁ - because of ignorance there are (volitional) processes, because there are (volitional) processes there is (rebirth) consciousness (Saṁ 12. 1), where saṅkhāra is virtually equivalent to cetanā, volition.

Overlapping somewhat with this is the use of the term in the analysis of the constituent groups (of mind and body) (khandha) where saṅkhāra is, in the discourses, again made equivalent to cetanā (see e.g. Saṁ 22. 56). (Note that in the Abhidhamma it has been given a much broader definition to include the 50 mental processes not covered by the single factors of feeling, perception, and consciousness.) A further use of the word occurs in the following perception, mindfulness with breathing, which speaks of kāyasaṅkhāra & cittasaṅkhāra, the bodily process & the mental process. The former is said to be in and out-breathing, and the latter is defined as feeling and perception. The definition of saṅkhāra in this contemplation corresponds to the first of the definitions given above.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

Difference between revisions of "Girimānandasuttaṁ (Aṅg 10:60): The Discourse to Girimānanda"

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@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 Thus I have heard:
-ekaṁ samayaṁ Bhagavā Sāvatthiyaṁ viharati
+ekaṁ samayaṁ [[Bhagavā]] Sāvatthiyaṁ viharati
-at one time the Gracious One was dwelling near Sāvatthī
+at one time the Gracious One was dwelling near [[Sāvatthī]]
-Jetavane Anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme.
+[[Jetavane]] Anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme.
-at Anāthapiṇḍika's grounds in Jeta's Wood.
+at Anāthapiṇḍika's grounds in Jeta's [[Wood]].
 Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā Girimānando
-Then at that time venerable Girimānanda
+Then at that time [[venerable]] Girimānanda
 ābādhiko hoti dukkhito bāḷhagilāno.
-was afflicted, suffering, and very sick.
+was afflicted, [[suffering]], and very sick.
-Atha kho āyasmā Ānando yena Bhagavā tenupasaṅkami,
+Atha kho āyasmā Ānando yena [[Bhagavā]] tenupasaṅkami,
-Then venerable Ānanda approached the Gracious One,
+Then [[venerable]] [[Ānanda]] approached the Gracious One,
 upasaṅkamitvā Bhagavantaṁ abhivādetvā ekam-antaṁ nisīdi.
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 Ekam-antaṁ nisinno kho āyasmā Ānando Bhagavantaṁ etad-avoca:
-While sitting on one side venerable Ānanda said this to the Gracious One:
+While sitting on one side [[venerable]] [[Ānanda]] said this to the Gracious One:
-“Āyasmā bhante Girimānando ābādhiko dukkhito bāḷhagilāno.
+“Āyasmā [[bhante]] Girimānando ābādhiko dukkhito bāḷhagilāno.
-“Reverend Sir, venerable Girimānanda is afflicted, suffering, and very sick.
+“[[Reverend]] Sir, [[venerable]] Girimānanda is afflicted, [[suffering]], and very sick.
-Sādhu bhante Bhagavā yenāyasmā Girimānando
+[[Sādhu]] [[bhante]] [[Bhagavā]] yenāyasmā Girimānando
-Please, reverend Sir, may the Gracious One approach
+Please, [[reverend]] Sir, may the Gracious One approach
 tenupasaṅkamatu, anukampaṁ upādāyā” ti.
-venerable Girimānanda, taking pity on him.”
+[[venerable]] Girimānanda, taking [[pity]] on him.”
-“Sace kho tvaṁ Ānanda Girimānandassa bhikkhuno upasaṅkamitvā,
+“Sace kho tvaṁ [[Ānanda]] Girimānandassa bhikkhuno upasaṅkamitvā,
-“If you, Ānanda, having approached the monk Girimānanda,
+“If you, [[Ānanda]], having approached the [[monk]] Girimānanda,
 dasasaññā bhāseyyāsi, ṭhānaṁ kho panetaṁ vijjati yaṁ
-were to recite ten perceptions, then it is possible that
+were to recite ten [[perceptions]], then it is possible that
 Girimānandassa bhikkhuno dasasaññā sutvā
-having heard the ten perceptions, the monk Girimānanda's
+having heard the ten [[perceptions]], the [[monk]] Girimānanda's
 so ābādho ṭhānaso paṭippassambheyya.
-affliction would immediately abate.
+[[affliction]] would immediately abate.
-Katamā dasa?
+Katamā [[dasa]]?
 What are the ten?
-:i. Aniccasaññā,
+:i. [[Aniccasaññā]],
-:The perception of impermanence,
+:The [[perception]] of [[impermanence]],
-:ii. anattasaññā,
+:ii. [[anattasaññā]],
-:the perception of non-self,
+:the [[perception]] of [[non-self]],
-:iii. asubhasaññā,
+:iii. [[asubhasaññā]],
-:the perception of the unattractive,
+:the [[perception]] of the unattractive,
 :iv. ādīnavasaññā,
-:the perception of danger,
+:the [[perception]] of [[danger]],
 :v. pahānasaññā,
-:the perception of giving up,
+:the [[perception]] of giving up,
 :vi. virāgasaññā,
-:the perception of dispassion,
+:the [[perception]] of [[dispassion]],
-:vii. nirodhasaññā,
+:vii. [[nirodhasaññā]],
-:the perception of cessation,
+:the [[perception]] of [[cessation]],
 :viii. sabbaloke anabhiratasaññā,
-:the perception of non-delight in the whole world,
+:the [[perception]] of non-delight in the whole [[world]],
-:ix. sabbasaṅkhāresu aniccasaññā,
+:ix. sabbasaṅkhāresu [[aniccasaññā]],
-:the perception of impermanence in all processes,
+:the [[perception]] of [[impermanence]] in all {{Wiki|processes}},
-:x. ānāpānasati.
+:x. [[ānāpānasati]].
-:mindfulness while breathing.
+:[[mindfulness]] while [[breathing]].
 {{Centre|<nowiki>* * *</nowiki>}}
-i. Katamā c' Ānanda aniccasaññā?
+i. Katamā c' [[Ānanda]] [[aniccasaññā]]?
-Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of impermanence?
+Now what, [[Ānanda]], is the [[perception]] of [[impermanence]]?
-Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
+Idh' [[Ānanda]] [[bhikkhu]] [[araññagato]] vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
-Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,
+Here, [[Ānanda]], a [[monk]] who has gone to the wilderness, or to the [[root]] of a [[tree]],
 suññāgāragato vā, iti paṭisañcikkhati:
-or to an empty place, <ref>A wilderness is considered to be anywhere away from a village or an inhabited area; the root of a tree may be inside or outside of a village (or monastery); an empty place is said to be a mountain, a cleft, a hill cave, a cemetery, a jungle, an open space, or a heap of straw. Commentary: Thus he points out a dwelling place suitable for the 3 seasons (the hot, the wet, & the cold), for disposition, and one favourable to meditation.</ref> considers thus:
+or to an [[empty]] place, <ref>A wilderness is considered to be anywhere away from a village or an inhabited area; the [[root]] of a [[tree]] may be inside or outside of a village (or [[monastery]]); an [[empty]] place is said to be a mountain, a cleft, a hill {{Wiki|cave}}, a [[cemetery]], a jungle, an open [[space]], or a heap of straw. Commentary: Thus he points out a dwelling place suitable for the 3 seasons (the [[hot]], the wet, & the cold), for disposition, and one [[favourable]] to [[meditation]].</ref> considers thus:
 :rūpaṁ aniccaṁ
-:form is impermanent
+:[[form]] is [[impermanent]]
-:vedanā aniccā
+:[[vedanā]] aniccā
-:feelings are impermanent
+:[[feelings]] are [[impermanent]]
-:saññā aniccā
+:[[saññā]] aniccā
-:perceptions are impermanent
+:[[perceptions]] are [[impermanent]]
-:saṅkhārā aniccā
+:[[saṅkhārā]] aniccā
-:(mental) processes are impermanent
+:([[mental]]) {{Wiki|processes}} are [[impermanent]]
 :viññāṇaṁ aniccan-ti.
-:consciousness is impermanent. <ref>At Saṁ 22. 95 form is likened to a great ball of foam on the river Ganges; feelings to bubbles in a puddle in the Autumn rains; perception to a mirage trembling in the midday sun; (mental) processes to the lack of heartwood in a banana tree; and consciousness to a magician's illusion...one who sees them, meditates on them, and examines their source, realises that they are empty, void, and without essence...so should the constituent groups (of mind and body) be looked upon...by one who aspires to the deathless state (nibbāna).</ref>
+:[[consciousness]] is [[impermanent]]. <ref>At Saṁ 22. 95 [[form]] is likened to a great ball of foam on the [[river]] [[Ganges]]; [[feelings]] to bubbles in a puddle in the Autumn rains; [[perception]] to a [[mirage]] trembling in the midday {{Wiki|sun}}; ([[mental]]) {{Wiki|processes}} to the lack of heartwood in a banana [[tree]]; and [[consciousness]] to a magician's illusion...one who sees them, [[meditates]] on them, and examines their source, realises that they are [[empty]], [[void]], and without essence...so should the constituent groups (of [[mind and body]]) be looked upon...by one who aspires to the [[deathless state]] ([[nibbāna]]).</ref>
 Iti imesu pañcasupādānakkhandhesu aniccānupassī viharati.
-Thus in regard to these five constituent groups (of mind and body) he dwells contemplating impermanence.
+Thus in regard to these five constituent groups (of [[mind and body]]) he dwells contemplating [[impermanence]].
-Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda aniccasaññā.
+Ayaṁ vuccat' [[Ānanda]] [[aniccasaññā]].
-This, Ānanda, is called the perception of impermanence. <ref>Commentary: Because of not applying the mind to rise and fall, the mark of impermanence, being concealed by continuity, is not apparent; but by grasping rise and fall continuity is destroyed, and the mark of impermanence becomes apparent according to its true nature. Translator's note: Impermanance is one of the marks (lakkhaṇa) of existence, and the perception of impermanence meditatively may be called the root insight which leads to seeing the other two, namely, suffering (dukkha), and non-self (anattā), as can be seen from the following exchange in Anattalakkhaṇasuttaṁ (Saṁ 22. 59), where, in regard to the five constituent groups of mind and body (the pañcakkhandha) the Buddha asks the monks: “Is form (etc) permanent or impermanent?” “Impermanent, reverend Sir.” “And that which is impermanent, is that suffering or pleasureable?” “Suffering, reverend Sir.” “Now that which is an impermanent, suffering, and changeable thing, is it proper to look upon that as: This is mine, this I am, this is my self?” “Surely not, reverend Sir.” Accordingly the commentary remarks that the perception of suffering is also implied in this opening contemplation (for the mark of non-self see the next perception).</ref>
+This, [[Ānanda]], is called the [[perception]] of [[impermanence]]. <ref>Commentary: Because of not applying the [[mind]] to rise and fall, the mark of [[impermanence]], being concealed by continuity, is not apparent; but by [[grasping]] rise and fall continuity is destroyed, and the mark of [[impermanence]] becomes apparent according to its [[true nature]]. Translator's note: Impermanance is one of the marks ([[lakkhaṇa]]) of [[existence]], and the [[perception]] of [[impermanence]] meditatively may be called the [[root]] [[insight]] which leads to [[seeing]] the other two, namely, [[suffering]] ([[dukkha]]), and [[non-self]] ([[anattā]]), as can be seen from the following exchange in Anattalakkhaṇasuttaṁ (Saṁ 22. 59), where, in regard to the five constituent groups of [[mind and body]] (the [[pañcakkhandha]]) the [[Buddha]] asks the [[monks]]: “Is [[form]] (etc) [[permanent]] or [[impermanent]]?” “[[Impermanent]], [[reverend]] Sir.” “And that which is [[impermanent]], is that [[suffering]] or pleasureable?” “[[Suffering]], [[reverend]] Sir.” “Now that which is an [[impermanent]], [[suffering]], and changeable thing, is it proper to look upon that as: This is mine, this I am, this is my [[self]]?” “Surely not, [[reverend]] Sir.” Accordingly the commentary remarks that the [[perception]] of [[suffering]] is also implied in this opening contemplation (for the mark of [[non-self]] see the next [[perception]]).</ref>
-ii. Katamā c' Ānanda anattasaññā?
+ii. Katamā c' [[Ānanda]] [[anattasaññā]]?
-Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of non-self?
+Now what, [[Ānanda]], is the [[perception]] of [[non-self]]?
-Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
+Idh' [[Ānanda]] [[bhikkhu]] [[araññagato]] vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
-Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,
+Here, [[Ānanda]], a [[monk]] who has gone to the wilderness, or to the [[root]] of a [[tree]],
 suññāgāragato vā, iti paṭisañcikkhati:
-or to an empty place, considers thus:
+or to an [[empty]] place, considers thus:
-:Cakkhuṁ anattā - rūpā anattā
+:Cakkhuṁ [[anattā]] - rūpā [[anattā]]
-:the eye is not self - forms are not self
+:the [[eye]] is not [[self]] - [[forms]] are not [[self]]
-:sotaṁ anattā - saddā anattā
+:sotaṁ [[anattā]] - saddā [[anattā]]
-:the ear is not self - sounds are not self
+:the {{Wiki|ear}} is not [[self]] - {{Wiki|sounds}} are not [[self]]
-:ghāṇaṁ anattā - gandhā anattā
+:ghāṇaṁ [[anattā]] - [[gandhā]] [[anattā]]
-:the nose is not self - smells are not self
+:the {{Wiki|nose}} is not [[self]] - {{Wiki|smells}} are not [[self]]
-:jivhā anattā - rasā anattā
+:[[jivhā]] [[anattā]] - rasā [[anattā]]
-:the tongue is not self - tastes are not self
+:the {{Wiki|tongue}} is not [[self]] - {{Wiki|tastes}} are not [[self]]
-:kāyo anattā - phoṭṭhabbā anattā
+:kāyo [[anattā]] - phoṭṭhabbā [[anattā]]
-:the body is not self - tangibles are not self
+:the [[body]] is not [[self]] - tangibles are not [[self]]
-:mano anattā - dhammā anattā ti.
+:[[mano]] [[anattā]] - [[dhammā]] [[anattā]] ti.
-:the mind is not self - thoughts are not self.
+:the [[mind]] is not [[self]] - [[thoughts]] are not [[self]].
 Iti imesu chasu ajjhattikabāhiresu āyatanesu
-Thus in regard to these six internal and external sense spheres
+Thus in regard to these six internal and external [[sense]] [[spheres]]
 anattānupassī viharati.
-he dwells contemplating non-self.
+he dwells contemplating [[non-self]].
-Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda anattasaññā.
+Ayaṁ vuccat' [[Ānanda]] [[anattasaññā]].
-This, Ānanda, is called the perception of non-self. <ref>Commentary: Because of not applying the mind to the classification of the various elements, the mark of non-self, being concealed by density, is not apparent; but by classifying the various elements thus: The earth element is one, the water element is another, and so on...the mark of non-self becomes apparent according to its true nature. Translator's note: This meditation is worked out in detail in MahāRāhulovādasuttaṁ, also translated in this series. The translation of anatta by non-self is rather unsatisfactory, but also hard to avoid, as there is a constant punning on the use of the word in the Pāḷi. Originally atta is a reflexive pronoun meaning oneself, yourself, herself or himself, according to context. But it also came to be used to signify what in English we may call the soul or spirit, envisaged as a permanent, pleasureable, unchanging thing (cf. note 2 above). If it wasn't for the punning on these usages it might be better to render it as ‘the perception of insubstantiality’ (and ‘the eye is insubstantial’ etc.), as in whatever way we look at phenomena we find all is in a state of flux, and there is nothing abiding or substantial anywhere.</ref>
+This, [[Ānanda]], is called the [[perception]] of [[non-self]]. <ref>Commentary: Because of not applying the [[mind]] to the {{Wiki|classification}} of the various [[elements]], the mark of [[non-self]], being concealed by density, is not apparent; but by classifying the various [[elements]] thus: The [[earth element]] is one, the [[water element]] is another, and so on...the mark of [[non-self]] becomes apparent according to its [[true nature]]. Translator's note: This [[meditation]] is worked out in detail in MahāRāhulovādasuttaṁ, also translated in this series. The translation of [[anatta]] by [[non-self]] is rather unsatisfactory, but also hard to avoid, as there is a [[constant]] punning on the use of the [[word]] in the [[Pāḷi]]. Originally [[atta]] is a reflexive {{Wiki|pronoun}} meaning oneself, yourself, herself or himself, according to context. But it also came to be used to signify what in English we may call the [[soul]] or [[spirit]], envisaged as a [[permanent]], pleasureable, [[unchanging]] thing (cf. note 2 above). If it wasn't for the punning on these usages it might be better to render it as ‘the [[perception]] of [[insubstantiality]]’ (and ‘the [[eye]] is insubstantial’ etc.), as in whatever way we look at [[phenomena]] we find all is in a [[state]] of flux, and there is nothing abiding or substantial anywhere.</ref>
-iii. Katamā c' Ānanda asubhasaññā?
+iii. Katamā c' [[Ānanda]] [[asubhasaññā]]?
-Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of the unattractive?
+Now what, [[Ānanda]], is the [[perception]] of the unattractive?
-Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu imam-eva kāyaṁ -
+Idh' [[Ānanda]] [[bhikkhu]] imam-eva kāyaṁ -
-Here, Ānanda, a monk (in regard to) this body -
+Here, [[Ānanda]], a [[monk]] (in regard to) this [[body]] -
-uddhaṁ pādatalā, adho kesamatthakā, tacapariyantaṁ,
+uddhaṁ pādatalā, [[adho]] kesamatthakā, tacapariyantaṁ,
-from the sole of the feet upwards, from the hair of the head down, bounded by the skin,
+from the sole of the feet upwards, from the [[hair]] of the head down, bounded by the {{Wiki|skin}},
 pūraṁ nānappakārassa asucino - paccavekkhati:
-and filled with manifold impurities - reflects (thus):
+and filled with manifold [[impurities]] - reflects (thus):
-::Atthi imasmiṁ kāye:
+::[[Atthi]] imasmiṁ kāye:
-::There are in this body:
+::There are in this [[body]]:
 :kesā, lomā, nakhā, dantā, taco,
-:hairs of the head, body hairs, nails, teeth, skin,
+:hairs of the head, [[body]] hairs, {{Wiki|nails}}, {{Wiki|teeth}}, {{Wiki|skin}},
-:maṁsaṁ, nahāru, aṭṭhi, aṭṭhimiñjā, vakkaṁ,
+:maṁsaṁ, [[nahāru]], [[aṭṭhi]], aṭṭhimiñjā, vakkaṁ,
-:flesh, sinews, bones, bone-marrow, kidneys,
+:flesh, sinews, {{Wiki|bones}}, bone-marrow, {{Wiki|kidneys}},
 :hadayaṁ, yakanaṁ, kilomakaṁ, pihakaṁ, papphāsaṁ,
-:heart, liver, pleura, spleen, lungs,
+:[[heart]], {{Wiki|liver}}, pleura, {{Wiki|spleen}}, {{Wiki|lungs}},
 :antaṁ, antaguṇaṁ, udariyaṁ, karīsaṁ,
-:intestines, mesentery, undigested food, excrement,
+:{{Wiki|intestines}}, mesentery, undigested [[food]], excrement,
 :pittaṁ, semhaṁ, pubbo, lohitaṁ, sedo, medo,
-:bile, phlegm, pus, blood, sweat, fat,
+:{{Wiki|bile}}, [[phlegm]], pus, {{Wiki|blood}}, {{Wiki|sweat}}, fat,
 :assu, vasā, kheḷo, siṅghānikā, lasikā, muttan-ti.
-:tears, grease, spit, mucus, synovial fluid, urine. <ref>Elsewhere this meditation is called applying the mind to repulsiveness (Majjh 10); the thirty-two fold nature (Khp 4); or mindfulness relating to the body (Visuddhimagga). Under whatever name, the meditation is still traditionally given as the ‘first place for (meditational) action ([[kammaṭṭhāna]]) to those who are ordaining as novice monks in Buddhism, at the time they are having their hair shorn off. For those wishing to develop this meditation a method in general use is to recite the first line forwards, then backwards, then forwards again before going on to the second line, thus:
+:{{Wiki|tears}}, grease, spit, mucus, synovial fluid, {{Wiki|urine}}. <ref>Elsewhere this [[meditation]] is called applying the [[mind]] to repulsiveness (Majjh 10); the thirty-two fold [[nature]] (Khp 4); or [[mindfulness]] relating to the [[body]] ([[Visuddhimagga]]). Under whatever [[name]], the [[meditation]] is still [[traditionally]] given as the ‘first place for ([[meditational]]) [[action]] ([[kammaṭṭhāna]]) to those who are ordaining as [[novice monks]] in [[Buddhism]], at the time they are having their [[hair]] shorn off. For those [[wishing]] to develop this [[meditation]] a method in general use is to recite the first line forwards, then backwards, then forwards again before going on to the second line, thus:
 :   Kesā, lomā, nakhā, dantā, taco,
 :   taco, dantā, nakhā, lomā, kesā,
 :   kesā, lomā, nakhā, dantā, taco,
-:   maṁsaṁ, nahārū, aṭṭhi, aṭṭhimiñjā, vakkaṁ,
+:   maṁsaṁ, nahārū, [[aṭṭhi]], aṭṭhimiñjā, vakkaṁ,
 :   vakkaṁ, aṭṭhimiñjā and so on.
-At the end of the 4th line matthaluṅgaṁ, the brain, is normally added in after karīsaṁ, excement, thus:
+At the end of the 4th line matthaluṅgaṁ, the {{Wiki|brain}}, is normally added in after karīsaṁ, excement, thus:
 :   antaṁ, antaguṇaṁ, udariyaṁ, karīsaṁ, matthaluṅgaṁ,
 :   matthaluṅgaṁ, karīsaṁ...etc.
-A different development of the same meditation is given in Visuddhimagga under kāyagatāsati, where it is also stated that the recitation should be done verbally at first even by one who can recite the Tipiṭaka by heart.</ref>
+A different [[development]] of the same [[meditation]] is given in [[Visuddhimagga]] under [[kāyagatāsati]], where it is also stated that the {{Wiki|recitation}} should be done verbally at first even by one who can recite the [[Tipiṭaka]] by [[heart]].</ref>
 Iti imasmiṁ kāye asubhānupassī viharati.
-Thus in regard to this body he dwells contemplating what is unattractive.
+Thus in regard to this [[body]] he dwells contemplating what is unattractive.
-Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda asubhasaññā.
+Ayaṁ vuccat' [[Ānanda]] [[asubhasaññā]].
-This, Ānanda, is called the perception of the unattractive.
+This, [[Ānanda]], is called the [[perception]] of the unattractive.
-iv. Katamā c' Ānanda ādīnavasaññā?
+iv. Katamā c' [[Ānanda]] ādīnavasaññā?
-Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of danger?
+Now what, [[Ānanda]], is the [[perception]] of [[danger]]?
-Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
+Idh' [[Ānanda]] [[bhikkhu]] [[araññagato]] vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
-Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,
+Here, [[Ānanda]], a [[monk]] who has gone to the wilderness, or to the [[root]] of a [[tree]],
 suññāgāragato vā, iti paṭisañcikkhati:
-or to an empty place, considers thus:
+or to an [[empty]] place, considers thus:
-::Bahu dukkho kho ayaṁ kāyo bahu ādīnavo,
+::Bahu [[dukkho]] kho ayaṁ kāyo bahu ādīnavo,
-::This body has many sufferings, many dangers,
+::This [[body]] has many [[sufferings]], many dangers,
 ::iti imasmiṁ kāye vividhā ābādhā uppajjanti, seyyathīdaṁ
-::thus, in connection with this body, various afflictions arise, like this:
+::thus, in connection with this [[body]], various [[afflictions]] arise, like this:
 :cakkhurogo, sotarogo, ghāṇarogo, jivhārogo, kāyarogo,
-:eye-disease, ear-disease, nose-disease, tongue-disease, body-disease (i.e diseases affecting the sense spheres),
+:eye-disease, ear-disease, nose-disease, tongue-disease, body-disease (i.e {{Wiki|diseases}} affecting the [[sense]] [[spheres]]),
 :sīsarogo, kaṇṇarogo, mukharogo, dantarogo,
@@ Line 234: / Line 234: @@
 :kāso, sāso, pināso, ḍaho, jaro,
-:cough, asthma, catarrh, pyrexia, fever,
+:cough, asthma, catarrh, pyrexia, {{Wiki|fever}},
 :kucchirogo, mucchā, pakkhandikā, sūlā, visūcikā,
-:stomach-ache, fainting, diarrhoea, gripes, cholera,
+:stomach-ache, fainting, {{Wiki|diarrhoea}}, gripes, cholera,
 :kuṭṭhaṁ, gaṇḍo, kilāso, soso, apamāro,
-:leprosy, boils, eczema, consumption, epilepsy,
+:{{Wiki|leprosy}}, boils, [[eczema]], consumption, {{Wiki|epilepsy}},
-:daddu, kaṇḍu, kacchu, rakhasā, vitacchikā,
+:daddu, kaṇḍu, [[kacchu]], rakhasā, vitacchikā,
 :ringworm, itch, scab, chickenpox, scabies,
 :lohitapittaṁ, madhumeho, aṁsā, piḷakā, bhagandalā,
-:haemorrhage, diabetes, piles, cancer, ulcers,
+:haemorrhage, diabetes, piles, {{Wiki|cancer}}, ulcers,
 :pittasamuṭṭhānā ābādhā, semhasamuṭṭhānā ābādhā,
-:afflictions arising from excess bile, afflictions arising from excess phlegm,
+:[[afflictions]] [[arising]] from excess {{Wiki|bile}}, [[afflictions]] [[arising]] from excess [[phlegm]],
 :vātasamuṭṭhānā ābādhā, sannipātikā ābādhā,
-:afflictions arising from excess wind, afflictions arising from a conflict of humours,
+:[[afflictions]] [[arising]] from excess [[wind]], [[afflictions]] [[arising]] from a conflict of humours,
 :utupariṇāmajā ābādhā, visamaparihārajā ābādhā,
-:afflictions born of a change of season, afflictions born of not being careful,
+:[[afflictions]] born of a change of season, [[afflictions]] born of not being careful,
 :opakkamikā ābādhā, kammavipākajā ābādhā,
-:afflictions from being attacked, afflictions born as a result of (previous unwholesome) actions,
+:[[afflictions]] from being attacked, [[afflictions]] born as a result of (previous [[unwholesome]]) [[actions]],
 :sītaṁ, uṇhaṁ, jighacchā, pipāsā, uccāro, passāvo ti.
-:cold, heat, hunger, thirst, stool, urine.
+:cold, heat, hunger, [[thirst]], stool, {{Wiki|urine}}.
 Iti imasmiṁ kāye ādīnavānupassī viharati.
-Thus, in regard to this body, he dwells contemplating danger.
+Thus, in regard to this [[body]], he dwells contemplating [[danger]].
-Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda ādīnavasaññā.
+Ayaṁ vuccat' [[Ānanda]] ādīnavasaññā.
-This, Ānanda, is called the perception of danger. <ref>Some of the names of these diseases are still in use in Indian medical science, so that we can be fairly sure of their connotation, while others are unsure, or rather vague in meaning e.g. sīsaroga, literally ‘head-disease’ (here rendered by ‘headache’). The first five in the list are diseases affecting the sense-spheres, then follow various diseases, which I've tried to divide into some sort of order. These are followed by afflictions arising from an excess of one (or two) of the three humours into which Indian aetiology is divided, and ends with a fairly miscellaneous group.
+This, [[Ānanda]], is called the [[perception]] of [[danger]]. <ref>Some of the names of these {{Wiki|diseases}} are still in use in [[Indian]] {{Wiki|medical}} [[science]], so that we can be fairly sure of their connotation, while others are unsure, or rather vague in meaning e.g. sīsaroga, literally ‘head-disease’ (here rendered by ‘headache’). The first five in the list are {{Wiki|diseases}} affecting the sense-spheres, then follow various {{Wiki|diseases}}, which I've tried to divide into some sort of order. These are followed by [[afflictions]] [[arising]] from an excess of one (or two) of the three humours into which [[Indian]] aetiology is divided, and ends with a fairly miscellaneous group.
-It should be noted that this, and the previous meditation are not intended to be comprehensive, rather they are merely indicative. Similarly, it is not, of course, the exact nature of any of the diseases named here that is important, but the fact that the body is susceptible to diseases and afflictions of various kinds, and is therefore subject to many dangers.</ref>
+It should be noted that this, and the previous [[meditation]] are not intended to be comprehensive, rather they are merely indicative. Similarly, it is not, of course, the exact [[nature]] of any of the {{Wiki|diseases}} named here that is important, but the fact that the [[body]] is susceptible to {{Wiki|diseases}} and [[afflictions]] of various kinds, and is therefore [[subject]] to many dangers.</ref>
-v. Katamā c' Ānanda pahānasaññā?
+v. Katamā c' [[Ānanda]] pahānasaññā?
-Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of giving up?
+Now what, [[Ānanda]], is the [[perception]] of giving up?
-:Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu uppannaṁ kāmavitakkaṁ nādhivāseti,
+:Idh' [[Ānanda]] [[bhikkhu]] uppannaṁ kāmavitakkaṁ nādhivāseti,
-:Here, Ānanda, a monk does not consent to thoughts of sense desire that have arisen,
+:Here, [[Ānanda]], a [[monk]] does not consent to [[thoughts]] of [[sense]] [[desire]] that have arisen,
 :pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṁ gameti.
-:(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes non-existent.
+:(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes [[non-existent]].
 :Uppannaṁ vyāpādavitakkaṁ nādhivāseti,
-:He does not consent to thoughts of ill-will that have arisen,
+:He does not consent to [[thoughts]] of [[ill-will]] that have arisen,
 :pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṁ gameti.
-:(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes non-existent.
+:(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes [[non-existent]].
 :Uppannaṁ vihiṁsāvitakkaṁ nādhivāseti,
-:He does not consent to thoughts of violence that have arisen,
+:He does not consent to [[thoughts]] of [[violence]] that have arisen,
 :pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṁ gameti.
-:(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes non-existent.
+:(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes [[non-existent]].
 :Uppannuppanne pāpake akusale dhamme nādhivāseti,
-:He does not consent to any bad, unwholesome, thoughts that have arisen,
+:He does not consent to any bad, [[unwholesome]], [[thoughts]] that have arisen,
 :pajahati, vinodeti, byantīkaroti, anabhāvaṁ gameti.
-:(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes non-existent.
+:(these) he gives up, dispels, brings to an end, and makes [[non-existent]].
-Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda pahānasaññā.
+Ayaṁ vuccat' [[Ānanda]] pahānasaññā.
-This, Ānanda, is called the perception of giving up. <ref>This is the second of the four right efforts (sammappadhāna) or right endeavours (sammāvāyāma) that form the sixth part of the eightfold path. The first is to make an effort to restrain (saṁvara) bad and unwholesome things that have not yet arisen. The second, the effort to give up, is as outlined here. The third is the effort to develop (bhāvanā) wholesome things (like the seven factors of Awakening) that have not yet arisen. The fourth is to make the effort to protect (anurakkhāna) those wholesome things that have arisen. See Saccavibhaṅgasuttaṁ also translated in this series and also cf. Aṅg IV. 13-14.</ref>
+This, [[Ānanda]], is called the [[perception]] of giving up. <ref>This is the second of the [[four right efforts]] ([[sammappadhāna]]) or right endeavours (sammāvāyāma) that [[form]] the sixth part of the [[eightfold path]]. The first is to make an [[effort]] to restrain ([[saṁvara]]) bad and [[unwholesome]] things that have not yet arisen. The second, the [[effort]] to give up, is as outlined here. The third is the [[effort]] to develop ([[bhāvanā]]) [[wholesome]] things (like the seven factors of [[Awakening]]) that have not yet arisen. The fourth is to make the [[effort]] to {{Wiki|protect}} (anurakkhāna) those [[wholesome]] things that have arisen. See Saccavibhaṅgasuttaṁ also translated in this series and also cf. Aṅg IV. 13-14.</ref>
-vi. Katamā c' Ānanda virāgasaññā?
+vi. Katamā c' [[Ānanda]] virāgasaññā?
-Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of dispassion?
+Now what, [[Ānanda]], is the [[perception]] of [[dispassion]]?
-Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
+Idh' [[Ānanda]] [[bhikkhu]] [[araññagato]] vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
-Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,
+Here, [[Ānanda]], a [[monk]] who has gone to the wilderness, or to the [[root]] of a [[tree]],
 suññāgāragato vā, iti paṭisañcikkhati:
-or to an empty place, considers thus:
+or to an [[empty]] place, considers thus:
 :Etaṁ santaṁ, etaṁ paṇītaṁ,
-:This is peaceful, this is excellent,
+:This is [[peaceful]], this is {{Wiki|excellent}},
 :yad-idaṁ
@@ Line 327: / Line 327: @@
 :sabbasaṅkhārasamatho,
-:the tranquilising of all processes,
+:the tranquilising of all {{Wiki|processes}},
 :sabbūpadhipaṭinissaggo,
-:the letting go of all bases for cleaving, <ref>Commentary: There are four bases for cleaving - either through cleaving to sense desires (kāma), the constituent groups (khandha), the corruptions (kilesa), or to processes which lead to rebirth ([[abhisaṅkhāra]]).</ref>
+:the [[letting go]] of all bases for cleaving, <ref>Commentary: There are four bases for cleaving - either through cleaving to [[sense desires]] ([[kāma]]), the constituent groups ([[khandha]]), the [[corruptions]] ([[kilesa]]), or to {{Wiki|processes}} which lead to [[rebirth]] ([[abhisaṅkhāra]]).</ref>
 :taṇhakkhayo,
-:the end of craving,
+:the end of [[craving]],
 :virāgo,
-:dispassion,
+:[[dispassion]],
 :Nibbānan-ti.
-:Nibbāna.
+:[[Nibbāna]].
-Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda virāgasaññā.
+Ayaṁ vuccat' [[Ānanda]] virāgasaññā.
-This, Ānanda, is called the perception of dispassion.
+This, [[Ānanda]], is called the [[perception]] of [[dispassion]].
-vii. Katamā c' Ānanda nirodhasaññā?
+vii. Katamā c' [[Ānanda]] [[nirodhasaññā]]?
-Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of cessation?
+Now what, [[Ānanda]], is the [[perception]] of [[cessation]]?
-Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
+Idh' [[Ānanda]] [[bhikkhu]] [[araññagato]] vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
-Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,
+Here, [[Ānanda]], a [[monk]] who has gone to the wilderness, or to the [[root]] of a [[tree]],
 suññāgāragato vā, iti paṭisañcikkhati:
-or to an empty place, considers thus:
+or to an [[empty]] place, considers thus:
 :Etaṁ santaṁ, etaṁ paṇītaṁ,
-:This is peaceful, this is excellent, <ref>Commentary: He said “This is peaceful, this is excellent” pointing to nibbāna, for nibbāna is peaceful owing to the pacification of the corruptions. Also nibbāna is peaceful because having reached the attainment of fruition (i.e realised nibbāna), even if one sits in meditation posture for the day, while sitting only the thought of peace arises. But besides nibbāna being peaceful, it is named as excellent in the sense of not tormenting, because having reached the attainment of fruition, even if one sits in meditation posture for the day, while sitting only the thought of excellence occurs, and so it is called excellent.</ref>
+:This is [[peaceful]], this is {{Wiki|excellent}}, <ref>Commentary: He said “This is [[peaceful]], this is {{Wiki|excellent}}” pointing to [[nibbāna]], for [[nibbāna]] is [[peaceful]] owing to the pacification of the [[corruptions]]. Also [[nibbāna]] is [[peaceful]] because having reached the [[attainment of fruition]] (i.e realised [[nibbāna]]), even if one sits in [[meditation posture]] for the day, while sitting only the [[thought]] of [[peace]] arises. But besides [[nibbāna]] being [[peaceful]], it is named as {{Wiki|excellent}} in the [[sense]] of not tormenting, because having reached the [[attainment of fruition]], even if one sits in [[meditation posture]] for the day, while sitting only the [[thought]] of [[excellence]] occurs, and so it is called {{Wiki|excellent}}.</ref>
 :yad-idaṁ
@@ Line 362: / Line 362: @@
 :sabbasaṅkhārasamatho,
-:the tranquilising of all processes,
+:the tranquilising of all {{Wiki|processes}},
 :sabbūpadhipaṭinissaggo,
-:the letting go of all bases for cleaving,
+:the [[letting go]] of all bases for cleaving,
 :taṇhakkhayo,
-:the end of craving,
+:the end of [[craving]],
 :nirodho,
-:cessation,
+:[[cessation]],
 :Nibbānan-ti.
-:Nibbāna.
+:[[Nibbāna]].
-Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda nirodhasaññā.
+Ayaṁ vuccat' [[Ānanda]] [[nirodhasaññā]].
-This, Ānanda, is called the perception of cessation. <ref>The perceptions of dispassion and cessation. These are two aspects of what is otherwise known as the recollection of peace (upasamānupassati), which is the last of the ten recollections as ordered in Aṅg 1. 16 1-10 (the other nine are, recollection of the Buddha, Dhamma, & Saṅgha; of virtue & liberality, and of the gods; mindfulness with breathing; mindfulness of death; and mindfulness relating to the body). The two may be said to be looking at the same perception - that of nibbāna - from different angles. The first in its subjective effect on the mind, bringing dispassion in its wake; the second seen objectively as the cessation of suffering.</ref>
+This, [[Ānanda]], is called the [[perception]] of [[cessation]]. <ref>The [[perceptions]] of [[dispassion]] and [[cessation]]. These are two aspects of what is otherwise known as the [[recollection]] of [[peace]] (upasamānupassati), which is the last of the ten [[recollections]] as ordered in Aṅg 1. 16 1-10 (the other nine are, [[recollection]] of the [[Buddha]], [[Dhamma]], & [[Saṅgha]]; of [[virtue]] & liberality, and of the [[gods]]; [[mindfulness]] with [[breathing]]; [[mindfulness]] of [[death]]; and [[mindfulness]] relating to the [[body]]). The two may be said to be looking at the same [[perception]] - that of [[nibbāna]] - from different angles. The first in its [[subjective]] effect on the [[mind]], bringing [[dispassion]] in its wake; the second seen objectively as the [[cessation of suffering]].</ref>
-viii. Katamā c' Ānanda sabbaloke anabhiratasaññā?
+viii. Katamā c' [[Ānanda]] sabbaloke anabhiratasaññā?
-Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of non-delight in the whole world?
+Now what, [[Ānanda]], is the [[perception]] of non-delight in the whole [[world]]?
-Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu
+Idh' [[Ānanda]] [[bhikkhu]]
-Here, Ānanda, a monk
+Here, [[Ānanda]], a [[monk]]
 :ye loke upāyupādānā cetaso adhiṭṭhānābhinivesānusayā,
-:in regard to whatever in the world are selfish means and attachments, or mental determinations, settled beliefs, and tendencies, <ref>According to the commentary (selfish) means are craving (taṇhā) & views (diṭṭhi); attachments are sense desire (kāma), views (diṭṭhi), virtue and practices (silabbata), and the self-theories(attavāda); mental determinations are the mind's inclinations to the eternity or annihilation views (sassatadiṭṭhi & ucchedadiṭṭhi); settled beliefs are views about the self (attānudiṭṭhi); while tendencies are usually said to be seven: the passion for sense pleasures (kāmarāga), reaction (paṭigha), views (diṭṭhi), uncertainty (vicikicchā), conceit (māna), passion for existence or rebirth (bhavarāga), and ignorance (avijjā). As can be seen from the above, views figures in each of the definitions given, and the perception and understanding of views may be called the dominant theme in this meditation.</ref>
+:in regard to whatever in the [[world]] are [[selfish]] means and [[attachments]], or [[mental]] [[determinations]], settled [[beliefs]], and {{Wiki|tendencies}}, <ref>According to the commentary ([[selfish]]) means are [[craving]] ([[taṇhā]]) & [[views]] ([[diṭṭhi]]); [[attachments]] are [[sense]] [[desire]] ([[kāma]]), [[views]] ([[diṭṭhi]]), [[virtue]] and practices (silabbata), and the self-theories(attavāda); [[mental]] [[determinations]] are the [[mind's]] inclinations to the {{Wiki|eternity}} or {{Wiki|annihilation}} [[views]] ([[sassatadiṭṭhi]] & ucchedadiṭṭhi); settled [[beliefs]] are [[views]] about the [[self]] (attānudiṭṭhi); while {{Wiki|tendencies}} are usually said to be seven: the [[passion]] for [[sense]] [[pleasures]] ([[kāmarāga]]), {{Wiki|reaction}} ([[paṭigha]]), [[views]] ([[diṭṭhi]]), uncertainty ([[vicikicchā]]), [[conceit]] ([[māna]]), [[passion for existence]] or [[rebirth]] ([[bhavarāga]]), and [[ignorance]] ([[avijjā]]). As can be seen from the above, [[views]] figures in each of the definitions given, and the [[perception]] and [[understanding]] of [[views]] may be called the dominant theme in this [[meditation]].</ref>
 :te pajahanto, viramati, na upādiyanto.
-:giving these up, not being attached, he abstains (from them).
+:giving these up, not [[being attached]], he abstains (from them).
-Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda sabbaloke anabhiratasaññā.
+Ayaṁ vuccat' [[Ānanda]] sabbaloke anabhiratasaññā.
-This, Ānanda, is the perception of non-delight in the whole world.
+This, [[Ānanda]], is the [[perception]] of non-delight in the whole [[world]].
-ix. Katamā c' Ānanda sabbasaṅkhāresu aniccasaññā?
+ix. Katamā c' [[Ānanda]] sabbasaṅkhāresu [[aniccasaññā]]?
-Now what, Ānanda, is the perception of impermanence in all processes?
+Now what, [[Ānanda]], is the [[perception]] of [[impermanence]] in all {{Wiki|processes}}?
-Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu
+Idh' [[Ānanda]] [[bhikkhu]]
-Here, Ānanda, a monk
+Here, [[Ānanda]], a [[monk]]
 :sabbasaṅkhārehi aṭṭīyati, harāyati, jigucchati.
-:in regard to all processes is distressed, ashamed, and disgusted. <ref>Saṅkhāra is one of the most difficult terms to find a satisfactory translation for in English. Nor does the rendering by processes that has been adopted here claim to be much better than the many translations normally seen in the literature. It does have the advantage though that it gives a fairly comprehensible English sentence, and can be employed, with suitable bracketed modifications, in the various usages we come across in the Pāḷi. That range of applications can usefully be summarised here.
+:in regard to all {{Wiki|processes}} is distressed, ashamed, and disgusted. <ref>[[Saṅkhāra]] is one of the most difficult terms to find a satisfactory translation for in English. Nor does the rendering by {{Wiki|processes}} that has been adopted here claim to be much better than the many translations normally seen in the {{Wiki|literature}}. It does have the advantage though that it gives a fairly comprehensible English sentence, and can be employed, with suitable bracketed modifications, in the various usages we come across in the [[Pāḷi]]. That range of applications can usefully be summarised here.
-First there are the famous verses from the Dhammapada beginning: Sabbe saṅkhāra aniccā - all processes are impermanent (Dhp 277ff.), where saṅkhāra evidently means everything within phenomenal existence. In the Conditional Arising (Paticcasamuppāda) formula, however, the meaning of the word is restricted and rather specific, there we read: Avijjāpaccaya saṅkhārā, saṅkhārapaccaya viññānaṁ - because of ignorance there are (volitional) processes, because there are (volitional) processes there is (rebirth) consciousness (Saṁ 12. 1), where saṅkhāra is virtually equivalent to cetanā, volition.
+First there are the famous verses from the [[Dhammapada]] beginning: Sabbe [[saṅkhāra]] aniccā - all {{Wiki|processes}} are [[impermanent]] (Dhp 277ff.), where [[saṅkhāra]] evidently means everything within [[phenomenal existence]]. In the [[Conditional]] [[Arising]] ([[Paticcasamuppāda]]) [[formula]], however, the meaning of the [[word]] is restricted and rather specific, there we read: Avijjāpaccaya [[saṅkhārā]], saṅkhārapaccaya viññānaṁ - because of [[ignorance]] there are ([[volitional]]) {{Wiki|processes}}, because there are ([[volitional]]) {{Wiki|processes}} there is ([[rebirth]]) [[consciousness]] (Saṁ 12. 1), where [[saṅkhāra]] is virtually {{Wiki|equivalent}} to [[cetanā]], [[Wikipedia:Volition (psychology)|volition]].
-Overlapping somewhat with this is the use of the term in the analysis of the constituent groups (of mind and body) (khandha) where saṅkhāra is, in the discourses, again made equivalent to cetanā (see e.g. Saṁ 22. 56). (Note that in the Abhidhamma it has been given a much broader definition to include the 50 mental processes not covered by the single factors of feeling, perception, and consciousness.) A further use of the word occurs in the following perception, mindfulness with breathing, which speaks of kāyasaṅkhāra & cittasaṅkhāra, the bodily process & the mental process. The former is said to be in and out-breathing, and the latter is defined as feeling and perception. The definition of saṅkhāra in this contemplation corresponds to the first of the definitions given above.</ref>
+Overlapping somewhat with this is the use of the term in the analysis of the constituent groups (of [[mind and body]]) ([[khandha]]) where [[saṅkhāra]] is, in the [[discourses]], again made {{Wiki|equivalent}} to [[cetanā]] (see e.g. Saṁ 22. 56). (Note that in the [[Abhidhamma]] it has been given a much broader [[definition]] to include the 50 [[mental processes]] not covered by the single factors of [[feeling]], [[perception]], and [[consciousness]].) A further use of the [[word]] occurs in the following [[perception]], [[mindfulness]] with [[breathing]], which speaks of kāyasaṅkhāra & cittasaṅkhāra, the [[bodily]] process & the [[mental]] process. The former is said to be in and out-breathing, and the [[latter]] is defined as [[feeling]] and [[perception]]. The [[definition]] of [[saṅkhāra]] in this contemplation corresponds to the first of the definitions given above.</ref>
-Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda sabbasaṅkhāresu aniccasaññā.
+Ayaṁ vuccat' [[Ānanda]] sabbasaṅkhāresu [[aniccasaññā]].
-This, Ānanda, is the perception of impermanence in all processes.
+This, [[Ānanda]], is the [[perception]] of [[impermanence]] in all {{Wiki|processes}}.
-x. Katamā c' Ānanda ānāpānasati?
+x. Katamā c' [[Ānanda]] [[ānāpānasati]]?
-Now what, Ānanda, is mindfulness while breathing?
+Now what, [[Ānanda]], is [[mindfulness]] while [[breathing]]?
-Idh' Ānanda bhikkhu araññagato vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
+Idh' [[Ānanda]] [[bhikkhu]] [[araññagato]] vā, rukkhamūlagato vā,
-Here, Ānanda, a monk who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree,
+Here, [[Ānanda]], a [[monk]] who has gone to the wilderness, or to the [[root]] of a [[tree]],
 suññāgāragato vā, nisīdati.
-or to an empty place, sits down.
+or to an [[empty]] place, sits down.
 Pallaṅkaṁ ābhujitvā, ujuṁ kāyaṁ paṇidhāya,
-After folding his legs crosswise, setting his body straight,
+After folding his {{Wiki|legs}} crosswise, setting his [[body]] straight,
 parimukhaṁ satiṁ upaṭṭhapetvā,
-and establishing mindfulness at the front,
+and [[establishing mindfulness]] at the front,
 so sato va assasati, sato passasati.
-ever mindful he breathes in, mindful he breathes out.
+ever [[mindful]] he breathes in, [[mindful]] he breathes out.
 </poem>
-==Contemplation of the body==
+==[[Contemplation of the body]]==
 <poem>
-Dīghaṁ vā assasanto “dīghaṁ assasāmī” ti pajānāti,
+Dīghaṁ vā assasanto “dīghaṁ assasāmī” ti [[pajānāti]],
-While breathing in long, he knows “I am breathing in long”,
+While [[breathing]] in long, he [[knows]] “I am [[breathing]] in long”,
-dīghaṁ vā passasanto “dīghaṁ passasāmī” ti pajānāti,
+dīghaṁ vā passasanto “dīghaṁ passasāmī” ti [[pajānāti]],
-while breathing out long, he knows “I am breathing out long”,
+while [[breathing]] out long, he [[knows]] “I am [[breathing]] out long”,
-rassaṁ vā assasanto “rassaṁ assasāmī” ti pajānāti,
+rassaṁ vā assasanto “rassaṁ assasāmī” ti [[pajānāti]],
-while breathing in short, he knows “I am breathing in short”,
+while [[breathing]] in short, he [[knows]] “I am [[breathing]] in short”,
-rassaṁ vā passasanto “rassaṁ passasāmī” ti pajānāti,
+rassaṁ vā passasanto “rassaṁ passasāmī” ti [[pajānāti]],
-while breathing out short, he knows “I am breathing out short”,
+while [[breathing]] out short, he [[knows]] “I am [[breathing]] out short”,
 sabbakāyapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: experiencing the whole body I will breathe in,
+he trains like this: experiencing the whole [[body]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 sabbakāyapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: experiencing the whole body I will breathe out,
+he trains like this: experiencing the whole [[body]] I will [[breathe]] out,
 passambhayaṁ kāyasaṅkhāraṁ assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: making the bodily process calm I will breathe in,
+he trains like this: making the [[bodily]] process [[calm]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 passambhayaṁ kāyasaṅkhāraṁ passasissāmī ti sikkhati.
-he trains like this: making the bodily process calm I will breathe out.
+he trains like this: making the [[bodily]] process [[calm]] I will [[breathe]] out.
 </poem>
-==Contemplation of feelings==
+==Contemplation of [[feelings]]==
 <poem>
 Pītipaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-He trains like this: experiencing joy I will breathe in,
+He trains like this: experiencing [[joy]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 pītipaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: experiencing joy I will breathe out,
+he trains like this: experiencing [[joy]] I will [[breathe]] out,
 sukhapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: experiencing pleasure I will breathe in,
+he trains like this: experiencing [[pleasure]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 sukhapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: experiencing pleasure I will breathe out,
+he trains like this: experiencing [[pleasure]] I will [[breathe]] out,
 cittasaṅkhārapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: experiencing the mental process I will breathe in,
+he trains like this: experiencing the [[mental]] process I will [[breathe]] in,
 cittasaṅkhārapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: experiencing the mental process I will breathe out,
+he trains like this: experiencing the [[mental]] process I will [[breathe]] out,
 passambhayaṁ cittasaṅkhāraṁ assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: making the mental process calm I will breathe in,
+he trains like this: making the [[mental]] process [[calm]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 passambhayaṁ cittasaṅkhāraṁ passasissāmī ti sikkhati.
-he trains like this: making the mental process calm I will breathe out.
+he trains like this: making the [[mental]] process [[calm]] I will [[breathe]] out.
 </poem>
-==Contemplation of the mind==
+==[[Contemplation of the mind]]==
 <poem>
 Cittapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-He trains like this: experiencing the mind I will breathe in,
+He trains like this: experiencing the [[mind]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 cittapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: experiencing the mind I will breathe out,
+he trains like this: experiencing the [[mind]] I will [[breathe]] out,
 abhippamodayaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: gladdening the mind I will breathe in,
+he trains like this: gladdening the [[mind]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 abhippamodayaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: gladdening the mind I will breathe out,
+he trains like this: gladdening the [[mind]] I will [[breathe]] out,
 samādahaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: concentrating the mind I will breathe in,
+he trains like this: {{Wiki|concentrating}} the [[mind]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 samādahaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: concentrating the mind I will breathe out,
+he trains like this: {{Wiki|concentrating}} the [[mind]] I will [[breathe]] out,
 vimocayaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-he trains like this: freeing the mind I will breathe in,
+he trains like this: freeing the [[mind]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 vimocayaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī ti sikkhati.
-he trains like this: freeing the mind I will breathe out.
+he trains like this: freeing the [[mind]] I will [[breathe]] out.
 </poem>
-==Contemplation of phenomena==
+==Contemplation of [[phenomena]]==
 <poem>
 :Aniccānupassī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-:He trains like this: contemplating impermanence I will breathe in,
+:He trains like this: contemplating [[impermanence]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 :aniccānupassī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-:he trains like this: contemplating impermanence I will breathe out,
+:he trains like this: contemplating [[impermanence]] I will [[breathe]] out,
 :virāgānupassī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-:he trains like this: contemplating dispassion I will breathe in,
+:he trains like this: contemplating [[dispassion]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 :virāgānupassī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-:he trains like this: contemplating dispassion I will breathe out,
+:he trains like this: contemplating [[dispassion]] I will [[breathe]] out,
 :nirodhānupassī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-:he trains like this: contemplating cessation I will breathe in,
+:he trains like this: contemplating [[cessation]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 :nirodhānupassī passasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-:he trains like this: contemplating cessation I will breathe out,
+:he trains like this: contemplating [[cessation]] I will [[breathe]] out,
 :paṭinissaggānupassī assasissāmī ti sikkhati,
-:he trains like this: contemplating letting go I will breathe in,
+:he trains like this: contemplating [[letting go]] I will [[breathe]] in,
 :paṭinissaggānupassī passasissāmī ti sikkhati.
-:he trains like this: contemplating letting go I will breathe out.
+:he trains like this: contemplating [[letting go]] I will [[breathe]] out.
-Ayaṁ vuccat' Ānanda ānāpānasati.
+Ayaṁ vuccat' [[Ānanda]] [[ānāpānasati]].
-This, Ānanda, is mindfulness while breathing.
+This, [[Ānanda]], is [[mindfulness]] while [[breathing]].
-Sace kho tvaṁ Ānanda Girimānandassa bhikkhuno upasaṅkamitvā,
+Sace kho tvaṁ [[Ānanda]] Girimānandassa bhikkhuno upasaṅkamitvā,
-If you, Ānanda, having approached the monk Girimānanda,
+If you, [[Ānanda]], having approached the [[monk]] Girimānanda,
 imā dasasaññā bhāseyyāsi, ṭhānaṁ kho pan' etaṁ vijjati yaṁ
@@ Line 554: / Line 554: @@
 Girimānandassa bhikkhuno dasasaññā sutvā
-having heard the ten perceptions, the monk Girimānanda's
+having heard the ten [[perceptions]], the [[monk]] Girimānanda's
 so ābādho ṭhānaso paṭippassambheyyā” ti.
-affliction would immediately abate.”
+[[affliction]] would immediately abate.”
-Atha kho āyasmā Ānando Bhagavato santike imā dasasaññā uggahetvā,
+Atha kho āyasmā Ānando [[Bhagavato]] santike imā dasasaññā uggahetvā,
-Then venerable Ānanda, having learned these ten perceptions from the Gracious One,
+Then [[venerable]] [[Ānanda]], having learned these ten [[perceptions]] from the Gracious One,
 yen' āyasmā Girimānando ten' upasaṅkami,
-approached venerable Girimānanda,
+approached [[venerable]] Girimānanda,
 upasaṅkamitvā āyasmato Girimānandassa imā dasasaññā abhāsi.
-and after approaching he recited these ten perceptions to venerable Girimānanda.
+and after approaching he recited these ten [[perceptions]] to [[venerable]] Girimānanda.
 Atha kho āyasmato Girimānandassa imā dasasaññā sutvā
-Then, having heard these ten percpetions, venerable Girimānanda's
+Then, having heard these ten percpetions, [[venerable]] Girimānanda's
 so ābādho ṭhānaso paṭippassambhī,
@@ Line 575: / Line 575: @@
 vuṭṭhāhi c' āyasmā Girimānando tamhā ābādhā,
-and venerable Girimānanda arose from that affliction,
+and [[venerable]] Girimānanda arose from that [[affliction]],
-tathā pahīno ca pan' āyasmato Girimānandassa so ābādho ahosī ti.
+[[tathā]] pahīno ca pan' āyasmato Girimānandassa so ābādho ahosī ti.
-and by that venerable Girimānanda's affliction was brought to an end.
+and by that [[venerable]] Girimānanda's [[affliction]] was brought to an end.
 </poem>